Adventure travel

Type of tourism

For the bus company, see Adventure Travel (bus company).

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An outdoor travel and adventure outfitter in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Trekking in Quebrada de las Conchas, Cafayate, Salta Province, Argentina

Adventure travel is a type of tourism, involving exploration or travel with a certain degree of risk (real or perceived), and which may require special skills and physical exertion. In the United States, adventure tourism has grown in recent decades as tourists seek out-of-the-ordinary or "roads less traveled" vacations, but lack of a clear operational definition has hampered measurement of market size and growth. According to the U.S.-based Adventure Travel Trade Association, adventure travel may be any tourist activity that includes physical activity, a cultural exchange, and connection with outdoor activities and nature.[1]

Adventure tourists may have the motivation to achieve mental states characterized as rush or flow,[2] resulting from stepping outside their comfort zone. This may be from experiencing culture shock or by performing acts requiring significant effort and involve some degree of risk, real or perceived, or physical danger. This may include activities such as mountaineering, trekking, bungee jumping, mountain biking, cycling, canoeing, scuba diving, rafting, kayaking, zip-lining, paragliding, hiking, exploring, Geocaching, canyoneering, sandboarding, caving and rock climbing.[3] Some obscure forms of adventure travel include disaster and ghetto tourism.[4] Other rising forms of adventure travel include social and jungle tourism.

Access to inexpensive consumer technology, with respect to Global Positioning Systems, flashpacking, social networking and photography, have increased the worldwide interest in adventure travel. The interest in independent adventure travel has also increased as more specialist travel websites emerge offering previously niche locations and sports.

Adventure sports tourism has traditionally been dominated by men. Although women's participation has grown, the gender gap is still pronounced in terms of quantitative engagement in these forms of sport tourism. Yet, in competitive adventure sport tourism, the success rate of females is currently higher than that of males [5]

## History[edit]

Since ancient times, humans have traveled in search for food and skills of survival, but have also engaged in adventurous travel, in explorations of sea lanes, a destination, or even a new country.

Adventurer travelers began to push to the limits, with the mountaineering of Matterhorn in 1865 and the river rafting on the Colorado River in 1869. Shortly after, two key institutions were formed, including the National Geographic Society and the Explorers Club, which continue to support adventure travel.

At the end of World War II, modern adventure began to take off, with 1950 French Annapurna expedition and the 1953 British Mount Everest expedition. Today, it remains a niche of travel and a fast-changing sector with new variants of activities for a travel experience.

## Types[edit]

### Accessible tourism[edit]

Main article: Accessible tourism

There is a trend for developing tourism specifically for the disabled. Adventure travel for the disabled has become a US$13 billion a year industry in North America.[6] Some adventure travel destinations offer diverse programs and job opportunities developed specifically for the disabled.[7]

### Extreme travel[edit]

Main article: Extreme tourism

Extreme tourism involves travel to dangerous (extreme) locations or participation in dangerous events or activities. This form of tourism can overlap with extreme sport.

### Jungle tourism[edit]

Main article: Jungle tourism

Jungle tourism is a subcategory of adventure travel defined by active multifaceted physical means of travel in the jungle regions of the earth. According to the Glossary of Tourism Terms, jungle tours have become a major component of green tourism in tropical destinations and are a relatively recent phenomenon of Western international tourism.

### Overland travel[edit]

Main article: Overlanding

Overland travel or overlanding refers to an overland journey – perhaps originating with Marco Polo's first overland expedition in the 13th century from Venice to the Mongolian court of Kublai Khan. Today overlanding is a form of extended adventure holiday, embarking on a long journey, often in a group. Overland companies provide a converted truck or a bus plus a tour leader, and the group travels together overland for a period of weeks or months.

Since the 1960s overlanding has been a popular means of travel between destinations across Africa, Europe, Asia (particularly India), the Americas and Australia. The "Hippie trail" of the 60s and 70s saw thousands of young westerners travelling through the Middle East to India and Nepal. Many of the older traditional routes are still active, along with newer routes like Iceland to South Africa overland and Central Asian post soviet states.

### Scuba diving[edit]

Main article: Scuba diving

Scuba diving is a sport in which participants explore underwater places while inhaling compressed air from tanks. Scuba diving is most popular in locations with tropical coral reefs, but it may be found in almost any location with water.

Popular destinations:

* Belize's Great Blue Hole
* Tahiti
* Sipadan Island's Barracuda Point

## Notes and references[edit]

1. ^ "ATTA Values Statement" (PDF). adventuretravel.biz. Adventure Travel Trade Association. February 2013. p. 2. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
2. ^ Buckley, Ralf (2012). "Rush as a key motivation in skilled adventure tourism: Resolving the risk recreation paradox". Tourism Management. 33 (4): 961–970. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2011.10.002. hdl:10072/46933.
3. ^ "Adventure Travel". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 26 April 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
4. ^ "Citypaper online". Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-10.
5. ^ Apollo, M., Mostowska, J., Legut, A., Maciuk, K., & Timothy, D. J. (2023). Gender differences in competitive adventure sports tourism. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 42, 100604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2022.100604
6. ^ Stan Hagen – Tourism Minister of British Columbia
7. ^ The Equity: "Esprit rafting to be featured in commercial", Wednesday, May 14th, 2008, print edition

## Further reading[edit]

* Buckley, R. (2006). Adventure Tourism. Wallingford, UK: CABI. OCLC 4802912392.

## External links[edit]

* Media related to Adventure travel at Wikimedia Commons
* Scuba divers swim among the sharks, Fayetteville Observer

* v
* t
* e

Adventure travel

Types|

* Accessible tourism
* Adjectival tourisms
* Adventure recreation
* Agritourism
* Backpacking (travel)
* Backpacking (hiking)
* Bicycle touring
* Camping
* Cultural tourism
* Ecotourism
* Extreme tourism
* Freighthopping
* Glamping
* Hiking
* Hitchhiking
* Jungle tourism
* Kloofing
* Overlanding
* Picnic
* Rogaining
* Safari
* Slum tourism
* Tramping
* Travel
* Ultralight backpacking
* Urban exploration
* Volunteer travel
* Wildlife tourism

Activities|

* Climbing
* Geocaching
* Geohashing
* Hang gliding
* Mountain biking
* Mountaineering
* Naturism
* Nude recreation
* Paragliding
* Rafting
* River trekking
* Scuba diving
* Zip-lining

* v
* t
* e

Tourism

Types|

* Accessible
* Adventure
* Agritourism
* Alternative
* Atomic
* Backpacking
* Beachgoing
* Bicycle touring
* Birth
* Business
* Culinary
* Enotourism
* Cultural
* Archaeological
* Film
* Literary
* Bookstore
* Tolkien
* Music
* Pop-culture
* Dark
* Disaster
* Holocaust
* War
* Domestic
* Ecotourism
* Shark
* Experiential
* Extreme
* Fashion
* Garden
* Genealogy
* Heritage
* Identity
* Geotourism
* Industrial
* International
* Volunteering
* Jungle
* Justice
* LGBT
* Medical
* MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions)
* Nautical
* Orphanage
* Recreational drug
* Religious
* Christian
* Halal
* Kosher
* Pilgrimage
* Rural
* Science
* Sensory
* Slum
* Smart
* Space
* Lunar
* Sports
* Sustainable
* Urban
* Virtual
* Visiting friends and relatives
* Wellness
* Wildlife
* Safari
* Scuba
* Yoga

Hospitality industry|

* Bed and breakfast
* Boutique hotel
* Convention center
* Cruise ship
* Destination spa
* Front desk
* Guest house
* Guest ranch
* Heuhotel
* Homestay
* Hospitality management studies
* Hostel
* Hotel
* Manager
* Inn
* Motel
* Pension
* Referral chain
* Resort
* Hotel
* Island
* Seaside
* Ski
* Town
* Restaurant

Terminology|

* College tour
* Convention (meeting)
* Destination marketing organization
* Escorted tour
* Excursion
* Factory tour
* Gift shop
* Grand Tour
* Holiday
* Honeymoon
* Hypermobility
* Journey planner
* Package tour
* Passport
* Perpetual traveler
* Road trip
* Roadside attraction
* Souvenir
* Staycation
* Tour bus service
* Tour guide
* Tour operator
* Tourism geography
* Tourism minister
* Tourism region
* Tourist attraction
* Tourist gateway
* Tourist trap
* Touron
* Transport
* Travel
* Travel agency
* Travel behavior
* Travel document
* Travel insurance
* Travel medicine
* Travel survey
* Travel technology
* Travel visa
* Travel warning
* Travel website
* Vacation
* Visitor center

Travel literature|

* Guide book
* Outdoor literature
* Tourism journals
* Travel magazines
* Wikivoyage

Trade associations|

* American Bus Association
* American Hotel and Lodging Association
* American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute
* BEST Education Network
* Caribbean Tourism Organization
* European Travel Commission
* Historical Archive on Tourism
* Life Beyond Tourism
* Musement
* South-East Asian Tourism Organisation
* Tourism Radio
* Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report
* World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers
* World Tourism Organization
* World Tourism rankings
* World Travel and Tourism Council
* World Travel Monitor

Trade fairs and events|

* Akwaaba African Travel Market
* Arabian Travel Market
* Festival del Viaggio
* FITUR
* ITB Berlin
* World Tourism Day

Issues|

* Heritage commodification
* Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism
* Impacts of tourism
* Leakage effect
* Overtourism
* Tourism improvement district
* Tourist tax

Lists|

* Adjectival tourisms
* Attractions
* Bibliography
* Casino hotels
* Casinos
* Cities by international visitors
* Convention and exhibition centers
* Cruise lines
* Hotels
* Largest
* Motels
* Passenger airlines
* UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
* World Heritage Sites by country

* Category
* Commons
* WikiProject

* v
* t
* e

Orienteering

* History of orienteering
* List of orienteering events

Sport disciplines|

| IOF-governed|

* Foot orienteering
* Mountain bike orienteering
* Ski orienteering
* Trail orienteering

|

IARU-governed|

* Amateur radio direction finding
* Fox Oring
* Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area

Other sports|

* Canoe orienteering
* Car orienteering
* Mountain marathon
* Mounted orienteering
* Rogaining

Related|

* Adventure racing
* Alleycat race
* Fell running
* Relay race
* Transmitter hunting

Equipment|

| Event|

* Control point
* Course
* Map

|

Personal|

* Compass
* hand
* protractor
* thumb
* Eye protectors
* Gaiters
* Headlamp

Exceptions|

* Backpacking
* Satellite navigation
* Whistle

Software|

| Proprietary|

* OCAD
* Condes
* SportSoftware

|

Open-source|

* OpenOrienteering Mapper
* Purple Pen
* MeOS

Video games|

* Catching Features
* Suunnistussimulaattori
* WinOL / WinOL II Oriantica

Fundamentals|

* Map
* orienteering map
* Navigation
* cardinal direction
* resection
* route choice
* wayfinding
* waypoint
* Racing
* hiking
* running
* walking
* skiing
* mountain biking

Organisations / lists|

* International Orienteering Federation
* members
* List of clubs
* List of orienteers
* by country
* innovators
* List of events

Non-sport related|

* Adventure travel
* Bicycle touring
* Climbing
* Hiking
* Hunting
* Location-based game
* geocaching
* poker run
* Scoutcraft orienteering
* wilderness

Competitions|

| Foot orienteering|

* World Championships
* Junior
* Masters
* University
* World Cup
* World Games
* European Championships
* Youth
* University
* North American Championships
* Open events
* O-Ringen
* Jukola
* Tiomila
* Kainuu Orienteering Week
* Jan Kjellström Festival

|

Ski orienteering|

* World Championships
* Junior
* World Cup

Mountain bike orienteering|

* World Championships

Trail orienteering|

* World Championships

* Category
* WikiProject

Authority control databases: National |

* Spain
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Latvia

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