Al Gore

Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001

"Albert Gore" redirects here. For his father, see Albert Gore Sr. For other uses, see Al Gore (disambiguation).

Al Gore

Official portrait, 1994

45th Vice President of the United States
In office
January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
President| Bill Clinton
Preceded by| Dan Quayle
Succeeded by| Dick Cheney
United States Senator
from Tennessee
In office
January 3, 1985 – January 2, 1993
Preceded by| Howard Baker
Succeeded by| Harlan Mathews
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee
In office
January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1985
Preceded by| Joe L. Evins
Succeeded by| Bart Gordon
Constituency|

* 4th district (1977–1983)
* 6th district (1983–1985)

Personal details
Born|

Albert Arnold Gore Jr.

(1948-03-31) March 31, 1948 (age 76)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political party| Democratic
Spouse|

Tipper Aitcheson

(m. 1970; sep. 2010)​

Children| 4, including Karenna and Kristin
Parents|

* Albert Gore Sr.
* Pauline LaFon

Education|

* Harvard University (BA)
* Vanderbilt University

Occupation|

* Politician
* environmentalist
* businessman
* journalist
* author

Civilian awards| List of awards and honors
Signature|
Website| www.algore.com
Military service
Branch/service| United States Army
Years of service| 1969–1971
Rank| Specialist 4
Unit| 20th Engineer Brigade
Battles/wars| Vietnam War
Military awards|

* National Defense Service Medal
* Vietnam Service Medal
* Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal

Al Gore's voice

Al Gore speaking during remarks on submitting the 1999 budget
Recorded February 2, 1998

|  |

This article is part of
a series about

Al Gore

|

U.S. Senator from Tennessee

* * *

Vice President of the United States

* Transition
* Tenure
* Clinton administration
* 1st inauguration
* 2nd inauguration
* Information technology

* * *

Presidential campaigns

* 1988
* primaries
* 2000
* primaries
* convention
* debates
* election
* Florida recount
* Bush v. Gore

* * *

Vice presidential campaigns

* 1992
* selection
* convention
* election
* 1996
* convention
* election

* * *

* Environmental activism
* An Inconvenient Truth
* Awards

* * *

* v
* t
* e

Albert Arnold Gore Jr. (born March 31, 1948) is an American politician, businessman, and environmentalist who served as the 45th vice president of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He previously served as a United States Senator in Tennessee from 1985 to 1993 and as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1977 to 1985. Gore was the Democratic nominee for president of the United States in the 2000 presidential election, which he lost to George W. Bush.[a]

The son of politician Albert Gore Sr., Gore was an elected official for 24 years. He was a U.S. representative from Tennessee (1977–1985) and from 1985 to 1993 served as a U.S. senator from that state. He served as vice president during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001, defeating incumbents George H. W. Bush and Dan Quayle in 1992, and Bob Dole and Jack Kemp in 1996. As of 2024, Gore's 1990 re-election remains the last time Democrats won a Senate election in Tennessee.

Gore was the Democratic nominee for president of the United States in the 2000 presidential election \- in which he lost the electoral college vote 266–271 to Republican nominee George W. Bush, despite winning the popular vote by 543,895 votes. The election concluded after the Supreme Court of the United States ruled 5–4 in Bush v. Gore against a previous ruling by the Supreme Court of Florida on a re-count that would have likely given Gore a razor-thin lead in the state of Florida, had the re-count continued as planned. He is one of five presidential candidates in American history to lose a presidential election despite winning the popular vote.

After his term as vice-president ended in 2001, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him (jointly with the IPCC) the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. Gore is the founder and current chair of The Climate Reality Project, the co-founder and chair of Generation Investment Management, the now-defunct Current TV network, a former member of the Board of Directors of Apple Inc. and a senior adviser to Google.[2] Gore is also a partner in the venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins, heading its climate change solutions group.[3][4] He has served as a visiting professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Fisk University and the University of California, Los Angeles.[2][5][6][7] He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute.[8]

Gore has received a number of awards that include the Nobel Peace Prize (joint award with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007), a Primetime Emmy Award for Current TV (2007), and a Webby Award (2005). Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award winning (2007) documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006, as well as its 2017 sequel An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power. In 2007, he was named a runner-up for Time's 2007 Person of the Year.[9] In 2008, Gore won the Dan David Prize for Social Responsibility,[10][11] and in 2024, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Joe Biden.[12]

## Early life and education

[edit]

Gore in St. Albans School's 1965 yearbook

Albert Arnold Gore Jr. was born on March 31, 1948, in Washington, D.C.,[13] as the second of two children born to Albert Gore Sr., a U.S. Representative who later served for 18 years as a U.S. Senator from Tennessee, and Pauline (LaFon) Gore, one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School.[14] Gore is a descendant of Scots Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century and moved to Tennessee after the Revolutionary War.[15] His older sister Nancy LaFon Gore died of lung cancer in 1984.[16]

During the school year he lived with his family in The Fairfax Hotel in the Embassy Row section in Washington D.C.[17] During the summer months, he worked on the family farm in Carthage, Tennessee, where the Gores grew tobacco and hay[18][19] and raised cattle.[20]

Gore attended St. Albans School, an independent college preparatory day and boarding school for boys in Washington, D.C. from 1956 to 1965, a prestigious feeder school for the Ivy League.[21][22] He was the captain of the football team, threw discus for the track and field team and participated in basketball, art, and government.[14][17][23] He graduated 25th in a class of 51, applied to one college, Harvard University, and was accepted.[21][22]

### Harvard

[edit]

Gore enrolled in Harvard College in 1965; he initially planned to major in English and write novels but later decided to major in government.[21][22] On his second day on campus, he began campaigning for the freshman student government council and was elected its president. He was roommates with actor Tommy Lee Jones in Dunster House.[22][24]

Gore was an avid reader who fell in love with scientific and mathematical theories,[22] but he did not do well in science classes and avoided taking math.[21] During his first two years, his grades placed him in the lower one-fifth of his class. During his second year, he reportedly spent much of his time watching television, shooting pool and occasionally smoking marijuana.[21][22] In his junior and senior years, he became more involved with his studies, earning As and Bs.[21] In his senior year, he took a class with oceanographer and global warming theorist Roger Revelle, who sparked Gore's interest in global warming and other environmental issues.[22][25] Gore earned an A on his thesis, "The Impact of Television on the Conduct of the Presidency, 1947–1969", and graduated with an A.B. cum laude in June 1969.[21][26]

Albert Gore Sr. delivering a speech to the 1968 Democratic National Convention which the younger Gore helped him write

Gore was in college during the era of anti Vietnam War protests. He was against that war, but he disagreed with the tactics of the student protest movement. He thought that it was silly and juvenile to use a private university as a venue to vent anger at the war.[22] He and his friends did not participate in Harvard demonstrations. John Tyson, a former roommate, recalled that "We distrusted these movements a lot ... We were a pretty traditional bunch of guys, positive for civil rights and women's rights but formal, transformed by the social revolution to some extent but not buying into something we considered detrimental to our country."[22][27] Gore helped his father write an anti war address to the Democratic National Convention of 1968 but stayed with his parents in their hotel room during the violent protests.[22]

## Military service and early career (1969–1976)

[edit]

### Military service

[edit]

Gore with the 20th Engineer Brigade in Biên Hòa as a journalist with the paper The Castle Courier

When Gore graduated in 1969, he immediately became eligible for the military draft. His father, a vocal anti Vietnam War critic, was facing re-election in 1970. Gore eventually decided that enlisting in the Army would be the best course between serving his country, his personal values and interests. Although nearly all of his Harvard classmates avoided the draft and service in Vietnam,[28] Gore believed if he found a way around military service, he would be handing an issue to his father's Republican opponent.[29] According to Gore's Senate biography, "He appeared in uniform in his father's campaign commercials, one of which ended with his father advising: 'Son, always love your country'."[30] Despite this, Gore Sr. lost the election to an opponent who vastly out-fundraised him. This opponent was later found by the Watergate commission to have accepted illegal money from Nixon's operatives.[29]

Gore has said that his other reason for enlisting was that he did not want someone with fewer options than he to go in his place.[31] Actor Tommy Lee Jones, a former college housemate, recalled Gore saying that "if he found a fancy way of not going, someone else would have to go in his place".[22][32] His Harvard advisor, Richard Neustadt, also stated that Gore decided, "that he would have to go as an enlisted man because, he said, 'In Tennessee, that's what most people have to do.'" In addition, Michael Roche, Gore's editor for The Castle Courier, stated that "anybody who knew Al Gore in Vietnam knows he could have sat on his butt and he didn't."[29]

After enlisting in August 1969, Gore returned to the anti war Harvard campus in his military uniform to say goodbye to his adviser and was "jeered" at by students.[16][22] He later said he was astonished by the "emotional field of negativity and disapproval and piercing glances that ... certainly felt like real hatred".[22]

Gore had basic training at Fort Dix from August to October, and then was assigned to be a journalist at Fort Rucker, Alabama.[29] In April 1970, he was named Rucker's "Soldier of the Month".[16]

His orders to be sent to Vietnam were "held up" for some time and the Gore family suspected that this was due to a fear by the Nixon administration that if something happened to him, his father would gain sympathy votes.[29] He was finally shipped to Vietnam on January 2, 1971, after his father had lost his seat in the Senate during the 1970 Senate election, becoming one "of only about a dozen of the 1,115 Harvard graduates in the Class of '69 who went to Vietnam".[29][33][34] Gore was stationed with the 20th Engineer Brigade in Biên Hòa and was a journalist with The Castle Courier.[35] He received an honorable discharge from the Army in May 1971.[16]

Of his time in the Army, Gore later stated, "I didn't do the most, or run the gravest danger. But I was proud to wear my country's uniform."[32] He also later stated that his experience in Vietnam

> didn't change my conclusions about the war being a terrible mistake, but it struck me that opponents to the war, including myself, really did not take into account the fact that there were an awful lot of South Vietnamese who desperately wanted to hang on to what they called freedom. Coming face to face with those sentiments expressed by people who did the laundry and ran the restaurants and worked in the fields was something I was naively unprepared for.[36]

### Vanderbilt and journalism

[edit]

Gore was "dispirited" after his return from Vietnam.[30] NashvillePost.com noted that, "his father's defeat made service in a conflict he deeply opposed even more abhorrent to Gore. His experiences in the war zone don't seem to have been deeply traumatic in themselves; although the engineers were sometimes fired upon, Gore has said he didn't see full-scale combat. Still, he felt that his participation in the war was wrong."[33]

Although his parents wanted him to go to law school, Gore first attended Vanderbilt University Divinity School (1971–72) on a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship for people planning secular careers. He later said he went there in order to explore "spiritual issues",[37] and that "he had hoped to make sense of the social injustices that seemed to challenge his religious beliefs".[38]

In 1971, Gore also began to work the night shift for The Tennessean as an investigative reporter.[39] His investigations of corruption among members of Nashville's Metro Council resulted in the arrest and prosecution of two councilmen for separate offenses.[33]

In 1974, he took a leave of absence from The Tennessean to attend Vanderbilt University Law School. His decision to become an attorney was a partial result of his time as a journalist, as he realized that, while he could expose corruption, he could not change it.[37] Gore did not complete law school, deciding abruptly, in 1976, to run for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives when he found out that his father's former seat in the House was about to be vacated.[37][40]

## Congress (1977–1993)

[edit]

See also: Electoral history of Al Gore, Al Gore and information technology, and Environmental activism of Al Gore

Gore began serving in the U.S. Congress at the age of 28 and stayed there for the next 16 years, serving in both the House (1977–1985) and the Senate (1985–1993).[39] Gore spent many weekends in Tennessee, working with his constituents.[14][30]

### House and Senate

[edit]

Gore in 1977

At the end of February 1976, U.S. Representative Joe L. Evins unexpectedly announced his retirement from Congress, making Tennessee's 4th congressional district seat, to which he had succeeded Albert Gore Sr. in 1953 open. Within hours after  The Tennessean publisher John Seigenthaler Sr. called him to tell him the announcement was forthcoming,[40] Gore decided to quit law school and run for the House of Representatives:

> Gore's abrupt decision to run for the open seat surprised even himself; he later said that "I didn't realize myself I had been pulled back so much to it." The news came as a "bombshell" to his wife. Tipper Gore held a job in The Tennessean's photo lab and was working on a master's degree in psychology, but she joined in her husband's campaign (with assurance that she could get her job at The Tennessean back if he lost). By contrast, Gore asked his father to stay out of his campaign: "I must become my own man," he explained. "I must not be your candidate."[30]

Gore won the 1976 Democratic primary for the district with "32 percent of the vote, three percentage points more than his nearest rival", and was opposed only by an independent candidate in the election, recording 94 percent of the overall vote.[41] He went on to win the next three elections, in 1978, 1980 and 1982, where "he was unopposed twice and won 79 percent of the vote the other time".[41] In 1984, Gore successfully ran for a seat in the U.S. Senate, which had been vacated by Republican Senate Majority Leader Howard Baker. He was "unopposed in the Democratic Senatorial primary and won the general election going away", despite the fact that Republican President Ronald Reagan swept Tennessee in his reelection campaign the same year.[41] Gore defeated Republican senatorial nominee Victor Ashe, subsequently the mayor of Knoxville, and the Republican-turned-Independent, Ed McAteer, founder of the Christian right Religious Roundtable organization that had worked to elect Reagan as president in 1980.[42]

Gore during his congressional years

During his time in Congress, Gore was considered a "moderate" once referring to himself as a "raging moderate"[43] opposing federal funding of abortion, voting in favor of a bill which supported a moment of silence in schools, and voting against a ban on interstate sales of guns.[44] In 1981, Gore was quoted as saying with regard to homosexuality, "I think it is wrong", and "I don't pretend to understand it, but it is not just another normal optional life style." In his 1984 Senate race, Gore said when discussing homosexuality, "I do not believe it is simply an acceptable alternative that society should affirm." He also said that he would not take campaign funds from gay rights groups.[45] Although he maintained a position against homosexuality and gay marriage in the 1980s, Gore said in 2008 that he thinks "gay men and women ought to have the same rights as heterosexual men and women...to join together in marriage."[46] His position as a moderate (and on policies related to that label) shifted later in life after he became Vice President and ran for president in 2000.[47]

During his tenure in the House, Gore voted in favor of the bill establishing Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday.[48] While Gore initially did not vote on the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 in January 1988,[49] he voted to override President Reagan's veto the following March.[50] Gore voted against the nomination of William Rehnquist as Chief Justice of the United States,[51] as well as the nominations of Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas to the U.S. Supreme Court.[52]

During his time in the House, Gore sat on the Energy and Commerce and the Science and Technology committees, chairing the Science Committee's Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations for four years.[41] He also sat on the House Intelligence Committee and, in 1982, introduced the Gore Plan for arms control, to "reduce chances of a nuclear first strike by cutting multiple warheads and deploying single-warhead mobile launchers".[30] While in the Senate, he sat on the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, the Rules and Administration, and the Armed Services Committees.[30] In 1991, Gore was one of ten Democrats who supported the Gulf War.[30]

Gore was considered one of the Atari Democrats, given this name due to their "passion for technological issues, from biomedical research and genetic engineering to the environmental impact of the "greenhouse effect".[30] On March 19, 1979, he had become the first member of Congress to appear on C-SPAN.[53] During this time, Gore co-chaired the Congressional Clearinghouse on the Future with Newt Gingrich.[54] In addition, he has been described as having been a "genuine nerd, with a geek reputation running back to his days as a futurist Atari Democrat in the House. Before computers were comprehensible, let alone sexy, the poker-faced Gore struggled to explain artificial intelligence and fiber-optic networks to sleepy colleagues."[30][55] Internet pioneers Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn noted that,

> as far back as the 1970s, Congressman Gore promoted the idea of high-speed telecommunications as an engine for both economic growth and the improvement of our educational system. He was the first elected official to grasp the potential of computer communications to have a broader impact than just improving the conduct of science and scholarship ... the Internet, as we know it today, was not deployed until 1983. When the Internet was still in the early stages of its deployment, Congressman Gore provided intellectual leadership by helping create the vision of the potential benefits of high speed computing and communication.[56]

Gore introduced the Supercomputer Network Study Act of 1986.[57] He also sponsored hearings on how advanced technologies might be put to use in areas like coordinating the response of government agencies to natural disasters and other crises.[56]

As a Senator, Gore began to craft the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 (commonly referred to as "The Gore Bill") after hearing the 1988 report Toward a National Research Network submitted to Congress by a group chaired by UCLA professor of computer science, Leonard Kleinrock, one of the central creators of the ARPANET (the ARPANET, first deployed by Kleinrock and others in 1969, is the predecessor of the Internet).[58][59][60] The bill was passed on December 9, 1991, and led to the National Information Infrastructure (NII) which Gore referred to as the "information superhighway".[61]

After joining the House of Representatives, Gore held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming".[62][63] He continued to speak on the topic throughout the 1980s.[30][64][65] In 1990, Senator Gore presided over a three-day conference with legislators from over 42 countries which sought to create a Global Marshall Plan, "under which industrial nations would help less developed countries grow economically while still protecting the environment".[66]

### Son's 1989 accident and first book

[edit]

On April 3, 1989, Al, Tipper and their six-year-old son Albert were leaving a baseball game. Albert ran across the street to see his friend and was hit by a car. He was thrown 30 feet (9 m) and then traveled along the pavement for another 20 feet (6 m).[14] Gore later recalled: "I ran to his side and held him and called his name, but he was motionless, limp and still, without breath or pulse.... His eyes were open with the nothingness stare of death, and we prayed, the two of us, there in the gutter, with only my voice."[14] Albert was tended to by two nurses who happened to be present during the accident. The Gores spent the next month in the hospital with Albert. Gore also commented: "Our lives were consumed with the struggle to restore his body and spirit."[14] This event was "a trauma so shattering that [Gore] views it as a moment of personal rebirth", a "key moment in his life" which "changed everything".[14]

In August 1991, Gore announced that his son's accident was a factor in his decision not to run for president in 1992.[67] Gore stated: "I would like to be President.... But I am also a father, and I feel deeply about my responsibility to my children.... I didn't feel right about tearing myself away from my family to the extent that is necessary in a Presidential campaign."[67] During this time, Gore wrote Earth in the Balance, a text that became the first book written by a sitting U.S. Senator to make The New York Times Best Seller list since John F. Kennedy's Profiles in Courage.[30]

## First presidential run (1988)

[edit]

Main article: Al Gore 1988 presidential campaign

In 1988, Gore sought the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States. Gore carried seven states in the primaries, finishing third overall in a field that included Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis, then Senator, future Vice President and current President Joe Biden, Gary Hart, Congressman Dick Gephardt, Paul Simon and Jesse Jackson. Dukakis eventually won the Democratic nomination and went on to lose in a landslide to George H. W. Bush in the general election.

Although Gore initially denied that he intended to run, his candidacy was the subject of speculation: "National analysts make Sen. Gore a long-shot for the Presidential nomination, but many believe he could provide a natural complement for any of the other candidates: a young, attractive, moderate Vice Presidential nominee from the South. He currently denies any interest, but he carefully does not reject the idea out of hand."[17] At the time, he was 39 years old, making him the "youngest serious Presidential candidate since John F. Kennedy".[17]

CNN noted that, "in 1988, for the first time, 12 southern states would hold their primaries on the same day, dubbed "Super Tuesday". Gore thought he would be the only serious Southern contender; he had not counted on Jesse Jackson."[68] Jackson defeated Gore in the South Carolina primary, winning, "more than half the total vote, three times that of his closest rival here, Senator Albert Gore Jr. of Tennessee".[69] Gore next placed great hope on Super Tuesday where they split the Southern vote: Jackson winning Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and Virginia; Gore winning Arkansas, North Carolina, Kentucky, Nevada, Tennessee, and Oklahoma.[30][68][70] Gore was later endorsed by New York City Mayor Ed Koch who made statements in favor of Israel and against Jackson. These statements cast Gore in a negative light,[68] leading voters away from Gore who received only 10% of the vote in the New York primary. Gore then dropped out of the race.[30] The New York Times said that Gore also lost support due to his attacks against Jackson, Dukakis, and others.[71]

Gore was eventually able to mend fences with Jackson, who supported the Clinton-Gore ticket in 1992 and 1996, and campaigned for the Gore-Lieberman ticket during the 2000 presidential election.[72][73] Gore's policies changed substantially in 2000, reflecting his eight years as vice president.[74]

## 1992 presidential election

[edit]

See also: 1992 United States presidential election and Presidential transition of Bill Clinton

Gore was initially hesitant to be Bill Clinton's running mate for the 1992 United States presidential election, but after clashing with the George H. W. Bush administration over global warming issues, he decided to accept the offer.[30] Clinton stated that he chose Gore due to his foreign policy experience, work with the environment, and commitment to his family.[75][76]

Clinton's choice was criticized as unconventional because rather than picking a running mate who would diversify the ticket, Clinton chose a fellow Southerner who shared his political ideologies and who was nearly the same age as Clinton.[30][75][77] The Washington Bureau Chief for The Baltimore Sun, Paul West, later suggested that, "Al Gore revolutionized the way Vice Presidents are made. When he joined Bill Clinton's ticket, it violated the old rules. Regional diversity? Not with two Southerners from neighboring states. Ideological balance? A couple of left-of-center moderates. ... And yet, Gore has come to be regarded by strategists in both parties as the best vice presidential pick in at least 20 years."[78]

Clinton and Gore accepted the nomination at the Democratic National Convention on July 17, 1992.[79][80] Known as the Baby Boomer Ticket and the Fortysomething Team, The New York Times noted that if elected, Clinton and Gore, at ages 46 and 44 respectively, would be the "youngest team to make it to the White House in the country's history".[75][81] Gore called the ticket "a new generation of leadership".

1992 electoral vote results. The Clinton-Gore ticket won 370–168.

[75][82]

The ticket increased in popularity after the candidates traveled with their wives, Hillary and Tipper, on a "six-day, 1,000-mile bus ride, from New York to St. Louis".[83] Al Gore would participate in one vice-presidential debate against Vice President Dan Quayle, and Admiral James Stockdale. That debate, as of 2023, was the only televised Vice-Presidential debate with more than two participating candidates. The Clinton-Gore ticket beat the Bush-Quayle and Perot-Stockdale tickets with 43% of the popular vote, versus their 38% and 19%, respectively. Clinton and Gore received 370 electoral votes, versus the incumbent ticket's 168, and Perot's 0.[30]

## Vice presidency (1993–2001)

[edit]

Main article: Vice presidency of Al Gore

See also: Al Gore and information technology and Environmental activism of Al Gore

Gore being sworn in as vice president by Supreme Court Justice Byron White on January 20, 1993

Al Gore served as vice president during the Clinton administration. Clinton and Gore were inaugurated on January 20, 1993. At the beginning of the first term, they developed a "two-page agreement outlining their relationship". Clinton committed himself to regular lunch meetings; he recognized Gore as a principal adviser on nominations and appointed some of Gore's chief advisers to key White House staff positions. Clinton involved Gore in decision-making to an unprecedented degree for a vice president. Through their weekly lunches and daily conversations, Gore became the president's "indisputable chief adviser".[30]

The Clintons and the Gores as Chelsea Clinton rings a replica of the Liberty Bell, 1993

However, Gore had to compete with First Lady Hillary for President Clinton's influence, starting when she was appointed to the health-care task force without Gore's consultation. Vanity Fair wrote that President Clinton's "failure to confide in his vice president was a telling sign of the real pecking order", and reported "it was an open secret that some of Hillary's advisers...nurtured dreams that Hillary, not Gore, would follow Bill in the presidency".[84][85] Gore had a particular interest in reducing "waste, fraud, and abuse in the federal government and advocated trimming the size of the bureaucracy and the number of regulations".[30] During the Clinton Administration, the U.S. economy expanded, according to David Greenberg (professor of history and media studies at Rutgers University) who said that "by the end of the Clinton presidency, the numbers were uniformly impressive. Besides the record-high surpluses and the record-low poverty rates, the economy could boast the longest economic expansion in history; the lowest unemployment since the early 1970s; and the lowest poverty rates for single mothers, black Americans, and the aged."[86]

Gore and President Bill Clinton on the South Lawn, August 10, 1993

According to Leslie Budd, author of E-economy: Rhetoric or Business Reality, this economic success was due, in part, to Gore's continued role as an Atari Democrat, promoting the development of information technology, which led to the dot-com boom. (c. 1995–2001).[87] Clinton and Gore entered office planning to finance research that would "flood the economy with innovative goods and services, lifting the general level of prosperity and strengthening American industry".[88] Their overall aim was to fund the development of, "robotics, smart roads, biotechnology, machine tools, magnetic-levitation trains, fiber-optic communications and national computer networks. Also earmarked [were] a raft of basic technologies like digital imaging and data storage."[88] Critics claimed that the initiatives would "backfire, bloating Congressional pork and creating whole new categories of Federal waste".[88]

During the election and his term as vice president, Gore popularized the term Information Superhighway, which became synonymous with the Internet, and he was involved in the creation of the National Information Infrastructure.[88] Gore first discussed his plans to emphasize information technology at UCLA on January 11, 1994, in a speech at The Superhighway Summit. On March 29, 1994, Gore made the inaugural keynote to a Georgetown University symposium on governmental reform[b] with a lecture entitled, "The new job of the federal executive". Gore spoke on how technology was changing the nature of government, public administration, and management in general, noting that while in the past deep hierarchical structures were necessary to manage large organizations, technology was offering more accurate and streamlined access to information, thus facilitating flatter management structures.[89][90] He was involved in a number of projects including NetDay '96 and 24 Hours in Cyberspace. The Clinton–Gore administration also launched the first official White House website in 1994 and subsequent versions through 2000.[91] During 1993 and early 1994, Gore was tapped by the administration to advocate for the adoption of the Clipper Chip, a technology developed by the National Security Agency designed to provide for law enforcement access to encrypted communications. After political and technical objections, the initiative was essentially dropped.[92][93][94]

President Bill Clinton installing computer cables with Vice President Al Gore on NetDay at Ygnacio Valley High School in Concord, CA. March 9, 1996

Gore was also involved in environmental initiatives. He launched the GLOBE program on Earth Day '94, an education and science activity that, according to Forbes, "made extensive use of the Internet to increase student awareness of their environment".[95] In 1998, Gore began promoting a NASA satellite (Deep Space Climate Observatory) that would provide a constant view of the Earth, marking the first time such an image would have been made since The Blue Marble photo from the 1972 Apollo 17 mission.[96] During this time, he also became associated with Digital Earth.[97]

Gore negotiated and strongly supported the Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse gasses, but said upon his return that the administration would not submit the treaty to the Senate for ratification until it was amended to include "meaningful participation by key developing nations",[98][99][100] The Senate had previously passed unanimously (95–0) the Byrd–Hagel Resolution (S. Res. 98), which declared opposition to any greenhouse gas treaty which would limit US emissions without similar limits on third-world countries such as China.[101][102] The Clinton administration left office three years later without having submitted the treaty for ratification.

Vice President Gore and President Clinton during the second inauguration of Bill Clinton, January 20, 1997

In 1996, Gore became involved in a "Chinagate" campaign finance controversy over his attendance at an event at the Buddhist Hsi Lai Temple in Hacienda Heights, California.[30] In an interview on NBC's Today the following year, Gore said, "I did not know that it was a fund-raiser. I knew it was a political event, and I knew there were finance people that were going to be present, and so that alone should have told me, 'This is inappropriate and this is a mistake; don't do this.' And I take responsibility for that. It was a mistake."[103] A U.S. Department of Justice investigation into the fund-raising activities had uncovered evidence that Chinese agents sought to direct contributions from foreign sources to the Democratic National Committee (DNC) before the 1996 presidential campaign. The Chinese embassy in Washington, D.C. was used for coordinating contributions to the DNC.[104][105] FBI agents were denied the opportunity to ask President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore questions during Justice Department interviews in 1997 and 1998 and were only allowed to take notes.[106] In March 1997, Gore had to explain phone calls which he made to solicit funds for Democratic Party for the 1996 election.[107] In a news conference, Gore stated that, "all calls that I made were charged to the Democratic National Committee. I was advised there was nothing wrong with that. My counsel tells me there is no controlling legal authority that says that is any violation of any law."[108] The phrase "no controlling legal authority" was criticized by columnist Charles Krauthammer, who stated: "Whatever other legacies Al Gore leaves behind between now and retirement, he forever bequeaths this newest weasel word to the lexicon of American political corruption."[109] Robert Conrad Jr. was the head of a Justice Department task force appointed by Attorney General Janet Reno to investigate Gore's fund-raising controversies. In Spring 2000, Conrad asked Reno to appoint an independent counsel to continue the investigation. After looking into the matter, Reno judged that the appointment of an independent counsel was unwarranted.[110]

During the 1990s, Gore spoke out on a number of issues. In a 1992 speech on the Gulf War, Gore stated that he twice attempted to get the U.S. government to pull the plug on support to Saddam Hussein, citing Hussein's use of poison gas, support of terrorism, and his burgeoning nuclear program, but was opposed both times by the Reagan and Bush administrations.[111] In 1998, at a conference of APEC hosted by Malaysia, Gore objected to the indictment, arrest and jailing of Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad's longtime second-in-command Anwar Ibrahim, a move which received a negative response from leaders there.[112] Ten years later, Gore again protested when Ibrahim was arrested a second time,[113] a decision condemned by Malaysian foreign minister Datuk Seri Dr Rais Yatim.[113]

1996 electoral vote results. The Clinton-Gore ticket won 379–159.

In the 1996 presidential election, Clinton and Gore both ran for re-election for president and vice-president. They faced Republican Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole, with his running mate, Jack Kemp, a former member of House republican leadership and George H. W. Bush's secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Gore and Kemp debated once, in one of the lowest rated debates in history. Gore held his own against Kemp, and kept President Clinton's large lead against Dole stable. On November 5, 1996, Clinton and Gore were re-elected as president and vice-president with 379 electoral votes and an 8% margin of victory in the popular vote.

Soon afterward, Gore also had to contend with the Lewinsky scandal, which involved an affair between President Clinton and a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. Gore initially defended Clinton, whom he believed to be innocent, stating: "He is the president of the country! He is my friend ... I want to ask you now, every single one of you, to join me in supporting him."[30] After Clinton was impeached, Gore continued to defend him, stating: "I've defined my job in exactly the same way for six years now ... to do everything I can to help him be the best president possible."[30][84][85]

## Second presidential run (2000)

[edit]

Main article: Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign

Further information: 2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2000 United States presidential election, 2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida, Bush v. Gore, and Al Gore and information technology

In Manchester, New Hampshire, campaigning for President of the United States in 2000

During a speech that he gave on June 16, 1999, in Carthage, Tennessee, Gore formally announced his candidacy for president. His major theme was the need to strengthen the American family.[114] He was introduced by his eldest daughter, Karenna Gore Schiff.[114] In making the speech, Gore also distanced himself from Bill Clinton, who he stated had lied to him.[114] Gore was "briefly interrupted" by AIDS protesters claiming Gore was working with the pharmaceutical industry to prevent access to generic medicines for poor nations and chanting "Gore's greed kills".[114] Additional speeches were also interrupted by the protesters. Gore responded: "I love this country. I love the First Amendment ... Let me say in response to those who may have chosen an inappropriate way to make their point, that actually the crisis of AIDS in Africa is one that should command the attention of people in the United States and around the world." Gore also issued a statement saying that he supported efforts to lower the cost of the AIDS drugs, provided that they "are done in a way consistent with international agreements".[115][116]

While Bill Clinton's job-approval ratings were around 60%, an April 1999 study by the Pew Research Center for the People found that respondents suffered from "Clinton fatigue" where they were "tired of all the problems associated with the Clinton administration" including the Lewinsky scandal and impeachment. Texas Governor and likely Republican presidential nominee George W. Bush was leading Gore 54% to 41% in polls during that time. Gore's advisers believed that the "Lewinsky scandal and Bill's past womanizing...alienated independent voters—especially the soccer moms, who stood for traditional values". Consequently, Gore's presidential campaign "veered too far in differentiating himself from Bill and his record and had difficulty taking advantage of the Clinton administration's legitimate successes". In addition, Hillary's candidacy for the open Senate seat in New York exacerbated the "three-way tensions evident in the White House since 1993", as "not only was Hillary unavailable as a campaigner, she was poaching top Democratic fund-raisers and donors who would normally concentrate on the vice president". In one instance "Hillary insisted on being invited [to a Los Angeles fundraiser for the vice president]—over the objections of the event's organizers", where the First Lady "shocked the vice president's supporters by soliciting donations for herself in front of Tipper".[84]

Gore faced an early challenge by former New Jersey senator Bill Bradley.[114] Bradley was the only candidate to oppose Gore and was considered a "fresh face" for the White House.[117][118] Gore challenged Bradley to a series of debates which took the form of "town hall" meetings.[119] Gore went on the offensive during these debates leading to a drop in the polls for Bradley.[120][121] In the Iowa caucus the unions pledged their support to Gore, despite Bradley spending heavily in that state, and Bradley was much embarrassed by his two to one defeat there. Gore went on to capture the New Hampshire primary 53-47%, which had been a must-win state for Bradley. Gore then swept all of the primaries on Super Tuesday while Bradley finished a distant second in each state. On March 9, 2000, after failing to win any of the first 20 primaries and caucuses in the election process, Bradley withdrew his campaign and endorsed Gore. Gore eventually went on to win every primary and caucus and, in March 2000 even won the first primary election ever held over the Internet, the Arizona Presidential Primary.[122] By then, he secured the Democratic nomination.[123] As of 2023, Al Gore remains the only presidential candidate in American history who was not the incumbent president to win every single contest in his or her party primary.

The logo for Gore and Joe Lieberman's campaign

On August 13, 2000, Gore announced that he had selected Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut as his vice presidential running mate. Lieberman became "the first person of the Jewish faith to run for the nation's second-highest office". Many pundits saw Gore's choice of Lieberman as further distancing him from the scandals of the Clinton White House.[124] Gore's daughter, Karenna, together with her father's former Harvard roommate Tommy Lee Jones,[125] officially nominated Gore as the Democratic presidential candidate during the 2000 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, California.[126] Gore accepted his party's nomination and spoke about the major themes of his campaign, stating in particular his plan to extend Medicare to pay for prescription drugs and to work for a sensible universal health-care system.[126] Soon after the convention, Gore hit the campaign trail with running mate Joe Lieberman. Gore and Bush were deadlocked in the polls.[127] They participated in three televised debates. While both sides claimed victory after each, Gore was critiqued as either too stiff, too reticent, or too aggressive in contrast to Bush.[128][129]

### Inventing the internet

[edit]

There was talk of a potential run in the 2000 presidential race by Gore as early as January 1998.[130] Gore discussed the possibility of running during a March 9, 1999, interview with CNN's Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer. In response to Wolf Blitzer's question: "Why should Democrats, looking at the Democratic nomination process, support you instead of Bill Bradley", Gore responded:

> I'll be offering my vision when my campaign begins. And it will be comprehensive and sweeping. And I hope that it will be compelling enough to draw people toward it. I feel that it will be. But it will emerge from my dialogue with the American people. I've traveled to every part of this country during the last six years. During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet. I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country's economic growth and environmental protection, improvements in our educational system.[131]

Former UCLA professor of information studies Philip E. Agre and journalist Eric Boehlert argued that three articles in Wired News led to the creation of the widely spread urban legend that Gore claimed to have "invented the Internet", which followed this interview.[132][133][134][135] In addition, computer professionals and congressional colleagues argued in his defense. Internet pioneers Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn stated that "we don't think, as some people have argued, that Gore intended to claim he 'invented' the Internet. Moreover, there is no question in our minds that while serving as Senator, Gore's initiatives had a significant and beneficial effect on the still-evolving Internet."[56][133] Cerf would later state: "Al Gore had seen what happened with the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act of 1956, which his father introduced as a military bill. It was very powerful. Housing went up, suburban boom happened, everybody became mobile. Al was attuned to the power of networking much more than any of his elective colleagues. His initiatives led directly to the commercialization of the Internet. So he really does deserve credit."[136] In a speech to the American Political Science Association, former Republican Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Newt Gingrich also stated: "In all fairness, it's something Gore had worked on a long time. Gore is not the Father of the Internet, but in all fairness, Gore is the person who, in the Congress, most systematically worked to make sure that we got to an Internet, and the truth is—and I worked with him starting in 1978 when I got [to Congress], we were both part of a "futures group"—the fact is, in the Clinton administration, the world we had talked about in the '80s began to actually happen."[137] Finally, Wolf Blitzer (who conducted the original 1999 interview) stated in 2008 that: "I didn't ask him about the Internet. I asked him about the differences he had with Bill Bradley ... Honestly, at the time, when he said it, it didn't dawn on me that this was going to have the impact that it wound up having, because it was distorted to a certain degree and people said they took what he said, which was a carefully phrased comment about taking the initiative and creating the Internet to—I invented the Internet. And that was the sort of shorthand, the way his enemies projected it and it wound up being a devastating setback to him and it hurt him, as I'm sure he acknowledges to this very day."[138]

Gore himself would later poke fun at the controversy. In 2000, while on the Late Show with David Letterman he read Letterman's Top 10 List (which for this show was called, "Top Ten Rejected Gore – Lieberman Campaign Slogans") to the audience. Number nine on the list was: "Remember, America, I gave you the Internet, and I can take it away!"[139] In 2005, when Gore was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award "for three decades of contributions to the Internet" at the Webby Awards,[140][141] he joked in his acceptance speech (limited to five words according to Webby Awards rules): "Please don't recount this vote." He was introduced by Vint Cerf who used the same format to joke: "We all invented the Internet." Gore, who was then asked to add a few more words to his speech, stated: "It is time to reinvent the Internet for all of us to make it more robust and much more accessible and use it to reinvigorate our democracy."[141]

### Recount

[edit]

On election night, news networks first called Florida for Gore, later retracted the projection, and then called Florida for Bush, before finally retracting that projection as well.[142] Florida's Republican Secretary of State, Katherine Harris, eventually certified Florida's vote count.[143] This led to the Florida election recount, a move to further examine the Florida results.[144]

The Florida recount was stopped a few weeks later on December 12 by the U.S. Supreme Court. In the ruling, Bush v. Gore, the Justices held, by a 7–2 vote, that the standards the Florida Supreme Court provided for a recount were unconstitutional due to violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and further ruled 5–4 that no constitutionally valid recount could be completed by the December 12 deadline. That ended recounts underway in selected Florida counties, resulting in George W. Bush with a 537[145] vote victory in Florida and consequently Florida's 25 electoral votes, thus the presidency.[146] The results of the decision led to Gore winning the popular vote by approximately 500,000 votes nationwide, but receiving 266 electoral votes to Bush's 271 (one District of Columbia elector abstained).[147] On December 13, 2000, Gore conceded the election.[148] Gore strongly disagreed with the Court's decision, but in his concession speech stated that, "for the sake of our unity as a people and the strength of our democracy, I offer my concession."[149]

## Post-vice presidency (2001–present)

[edit]

Gore in 2000

Bill Clinton and Gore had maintained an informal public distance for eight years, but they reunited for the media in August 2009. Clinton had arranged for the release of two female journalists who were being held hostage in North Korea. The women were employees of Gore's Current TV.[150] In May 2018, he was included as a member of the Indian Government committee to coordinate year long celebrations of Mahatma Gandhi's 150th birth anniversary from October 2, 2019.[151]

### Criticism of Bush

[edit]

Beginning in 2002, Gore began to publicly criticize the Bush administration. In a September 23 speech that he gave before the Commonwealth Club of California, Gore criticized Bush and Congress for the rush to war prior to the outbreak of hostilities in Iraq. He compared this decision to the Persian Gulf War (which Gore had voted for) stating, "Back in 1991, I was one of a handful of Democrats in the United States Senate to vote in favor of the resolution endorsing the Persian Gulf War ... But look at the differences between the resolution that was voted on in 1991 and the one this administration is proposing that the Congress vote on in 2002. The circumstances are really completely different [...] in 1991, Iraq had crossed an international border, invaded a neighboring sovereign nation and annexed its territory. Now by contrast in 2002, there has been no such invasion."[152][153] In a speech given in 2004, during the presidential election, Gore accused George W. Bush of betraying the country by using the 9/11 attacks as a justification for the invasion of Iraq.[154] The next year, Gore gave a speech which covered many topics, including what he called "religious zealots" who claim special knowledge of God's will in American politics. Gore stated: "They even claim that those of us who disagree with their point of view are waging war against people of faith."[155] After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Gore chartered two planes to evacuate 270 people from New Orleans and criticized the Bush administration's response to the hurricane.[156] In 2006, Gore criticized Bush's use of domestic wiretaps without a warrant.[157] One month later, in a speech given at the Jeddah Economic Forum, Gore criticized the treatment of Arabs in the U.S. after 9/11 stating, "Unfortunately there have been terrible abuses and it's wrong ... I do want you to know that it does not represent the desires or wishes or feelings of the majority of the citizens of my country."[158] Gore's 2007 book, The Assault on Reason, is an analysis of what Gore refers to as the "emptying out of the marketplace of ideas" in civic discourse during the Bush administration. He attributes this phenomenon to the influence of television and argues that it endangers American democracy. By contrast, Gore argues, the Internet can revitalize and ultimately "redeem the integrity of representative democracy".[159] In 2008, Gore argued against the ban of same-sex marriage on his Current TV website, stating, "I think that gay men and women ought to have the same rights as heterosexual men and women to make contracts, have hospital visiting rights, and join together in marriage."[160] In a 2009 interview with CNN, Gore commented on former Vice President Dick Cheney's criticism of the Obama administration. Referring to his own previous criticism of the Bush administrations, Gore stated: "I waited two years after I left office to make statements that were critical, and then of the policy ... You know, you talk about somebody that shouldn't be talking about making the country less safe, invading a country that did not attack us and posed no serious threat to us at all."[161]

While Gore has criticized Bush for his Katrina response, he has not spoken publicly about his part in the evacuation of 270 patients on September 3 & 4, 2005, from Charity Hospital in New Orleans to Tennessee. On September 1, Gore was contacted by Charity Hospital's Neurosurgeon Dr. David Kline, who had operated on his son Albert, through Greg Simon of FasterCures. Kline informed Gore and Simon of the desperate conditions at the hospital and asked Gore and Simon to arrange relief. On Gore's personal financial commitment, two airlines each provided a plane with one flight later underwritten by Larry Flax. The flights were flown by volunteer airline crews and medically staffed by Gore's cousin, retired Col. Dar LaFon, and family physician Dr. Anderson Spickard and were accompanied by Gore and Albert III. Gore used his political influence to expedite landing rights in New Orleans.[156][162][163]

### Presidential run speculation

[edit]

In 2008, Chris Anderson asked: "Will you run again?"
Gore replied, "Ohh, you aren't going to get me on this one!"

People were speculating that Gore would be a candidate for the 2004 presidential election (a bumper sticker, "Re-elect Gore in 2004!" was popular).[164] On December 16, 2002, however, Gore announced that he would not run in 2004.[165] While Gore seriously considered challenging Bush in 2004, the September 11 attacks and the subsequent stratospheric rise in President Bush's popularity as a result of his response to these attacks were strong factors in Gore's December 2002 decision not to run again in 2004.[166] Despite Gore taking himself out of the race, a handful of his supporters formed a national campaign to draft him into running. The draft movement, however, failed to convince Gore to run.[167]

The prospect of a Gore candidacy arose again between 2006 and early 2008 in light of the upcoming 2008 presidential election. Although Gore frequently stated that he had "no plans to run", he did not reject the possibility of future involvement in politics which led to speculation that he might run.[168][169][170] This was due in part to his increased popularity after the release of the 2006 documentary, An Inconvenient Truth.[171] The director of the film, Davis Guggenheim, stated that after the release of the film, "Everywhere I go with him, they treat him like a rock star."[172] After An Inconvenient Truth was nominated for an Academy Award, Donna Brazile (Gore's campaign chairwoman from his 2000 campaign) speculated that Gore might announce a possible presidential candidacy during the Oscars.[173] During the 79th Academy Awards ceremony, Gore and actor Leonardo DiCaprio shared the stage to speak about the "greening" of the ceremony itself. Gore began to give a speech that appeared to be leading up to an announcement that he would run for president. However, background music drowned him out and he was escorted offstage, implying that it was a rehearsed gag, which he later acknowledged.[174][175] After An Inconvenient Truth won the Academy Award for Best Documentary, speculation increased about a possible presidential run.[176] Gore's popularity was indicated in polls which showed that even without running, he was coming in second or third among possible Democratic candidates Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, and John Edwards.[177] Grassroots draft campaigns also developed with the hope that they could encourage Gore to run.[178][179][180] Gore, however, remained firm in his decision and declined to run for the presidency.[181]

Interest in having Gore run for the 2016 presidential election arose in 2014 and again in 2015, although he did not declare any intention to do so.[182][183]

### Involvement in presidential campaigns

[edit]

Gore speaks during the final day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado.

After announcing he would not run in the 2004 U.S. presidential election, Gore endorsed Vermont governor Howard Dean in December 2003, weeks before the first primary of the election cycle.[184] He was criticized for this endorsement by eight Democratic contenders particularly since he did not endorse his former running mate Joe Lieberman (Gore preferred Dean over Lieberman because Lieberman supported the Iraq War and Gore did not).[47][185][186] Dean's campaign soon became a target of attacks and eventually failed, with Gore's early endorsement being credited as a factor. In The New York Times, Dean stated: "I actually do think the endorsement of Al Gore began the decline." The Times further noted that "Dean instantly amplified his statement to indicate that the endorsement from Mr. Gore, a powerhouse of the establishment, so threatened the other Democratic candidates that they began the attacks on his candidacy that helped derail it."[187] Dean's former campaign manager, Joe Trippi, also stated that after Gore's endorsement of Dean, "alarm bells went off in every newsroom in the country, in every other campaign in the country", indicating that if something did not change, Dean would be the nominee.[188] Later, in March 2004, Gore endorsed John Kerry and gave Kerry $6 million in funds left over from his own unsuccessful 2000 bid.[189] Gore also opened the 2004 Democratic National Convention.[190]

During the 2008 primaries, Gore remained neutral toward all of the candidates[191] which led to speculation that he would come out of a brokered 2008 Democratic National Convention as a "compromise candidate" if the party decided it could not nominate one.[192][193] Gore responded by stating that these events would not take place because a candidate would be nominated through the primary process.[194][195] Senator Ted Kennedy had urged Gore to endorse Senator Barack Obama, though Gore declined.[85] When Obama became the presumptive Democratic nominee for president on June 3, 2008, speculation began that Gore might be tapped for the vice presidency.[196][197] On June 16, 2008, one week after Hillary Clinton had suspended her campaign, Gore endorsed Obama in a speech given in Detroit, Michigan[198][199][200] which renewed speculation of an Obama-Gore ticket.[201] Gore stated, however, that he was not interested in being vice president again.[202][203][204][205] On the timing and nature of Gore's endorsement, some argued that Gore waited because he did not want to repeat his calamitous early endorsement of Howard Dean during the 2004 presidential election.[206][207] On the final night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention, shortly before Obama delivered his acceptance address, Gore gave a speech offering his full support.[208][209] Such support led to new speculation after Obama was elected president during the 2008 presidential election that Gore would be named a member of the Obama administration. This speculation was enhanced by a meeting held between Obama, Gore, and Joe Biden in Chicago on December 9, 2008. However, Democratic officials and Gore's spokeswoman stated that during the meeting the only subject under discussion was the climate crisis, and Gore would not be joining the Obama administration.[210][211] On December 19, 2008, Gore described Obama's environmental administrative choices of Carol Browner, Steven Chu, and Lisa Jackson as "an exceptional team to lead the fight against the climate crisis".[212]

Gore repeated his neutrality eight years later during the Democratic presidential primaries of 2016 until endorsing Hillary Clinton on July 25, 2016, the first day of that year's Democratic National Convention.[213] Gore appeared with her at a rally on Miami Dade College's Kendall Campus on October 11, 2016.[214][215]

### Environmentalism

[edit]

Main article: Environmental activism of Al Gore

Gore receives the Nobel Peace Prize in the city hall of Oslo, 2007. President George W. Bush meets with Al Gore and the other 2007 Nobel Award recipients, November 26, 2007.

Gore has been involved with environmental issues since 1976 when as a freshman congressman, he held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming".[62][63] He continued to speak on the topic throughout the 1980s,[64] and is still prevalent in the environmental community. He was known as one of the Atari Democrats,[216] later called the "Democrats' Greens, politicians who see issues like clean air, clean water and global warming as the key to future victories for their party".[65]

In 1990, Senator Gore presided over a three-day conference with legislators from over 42 countries which sought to create a Global Marshall Plan, "under which industrial nations would help less developed countries grow economically while still protecting the environment".[217] In the late 1990s, Gore strongly pushed for the passage of the Kyoto Protocol, which called for the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.[218][219] He was opposed by the Senate, which passed unanimously (95–0) the Byrd–Hagel Resolution (S. Res. 98),[101] which stated the sense of the Senate was that the United States should not be a signatory to any protocol that did not include binding targets and timetables for developing as well as industrialized nations or "would result in serious harm to the economy of the United States".[220]

In 2004, Gore co-launched Generation Investment Management, a company for which he serves as chair.[221] A few years later, Gore would also found the Alliance for Climate Protection, an organization which eventually founded the We Campaign. Gore would also become a partner in the venture capital firm, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, heading that firm's climate change solutions group.[3][4] He also helped to organize the Live Earth benefit concerts.[222] In 2010, he attended WE Day (Vancouver, Canada), a WE Charity event.[223]

Gore's speech on Global Warming at the University of Miami BankUnited Center, February 28, 2007

In 2013, Gore became a vegan.[224] He had earlier admitted that "it's absolutely correct that the growing meat intensity of diets across the world is one of the issues connected to this global crisis – not only because of the [carbon dioxide] involved, but also because of the water consumed in the process"[225] and some speculate that his adoption of the new diet is related to his environmentalist stance.[225] In a 2014 interview, Gore said: "Over a year ago I changed my diet to a vegan diet, really just to experiment to see what it was like. ... I felt better, so I've continued with it and I'm likely to continue it for the rest of my life."[226]

Gore's An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power, a sequel to his 2006 film, An Inconvenient Truth, premiered at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival. The film documents his continuing efforts to battle climate change.[227]

A "Climate and Health Summit" which was originally going to be held by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was cancelled without warning in late January 2017.[228] A few days later, Gore revived the summit, which was held by the Climate Reality Project without the support of the CDC.[229][230] In 2020, he helped to launch Climate TRACE to independently monitor global greenhouse gas emissions.[231]

In November 2021, Gore spoke at the early stages of the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) in Glasgow, Scotland.[232] He later criticised the Morrison government for failing to increase Australia's 2030 emissions reduction target.[233]

### Criticism

[edit]

In the late 1980s and 1990s, Gore was criticized for his involvement in asking the EPA for less strict pollution controls for the Pigeon River, which had long been polluted by a paper mill in Canton, North Carolina.[234]

A number of people and organizations, including Marsha Blackburn, a current U.S. Senator and former Congresswoman from Tennessee, and a conservative Washington, D.C. think tank, have claimed that Gore has a conflict of interest for advocating for taxpayer subsidies of green-energy technologies in which he has a personal investment.[235][236] Additionally, he has been criticized for his above-average energy consumption in using private jets, and in owning multiple, very large homes,[237] one of which was reported in 2007 as using high amounts of electricity.[238][239] Gore's spokesperson responded by stating that the Gores use renewable energy which is more expensive than regular energy and that the Tennessee house in question has been retrofitted to make it more energy efficient.[240][241]

Data in An Inconvenient Truth has been questioned. In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had "no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate" and its "four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research",[242] he upheld nine of a "long schedule" of alleged errors presented to the court. He ruled that the film could be shown to schoolchildren in the UK if guidance notes given to teachers were amended to balance out the film's one-sided political views. Gore's spokesperson responded in 2007 that the court had upheld the film's fundamental thesis and its use as an educational tool.[243] In 2009, Gore described the British court ruling as being "in my favor".[244]

During the COP15 climate change conference in Copenhagen in 2009, Gore cited research from Dr. Wieslaw Maslowski, a professor of oceanography at the Naval Postgraduate School in California to claim that "Some of the models suggest to Dr. Maslowski that there is a 75% chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months could be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years." However, a fact-check conducted by Reuters found that Gore was guilty of misrepresenting scientific data or "spreading misinformation". In a 2009 interview with The Sunday Times, Maslowski responded to Gore's claim by saying: "It's unclear to me how this figure was arrived at. I would never try to estimate likelihood at anything as exact as this."[245][246][247]

Gore was also criticized when in 2012 he sold his television channel Current TV for around $100 million to Al Jazeera, a media company funded by the government of Qatar, a nation largely dependent on income from the fossil fuel industry.[248]

## Personal life

[edit]

Tipper and Al Gore on their wedding day, May 19, 1970, at the Washington National Cathedral

Gore met Mary Elizabeth "Tipper" Aitcheson at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965. She was from the nearby St. Agnes School.[17] Tipper followed Gore to Boston to attend college,[16] and they married at the Washington National Cathedral on May 19, 1970.[16][249][250][251]

They have four children; Karenna Gore (b. 1973), Kristin Carlson Gore (b. 1977), Sarah LaFon Gore (b. 1979) and Albert Arnold Gore III (b. 1982).[37]

In June 2010, the Gores announced in an e-mail to friends that after "long and careful consideration", they had made a mutual decision to separate.[252][253] In May 2012, it was reported that Gore started dating Elizabeth Keadle of Rancho Santa Fe,[254] California.[255]

Before beginning his political career, he attended the New Salem Missionary Baptist Church in Elmwood, Tennessee.[256] In 1977, when he moved to Arlington County, Virginia, he attended the Mount Vernon Baptist Church. He and his wife were baptized in 1980 and became members of the church.[257] In 2004, he announced he had left the Southern Baptist Convention, but remained a Baptist. In 2007, he received Ethics Daily's "Baptist of the Year" award for his environmental activism.[258] He was a keynote speaker at the 2008 New Baptist Covenant convention.[259]

## Awards and honors

[edit]

Main article: List of awards and honors received by Al Gore

Gore being presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Joe Biden on May 3, 2024

Gore is the recipient of a number of awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize (together with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in 2007,[260][261][262] a Primetime Emmy Award for Current TV in 2007, a Webby Award in 2005, the Dan David Prize in 2008[263] and the Prince of Asturias Award in 2007 for International Cooperation.[264] He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2008.[265] He also starred in the 2006 documentary An Inconvenient Truth, which won an Academy Award for Best Documentary in 2007 and wrote the book An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It, which won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 2009.[266][267] In 2024, Gore was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by U.S. president Joe Biden.[268]

## Selected publications

[edit]

### Books

[edit]

* The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change. Random House. 2013. ISBN 978-0-8129-9294-6.
* Our Choice. Rodale Books. 2009. ISBN 978-1-59486-734-7.
* Know Climate Change and 101 Q and A on Climate Change from 'Save Planet Earth Series', 2008 (children's books)
* Our Purpose: The Nobel Peace Prize Lecture 2007. Rodale Books. 2008. ISBN 978-1-60529-990-7.
* The Assault on Reason. New York: Penguin. 2007. ISBN 978-1-59420-122-6.
* An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It. New York: Rodale Books. 2006. ISBN 978-1-59486-567-1.
* Joined at the Heart: The Transformation of the American Family- (with Tipper Gore). New York: Owl Henry Holt. 2002. ISBN 978-0-8050-7450-5.
* The Spirit of Family (with Tipper Gore). New York: H. Holt. 2002. ISBN 978-0-8050-6894-8.
* From Red Tape to Results: Creating a Government That Works Better and Costs Less. Amsterdam: Fredonia Books. 2001. ISBN 978-1-58963-571-5.
* Gore, Al (1998). Common Sense Government: Works Better & Costs Less: National Performance Review (3rd Report). DIANE. ISBN 978-0-7881-3908-6.
* Gore, Albert (1997). Businesslike Government: lessons learned from America's best companies (with Scott Adams). DIANE. ISBN 978-0-7881-7053-9.
* Earth in the Balance: Forging a New Common Purpose. Earthscan. 1992. ISBN 978-0-618-05664-4.
* Putting People First: How We Can All Change America. (with William J. Clinton). New York: Times Books, 1992 .

### Articles

[edit]

* "Toward Sustainable Capitalism: Long-term incentives are the antidote to the short-term greed that caused our current economic woes Archived July 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. The Wall Street Journal, June 24, 2010.(With David Blood)
* "We Can't Wish Away Climate Change Archived February 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine." The New York Times, February 27, 2010.
* "The Climate for Change Archived March 29, 2017, at the Wayback Machine." The New York Times, November 9, 2008.
* Vice President Al Gore's introduction to Earthwatch: 24 Hours In Cyberspace. February 8, 1996. 24 Hours in Cyberspace
* "Foreword by Vice President Al Gore Archived June 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine." In The Internet Companion: A Beginner's Guide to Global Networking (2nd edition) Archived August 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine by Tracy LaQuey, 1994.
* "Introduction. In Silent Spring by Rachel Carson. 1994. New York : Houghton-Mifflin.
* The Climate Change Action Plan. Washington, D.C.: The White House, October 1993 (with William J. Clinton).
* "Infrastructure for the global village: computers, networks and public policy." Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks, September 1991. 265(3): 150–153.

## See also

[edit]

* Environmental activism of Al Gore
* Vice presidency of Al Gore

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Presidential elections in the U.S. are decided via the electoral college. Gore won the national popular vote, but lost the electoral college, thereby losing the election to Bush.[1]
2. ^ The annual Marver H. Bernstein Symposium on Governmental Reform was established by Georgetown University in memory of Marver Bernstein, a professor at their School of Foreign Service, former president of Brandeis University, expert on public administration and author of research on the role of the federal executive.

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151. ^ "Gandhi's Birth Anniversary To Mark India's Resolve For Just Society: Kovind". india. May 2, 2018. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
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228. ^ "CDC abruptly cancels long-planned conference on climate change and health". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
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## Bibliography

[edit]

* Agre, Phil. Who Invented "Invented"?: Tracing the Real Story of the "Al Gore Invented the Internet" Hoax. October 17, 2000
* Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Aspray, William. "Chapter 12." Computer: A History of the Information Machine. New York: BasicBooks, 1996.
* Chapman, Gary and Marc Rotenberg. The National Information Infrastructure:A Public Interest Opportunity Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. In Computers, Ethics, & Social Values. Deborah G. Johnson and Helen Nissanbaum (eds.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1995: 628–644.
* Cockburn, Alexander. Al Gore: A User's Manual (2000) (with Jeffrey St. Clair) ISBN 978-1-85984-803-6
* Kirk, Andrew G. Counterculture Green: The Whole Earth Catalog and American Environmentalism. Lawrence: Univ. of Kansas Press, 2007.
* Rheingold, Howard. "Afterword to the 1994 edition." The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (revised edition).  Cambridge: MIT, 2000.
* Stix, Gary. Gigabit Gestalt: Clinton and Gore embrace an activist technology policy Archived March 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Scientific American, May 1993.
* Turque, Bill, Inventing Al Gore, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000, ISBN 978-0-618-13160-0

## External links

[edit]

Al Gore at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Definitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Textbooks from Wikibooks
* Resources from Wikiversity

* Board of Trustees at World Economic Forum
* Official website
* Al Gore at IMDb
*   * Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
* Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
* Al Gore at TED
* Appearances on C-SPAN
* Al Gore on Nobelprize.org  including his Nobel Lecture December 10, 2007

* v
* t
* e

Al Gore

* 45th Vice President of the United States (1993–2001)
* U.S. Senator from Tennessee (1985–1993)
* U.S. Representative for TN–4 and TN–6 (1977–1985)

Politics|

* Atari Democrat
* Prevention of Genocide Act of 1988
* Vice presidency

Electoral History|

| U.S. House|

* 1976
* 1978
* 1980
* 1982

|

U.S. Senate|

* 1984
* 1990

Vice presidential|

* 1992 campaign
* selection
* convention
* debate
* election
* transition
* 1996 campaign
* convention
* debate
* election

Presidential|

* 1988 campaign
* primaries
* 2000 campaign
* primaries
* running mate selection
* convention
* debates
* election
* Bush v. Gore
* Bush transition

Environment|

* Global Marshall Plan
* Environmental activism
* Alliance for Climate Protection
* An Inconvenient Truth
* "I Need to Wake Up"
* Live Earth
* An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power
* "Truth to Power"

Technology|

* Role in information technology
* High Performance Computing Act of 1991
* National Information Infrastructure
* Information superhighway
* The Superhighway Summit
* Deep Space Climate Observatory
* 24 Hours in Cyberspace
* NetDay
* Digital Earth
* Current TV

Recognition|

* Awards and honors

Books|

* Earth in the Balance
* An Inconvenient Truth
* The Assault on Reason
* Our Choice
* The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change
* An Inconvenient Sequel

Family|

* Tipper Gore (wife, separated)
* Karenna Gore (daughter)
* Kristin Gore (daughter)
* Albert Gore Sr. (father)
* Pauline LaFon Gore (mother)

* Category

Offices and distinctions

| U.S. House of Representatives

Preceded by

Joe L. Evins

|  Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee's 4th congressional district
1977–1983  | Succeeded by

Jim Cooper

Preceded by

Robin Beard

|  Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee's 6th congressional district
1983–1985  | Succeeded by

Bart Gordon

Party political offices
Vacant

Title last held by

Ted Stevens
John Rhodes |  Response to the State of the Union address
1982
Served alongside: Robert Byrd, Alan Cranston, Gary Hart, Bennett Johnston, Ted Kennedy, Tip O'Neill, Don Riegle, Paul Sarbanes, Jim Sasser | Succeeded by

Les AuCoin, Joe Biden, Bill Bradley, Robert Byrd, Tom Daschle, Bill Hefner, Barbara B. Kennelly, George Miller, Tip O'Neill, Paul Tsongas, Tim Wirth

Preceded by

Jane Eskind

|  Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Tennessee
(Class 2)
1984, 1990 | Succeeded by

Jim Cooper

Preceded by

Lloyd Bentsen

|  Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States
1992, 1996 | Succeeded by

Joe Lieberman

Preceded by

Bill Clinton

|  Democratic nominee for President of the United States
2000 | Succeeded by

John Kerry

U.S. Senate
Preceded by

Howard Baker

|  United States Senator (Class 2) from Tennessee
1985–1993
Served alongside: Jim Sasser | Succeeded by

Harlan Mathews

Political offices
Preceded by

Dan Quayle

|  Vice President of the United States
1993–2001  | Succeeded by

Dick Cheney

Business positions
New office |  Chair of Generation Investment Management
2004–present  | Incumbent
Chair of Current TV
2005–2013  | Position abolished
Awards and achievements
Preceded by

Grameen Bank
Muhammad Yunus

|  Laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize
2007
With:  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | Succeeded by

Martti Ahtisaari

U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by

Dan Quayle

as former vice president |  Order of precedence of the United States
as former vice president | Succeeded by

Dick Cheney

as former vice president

Other articles related to Al Gore

* v
* t
* e

Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States

1. Thomas Jefferson (1796)
2. John Adams (1800)
3. Charles C. Pinckney (1804, 1808)
4. DeWitt Clinton (1812)
5. Rufus King (1816)
6. Andrew Jackson (1824)
7. William H. Crawford (1824)
8. Henry Clay (1824, 1832, 1844)
9. John Quincy Adams (1828)
10. William Henry Harrison (1836)
11. Hugh Lawson White (1836)
12. Martin Van Buren (1840)
13. Lewis Cass (1848)
14. Winfield Scott (1852)
15. John C. Frémont (1856)
16. Stephen A. Douglas (1860)
17. George B. McClellan (1864)
18. Horatio Seymour (1868)
19. Horace Greeley (1872)
20. Samuel J. Tilden (1876)
21. Winfield Scott Hancock (1880)
22. James G. Blaine (1884)
23. Grover Cleveland (1888)
24. Benjamin Harrison (1892)
25. William J. Bryan (1896, 1900, 1908)
26. Alton B. Parker (1904)
27. William Howard Taft (1912)
28. Charles Evans Hughes (1916)
29. James M. Cox (1920)
30. John W. Davis (1924)
31. Al Smith (1928)
32. Herbert Hoover (1932)
33. Alf Landon (1936)
34. Wendell Willkie (1940)
35. Thomas E. Dewey (1944, 1948)
36. Adlai Stevenson (1952, 1956)
37. Richard Nixon (1960)
38. Barry Goldwater (1964)
39. Hubert Humphrey (1968)
40. George McGovern (1972)
41. Gerald Ford (1976)
42. Jimmy Carter (1980)
43. Walter Mondale (1984)
44. Michael Dukakis (1988)
45. George H. W. Bush (1992)
46. Bob Dole (1996)
47. Al Gore (2000)
48. John Kerry (2004)
49. John McCain (2008)
50. Mitt Romney (2012)
51. Hillary Clinton (2016)
52. Donald Trump (2020)

* All presidential candidates
* Presidents
* Third-party candidates

* v
* t
* e

Current TV

Former|

* InfoMania
* SuperNews!
* 50 Documentaries to See Before You Die
* Countdown with Keith Olbermann
* The Gavin Newsom Show
* Joy Behar: Say Anything!
* The Young Turks with Cenk Uygur
* Viewpoint
* The War Room
* Vanguard
* Full Court Press with Bill Press
* Talking Liberally
* Google Current

Related|

* V-CAM
* 2009 imprisonment of American journalists by North Korea
* Al Gore
* Al Jazeera America
* AJ+
* Newsworld International
* Free Speech TV

* v
* t
* e

Apple Inc.

* History
* Outline
* Timeline of products
* Environment
* Marketing
* Supply chain
* Trade unions

Products|

| Hardware|

| Mac|

* iMac
* Pro
* MacBook
* Air
* Pro
* Mini
* Studio
* Pro

|

iPod|

* Classic
* Mini
* Nano
* Shuffle
* Touch

iPhone|

* Hardware
* History
* iPhone models

iPad|

* Mini
* Air
* Pro
* Accessories

AirPods|

* Pro
* Max

Other|

* Apple SIM
* AirTag
* Beats
* Pill
* HomePod
* Mini
* Silicon
* TV
* Vision Pro
* Watch

Software|

| Operating
systems|

* iOS / iPadOS
* iPhones
* iPads
* iOS history
* iPadOS history
* Apps
* macOS
* History
* Server
* tvOS
* watchOS
* bridgeOS
* Darwin
* Classic Mac OS
* visionOS

|

* CarPlay
* Classroom
* HomeKit
* Core Foundation
* Developer Tools
* FileMaker
* Final Cut Pro
* X
* Compressor
* Motion
* Logic Pro
* MainStage
* iLife
* GarageBand
* iMovie
* iPhoto
* iTunes
* iWork
* Keynote
* Numbers
* Pages
* Mail
* QuickTime
* Safari
* SceneKit
* Shazam
* Siri
* Swift
* Xcode

Services|

| Financial|

* Card
* Pay
* Wallet

|

Media|

* Arcade
* Books
* Music
* 1
* Beats Music
* Up Next
* Festival
* iTunes Radio
* App
* News
* Newsstand
* Podcasts
* TV
* +
* originals
* MLS Season Pass

Communication|

* FaceTime
* Walkie-Talkie
* iMessage
* iChat
* App
* Game Center

Retail and
digital sales|

* App Store
* macOS
* iTunes Store
* Connect
* Store
* Fifth Avenue

Support|

* AppleCare+
* AASP
* Certifications
* Genius Bar
* ProCare
* One to One

Other|

* ID
* Sign in with Apple
* One
* Developer
* iAd
* TestFlight
* WWDC
* iCloud
* MobileMe
* Find My
* Fitness
* Photos
* Maps
* Look Around

Companies|

| Subsidiaries|

* Anobit
* Apple IMC
* Apple Studios
* Beats
* Beddit
* Braeburn Capital
* Claris

|

Acquisitions|

* Completed
* Anobit
* AuthenTec
* Beats
* Beddit
* BIS Records
* Cue
* EditGrid
* Emagic
* FingerWorks
* Intrinsity
* InVisage Technologies
* The Keyboard Company
* Lala
* Metaio
* NeXT
* Nothing Real
* P.A. Semi
* Power Computing
* PrimeSense
* Shazam Entertainment Limited
* Siri
* Texture
* Topsy
* Potential
* Disney

Partnerships|

* AIM alliance
* Kaleida Labs
* Taligent
* Akamai
* Arm
* DiDi
* Digital Ocean
* iFund
* Imagination
* Rockstar Consortium

Related|

* Advertising
* "1984"
* "Think different"
* "Get a Mac"
* iPod
* Product Red
* Ecosystem
* Events
* Criticism
* Right to repair
* Tax
* Headquarters
* Campus
* Park
* University
* Design
* IDg
* Typography
* Book
* History
* Codenames
* Community
* AppleMasters
* Litigation
* Antitrust
* Non-recruiting agreements
* Price-fixing ebooks
* FBI encryption dispute
* Epic Games
* iOS app approvals
* Unions
* #AppleToo
* Depictions of Steve Jobs
* Linux
* Asahi Linux
* iPodLinux
* Car project

People|

| Executives|

| Current|

* Tim Cook (CEO)
* Jeff Williams (COO)
* Luca Maestri (CFO)
* Katherine Adams (General Counsel)
* Eddy Cue
* Craig Federighi
* Isabel Ge Mahe
* John Giannandrea
* Lisa Jackson
* Greg Joswiak
* Sabih Khan
* Deirdre O'Brien
* Dan Riccio
* Phil Schiller
* Johny Srouji
* John Ternus

|

Former|

* Michael Scott (CEO)
* Mike Markkula (CEO)
* John Sculley (CEO)
* Michael Spindler (CEO)
* Gil Amelio (CEO)
* Steve Jobs (CEO)
* Jony Ive (CDO)
* Angela Ahrendts
* Fred D. Anderson
* John Browett
* Guerrino De Luca
* Paul Deneve
* Al Eisenstat
* Tony Fadell
* Scott Forstall
* Ellen Hancock
* Nancy R. Heinen
* Ron Johnson
* David Nagel
* Peter Oppenheimer
* Mark Papermaster
* Jon Rubinstein
* Bertrand Serlet
* Bruce Sewell
* Sina Tamaddon
* Avie Tevanian
* Steve Wozniak

Board of
directors|

| Current|

* Arthur D. Levinson (Chairman)
* Tim Cook (CEO)
* James A. Bell
* Alex Gorsky
* Al Gore
* Andrea Jung
* Ronald D. Sugar
* Susan L. Wagner

|

Former|

* Mike Markkula (Chairman)
* John Sculley (Chairman)
* Steve Jobs (Chairman)
* Gil Amelio
* Fred D. Anderson
* Bill Campbell
* Mickey Drexler
* Al Eisenstat
* Larry Ellison
* Robert A. Iger
* Delano Lewis
* Arthur Rock
* Eric Schmidt
* Michael Scott
* Michael Spindler
* Edgar S. Woolard Jr.
* Jerry York

Founders|

* Steve Jobs
* Steve Wozniak
* Ronald Wayne

* Italics indicate discontinued products, services, or defunct companies.
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Google

* Alphabet Inc.
* History
* List of Android apps
* List of Easter eggs
* April Fools' Day
* List of mergers and acquisitions

Company

| Divisions|

* Ads
* AI
* Brain
* DeepMind
* Android
* booting process
* recovery mode
* software development
* version history
* China
* Goojje
* Chrome
* Cloud
* Glass
* Google.org
* Crisis Response
* Public Alerts
* RechargeIT
* Health
* Maps
* Pixel
* Search
* Timeline
* Sidewalk Labs
* Sustainability
* YouTube
* History
* "Me at the zoo"
* Social impact
* YouTuber

|

People|

| Current|

* Krishna Bharat
* Vint Cerf
* Jeff Dean
* John Doerr
* Sanjay Ghemawat
* Al Gore
* John L. Hennessy
* Urs Hölzle
* Salar Kamangar
* Ray Kurzweil
* Ann Mather
* Alan Mulally
* Rick Osterloh
* Sundar Pichai (CEO)
* Ruth Porat (CFO)
* Rajen Sheth
* Hal Varian
* Neal Mohan

|

Former|

* Andy Bechtolsheim
* Sergey Brin (Founder)
* David Cheriton
* Matt Cutts
* David Drummond
* Alan Eustace
* Timnit Gebru
* Omid Kordestani
* Paul Otellini
* Larry Page (Founder)
* Patrick Pichette
* Eric Schmidt
* Ram Shriram
* Amit Singhal
* Shirley M. Tilghman
* Rachel Whetstone
* Susan Wojcicki

Real estate|

* 111 Eighth Avenue
* Androidland
* Barges
* Binoculars Building
* Central Saint Giles
* Chelsea Market
* Chrome Zone
* Data centers
* Googleplex
* Mayfield Mall
* Pier 57
* Sidewalk Toronto
* St. John's Terminal
* YouTube Space
* YouTube Theater

Design|

* Fonts
* Croscore
* Noto
* Product Sans
* Roboto
* Logo
* Doodle
* Doodle Champion Island Games
* Magic Cat Academy
* Material Design

Events|

* Android
* Developer Challenge
* Developer Day
* Developer Lab
* Code-in
* Code Jam
* Developer Day
* Developers Live
* Doodle4Google
* G-Day
* I/O
* Jigsaw
* Living Stories
* Lunar XPRIZE
* Mapathon
* Science Fair
* Summer of Code
* Talks at Google

YouTube|

* Awards
* CNN/YouTube presidential debates
* Comedy Week
* Live
* Music Awards
* Space Lab
* Symphony Orchestra

Projects and
initiatives|

* 20% project
* Area 120
* Reply
* Tables
* ATAP
* Business Groups
* Computing University Initiative
* Data Liberation Front
* Data Transfer Project
* Developer Expert
* Digital Garage
* Digital News Initiative
* Digital Unlocked
* Dragonfly
* Founders' Award
* Free Zone
* Get Your Business Online
* Google for Education
* Google for Startups
* Labs
* Liquid Galaxy
* Made with Code
* Māori
* News Lab
* Nightingale
* Objectives and key results
* PowerMeter
* Privacy Sandbox
* Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab
* RechargeIT
* Shield
* Silicon Initiative
* Solve for X
* Starline
* Student Ambassador Program
* Submarine communications cables
* Dunant
* Grace Hopper
* Sunroof
* YouTube
* Creator Awards
* Next Lab and Audience Development Group
* Original Channel Initiative
* Zero

Criticism|

* 2018 data breach
* 2018 walkouts
* Alphabet Workers Union
* Censorship
* DeGoogle
* Dragonfly
* FairSearch
* "Ideological Echo Chamber" memo
* Litigation
* Privacy concerns
* Street View
* San Francisco tech bus protests
* Services outages
* Smartphone patent wars
* Worker organization

YouTube|

* Back advertisement controversy
* Censorship
* Copyright issues
* Copyright strike
* Elsagate
* Fantastic Adventures scandal
* Headquarters shooting
* Kohistan video case
* Reactions to Innocence of Muslims
* Slovenian government incident

Development

| Operating systems|

* Android
* Automotive
* Glass OS
* Go
* gLinux
* Goobuntu
* Things
* TV
* Wear OS
* ChromeOS
* ChromiumOS
* Neverware
* Fuchsia
* TV

|

Libraries/
frameworks|

* ALTS
* AMP
* Angular
* JS
* ARCore
* APIs
* Blockly
* Chart API
* Charts
* Dialogflow
* Exposure Notification
* Fast Pair
* Federated Learning of Cohorts
* File System
* FlatBuffers
* Flutter
* Gears
* gRPC
* Gson
* Guava
* Guice
* Guetzli
* JAX
* gVisor
* MapReduce
* Matter
* Mobile Services
* Neural Machine Translation
* OpenSocial
* Pack
* Polymer
* Protocol Buffers
* Reqwireless
* Shell
* Skia Graphics Engine
* Tango
* TensorFlow
* Test
* WaveNet
* Weave
* Web Accelerator
* WebRTC

Platforms|

* App Engine
* AppJet
* Apps Script
* Cloud Platform
* Anvato
* Firebase
* Cloud Messaging
* Crashlytics
* Global IP Solutions
* Internet Low Bitrate Codec
* Internet Speech Audio Codec
* Gridcentric, Inc.
* ITA Software
* Kubernetes
* LevelDB
* Neatx
* Project IDX
* SageTV

Apigee|

* Bigtable
* Bitium
* Chronicle
* VirusTotal
* Compute Engine
* Connect
* Dataflow
* Datastore
* Kaggle
* Looker
* Mandiant
* Messaging
* Orbitera
* Shell
* Stackdriver
* Storage

Tools|

* American Fuzzy Lop
* Android Cloud to Device Messaging
* Android Debug Bridge
* Android Studio
* App Maker
* App Runtime for Chrome
* AppSheet
* Bazel
* Chrome Frame
* Closure Tools
* Cpplint
* Data Protocol
* Gadgets
* Gerrit
* GYP
* Kythe
* Lighthouse
* MIT App Inventor
* Mashup Editor
* Native Client
* Optimize
* OpenRefine
* OR-Tools
* PageSpeed
* Plugin for Eclipse
* Programmable Search Engine
* Public DNS
* reCAPTCHA
* Schema.org
* Search Console
* Sitemaps
* Swiffy
* Tesseract (software)
* Trendalyzer
* VisBug
* Wave Federation Protocol
* Web Toolkit

Search algorithms|

* Hummingbird
* PageRank
* applications in biochemistry
* Matrix
* Panda
* Penguin
* Pigeon
* RankBrain

Others|

* BERT
* BigQuery
* Chrome Experiments
* Flutter
* Gemini
* Googlebot
* Keyhole Markup Language
* LaMDA
* Open Location Code
* PaLM
* Programming languages
* Caja
* Carbon
* Dart
* Go
* Sawzall
* Transformer
* Viewdle
* Webdriver Torso
* Web Server

File formats|

* AAB
* APK
* AV1
* On2 Technologies
* VP3
* VP6
* VP8
* libvpx
* VP9
* WebM
* WebP
* WOFF2

Products

| Entertainment|

* Currents (news app)
* Green Throttle Games
* Owlchemy Labs
* Oyster
* PaperofRecord.com
* Podcasts
* Quick, Draw!
* Santa Tracker
* Songza
* Stadia
* games
* Typhoon Studios
* TV
* Vevo
* Video

Play|

* Books
* Games
* most downloaded apps
* Music
* Newsstand
* Pass
* Services

YouTube|

* BandPage
* BrandConnect
* Content ID
* Instant
* Kids
* Music
* Official channel
* Premium
* original programming
* YouTube Rewind
* RightsFlow
* Select
* Shorts
* Studio
* TV

Communication|

* Allo
* Bump
* Buzz
* Chat
* Contacts
* Currents (social app)
* Dodgeball
* Duo
* Fi Wireless
* Friend Connect
* Gizmo5
* Google+
* Gmail
* History
* Inbox
* Interface
* Groups
* Hangouts
* Helpouts
* IME
* Japanese
* Pinyin
* Jaiku
* Marratech
* Meebo
* Meet
* Messages
* Moderator
* Neotonic Software
* Orkut
* Postini
* Quest Visual
* Word Lens
* Schemer
* Spaces
* Sparrow
* Talk
* Translate
* Translator Toolkit
* Voice
* Voice Local Search
* Wave

Search|

* Aardvark
* Alerts
* Answers
* Base
* BeatThatQuote.com
* Blog Search
* Books
* Ngram Viewer
* Code Search
* Data Commons
* Dataset Search
* Dictionary
* Directory
* Fast Flip
* Flu Trends
* Finance
* Goggles
* Google.by
* Images
* Image Labeler
* Image Swirl
* Kaltix
* Knowledge Graph
* Freebase
* Metaweb
* Like.com
* News
* Archive
* Weather
* Patents
* People Cards
* Personalized Search
* Public Data Explorer
* Questions and Answers
* SafeSearch
* Scholar
* Searchwiki
* Shopping
* Catalogs
* Express
* Squared
* Tenor
* Travel
* Flights
* Trends
* Insights for Search
* Voice Search
* WDYL

Navigation|

* Earth
* Endoxon
* ImageAmerica
* Maps
* Latitude
* Map Maker
* Navigation
* Pin
* Street View
* Coverage
* Trusted
* Waze
* Where Is My Train

Business
and finance|

* Ad Manager
* AdMob
* Ads
* Adscape
* AdSense
* Attribution
* BebaPay
* Checkout
* Contributor
* DoubleClick
* Affiliate Network
* Invite Media
* Marketing Platform
* Analytics
* Looker Studio
* Urchin
* Pay (mobile app)
* Wallet
* Pay (payment method)
* Send
* Tez
* PostRank
* Primer
* Softcard
* Wildfire Interactive
* Widevine

Organization
and productivity|

* Bookmarks
* Browser Sync
* Calendar
* Cloud Search
* Desktop
* Drive
* Etherpad
* fflick
* Files
* iGoogle
* Jamboard
* Notebook
* One
* Photos
* Quickoffice
* Quick Search Box
* Surveys
* Sync
* Tasks
* Toolbar

Docs Editors|

* Docs
* Drawings
* Forms
* Fusion Tables
* Keep
* Sheets
* Slides
* Sites
* Vids

Publishing|

* Apture
* Blogger
* Pyra Labs
* Domains
* FeedBurner
* One Pass
* Page Creator
* Sites
* Web Designer

Education|

* Classroom
* Grasshopper
* Socratic
* Photomath
* Read Along
* Toontastic 3D
* Workspace
* Marketplace

Others|

* Account
* Dashboard
* Takeout
* Android Auto
* Android Beam
* Arts & Culture
* Assistant
* Authenticator
* Body
* BufferBox
* Building Maker
* BumpTop
* Cast
* Cloud Print
* Crowdsource
* Digital Wellbeing
* Expeditions
* Family Link
* Find My Device
* Fit
* Google Fonts
* Gboard
* Gemini
* Gesture Search
* Impermium
* Knol
* Lively
* Live Transcribe
* MyTracks
* Nearby Share
* Now
* Offers
* Opinion Rewards
* Person Finder
* Poly
* Question Hub
* Quick Share
* Reader
* Safe Browsing
* Sidewiki
* SlickLogin
* Sound Amplifier
* Speech Recognition & Synthesis
* Station
* Store
* TalkBack
* Tilt Brush
* URL Shortener
* Voice Access
* Wavii
* Web Light
* WiFi

Chrome|

* Apps
* Chromium
* Dinosaur Game
* GreenBorder
* Remote Desktop
* Web Store
* V8

Images and
photography|

* Camera
* Lens
* Snapseed
* Nik Software
* Panoramio
* Photos
* Picasa
* Web Albums
* Picnik

Hardware

| Smartphones|

* Android Dev Phone
* Android One
* Nexus
* Nexus One
* S
* Galaxy Nexus
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 5X
* 6P
* Comparison
* Pixel
* Pixel
* 2
* 3
* 3a
* 4
* 4a
* 5
* 5a
* 6
* 6a
* 7
* 7a
* Fold
* 8
* 8a
* Pixel 9
* Pixel 9 Pro Fold
* Comparison
* Play Edition
* Project Ara

|

Laptops and tablets|

* Chromebook
* Nexus
* 7 (2012)
* 7 (2013)
* 10
* 9
* Comparison
* Pixel
* Chromebook Pixel
* Pixelbook
* Pixelbook Go
* C
* Slate
* Tablet

Wearables|

* Fitbit
* List of products
* Pixel Buds
* Pixel Watch
* Pixel Watch 2
* Pixel Watch 3
* Project Iris (unreleased)
* Virtual reality
* Cardboard
* Contact Lens
* Daydream
* Glass

Others|

* Chromebit
* Chromebox
* Clips
* Digital media players
* Chromecast
* Nexus Player
* Nexus Q
* Dropcam
* Liquid Galaxy
* Nest
* Smart Speakers
* Thermostat
* Wifi
* OnHub
* Pixel Visual Core
* Search Appliance
* Sycamore processor
* Tensor
* Tensor Processing Unit
* Titan Security Key

* v
* t
* e

Litigation

Advertising|

* Feldman v. Google, Inc. (2007)
* Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc. (2009)
* Goddard v. Google, Inc. (2009)
* Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc. (2012)
* Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc. (2017)
* Jedi Blue

Antitrust|

* European Union (2010–present)
* United States v. Adobe Systems, Inc., Apple Inc., Google Inc., Intel Corporation, Intuit, Inc., and Pixar (2011)
* Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors. (2019)
* United States v. Google LLC (2020)
* United States v. Google LLC (2023)

Intellectual property|

* Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc. and A9.com Inc. and Google Inc. (2007)
* Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc. (2010)
* Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.(2015)
* Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc. (2015)
* Field v. Google, Inc. (2016)
* Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc. (2021)
* Smartphone patent wars

Privacy|

* Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc. (2009)
* Hibnick v. Google, Inc. (2010)
* United States v. Google Inc. (2012)
* Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function (2013)
* Joffe v. Google, Inc. (2013)
* Mosley v SARL Google (2013)
* Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González (2014)
* Frank v. Gaos (2019)

Other|

* Garcia v. Google, Inc. (2015)
* Google LLC v Defteros (2020)
* Epic Games v. Google (2021)
* Gonzalez v. Google LLC (2022)

* Category

Related

| Terms and phrases|

* "Don't be evil"
* Gayglers
* Google (verb)
* Google bombing
* 2004 U.S. presidential election
* Google effect
* Googlefight
* Google hacking
* Googleshare
* Google tax
* Googlewhack
* Googlization
* "Illegal flower tribute"
* Rooting
* Search engine manipulation effect
* Sitelink
* Site reliability engineering
* YouTube poop

|

Documentaries|

* AlphaGo
* Google: Behind the Screen
* Google Maps Road Trip
* Google and the World Brain
* The Creepy Line

Books|

* Google Hacks
* The Google Story
* Google Volume One
* Googled: The End of the World as We Know It
* How Google Works
* I'm Feeling Lucky
* In the Plex
* The Google Book
* The MANIAC

Popular culture|

* Google Feud
* Google Me (film)
* "Google Me" (Kim Zolciak song)
* "Google Me" (Teyana Taylor song)
* Is Google Making Us Stupid?
* Proceratium google
* Matt Nathanson: Live at Google
* The Billion Dollar Code
* The Internship
* Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?

Others|

* "Attention Is All You Need"
* elgooG
* Predictions of the end
* Registry
* .app (top-level domain)
* .dev
* g.co
* .google
* Pimp My Search
* Relationship with Wikipedia
* Sensorvault
* Stanford Digital Library Project

* Italics indicate discontinued products or services.
* Category
* Commons
* Outline
* WikiProject

* v
* t
* e

Cabinet of President Bill Clinton (1993–2001)

Cabinet

Vice President|

* Al Gore (1993–2001)
* tenure

Secretary of State|

* Warren Christopher (1993–1997)
* Madeleine Albright (1997–2001)

Secretary of the Treasury|

* Lloyd Bentsen (1993–1994)
* Robert Rubin (1995–1999)
* Lawrence Summers (1999–2001)

Secretary of Defense|

* Les Aspin (1993–1994)
* William J. Perry (1994–1997)
* William Cohen (1997–2001)

Attorney General|

* Janet Reno (1993–2001)

Secretary of the Interior|

* Bruce Babbitt (1993–2001)

Secretary of Agriculture|

* Mike Espy (1993–1994)
* Dan Glickman (1995–2001)

Secretary of Commerce|

* Ron Brown (1993–1996)
* Mickey Kantor (1996–1997)
* William M. Daley (1997–2000)
* Norman Mineta (2000–2001)

Secretary of Labor|

* Robert Reich (1993–1997)
* Alexis Herman (1997–2001)

Secretary of Health and Human Services|

* Donna Shalala (1993–2001)

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|

* Henry Cisneros (1993–1997)
* Andrew Cuomo (1997–2001)

Secretary of Transportation|

* Federico Peña (1993–1997)
* Rodney E. Slater (1997–2001)

Secretary of Energy|

* Hazel R. O'Leary (1993–1997)
* Federico Peña (1997–1998)
* Bill Richardson (1998–2001)

Secretary of Education|

* Richard Riley (1993–2001)

Secretary of Veterans Affairs|

* Jesse Brown (1993–1997)
* Togo D. West Jr. (1998–2000)

Cabinet-level

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency|

* Carol Browner (1993–2001)

Director of the Office of Management and Budget|

* Leon Panetta (1993–1994)
* Alice Rivlin (1994–1996)
* Franklin Raines (1996–1998)
* Jack Lew (1998–2001)

Director of Central Intelligence|

* John M. Deutch (1995–1996)
* George Tenet (1996–2001)

Trade Representative|

* Mickey Kantor (1993–1996)
* Charlene Barshefsky (1996–2001)

Ambassador to the United Nations|

* Madeleine Albright (1993–1997)
* Bill Richardson (1997–1998)
* Richard Holbrooke (1999–2001)

Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers|

* Laura Tyson (1993–1995)
* Joseph Stiglitz (1995–1997)
* Janet Yellen (1997–1999)
* Martin Neil Baily (1999–2001)

Administrator of the Small Business Administration|

* Philip Lader (1994–1997)
* Aida Álvarez (1997–2001)

Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency|

* James Lee Witt (1993–2001)*

Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy|

* Lee P. Brown (1993–1996)
* Barry McCaffrey (1996–2001)

White House Chief of Staff|

* Mack McLarty (1993–1994)
* Leon Panetta (1994–1997)
* Erskine Bowles (1997–1998)
* John Podesta (1998–2001)

* took office in 1993, raised to cabinet-rank in 1996

* v
* t
* e

Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize

1901–1925|

* 1901: Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy
* 1902: Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat
* 1903: Randal Cremer
* 1904: Institut de Droit International
* 1905: Bertha von Suttner
* 1906: Theodore Roosevelt
* 1907: Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault
* 1908: Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer
* 1909: A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant
* 1910: International Peace Bureau
* 1911: Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried
* 1912: Elihu Root
* 1913: Henri La Fontaine
* 1914
* 1915
* 1916
* 1917: International Committee of the Red Cross
* 1918
* 1919: Woodrow Wilson
* 1920: Léon Bourgeois
* 1921: Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange
* 1922: Fridtjof Nansen
* 1923
* 1924
* 1925: Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes

1926–1950|

* 1926: Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann
* 1927: Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde
* 1928
* 1929: Frank B. Kellogg
* 1930: Nathan Söderblom
* 1931: Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler
* 1932
* 1933: Norman Angell
* 1934: Arthur Henderson
* 1935: Carl von Ossietzky
* 1936: Carlos Saavedra Lamas
* 1937: Robert Cecil
* 1938: Nansen International Office for Refugees
* 1939
* 1940
* 1941
* 1942
* 1943
* 1944: International Committee of the Red Cross
* 1945: Cordell Hull
* 1946: Emily Balch / John Mott
* 1947: Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee
* 1948
* 1949: John Boyd Orr
* 1950: Ralph Bunche

1951–1975|

* 1951: Léon Jouhaux
* 1952: Albert Schweitzer
* 1953: George C. Marshall
* 1954: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
* 1955
* 1956
* 1957: Lester B. Pearson
* 1958: Georges Pire
* 1959: Philip Noel-Baker
* 1960: Albert Luthuli
* 1961: Dag Hammarskjöld
* 1962: Linus Pauling
* 1963: International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies
* 1964: Martin Luther King Jr.
* 1965: UNICEF
* 1966
* 1967
* 1968: René Cassin
* 1969: International Labour Organization
* 1970: Norman Borlaug
* 1971: Willy Brandt
* 1972
* 1973: Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger
* 1974: Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō
* 1975: Andrei Sakharov

1976–2000|

* 1976: Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan
* 1977: Amnesty International
* 1978: Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin
* 1979: Mother Teresa
* 1980: Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
* 1981: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
* 1982: Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles
* 1983: Lech Wałęsa
* 1984: Desmond Tutu
* 1985: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
* 1986: Elie Wiesel
* 1987: Óscar Arias
* 1988: UN Peacekeeping Forces
* 1989: Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
* 1990: Mikhail Gorbachev
* 1991: Aung San Suu Kyi
* 1992: Rigoberta Menchú
* 1993: Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk
* 1994: Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat
* 1995: Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat
* 1996: Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta
* 1997: International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams
* 1998: John Hume / David Trimble
* 1999: Médecins Sans Frontières
* 2000: Kim Dae-jung

2001–present|

* 2001: United Nations / Kofi Annan
* 2002: Jimmy Carter
* 2003: Shirin Ebadi
* 2004: Wangari Maathai
* 2005: International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei
* 2006: Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus
* 2007: Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
* 2008: Martti Ahtisaari
* 2009: Barack Obama
* 2010: Liu Xiaobo
* 2011: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman
* 2012: European Union
* 2013: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
* 2014: Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai
* 2015: Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
* 2016: Juan Manuel Santos
* 2017: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
* 2018: Denis Mukwege / Nadia Murad
* 2019: Abiy Ahmed
* 2020: World Food Programme
* 2021: Maria Ressa / Dmitry Muratov
* 2022: Ales Bialiatski / Memorial / Center for Civil Liberties
* 2023: Narges Mohammadi
* 2024: to be announced

* v
* t
* e

2007 Nobel Prize laureates

Chemistry|

* Gerhard Ertl (Germany)

Literature (2007)|

* Doris Lessing (Zimbabwe/United Kingdom)

Peace (2007)|

* Al Gore (United States)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Physics|

* Albert Fert (France)
* Peter Grünberg (Germany)

Physiology or Medicine|

* Mario Capecchi (United States)
* Martin Evans (United Kingdom)
* Oliver Smithies (United States)

Economic Sciences|

* Leonid Hurwicz (Poland/United States)
* Eric Maskin (United States)
* Roger Myerson (United States)

Nobel Prize recipients
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012

* v
* t
* e

Laureates of the Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation

Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation

* 1981: José López Portillo
* 1982: Enrique V. Iglesias
* 1983: Belisario Betancur
* 1984: Contadora group
* 1985: Raúl Alfonsín
* 1986: University of Salamanca and University of Coimbra
* 1987: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
* 1988: Óscar Arias
* 1989: Jacques Delors and Mikhail Gorbachev
* 1990: Hans-Dietrich Genscher
* 1991: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
* 1992: Frederik W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela
* 1993: United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia
* 1994: Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat
* 1995: Mário Soares
* 1996: Helmut Kohl
* 1997: Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity
* 1998: Emma Bonino, Olayinka Koso-Thomas, Graça Machel, Fatiha Boudiaf, Rigoberta Menchú, Fatana Ishaq Gailani, and Somaly Mam
* 1999: Pedro Duque, John Glenn, Chiaki Mukai, and Valeri Polyakov
* 2000: Fernando Henrique Cardoso
* 2001: International Space Station
* 2002: The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
* 2003: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
* 2004: The European Union's Erasmus Programme
* 2005: Simone Veil
* 2006: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
* 2007: Al Gore
* 2008: Manhiça Centre of Health Research (Mozambique), Ifakara Health Institute (Tanzania), Malaria Research and Training Centre (Mali), and Kintampo Health Research Centre (Ghana)
* 2009: World Health Organization
* 2010: The Transplantation Society and the Spanish National Transplant Organization
* 2011: Bill Drayton
* 2012: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
* 2013: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science
* 2014: Fulbright Program

Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation

* 2015: Wikipedia
* 2016: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement
* 2017: The Hispanic Society of America
* 2018: Amref Health Africa
* 2019: Salman Khan and the Khan Academy
* 2020: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
* 2021: Camfed, Campaign for Female Education
* 2022: Ellen MacArthur
* 2023: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi)
* 2024: Organization of

Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI)

* v
* t
* e

Democratic Party

* History
* Second Party System
* Third Party System
* Fourth Party System
* Fifth Party System
* Sixth Party System

National
conventions,
presidential
tickets,
and
presidential
primaries|

* 1828 (None): Jackson/Calhoun
* 1832 (Baltimore): Jackson/Van Buren
* 1835 (Baltimore): Van Buren/R. Johnson
* 1840 (Baltimore): Van Buren/None
* 1844 (Baltimore): Polk/Dallas
* 1848 (Baltimore): Cass/Butler
* 1852 (Baltimore): Pierce/King
* 1856 (Cincinnati): Buchanan/Breckinridge
* 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore): Douglas/H. Johnson (Breckinridge/Lane, SD)
* 1864 (Chicago): McClellan/Pendleton
* 1868 (New York): Seymour/Blair
* 1872 (Baltimore): Greeley/Brown
* 1876 (Saint Louis): Tilden/Hendricks
* 1880 (Cincinnati): Hancock/English
* 1884 (Chicago): Cleveland/Hendricks
* 1888 (Saint Louis): Cleveland/Thurman
* 1892 (Chicago): Cleveland/Stevenson I
* 1896 (Chicago): W. Bryan/Sewall
* 1900 (Kansas City): W. Bryan/Stevenson I
* 1904 (Saint Louis): Parker/H. Davis
* 1908 (Denver): W. Bryan/Kern
* 1912 (Baltimore): Wilson/Marshall
* primaries
* 1916 (Saint Louis): Wilson/Marshall
* primaries
* 1920 (San Francisco): Cox/Roosevelt
* primaries
* 1924 (New York): J. Davis/C. Bryan
* primaries
* 1928 (Houston): Smith/Robinson
* primaries
* 1932 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Garner
* primaries
* 1936 (Philadelphia): Roosevelt/Garner
* primaries
* 1940 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Wallace
* primaries
* 1944 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Truman
* primaries
* 1948 (Philadelphia): Truman/Barkley
* primaries
* 1952 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Sparkman
* primaries
* 1956 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Kefauver
* primaries
* 1960 (Los Angeles): Kennedy/L. Johnson
* primaries
* 1964 (Atlantic City): L. Johnson/Humphrey
* primaries
* 1968 (Chicago): Humphrey/Muskie
* primaries
* 1972 (Miami Beach): McGovern/(Eagleton, Shriver)
* primaries
* 1976 (New York): Carter/Mondale
* primaries
* 1980 (New York): Carter/Mondale
* primaries
* 1984 (San Francisco): Mondale/Ferraro
* primaries
* 1988 (Atlanta): Dukakis/Bentsen
* primaries
* 1992 (New York): B. Clinton/Gore
* primaries
* 1996 (Chicago): B. Clinton/Gore
* primaries
* 2000 (Los Angeles): Gore/Lieberman
* primaries
* 2004 (Boston): Kerry/Edwards
* primaries
* 2008 (Denver): Obama/Biden
* primaries
* 2012 (Charlotte): Obama/Biden
* primaries
* 2016 (Philadelphia): H. Clinton/Kaine
* primaries
* 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations): Biden/Harris
* primaries
* 2024 (Chicago): Harris/Walz
* primaries

Presidential
administrations|

* Jackson (1829–1837)
* Van Buren (1837–1841)
* Polk (1845–1849)
* Pierce (1853–1857)
* Buchanan (1857–1861)
* A. Johnson (1868–1869)
* Cleveland (1885–1889; 1893–1897)
* Wilson (1913–1921)
* Roosevelt (1933–1941; 1941–1945)
* Truman (1945–1953)
* Kennedy (1961–1963)
* L. B. Johnson (1963–1969)
* Carter (1977–1981)
* Clinton (1993–2001)
* Obama (2009–2017)
* Biden (2021–)

U.S. House
leaders,
Speakers,
and
Caucus
chairs|

* A. Stevenson (1827–1834)
* Bell (1834–1835)
* Polk (1835–1839)
* J. W. Jones (1843–1845)
* Davis (1845–1847)
* Cobb (1849–1851)
* Boyd (1851–1855)
* G. W. Jones (1855–1857)
* Orr (1857–1859)
* Houston (1859–1861)
* Niblack/Randall (1869–1871)
* Niblack (1873–1875)
* Kerr (1875–1876)
* Randall (1876–1881)
* Carlisle (1883–1889)
* Holman (1889–1891)
* Crisp (1891–1895)
* D. B. Culberson (1895–1897)
* Richardson (1897–1903)
* Williams (1903–1909)
* Clark (1909–1921)
* Kitchin (1921–1923)
* Garrett (1923–1929)
* Garner (1929–1933)
* Rainey (1933–1934)
* Byrns (1935–1936)
* Bankhead (1936–1940)
* Rayburn (1940–1961)
* McCormack (1962–1971)
* Albert (1971–1977)
* O'Neill (1977–1987)
* Wright (1987–1989)
* Foley (1989–1995)
* Gephardt (1995–2003)
* Pelosi (2003–2023)
* Jeffries (2023–)

U.S. Senate
leaders
and
Caucus
chairs|

* J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877)
* Wallace (1877–1881)
* Pendleton (1881–1885)
* Beck (1885–1890)
* Gorman (1890–1898)
* Turpie (1898–1899)
* J. K. Jones (1899–1903)
* Gorman (1903–1906)
* Blackburn (1906–1907)
* C. A. Culberson (1907–1909)
* Money (1909–1911)
* Martin (1911–1913)
* Kern (1913–1917)
* Martin (1917–1919)
* Hitchcock (1919–1920)
* Underwood (1920–1923)
* Robinson (1923–1937)
* Barkley (1937–1949)
* Lucas (1949–1951)
* McFarland (1951–1953)
* Johnson (1953–1961)
* Mansfield (1961–1977)
* Byrd (1977–1989)
* Mitchell (1989–1995)
* Daschle (1995–2005)
* Reid (2005–2017)
* Schumer (2017–)

Chairs of
the DNC|

* Hallett
* McLane
* Smalley
* Belmont
* Schell
* Hewitt
* Barnum
* Brice
* Harrity
* Jones
* Taggart
* Mack
* McCombs
* McCormick
* Cummings
* White
* Hull
* Shaver
* Raskob
* Farley
* Flynn
* Walker
* Hannegan
* McGrath
* Boyle
* McKinney
* Mitchell
* Butler
* Jackson
* Bailey
* O'Brien
* Harris
* O'Brien
* Westwood
* Strauss
* Curtis
* White
* Manatt
* Kirk
* Brown
* Wilhelm
* DeLee
* Dodd/Fowler
* Romer/Grossman
* Rendell/Andrew
* McAuliffe
* Dean
* Kaine
* Wasserman Schultz
* Perez
* Harrison

State and
territorial
parties|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming
* American Samoa
* District of Columbia
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Puerto Rico
* Virgin Islands
* Democrats Abroad

Affiliated
groups|

| Congress|

* Senate Caucus
* Policy Committee
* Steering and Outreach Committee
* House Caucus
* Factions
* Blue Dog Coalition
* Congressional Progressive Caucus
* Justice Democrats
* New Democrat Coalition
* Problem Solvers Caucus

|

Fundraising|

* Democratic Attorneys General Association
* Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee
* Democratic Governors Association
* Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee
* Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee
* National Conference of Democratic Mayors
* National Democratic Redistricting Committee

Sectional|

* College Democrats of America
* Democrats Abroad
* National Federation of Democratic Women
* Stonewall Democrats
* Stonewall Young Democrats
* Young Democrats of America
* High School Democrats of America

Related|

* Primaries
* Presidential candidates
* Debates
* Superdelegate
* 2005 chairmanship election
* 2017 chairmanship election
* 2006 House Caucus leadership election
* 2018 House Caucus leadership election
* Weekly Democratic Address

* v
* t
* e

(<- 1984) 1988 United States presidential election (1992 ->)

Republican Party|

* Convention
* Primaries
* results

Candidates|

* Nominee: George H. W. Bush
* campaign
* VP nominee: Dan Quayle

* Other candidates: Bob Dole
* Pete du Pont
* Ben Fernandez
* Alexander Haig
* Jack Kemp
* Paul Laxalt
* Isabell Masters
* Pat Robertson
* Donald Rumsfeld
* Harold Stassen

Democratic Party|

* Convention
* Primaries
* results

Candidates|

* Nominee: Michael Dukakis
* campaign
* VP nominee: Lloyd Bentsen

* Other candidates: Douglas Applegate
* Bruce Babbitt
* Joe Biden
* campaign
* positions
* David Duke
* Dick Gephardt
* Al Gore
* campaign
* Gary Hart
* Jesse Jackson
* campaign
* Lyndon LaRouche
* campaign
* positions
* Andy Martin
* Patricia Schroeder
* Paul Simon
* James Traficant

Third-party and independent candidates

Libertarian Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Ron Paul
* campaign
* positions
* VP nominee: Andre Marrou
* Other candidates: Jim Lewis
* Russell Means

New Alliance Party|

* Nominee: Lenora Fulani

Populist Party|

* Nominee: David Duke

Prohibition Party|

* Nominee: Earl Dodge
* VP nominee: George Ormsby

Socialist Equality Party|

* Nominee: Edward Winn

Socialist Party|

* Nominee: Willa Kenoyer
* VP nominee: Ron Ehrenreich

Socialist Workers Party|

* Nominee: James Warren
* VP nominee: Kathleen Mickells

Workers World Party|

* Nominee: Larry Holmes
* VP nominee: Gloria La Riva

Independents and others|

* Jack Herer
* Lyndon LaRouche
* Herbert G. Lewin
* William A. Marra
* Eugene McCarthy

* Other 1988 elections: House
* Senate
* Gubernatorial

* v
* t
* e

(<- 1988) 1992 United States presidential election (1996 ->)

Democratic Party|

Convention
Primaries

Candidates|

* Nominee: Bill Clinton
* campaign
* positions
* VP nominee: Al Gore

* Other candidates: Larry Agran
* Jerry Brown
* Tom Harkin
* campaign
* Bob Kerrey
* Lyndon LaRouche
* campaign
* positions
* Tom Laughlin
* Eugene McCarthy
* Paul Tsongas
* Douglas Wilder
* Charles Woods

Republican Party|

Convention
Primaries

Candidates|

* Incumbent nominee: George H. W. Bush
* campaign
* Incumbent VP nominee: Dan Quayle

* Other candidates: Pat Buchanan
* David Duke
* Jack Fellure
* Isabell Masters
* Pat Paulsen
* Tennie Rogers
* Harold Stassen

Independent|

* Candidate: Ross Perot
* campaign
* VP candidate: James Stockdale

Other independent and third-party candidates

Libertarian Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Andre Marrou
* VP nominee: Nancy Lord

Natural Law Party|

Nominee
John Hagelin
VP nominee
Mike Tompkins

New Alliance Party|

Nominee
Lenora Fulani
VP nominee
Maria Elizabeth Muñoz

Prohibition Party|

Nominee
Earl Dodge
VP nominee
George Ormsby

Socialist Party USA|

Nominee
J. Quinn Brisben
VP nominee
Barbara Garson

Socialist Workers Party|

Nominee
James Warren
VP nominee
Willie Mae Reid

U.S. Taxpayers Party|

Nominee
Howard Phillips
VP nominee
Albion W. Knight Jr.

Workers World Party|

Nominee
Gloria La Riva
VP nominee
Larry Holmes

Independents and other candidates|

Ronald Daniels (running mate: Asiba Tupahache)
Bo Gritz
Isabell Masters

Other 1992 elections
House
Senate
Gubernatorial

* v
* t
* e

(<- 1992) 1996 United States presidential election (2000 ->)

Democratic Party|

Convention
Primaries

Candidates|

* Incumbent nominee: Bill Clinton
* campaign
* positions
* Incumbent VP nominee: Al Gore

* Other candidates: James D. Griffin
* Lyndon LaRouche
* campaign
* positions
* Pat Paulsen
* Roland Riemers

Republican Party|

Convention
Primaries

Candidates|

* Nominee: Bob Dole
* campaign
* VP nominee: Jack Kemp

* Other candidates: Lamar Alexander
* Pat Buchanan
* Charles E. Collins
* Bob Dornan
* Jack Fellure
* Arthur Fletcher
* Steve Forbes
* Phil Gramm
* Alan Keyes
* Richard Lugar
* Isabell Masters
* Jimmy McMillan
* Tennie Rogers
* Arlen Specter
* Morry Taylor
* Pete Wilson

Reform Party|

* Primaries

Candidates|

* Nominee: Ross Perot
* campaign
* VP nominee: Pat Choate

* Other candidates: Richard Lamm
* campaign

Other Third-party and independent candidates

Green Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Ralph Nader
* campaign
* VP nominee: Winona LaDuke

Independent Grassroots Party|

Nominee
John Birrenbach
VP nominee
George McMahon

Libertarian Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Harry Browne
* VP nominee: Jo Jorgensen
* Other candidates: Irwin Schiff

Natural Law Party|

Nominee
John Hagelin
VP nominee
Mike Tompkins

Prohibition Party|

Nominee
Earl Dodge
VP nominee
Rachel Bubar Kelly

Socialist Party|

Nominee
Mary Cal Hollis
VP nominee
Eric Chester

Socialist Workers Party|

Nominee
James Harris

U.S. Taxpayers Party|

Nominee
Howard Phillips
VP nominee
Herb Titus

Workers World Party|

Nominee
Monica Moorehead
VP nominee
Gloria La Riva

Independents and other candidates|

* Joan Jett Blakk
* Marsha Feinland
* Isabell Masters
* Steve Michael
* Dennis Peron

Other 1996 elections
House
Senate
Gubernatorial

* v
* t
* e

(<- 1996) 2000 United States presidential election (2004 ->)

General election results
Florida results

Republican Party|

* Convention
* Primaries

Candidates|

* Nominee: George W. Bush
* campaign
* positions
* VP nominee: Dick Cheney

* Other candidates
* Lamar Alexander
* Gary Bauer
* Pat Buchanan
* campaign
* Herman Cain
* positions
* Elizabeth Dole
* Jack Fellure
* Steve Forbes
* Orrin Hatch
* campaign
* John Kasich
* campaign
* positions
* Alan Keyes
* campaign
* Andy Martin
* John McCain
* campaign
* positions
* Dan Quayle
* campaign
* Bob Smith

Democratic Party|

* Convention
* Primaries

Candidates|

* Nominee: Al Gore
* campaign
* VP nominee: Joe Lieberman
* positions

* Other candidates: Bill Bradley
* campaign
* Lyndon LaRouche
* campaign
* positions

Constitution Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Howard Phillips
* VP nominee: Curtis Frazier
* Other candidates: Herb Titus

Green Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Ralph Nader
* campaign
* VP nominee: Winona LaDuke
* Other candidates: Jello Biafra
* Stephen Gaskin
* Joel Kovel

Libertarian Party|

* Convention
* Nominee: Harry Browne
* campaign
* VP nominee: Art Olivier
* Other candidates:
* L. Neil Smith

Reform Party|

* Primaries
* Nominee: Pat Buchanan
* campaign
* VP nominee: Ezola B. Foster
* Other candidates: John Hagelin
* Donald Trump
* campaign
* positions

Natural Law Party|

* Nominee: John Hagelin
* VP nominee: Nat Goldhaber

Prohibition Party|

* Nominee: Earl Dodge
* VP nominee: W. Dean Watkins

Socialist Party|

* Nominee: David McReynolds
* VP nominee: Mary Cal Hollis

Socialist Workers Party|

* Nominee: James Harris
* VP nominee: Margaret Trowe

Workers World Party|

* Nominee: Monica Moorehead
* VP nominee: Gloria La Riva

Independent|

* Cathy Gordon Brown
* Charles E. Collins
* Isabell Masters
* Joe Schriner

Florida election recount and legal proceedings

Key figures|

* Katherine Harris
* Jeb Bush
* David Boies
*   * Theodore Olson
* James Baker
* Ron Klain
* Warren Christopher
* Michael Whouley
* Benjamin Ginsberg
* Bob Butterworth
* Joe Allbaugh
* Mac Stipanovich
* Craig Waters
* Theresa LePore
* Carol Roberts

Election day|

* Florida Central Voter File (scrub list)
* Volusia error
* Chad
* Butterfly ballot

Aftermath and
legal proceedings|

* Florida election recount
* Brooks Brothers riot
* Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris (Harris I)
* Gore v. Harris (Harris II)
* Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board
* Bush v. Gore

Films|

* Recount (2008)
* Bush Family Fortunes (2004)
* Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election (2002)

Other 2000 elections
House
Senate
Gubernatorial

* v
* t
* e

United States senators from Tennessee

Class 1|

* Cocke
* A. Jackson
* Smith
* J. Anderson
* Campbell
* Eaton
* Grundy
* Foster
* Grundy
* Nicholson
* Foster
* Turney
* Jones
* Johnson
* Patterson
* Brownlow
* Johnson
* Key
* Bailey
* H. Jackson
* Whitthorne
* Bate
* Frazier
* Lea
* McKellar
* Gore Sr.
* Brock III
* Sasser
* Frist
* Corker
* Blackburn

Class 2|

* Blount
* J. Anderson
* Cocke
* Smith
* Whiteside
* Campbell
* Wharton
* Williams
* A. Jackson
* White
* A. Anderson
* Jarnagin
* Bell
* Nicholson
* Fowler
* Cooper
* Harris
* Turley
* Carmack
* Taylor
* Sanders
* Webb
* Shields
* Tyson
* Brock I
* Hull
* Bachman
* Berry
* Stewart
* Kefauver
* Walters
* Bass
* Baker
* Gore Jr.
* Mathews
* Thompson
* Alexander
* Hagerty

* v
* t
* e

Vice presidents of the United States

1. John Adams (1789–1797)
2. Thomas Jefferson (1797–1801)
3. Aaron Burr (1801–1805)
4. George Clinton (1805–1812)
5. Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814)
6. Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825)
7. John C. Calhoun (1825–1832)
8. Martin Van Buren (1833–1837)
9. Richard M. Johnson (1837–1841)
10. John Tyler (1841)
11. George M. Dallas (1845–1849)
12. Millard Fillmore (1849–1850)
13. William R. King (1853)
14. John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861)
15. Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865)
16. Andrew Johnson (1865)
17. Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873)
18. Henry Wilson (1873–1875)
19. William A. Wheeler (1877–1881)
20. Chester A. Arthur (1881)
21. Thomas A. Hendricks (1885)
22. Levi P. Morton (1889–1893)
23. Adlai Stevenson (1893–1897)
24. Garret Hobart (1897–1899)
25. Theodore Roosevelt (1901)
26. Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909)
27. James S. Sherman (1909–1912)
28. Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921)
29. Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923)
30. Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929)
31. Charles Curtis (1929–1933)
32. John N. Garner (1933–1941)
33. Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945)
34. Harry S. Truman (1945)
35. Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953)
36. Richard Nixon (1953–1961)
37. Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963)
38. Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969)
39. Spiro Agnew (1969–1973)
40. Gerald Ford (1973–1974)
41. Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977)
42. Walter Mondale (1977–1981)
43. George H. W. Bush (1981–1989)
44. Dan Quayle (1989–1993)
45. Al Gore (1993–2001)
46. Dick Cheney (2001–2009)
47. Joe Biden (2009–2017)
48. Mike Pence (2017–2021)
49. Kamala Harris (2021–present)

* Category
* Commons
* List

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Tennessee's delegation(s) to the 95th–102nd United States Congresses (ordered by seniority)

| 95th |

Senate:

* ▌H. Baker Jr. (D)
* ▌J. Sasser (D)

House:

* ▌J. Quillen (R)
* ▌J. Duncan Sr. (R)
* ▌E. Jones (D)
* ▌R. Beard (R)
* ▌H. Ford Sr. (D)
* ▌M. Lloyd (D)
* ▌C. Allen (D)
* ▌A. Gore Jr. (D)

|
|

96th |

Senate:

* ▌H. Baker Jr. (R)
* ▌J. Sasser (D)

House:

* ▌J. Quillen (R)
* ▌J. Duncan Sr. (R)
* ▌E. Jones (D)
* ▌R. Beard (R)
* ▌H. Ford Sr. (D)
* ▌M. Lloyd (D)
* ▌A. Gore Jr. (D)
* ▌B. Boner (D)

97th |

Senate:

* ▌H. Baker Jr. (R)
* ▌J. Sasser (D)

House:

* ▌J. Quillen (R)
* ▌J. Duncan Sr. (R)
* ▌E. Jones (D)
* ▌R. Beard (R)
* ▌H. Ford Sr. (D)
* ▌M. Lloyd (D)
* ▌A. Gore Jr. (D)
* ▌B. Boner (D)

98th |

Senate:

* ▌H. Baker Jr. (R)
* ▌J. Sasser (D)

House:

* ▌J. Quillen (R)
* ▌J. Duncan Sr. (R)
* ▌E. Jones (D)
* ▌H. Ford Sr. (D)
* ▌M. Lloyd (D)
* ▌A. Gore Jr. (D)
* ▌B. Boner (D)
* ▌J. Cooper (D)
* ▌D. Sundquist (R)

99th |

Senate:

* ▌J. Sasser (D)
* ▌A. Gore Jr. (D)

House:

* ▌J. Quillen (R)
* ▌J. Duncan Sr. (R)
* ▌E. Jones (D)
* ▌H. Ford Sr. (D)
* ▌M. Lloyd (D)
* ▌B. Boner (D)
* ▌J. Cooper (D)
* ▌D. Sundquist (R)
* ▌B. Gordon (D)

100th |

Senate:

* ▌J. Sasser (D)
* ▌A. Gore Jr. (D)

House:

* ▌J. Quillen (R)
* ▌J. Duncan Sr. (R)
* ▌E. Jones (D)
* ▌H. Ford Sr. (D)
* ▌M. Lloyd (D)
* ▌B. Boner (D)
* ▌J. Cooper (D)
* ▌D. Sundquist (R)
* ▌B. Gordon (D)
* ▌B. Clement (D)
* ▌J. Duncan Jr. (R)

101st |

Senate:

* ▌J. Sasser (D)
* ▌A. Gore Jr. (D)

House:

* ▌J. Quillen (R)
* ▌H. Ford Sr. (D)
* ▌M. Lloyd (D)
* ▌J. Cooper (D)
* ▌D. Sundquist (R)
* ▌B. Gordon (D)
* ▌B. Clement (D)
* ▌J. Duncan Jr. (R)
* ▌J. Tanner (D)

102nd |

Senate:

* ▌J. Sasser (D)
* ▌A. Gore Jr. (D)

House:

* ▌J. Quillen (R)
* ▌H. Ford Sr. (D)
* ▌M. Lloyd (D)
* ▌J. Cooper (D)
* ▌D. Sundquist (R)
* ▌B. Gordon (D)
* ▌B. Clement (D)
* ▌J. Duncan Jr. (R)
* ▌J. Tanner (D)

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Grammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording

1950s|

* The Best of the Stan Freberg Shows – Stan Freberg (1958)
* Lincoln Portrait – Carl Sandburg (1959)

1960s|

* FDR Speaks – Robert Bialek (producer) (1960)
* Humor in Music – Leonard Bernstein (1961)
* The Story-Teller: A Session with Charles Laughton – Charles Laughton (1962)
* Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? – Edward Albee (playwright) (1963)
* BBC Tribute to John F. Kennedy – That Was the Week That Was (1964)
* John F. Kennedy: As We Remember Him – Goddard Lieberson (producer) (1965)
* Edward R. Murrow - A Reporter Remembers, Vol. I: The War Years – Edward R. Murrow (1966)
* Gallant Men – Everett Dirksen (1967)
* Lonesome Cities – Rod McKuen (1968)
* We Love You Call Collect – Art Linkletter & Diane Linkletter (1969)

1970s|

* Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam – Martin Luther King Jr. (1970)
* Desiderata – Les Crane (1971)
* Lenny – Bruce Botnick (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1972)
* Jonathan Livingston Seagull – Richard Harris (1973)
* Good Evening – Peter Cook and Dudley Moore (1974)
* Give 'em Hell, Harry! – James Whitmore (1975)
* Great American Documents – Henry Fonda, Helen Hayes, James Earl Jones, and Orson Welles (1976)
* The Belle of Amherst – Julie Harris (1977)
* Citizen Kane (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – Orson Welles (1978)
* Ages of Man: Readings from Shakespeare – John Gielgud (1979)

1980s|

* Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein, Gertrude Stein – Pat Carroll (1980)
* Donovan's Brain – Orson Welles (1981)
* Raiders of the Lost Ark: The Movie on Record – Tom Voegeli (producer) and Various Artists (1982)
* Lincoln Portrait – William Warfield (1983)
* The Words of Gandhi – Ben Kingsley (1984)
* Ma Rainey's Black Bottom – Mike Berniker (producer) & the Original Broadway Cast (1985)
* Interviews from the Class of '55 Recording Sessions – Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Chips Moman, Ricky Nelson, Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins, and Sam Phillips (1986)
* Lake Wobegon Days – Garrison Keillor (1987)
* Speech by Rev. Jesse Jackson – Jesse Jackson (1988)
* It's Always Something – Gilda Radner (1989)

1990s|

* Gracie: A Love Story – George Burns (1990)
* The Civil War – Ken Burns (1991)
* What You Can Do to Avoid AIDS – Earvin "Magic" Johnson and Robert O'Keefe (1992)
* On the Pulse of Morning – Maya Angelou (1993)
* Get in the Van – Henry Rollins (1994)
* Phenomenal Woman – Maya Angelou (1995)
* It Takes a Village – Hillary Clinton (1996)
* Charles Kuralt's Spring – Charles Kuralt (1997)
* Still Me – Christopher Reeve (1998)
* The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr. – LeVar Burton (1999)

2000s|

* The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography – Sidney Poitier, Rick Harris, and John Runnette (producers) (2000)
* Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones – Quincy Jones, Jeffrey S. Thomas, Steven Strassman (engineers), and Elisa Shokoff (producer) (2001)
* A Song Flung Up to Heaven – Maya Angelou and Charles B. Potter (producer) (2002)
* Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them – Al Franken and Paul Ruben (producer) (2003)
* My Life – Bill Clinton (2004)
* Dreams from My Father – Barack Obama (2005)
* Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis – Jimmy Carter / With Ossie and Ruby – Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee (2006)
* The Audacity of Hope – Barack Obama and Jacob Bronstein (producer) (2007)
* An Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore – Beau Bridges, Cynthia Nixon, and Blair Underwood (2008)
* Always Looking Up – Michael J. Fox (2009)

2010s|

* The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents Earth (The Audiobook) – Jon Stewart (2010)
* If You Ask Me (And of Course You Won't) – Betty White (2011)
* Society's Child – Janis Ian (2012)
* America Again: Re-becoming the Greatness We Never Weren't – Stephen Colbert (2013)
* Diary of a Mad Diva – Joan Rivers (2014)
* A Full Life: Reflections at 90 – Jimmy Carter (2015)
* In Such Good Company: Eleven Years of Laughter, Mayhem, and Fun in the Sandbox – Carol Burnett (2016)
* The Princess Diarist – Carrie Fisher (2017)
* Faith: A Journey for All – Jimmy Carter (2018)
* Becoming – Michelle Obama (2019)

2020s|

* Blowout: Corrupted Democracy, Rogue State Russia, and the Richest, Most Destructive Industry on Earth – Rachel Maddow (2020)
* Carry On: Reflections for a New Generation from John Lewis − Don Cheadle (2021)
* Finding Me – Viola Davis (2022)
* The Light We Carry: Overcoming in Uncertain Times – Michelle Obama (2023)

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Internet Hall of Fame

Pioneers

| 2012|

* Paul Baran
* Vint Cerf
* Danny Cohen
* Steve Crocker
* Donald Davies
* Elizabeth J. Feinler
* Charles Herzfeld
* Robert Kahn
* Peter T. Kirstein
* Leonard Kleinrock
* John Klensin
* Jon Postel
* Louis Pouzin
* Lawrence Roberts

|

2013|

* David Clark
* David Farber
* Howard Frank
* Kanchana Kanchanasut
* J. C. R. Licklider
* Bob Metcalfe
* Jun Murai
* Kees Neggers
* Nii Quaynor
* Glenn Ricart
* Robert Taylor
* Stephen Wolff
* Werner Zorn

2014|

* Douglas Engelbart
* Susan Estrada
* Frank Heart
* Dennis Jennings
* Rolf Nordhagen
* Radia Perlman

Global connectors

| 2012|

* Randy Bush
* Kilnam Chon
* Al Gore
* Nancy Hafkin
* Geoff Huston
* Brewster Kahle
* Daniel Karrenberg
* Toru Takahashi
* Tan Tin Wee

|

2013|

* Karen Banks
* Gihan Dias
* Anriette Esterhuysen
* Steve Goldstein
* Teus Hagen
* Ida Holz
* Qiheng Hu
* Haruhisa Ishida
* Barry Leiner
* George Sadowsky

2014|

* Dai Davies
* Demi Getschko
* Masaki Hirabaru
* Erik Huizer
* Steve Huter
* Abhaya Induruwa
* Dorcas Muthoni
* Mahabir Pun
* Srinivasan Ramani
* Michael Roberts
* Ben Segal
* Douglas Van Houweling

2017|

* Nabil Bukhalid
* Ira Fuchs
* Shigeki Goto
* Mike Jensen
* Ermanno Pietrosemoli
* Tadao Takahashi
* Florencio Utreras
* Wu Jianping

Innovators

| 2012|

* Mitchell Baker
* Tim Berners-Lee
* Robert Cailliau
* Van Jacobson
* Lawrence Landweber
* Paul Mockapetris
* Craig Newmark
* Ray Tomlinson
* Linus Torvalds
* Phil Zimmermann

|

2013|

* Marc Andreessen
* John Perry Barlow
* François Flückiger
* Stephen Kent
* Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder
* Henning Schulzrinne
* Richard Stallman
* Aaron Swartz
* Jimmy Wales

2014|

* Eric Allman
* Eric Bina
* Karlheinz Brandenburg
* John Cioffi
* Hualin Qian
* Paul Vixie

2017|

* Jaap Akkerhuis
* Yvonne Marie Andres
* Alan Emtage
* Ed Krol
* Tracy LaQuey Parker
* Craig Partridge

Inductees since 2019

| 2019|

* Adiel Akplogan
* Kimberly Claffy
* Douglas Comer
* Elise Gerich
* Larry Irving
* Dan Lynch
* Jean Armour Polly
* José Soriano
* Michael Stanton [pt]
* Klaas Wierenga
* Suguru Yamaguchi [ja]

|

2021|

* Carlos Afonso
* Rob Blokzijl
* Hans-Werner Braun [de]
* Frode Greisen
* Jan Gruntorad
* Saul Hahn
* Kim Hubbard
* Rafael Ibarra
* Xing Li
* Yngvar Lundh
* Dan Kaminsky
* DaeYoung Kim
* Kenneth Klingenstein
* Alejandro Pisanty
* Yakov Rekhter
* Philip Smith
* Pål Spilling
* Liane Tarouco [pt]
* Virginia Travers
* George Varghese
* Lixia Zhang

2023|

* Abhay Bhushan
* Laura Breeden
* Ivan Moura Campos
* Steve Cisler
* Peter Eckersley
* Hartmut Richard Glaser
* Simon S. Lam
* William Schrader
* Guy de Téramond

* v
* t
* e

International Emmy Founders Award

1980s|

* Jim Henson (1980)
* Roone Arledge / Shaun Sutton (1981)
* Michael Landon (1982)
* Herbert Brodkin (1983)
* David L. Wolper (1984)
* David Attenborough (1985)
* Donald L. Taffner (1986)
* Jacques Cousteau (1987)
* Goar Mestre (1988)
* Paul Fox (1989)

1990s|

* Joan Ganz Cooney (1990)
* Adrian Cowell (1991)
* Bill Cosby (1992)
* Richard Dunn (1993)
* Film on Four (1994)
* Don Hewitt (1995)
* Reg Grundy (1996)
* Jac Venza (1997)
* Robert Halmi Sr. (1998)
* Hisashi Hieda (1999)

2000s|

* John Hendricks (2000)
* Pierre Lescure (2001)
* Howard Stringer (2002)
* HBO (2003)
* MTV International (2004)
* Oprah Winfrey (2005)
* Steven Spielberg (2006)
* Al Gore (2007)
* Dick Wolf (2008)
* David Frost (2009)

2010s|

* Simon Cowell (2010)
* Nigel Lythgoe (2011)
* Alan Alda / Norman Lear / Ryan Murphy (2012)
* J. J. Abrams (2013)
* Matthew Weiner (2014)
* Julian Fellowes (2015)
* Shonda Rhimes (2016)
* No Award (2017)
* Greg Berlanti (2018)
* David Benioff / D. B. Weiss (2019)

2020s|

* ~~Andrew Cuomo~~ (2020)
* Ava DuVernay (2022)
* Jesse Armstrong (2023)
* David E. Kelley (2024)

* v
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* e

NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award

1990s|

* Janet Jackson (1991)
* Ron Brown (1992)
* Maxine Waters and Joseph Madison (1996)
* Harry Belafonte (1998)

2000s|

* Aaron McGruder (2001)
* Danny Glover (2002)
* The Dave Matthews Band (2003)
* Barack Obama (2004)
* The Neville Brothers (2005)
* Bono (2006)
* Ruby Dee (2007)
* Al Gore & Wangari Maathai (2008)
* Tyler Perry (2009)

2010s|

* Cathy Hughes (2010)
* Michelle Howard (2012)
* Forest Whitaker (2013)
* Eric Holder (2014)
* Brittany "Bree" Newsome / Justice League NYC / Concerned Student 1950 Collective at the University of Missouri / The University of Mississippi NAACP College Chapter / Rev. Dr. Otis Moss III / Rev. Dr. Howard-John Wesley / Rev. Dr. Jamal Harrison Bryant / Jussie Smollett (2015)
* Charles Ogletree (2016)
* William Lucy (2017)
* Maxine Waters (2018)
* John Lewis (2019)

2020s|

* Rev. James Lawson (2020)
* Samuel L. Jackson (2021)
* Bennie Thompson (2022)
* Amanda Gorman (2023)

Portals:

* Biography
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Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
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National|

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Academics|

* CiNii
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Artists|

* ULAN
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People|

* US Congress
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* Deutsche Biographie
* Deutsche Synchronkartei

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* SNAC

*[m.]: married
*[sep.]: separated
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*[c.]: circa