Alachua County, Florida

County in Florida, United States

County in Florida

Alachua County

County

Alachua County Courthouse

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Location within the U.S. state of Florida

Florida's location within the U.S.

Coordinates: 29°41′N 82°22′W﻿ / ﻿29.68°N 82.37°W﻿ / 29.68; -82.37
Country|  United States
State|  Florida
Founded| December 29, 1824
Named for| Alachua (Timucuan word for "sinkhole")
Seat| Gainesville
Largest city| Gainesville
Area

• Total| 969 sq mi (2,510 km2)
• Land| 875 sq mi (2,270 km2)
• Water| 94 sq mi (240 km2)  9.7%
Population

(2020)

• Total| 278,468
• Density| 290/sq mi (110/km2)
Time zone| UTC−5 (Eastern)
• Summer (DST)| UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional district| 3rd
Website| alachuacounty.us

Alachua County (/əˈlætʃuə/ ⓘ ə-LATCH-oo-ə) is a county in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 census, the population was 278,468.[1] The county seat is Gainesville,[2] the home of the University of Florida.

## History

[edit]

### Prehistory and early European settlements

[edit]

The first people known to have entered the area of Alachua County were Paleo-Indians, who left artifacts in the Santa Fe River basin before 8000 BC. Artifacts from the Archaic period (8000 - 2000 BC) have been found at several sites in Alachua County. Permanent settlements appeared in what is now Alachua County around 100 AD, as people of the wide-ranging Deptford culture developed the local Cades Pond culture. The Cades Pond culture gave way to the Alachua culture around 600 AD.[3]

The Timucua-speaking Potano tribe lived in the Alachua culture area in the 16th century, when the Spanish entered Florida. The Potano were incorporated by the colonists in the Spanish mission system, but new infectious diseases, rebellion, and raids by tribes backed by the English led to severe population declines. What is now Alachua County had lost much of its indigenous population by the early 18th century.[4]

In the 17th century, Francisco Menéndez Márquez, Royal Treasurer for Spanish Florida, established the La Chua ranch on the northern side of what is now known as Payne's Prairie, on a bluff overlooking the Alachua Sink.[5] Chua may have been the Timucua language word for sinkhole. Lieutenant Diego Peña reported in 1716 that he passed by springs named Aquilachua, Usichua, Usiparachua, and Afanochua while traveling through what is now Suwannee County. In the twentieth-century, anthropologist J. Clarence Simpson assumed the named springs were in fact sinkholes.[6] The Spanish later called the interior of Florida west of the St. Johns River Tierras de la Chua, which became "Alachua Country" in English.[7]

Around 1740, a band of Oconee people led by Ahaya, who was called "Cowkeeper" by the English, settled on what is now Payne's Prairie.[8] Ahaya's band became known as the Alachua Seminole. In 1774, botanist William Bartram visited Ahaya's town, Cuscowilla, near what Bartram called the Alachua Savanna. King Payne, who succeeded Ahaya as chief of the Alachua Seminole, established a new town known as Payne's Town.

In 1812, during the Patriot War of East Florida, an attempt by American adventurers to seize Spanish Florida, a force of more than 100 volunteers from Georgia led by Colonel Daniel Newnan encountered a band of Alachua Seminole led by King Payne near Newnans Lake. After several days of intermittent fighting, Colonel Newnan's force withdrew. King Payne was wounded in the fight and died two months later. The Alachua Seminole then left Payne's Town and moved farther west and south, but other bands of Seminole moved in. A second American expedition in 1813 of U. S. Army troops and militia from Tennessee, led by Lt. Colonel Thomas Adams Smith, found some Seminoles, killing about 20, and burned every Seminole village they could find in the area.[9][10]

In 1814, a group of more than 100 American settlers moved to a point believed to be near the abandoned Payne's Town (near present-day Micanopy) and declared the establishment of the District of Elotchaway of the Republic of East Florida. The settlement collapsed a few months later after its leader, Colonel Buckner Harris, was killed by Seminole. The remaining settlers returned to Georgia.[11]

### Early American settlements

[edit]

Map of Alachua County, 1883

In 1817, F. M. Arredondo received the 20-mile square Arredondo Grant in the southern part of what is Alachua County. By the time Florida was formally transferred from Spain to the United States, people from the United States and from Europe were settling in the area. Wanton's Store, near the site of the abandoned King Payne's Town, attracted settlers, primarily from Europe, who founded Micanopy. The 1823 Treaty of Moultrie Creek required the Seminole to move a reservation south of what is now Ocala, and the flow of settlers into the area increased. Many settlers occupied former Seminole towns, such as Hogtown.

Alachua County was created by the Florida territorial legislature in 1824. The new county stretched from the border with Georgia, south to Charlotte Harbor. The original county seat was Wanton's (per the store, as the name Micanopy had not been adopted). In 1828, the county seat was moved to Newnansville, near the current site of the city of Alachua.[11]

As the area's population increased, Alachua County's size was reduced to organize new counties. In 1832, the county's northern part, including Newnansville, was separated to create Columbia County, forcing the county seat to move to various temporary locations, then to Spring Grove, from 1836 to 1839.

In 1834, Hillsborough County was created, which included the area around Tampa Bay down to Charlotte Harbor. In 1839, that part of Columbia County south of the Santa Fe River was returned to Alachua County, and Newnansville was restored as the county seat. Hernando County was created in 1843 from that part of Alachua County south of the Withlacoochee River; Marion County was created in 1844; and Levy County was created in 1846 from that part of Alachua County west of the Suwannee River. It would be another 80 years before Alachua County was again reduced in size.[11]

In 1853, the residents of Alachua County realized that the route of the planned Florida Railroad connecting Fernandina to Cedar Key would bypass Newnansville. A general meeting at Boulware Springs was called to consider moving the county seat to a new town on the expected route of the railroad. The motion to move the county seat was hotly contested by the residents of Newnansville, but Tillman Ingram, a plantation owner in Hogtown who owned a sawmill there, offered to build a courthouse in the new town. The offer was for such as favorable price that the move was approved. At tha time, the name "Gainesville" was chosen for the new town. The county seat was moved to Gainesville in late 1856, upon completion of the new courthouse.[12]

### Lynchings and disenfranchisement

[edit]

See also: Newberry Six lynchings

During the post-Reconstruction period, White Democrats regained control of the state legislature and worked to restore White supremacy. Violence against Blacks, including lynchings, rose in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as Whites imposed Jim Crow and discriminatory laws, disenfranchising most blacks, which forced them out of the political system. Alachua County was the site of 21 documented lynchings between 1891 and 1926.[13] The first three documented lynchings, in Gainesville in 1891, involved two Black men and a White man, who were associated with the notorious Harmon Murray.[14] Ten lynchings took place in Newberry, six of them in a mass lynching there in 1916.[13] These lynchings were conducted outside the justice system, by mobs or small groups working alone. Nineteen of the victims were Black; two were White.[15] (A 2015 report by the Equal Justice Initiative, based in Montgomery, Alabama, had identified 18 lynchings.[16] The Historical Commission documented three more, including two white men.)[15]

In September 2017, the county commission approved plans to place markers with the names of the victims in the county. (See linked article for names of these individuals.)[15] They are working with the Historical Commission and cities to discuss how best to achieve this.[13] A state historical marker on the Newberry Lynchings was dedicated in 2019.

### Contemporary history

[edit]

On February 15, 2023, the board of county commissioners for Alachua County voted to support the proposed amendment to the Florida state constitution that is entitled, Florida Right To Clean And Healthy Waters, making Alachua the first county in the state to lend its support for adoption of the proposed amendment.[17] The proposed amendment is the subject of a statewide, nonpartisan campaign [18] to place adoption of it before all Florida voters on the 2024 ballot.[19] The adoption was signed into effect by its chair, Anna Prizzia, after a unanimous vote by the board.

## Geography

[edit]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 969 square miles (2,510 km2), of which 875 square miles (2,270 km2) is land and 94 square miles (240 km2) (9.7%) is water.[20]

### Adjacent counties

[edit]

* Bradford County \- north
* Union County \- north
* Clay County, Florida \- northeast
* Putnam County \- east
* Marion County \- southeast
* Levy County \- southwest
* Gilchrist County \- west
* Columbia County \- northwest

## Demographics

[edit]

Historical population Census| Pop.| Note| %±

|
|
|

1830| 2,204| | —
1840| 2,282| | 3.5%
1850| 2,524| | 10.6%
1860| 8,232| | 226.1%
1870| 17,328| | 110.5%
1880| 16,462| | −5.0%
1890| 22,934| | 39.3%
1900| 32,245| | 40.6%
1910| 34,305| | 6.4%
1920| 31,689| | −7.6%
1930| 34,365| | 8.4%
1940| 38,607| | 12.3%
1950| 57,026| | 47.7%
1960| 74,074| | 29.9%
1970| 104,764| | 41.4%
1980| 151,348| | 44.5%
1990| 181,596| | 20.0%
2000| 217,955| | 20.0%
2010| 247,336| | 13.5%
2020| 278,468| | 12.6%
2023 (est.)| 285,994| [21]| 2.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[22]
1790-1960[23] 1900-1990[24]
1990-2000[25] 2010-2015[1]
Alachua County racial composition
(NH = Non-Hispanic)[a] Race  | Pop 2010[28] | Pop 2020[29] | % 2010  | % 2020

|
|
|
|

White (NH)  | 157,466  | 160,463  | 63.66%  | 57.62%
Black or African American (NH)  | 49,420  | 51,171  | 19.98%  | 18.38%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH)  | 603  | 562  | 0.24%  | 0.2%
Asian (NH)  | 13,098  | 17,891  | 5.3%  | 6.42%
Pacific Islander (NH)  | 122  | 101  | 0.05%  | 0.04%
Some Other Race (NH)  | 703  | 1,668  | 0.28%  | 0.6%
Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH)  | 5,172  | 12,998  | 2.09%  | 4.67%
Hispanic or Latino | 20,752  | 33,614  | 8.39%  | 12.07%
Total | 247,336 | 278,468 | 100.00% | 100.00%

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 278,468 people, 101,979 households, and 50,803 families residing in the county.

As of the 2010 United States Census,[30] there were 247,336 people, 100,516 households, and 53,500 families residing in the county. There were 112,766 housing units in the county, an occupancy rate of 89.1%; of the occupied units, 54,768 (54.5%) were owner-occupied and 45,748 (45.5%) were renter-occupied. The population density was 282.91 per square mile (109.23/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 172,156 (69.9%) White, 50,282 (20.3%) Black or African American, 906 (0.3%) Native American, 13,235 (5.4%) Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.7% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. 20,752 (8.4%) of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 100,516 households, 22.0% included children under the age of 18, 36.4% included a married husband and wife couple, 4.0% had a male head of house with no wife present, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.8% were non-families. 24.8% of all households included at least one child under the age of 18, and 19.6% included at least one member 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.91.

The demographic spread showed 17.9% under the age of 18 and 10.8% who were 65 years of age or older; 48.4% of the population identified as male and 51.6% as female. The median age was 30.1 years.

The five year American Community Survey completed 2011 gave a median household income of $41,473 (inflation indexed to 2011 dollars) and a median family income of $63,435. Male full-time year round workers had a median income of $42,865, versus $36,351 for females. The per capita income for the county was $25,172; 23.6% of the population was living below the poverty line.[31]

### Languages

[edit]

As of 2010[update], 86.43% of the population spoke English as their primary language, while Spanish was spoken by 6.38%, 1.18% spoke Chinese, 0.57% were speakers of Korean, and 0.52% spoke French as their native language.[32]

Alachua County Judicial Center in Gainesville

## Education

[edit]

The Alachua County School District and its 47 institutions serve the entire county. Alachua County is also home to the University of Florida and Santa Fe College.

## Library

[edit]

The Alachua County Library District is an independent special taxing district and the sole provider of public library service to approximately 250,000 citizens of Alachua County. This includes all of the incorporated municipalities in the county. It maintains a library headquarters and four branches in Gainesville. These locations include the Millhopper Branch in northwest Gainesville, the Tower Road Branch in unincorporated Alachua county southwest of Gainesville, the Library Partnership Branch in northeast Gainesville, and the Cone Park Branch in east Gainesville. The district also operates branches in the Alachua County municipalities of Alachua, Archer, Hawthorne, High Springs, Micanopy, Newberry, and Waldo, as well as a branch at the Alachua County Jail. The district's two bookmobiles visit more than 25 locations in the county from two to five times a month.[33][34][35]

### Library history

[edit]

The Alachua County Library District traces its origins to 1905, when the Twentieth Century Club in Gainesville started a subscription library. The Gainesville Public Library, a subscription library operated by the Library Association, opened in 1906. The Twentieth Century Club donated the books from its subscription library, and the new library also received books from the library of the East Florida Seminary, which had been absorbed by the newly founded University of Florida.

The Gainesville Public Library became a free library in 1918, supported by funds from city taxes from all residents, but it was available only to whites. The building was constructed with the aid of a Carnegie library grant. The library became a department of the Gainesville municipal government in 1949. It was not until 1953 and opening of the Carver Branch Library that the city's African Americans had access to a library, as public facilities were still segregated. The Carver Branch closed in 1969, after the main library's desegregation.

In 1958, the city of Gainesville and Alachua County agreed to jointly operate the library for the county. Branch libraries opened in High Springs, Hawthorne, and Micanopy the next year, and a bookmobile was put into service. Alachua County joined with Bradford County to operate the Santa Fe Regional Library. After Bradford County withdrew from the Regional Library, the Alachua County Library District was formally established in 1986. The Millhopper and Tower Road branches opened in 1992, and the branches in Alachua, Archer, Newberry, and Waldo were all opened by 1997. The Library Partnership Branch opened in 2009, and the Cone Park Branch in 2011. A new, permanent location for the Cone Park Branch Library opened near the Eastside Community Center in Gainesville on December 14, 2013.[36][37][38]

## Transportation

[edit]

### Major highways

[edit]

See also: List of county roads in Alachua County, Florida

* I-75
* US 27
* US 41
* US 301
* US 441
* SR 20
* SR 24
* SR 26
* SR 121
* SR 331

### Airports

[edit]

* Gainesville Regional Airport-Gainesville
* Flying Ten Airport-Archer
* Oak Tree Landing Airport-High Springs
* Gleim Field Airport-Gainesville

## Politics and government

[edit]

### Statewide elections

[edit]

Like many other counties containing large state universities, Alachua County regularly supports the Democratic Party. It has voted for the Democratic candidate for president in the past eight elections. The county last supported a Republican presidential candidate in 1988, when it narrowly went for George H. W. Bush.

United States presidential election results for Alachua County, Florida[39] Year  | Republican | Democratic | Third party(ies)

|
|
|

No. | % | No. | % | No. | %
2020 | 50,972  | 35.63%  | 89,704  | 62.71% | 2,371  | 1.66%
2016 | 46,834  | 36.00%  | 75,820  | 58.28% | 7,446  | 5.72%
2012 | 48,797  | 40.40%  | 69,699  | 57.71% | 2,277  | 1.89%
2008 | 48,513  | 38.51%  | 75,565  | 59.99% | 1,889  | 1.50%
2004 | 47,762  | 42.90%  | 62,504  | 56.14% | 1,062  | 0.95%
2000 | 34,135  | 39.80%  | 47,380  | 55.25% | 4,242  | 4.95%
1996 | 25,316  | 33.97%  | 40,161  | 53.90% | 9,039  | 12.13%
1992 | 22,813  | 29.87%  | 37,888  | 49.61% | 15,671  | 20.52%
1988 | 30,153  | 50.08% | 29,396  | 48.82%  | 664  | 1.10%
1984 | 30,609  | 53.46% | 26,584  | 46.43%  | 60  | 0.10%
1980 | 19,804  | 38.56%  | 26,849  | 52.27% | 4,711  | 9.17%
1976 | 15,546  | 34.87%  | 27,895  | 62.58% | 1,137  | 2.55%
1972 | 22,536  | 56.54% | 17,245  | 43.26%  | 80  | 0.20%
1968 | 9,670  | 34.02%  | 10,060  | 35.39% | 8,696  | 30.59%
1964 | 11,151  | 45.27%  | 13,483  | 54.73% | 0  | 0.00%
1960 | 10,072  | 52.05% | 9,279  | 47.95%  | 0  | 0.00%
1956 | 7,939  | 53.54% | 6,889  | 46.46%  | 0  | 0.00%
1952 | 8,432  | 58.47% | 5,990  | 41.53%  | 0  | 0.00%
1948 | 2,403  | 23.60%  | 3,745  | 36.78%  | 4,034  | 39.62%
1944 | 1,690  | 22.70%  | 5,755  | 77.30% | 0  | 0.00%
1940 | 1,372  | 16.97%  | 6,714  | 83.03% | 0  | 0.00%
1936 | 890  | 15.67%  | 4,788  | 84.33% | 0  | 0.00%
1932 | 983  | 21.90%  | 3,506  | 78.10% | 0  | 0.00%
1928 | 1,824  | 45.51%  | 1,965  | 49.03% | 219  | 5.46%
1924 | 528  | 18.90%  | 1,995  | 71.40% | 271  | 9.70%
1920 | 1,119  | 24.52%  | 3,310  | 72.52% | 135  | 2.96%
1916 | 440  | 17.29%  | 2,030  | 79.76% | 75  | 2.95%
1912 | 221  | 12.77%  | 1,304  | 75.33% | 206  | 11.90%
1908 | 686  | 33.79%  | 1,239  | 61.03% | 105  | 5.17%
1904 | 543  | 28.24%  | 1,277  | 66.41% | 103  | 5.36%
1900 | 334  | 19.02%  | 1,346  | 76.65% | 76  | 4.33%
1896 | 645  | 28.73%  | 1,545  | 68.82% | 55  | 2.45%
1892 | 0  | 0.00%  | 1,447  | 84.27% | 270  | 15.73%
Previous gubernatorial election results Year  | Republican | Democratic | Third Parties

|
|
|

2022 | 42.04% 40,135 | 57.14% 54,766 | 0.82% 784
2018 | 35.79% 41,278 | 63.05% 72,711 | 1.04% 1,203
2014 | 39.79% 31,097 | 56.37% 44,052 | 3.84% 3,004
2010 | 38.03% 28,129 | 59.40% 43,933 | 2.57% 1,899
2006 | 42.74% 30,139 | 54.94% 38,741 | 2.32% 1,636
2002 | 41.38% 29,118 | 57.73% 40,621 | 0.90% 629
1998 | 44.79% 23,812 | 55.19% 29,343 | 0.03% 14
1994 | 38.16% 21,624 | 61.82% 35,030 | 0.01% 7

[40]

### Voter registration

[edit]

As of May 31, 2024, the county had a Democratic Party plurality, with large Republican and independent minorities.[41]

Name  | Number of voters  | %

|
|

| Democratic | 72,579  | 46.56%
| Republican | 44,642  | 28.64%
| No party affiliation | 34,816  | 22.33%
| Minor parties | 3,846  | 2.47%
Total  | 155,883  |

### County offices

[edit]

Alachua County is administered by the Alachua County Board of County Commissioners, a five-member legislative body. The Constitutional county-wide elected officials include the Clerk of the Court, the Supervisor of Elections, the Property Appraiser, the Sheriff, and the Tax Collector. The School Board and the Soil and Water Conservation District are also elected county-wide. Prior to 2024, county commissioners were elected at-large, but a ballot measure passed in 2022 created single-member district seats.

Alachua County elected offices

Office  | Office holder  | Party
| Clerk of the Court  | Jess Irby  | Democratic
| Supervisor of Elections  | Kim Barton  | Democratic
| Property Appraiser  | Ayesha Solomon  | Democratic
| Sheriff  | Emery Gainey  | Republican
| Tax Collector  | John Power  | Democratic
| County Commissioner District 1  | Mary Alford (Chairwoman)  | Democratic
| County Commissioner District 2  | Marihelen Wheeler  | Democratic
| County Commissioner District 3  | Anna Prizzia  | Democratic
| County Commissioner District 4  | Ken Cornell  | Democratic
| County Commissioner District 5  | Chuck Chestnut IV (Vice Chairman)  | Democratic
Alachua County School Board

District  | Office holder  | Party
| District 1  | Tina Certain  | Democratic
| District 2  | Diyonne McGraw  | Democratic
| District 3  | Sarah Rockwell  | Democratic
| District 4  | Leanetta McNealy  | Democratic
| District 5  | Kay Abbitt  | Republican
Alachua County Soil & Water Conservation District

Group  | Office holder  | Party
| Group 1  | Jancie Vinson (chairwoman)  | Democratic
| Group 2  | Archie Matthews  | Democratic
| Group 3  | Walt Boyer  | Republican
| Group 4  | Patrick Sell  | Republican
| Group 5  | Patricia Lee  | Democratic

### Law enforcement

[edit]

The Alachua County Sheriff's Office is the chief law enforcement agency for unincorporated areas of Alachua County. As of 2023[update], the current sheriff is Emery Gainey, a Republican appointee of Governor DeSantis.[42] This marks the first time a Republican has controlled the sheriff's office since 2006.[43] This appointment came as a result of Sheriff Clovis Watson Jr. resigning due to health issues.

In June 2007, ten employees in the sheriff's office, including the jail's director, were either fired or resigned while being investigated.[44]

As of 2015[update] the sheriff's office had at least one Lenco BearCat armored vehicle and two helicopters provided by the federal government under various programs. The office received criticism after the BearCat was used in a routine traffic stop.[45]

On August 9, 2021, a prison inmate, Erica Thompson, gave birth while being held in Alachua County Jail. Her baby died. Despite the mother's screams, jail staff did not provide or call for medical assistance. An investigation held that law enforcement did not violate any law or policy.[46]

## Landfills

[edit]

Alachua County is the site of five closed landfills—Southwest Landfill, Southeast Landfill, Northwest Landfill, Northeast Landfill, and Northeast Auxiliary Landfill.[47] Since 1999, all solid waste from Alachua County has been hauled to the New River Solid Waste Facility in Raiford, in neighboring Union County.[48]

## Communities

[edit]

#  | Incorporated Community  | Designation  | Population (2020)

|
|
|

2 | Alachua | City | 10,574
6 | Archer | City | 1,140
1 | Gainesville (county seat) | City | 141,085
5 | Hawthorne | City | 1,478
4 | High Springs | City | 6,215
9 | LaCrosse | Town | 316
8 | Micanopy | Town | 648
3 | Newberry | City | 7,342
7 | Waldo | City | 846

### Unincorporated communities

[edit]

* Arredondo
* Bland
* Campville
* Cross Creek
* Earleton
* Evinston, partly in Marion County
* Fairbanks
* Flora
* Fort Clarke
* Gordon
* Grove Park
* Hague
* Haile
* Haile Plantation
* Island Grove
* Jonesville
* Lochloosa
* Melrose, partly in Bradford, Clay, and Putnam counties
* Monteocha
* Orange Heights
* Pinesville
* Rochelle
* Rutledge
* Tioga
* Traxler
* Wacahoota, partly in Levy and Marion counties
* Windsor

### Historic communities

[edit]

Main article: Historic communities of Alachua County

Alachua County had a number of populated places, usually with a post office, established in the 19th century or early 20th century, but which were abandoned or had a much reduced population by the middle of the 20th century. Notable historic communities include:

* Hogtown was originally a Seminole village. It was abandoned after Gainesville was founded. The site of the former community was later annexed into the city of Gainesville.
* Newnansville was the first county seat of Alachua County. It lost importance (and the county seat) after the railroads bypassed it, and it was abandoned by the early 20th century.
* Paradise was a suburb of Gainesville that was eventually annexed into the city of Gainesville.
* Spring Grove was the second county seat of Alachua County, after Newnansville was included in the newly created Columbia County, until Newnansville was returned to Alachua County and restored as the county seat. It was abandoned sometime in the middle of the 19th century.

## See also

[edit]

* Alachua County Library District
* Florida State Parks in Alachua County
* National Register of Historic Places listings in Alachua County, Florida
* List of counties in Florida

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
2. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
3. ^ Milanich, Jerald T. (1994). Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida. pp. 43, 62–64, 228, 335. ISBN 978-0-8130-1273-5.
4. ^ Milanich, Jerald T. (1998). Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 90–91, 173–176, 185–187, 232–237. ISBN 978-0-8130-1636-8.
5. ^ Hann, John H. (1996). A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 193–194. ISBN 978-0-8130-1424-1.
6. ^ Simpson, J. Clarence (1956). Florida Place-Names of Indian Derivation. Tallahassee, Florida: Florida Geological Survey. pp. 20–21.
7. ^ Monaco, Chris (Summer 2000). "Fort Mitchell and the Settlement of the Alachua Country". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 79 (1): 1–25. JSTOR 30149405.
8. ^ Simpson, J. Clarence (1956). Mark F. Boyd (ed.). Florida Place-Names of Indian Derivation. Tallahassee, Florida: Florida Geological Survey. pp. 20–21.
9. ^ Andersen, Lars (2001). Payne's Prairie: A History of the Great Savanna. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. pp. 47, 51–52, 59–66. ISBN 978-1-56164-225-0.
10. ^ Patrick, Rembert W. (1954). Florida Fiasco: Rampant Rebels on the Georgia-Florida Border 1810–1815. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. pp. 230–234. LCCN 53-13265.
11. ^ a b c LaCoe, Norm (1974). "The Alachua Frontier". In Opdyke, John B. (ed.). Alachua County: A Sesquicentennial Tibute. Gainesville, Florida: The Alachua County Historical Commission. pp. 7–15.
12. ^ Hildreth, Charles H.; Cox, Merlin G. (1981). History of Gainesville. Gainesville, Florida: Alachua County Historical Society. pp. 2–3, 7–8.
13. ^ a b c Nicole Dan, "Newberry Lynchings: Should They Be Memorialized?", WUFT-TV, December 6, 2017; accessed March 20, 2018
14. ^ Chandler, Billy Jaynes (October 1994). "Harmon Murray: Black Desperado in Later Nineteenth-Century Florida". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 73 (2): 163–174. JSTOR 30146739.
15. ^ a b c Dan, Nicole (September 27, 2017). "At Least 21 Lynched In Alachua County, Historical Commission Confirms". WUFT-TV. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
16. ^ "Lynching in America Supplement: Lynchings by County" (PDF) (3rd ed.). 2015. p. 3\. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2017.
17. ^ Alachua Board of County Commissioners, Resolution 23-XX A Resolution of the board of County Commissioners of Alachua County, Florida, Supporting the Proposed Right to Clean and Healthy Waters Constitutional Amendment, February 15, 2023
18. ^ League of Women Voters, Florida's Right to Clean Water, Alachua County News, [1], accessed 20230216
19. ^ Garry, Janice, Florida's Right to Clean Water, Alachua League of Women Voters, February 7, 2023
20. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
21. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
22. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
23. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
24. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
25. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
26. ^ "Census.gov". Census.gov.
27. ^ "About the Hispanic Population and its Origin". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
28. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
29. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
30. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
31. ^ "2007-2011 American Community Survey". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
32. ^ "Modern Language Association Data Center Results, Alachua County, Florida". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
33. ^ "Locations | Alachua County Library District". www.aclib.us. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
34. ^ "Alachua County Sheriff's Office". www.alachuasheriff.org. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
35. ^ "Bookmobile stops | Alachua County Library District". www.aclib.us. Archived from the original on December 5, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
36. ^ "Florida Library History Project". Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
37. ^ "Alachua County Library District Heritage Collection". heritage.acld.lib.fl.us. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
38. ^ "Cone Park library hosting grand opening". Gainesville.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
39. ^ "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections".
40. ^ "Election Results".
41. ^ "Voter Registration - By County and Party". dos.myflorida.com. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
42. ^ "Emery Gainey sworn in as sheriff of Alachua County". Gainesville Sun. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
43. ^ "History of the Alachua County Sheriff's Office". ALACHUA COUNTY SHERIFF'S OFFICE. February 24, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
44. ^ "The Gainesville Sun, June 03, 2007 - At agency, 10 ousters since sheriff took job". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
45. ^ Sarkissian, Arek (May 22, 2015). "ASO deputies disciplined following traffic stop by armored vehicle". Gainesville Sun. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
46. ^ Swirko, Cindy (August 11, 2021). "A baby born in Alachua County Jail died. The mother said jail staff ignored her screams". Gainesville Sun. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
47. ^ "Landfills". Alachua County, Florida. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
48. ^ "Brief History of the Environmental Park". Alachua County, Florida. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2008.

1. ^ Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.[26][27]

## External links

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Places adjacent to Alachua County, Florida

| Columbia County | Union County and Bradford County |

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Gilchrist County |

Alachua County, Florida

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Lynching in the United States

List of lynching victims in the United States

| Before 1900|

* Francis McIntosh (1836)
* Elijah Parish Lovejoy (1837)
* Josefa Segovia (1851)
* Pancho Daniel (1858)
* Joshua Boyd (1863)
* Henry Plummer (1864)
* Bill Sketoe (1864)
* Clubfoot George (1864)
* Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer (1868)
* Wyatt Outlaw (1870)
* John W. Stephens (1870)
* Alexander Boyd (1870)
* Jim Williams (1871)
* David Jones (1872)
* Jo Reed (1875)
* Arthur St. Clair (1877)
* Michael Green (1878)
* Joseph Standing (1879)
* Big Nose George Parrott (1881)
* Charles Thurber (1882)
* John Wesley Heath (1884)
* Eliza Woods (1886)
* Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson (1886)
* Amos Miller (1888)
* Joseph Vermillion (1889)
* George Meadows (1889)
* Ellen Watson (1889)
* Brown Washington (1890)
* Jim Taylor (1891)
* Dick Lundy (1891)
* Joe Coe (1891)
* Robert Lewis (1892)
* Ephraim Grizzard (1892)
* Samuel J. Bush (1893)
* John Peterson (1893)
* Alfred Blount (1893)
* Henry Smith (1893)
* Richard Puryear (1894)
* Stephen Williams (1894)
* Amos Hicks (1894)
* Jacob Henson (1896)
* William Andrews (1897)
* Joseph H. McCoy (1897)
* John Anderson (1898)
* John Henry James (1898)
* F. W. Stewart (1898)
* Sam Hose (1899)
* Benjamin Thomas (1899)

|

1900–1940|

* Fred Rochelle (1901)
* Ballie Crutchfield (1901)
* George Ward (1901)
* Walker Davis (1903)
* J. D. Mayfield (1903)
* George White (1903)
* David Wyatt (1903)
* Marie Thompson (1904)
* Paul Reed and Will Cato (1904)
* Bunk Richardson (1906)
* Ed Johnson (1906)
* Slab Pitts (1906)
* William Burns (1907)
* Earnest Williams (1907)
* Jim Miller (1909)
* James Hodges (1909)
* Matthew Chase (1909)
* "Mose" Creole (1909)
* "Pie" Hill (1909)
* William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner (1909)
* Grant Richardson (1910)
* King Johnson (1911)
* Name unknown (TX) (1911)
* Laura and L. D. Nelson (1911)
* Will Porter (1911)
* Zachariah Walker (1911)
* Mary Jackson (1912)
* Rob Edwards (1912)
* George Saunders (1912)
* Robert Perry (1913)
* ? Anderson (1913)
* Charles Fisher (1914)
* John Evans (1914)
* Leo Frank (1915)
* Name unknown (MS) (1915)
* Jesse Washington (1916)
* Anthony Crawford (1916)
* Jeff Brown (1916)
* Paulo Boleta (1916)
* Frank Little (1917)
* Charles Jones (1917)
* Ell Persons (1917)
* Robert Prager (1918)
* Mary Turner and her unborn baby (1918)
* Hazel "Hayes" Turner (1918)
* George Taylor (1918)
* Jim McIlherron (1918)
* Olli Kinkkonen (1918)
* Wallace Baynes (1919)
* Will Brown (1919)
* Wesley Everest (1919)
* John Hartfield (1919)
* Jay Lynch (1919)
* Berry Washington (1919)
* Willie Baird (1920)
* Roy Belton (1920)
* Dick Rowland (attempted) (1921)
* Henry Lowry (1921)
* James Harvey and Joe Jordan (1922)
* Joe Pullen (1923)
* Samuel Smith (1924)
* L. Q. Ivy (1925)
* Raymond Byrd (1926)
* James Clark (1926)
* Fred N. Selak (1926)
* Tom Payne (1927)
* John Carter (1927)
* Dan Anderson (1927)
* Will Sherod (1927)
* Bernice Raspberry (1927)
* Owen Flemming (1927)
* Joseph Upchurch (1927)
* Joe Smith (1927)
* Albert Williams (1927)
* Thomas Bradshaw (1927)
* Winston Pounds (1927)
* Thomas Williams (1927)
* Henry Choate (1927)
* Leonard Woods (1927)
* J. C. Collins (1928)
* George Hughes (1930)
* James Cameron (1930)
* Lynching of Raymond Gunn (1931)
* Matthew Williams (1931)
* Shedrick Thompson (1932)
* George Armwood (1933)
* Cordie Cheek (1933)
* Claude Neal (1934)
* Austin Callaway (1940)
* Elbert Williams (1940)

After 1940|

* Felix Hall (1941)
* Johannes Kunze (1943)
* Robert "Bobbie" Hall (1943)
* Willie James Howard (1944)
* Recy Taylor (1944)
* John Cecil Jones (1946)
* Willie Earle (1947)
* Lamar Smith (1955)
* George W. Lee (1955)
* Emmett Till (1955)
* Judge Edward Aaron (1957)
* Willie Edwards (1957)
* Mack Charles Parker (1959)
* Louis Allen (1964)
* Lemuel Penn (1964)
* Frank Morris (1964)
* James Reeb (1965)
* Vernon Dahmer (1966)
* Wharlest Jackson (1967)
* Carol Jenkins (1968)
* Henry Marrow (1970)
* Marian Pyszko (1975)
* Betty Gardner (1978)
* Arthur McDuffie (1979)
* Michael Donald (1981)
* Yusef Hawkins (1989)
* James Byrd Jr. (1998)
* James Craig Anderson (2011)
* Ahmaud Arbery (2020)

Multiple victims

* Death of Joseph Smith (Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith) (1844)
* Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre (1858)
* Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX (1862)
* New York City draft riots (1863)
* Detroit race riot (1863)
* ? Lachenais and four others (1863)
* Fort Pillow, TN, massacre (1864)
* Plummer Gang (1864)
* Memphis massacre (1866)
* Gallatin County, KY, race riot (1866)
* New Orleans massacre of 1866
* Reno Brothers Gang (1868)
* Camilla, GA, massacre (1868)
* Steve Long and two half-brothers (1868)
* Pulaski, TN, riot (1868)
* Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman (1868)
* Opelousas, LA, massacre (1868)
* Bear River City riot (1868)
* Chinese massacre of 1871
* Meridian, MS, race riot (1871)
* Colfax, LA, massacre (1873)
* Election riot of 1874 (AL)
* Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya (1874)
* Benjamin and Mollie French (1876)
* Ellenton, SC, riot (1876)
* Hamburg, SC, massacre (1876)
* Thibodeax, LA, massacre (1878)
* Mart and Tom Horrell (1878)
* Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer (1879)
* Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken (1879)
* T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey (1880)
* New Orleans 1891 lynchings (1891)
* Ruggles Brothers (CA) (1892)
* Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN) (1892)
* Porter and Spencer (MS) (1897)
* Phoenix, SC, election riot (1898)
* Wilmington, NC, insurrection (1898)
* Julia and Frazier Baker (1898)
* Pana, IL, riot (1899)
* Watkinsville lynching (1905)
* 1906 Atlanta race massacre
* Kemper County, MS (1906)
* Walker family (1908)
* Springfield race riot of 1908
* Slocum, TX, massacre (1910)
* Laura and L.D. Nelson (1911)
* Harris County, GA, lynchings (1912)
* Newberry, FL, lynchings (1916)
* East St. Louis, IL, riots (1917)
* Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA (1918)
* Jenkins County, GA, riot (1919)
* Longview, TX, race riot (1919)
* Elaine, AR, race riot (1919)
* Omaha race riot of 1919
* Knoxville riot of 1919
* Red Summer (1919)
* Duluth, MN, lynchings (1920)
* Ocoee, FL, massacre (1920)
* Tulsa race massacre (1921)
* Perry, FL, race riot (1922)
* Rosewood, FL, massacre (1923)
* Jim and Mark Fox (1927)
* Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith (1930)
* Tate County, MS (1932)
* Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes (1933)
* Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels (1937)
* Beaumont, TX, Race Riot (1943)
* O'Day Short, wife, and two children (1945)
* Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings (1946)
* Harry and Harriette Moore (1952)
* Anniston, AL (1961)
* Freedom Summer Murders (James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner) (1964)
* Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore (1964)

| General|

* Lynching
* Indiana White Caps
* Jim Crow laws
* Ku Klux Klan
* Nadir of American race relations
* Red Shirts
* Jews

|

Anti-lynching movement|

* American anti-lynching activists
* American Crusade Against Lynching
* Jessie Daniel Ames
* Martin C. Ansorge
* Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
* Flossie Bailey
* William O'Connell Bradley
* Ella Barksdale Brown
* Father Divine
* "Flag Salute"
* N.A.A.C.P.
* National Conference on Lynching
* Paul Robeson
* "Strange Fruit"
* Ida B. Wells

| Legislation|

* Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
* Costigan-Wagner Bill
* Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
* Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
* Emmett Till Antilynching Act

|

Defenders of lynching|

* Theodore G. Bilbo
* Cole L. Blease
* Julian S. Carr
* Sidney Johnston Catts
* Thomas Dixon Jr.
* Rebecca Latimer Felton
* John Temple Graves
* John Trotwood Moore
* John T. Morgan
* James Rolph
* Goodloe Sutton
* Benjamin Tillman
* James K. Vardaman
* Thomas E. Watson

Memory|

* America's Black Holocaust Museum
* Civil Rights Memorial
* The Legacy Museum
* National Memorial for Peace and Justice
* National Museum of African American History and Culture
* Southern Poverty Law Center

Related articles|

* James Allen (collector)
* "And you are lynching Negroes"
* Attack on John Shillady
* Battle of Liberty Place
* The Birth of a Nation
* The Clansman
* Deaths in police custody
* Fury (1936 film)
* Hang 'Em High
* Lynching postcard
* Mississippi Burning
* Mississippi Cold Case
* Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson (1965)
* The Ox-Bow Incident
* Parade (musical)
* Reconstruction era
* Red Summer
* Scottsboro Boys
* Silent Parade
* Stone Mountain
* Summer in Mississippi
* Sundown town (list)
* They Won't Forget
* "The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
* United States v. Shipp
* Vendetta (1999 film)
* Wilmington insurrection of 1898

Categories|

* Lynching in the United States
* Lynching deaths in the United States

* v
* t
* e

Municipalities and communities of Alachua County, Florida, United States

County seat: Gainesville

Cities|

* Alachua
* Archer
* Gainesville
* Hawthorne
* High Springs
* Newberry
* Waldo

Towns|

* LaCrosse
* Micanopy

Unincorporated
communities|

* Arredondo
* Bland
* Campville
* Cross Creek
* Earleton
* Evinston‡
* Fairbanks
* Flora§
* Fort Clarke
* Gordon
* Grove Park
* Hague
* Haile
* Haile Plantation
* Island Grove
* Jonesville
* Lochloosa
* Melrose‡
* Monteocha
* Orange Heights
* Paradise§
* Rochelle
* Rutledge
* Tioga
* Wacahoota‡
* Windsor

* Historic communities of Alachua County

Ghost towns|

* Hogtown§
* Newnansville
* Spring Grove
* Traxler

Footnotes|

* ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
* §This place has been annexed into Gainesville

* Florida portal
* United States portal

* v
* t
* e

Geography of Florida

Natural features|

* Beaches
* Caves
* Everglades (drainage and development)
* Keys
* Lakes
* Lake Okeechobee
* Reef
* Rivers
* Sinkholes
* Springs
* Straits
* Swamps

Regions|

* Big Bend
* region
* coast
* Central Florida
* Emerald Coast
* Everglades
* First Coast
* Forgotten Coast
* Gold Coast
* Halifax area
* Heartland
* Keys
* Nature Coast
* North Central Florida
* North Florida
* Panhandle
* South Florida
* Southwest Florida
* Space Coast
* Suncoast
* Tampa Bay Area
* Treasure Coast

Metro areas|

* Cape Coral–Fort Myers
* Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin
* Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach
* Gainesville
* Homosassa Springs
* Jacksonville
* Lakeland–Winter Haven
* Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach
* Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island
* North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton
* Ocala
* Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford
* Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville
* Panama City
* Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent
* Port St. Lucie
* Punta Gorda
* Sebastian-Vero Beach
* Sebring
* Tallahassee
* Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater
* The Villages

Largest cities|

* Jacksonville
* Miami
* Tampa
* Orlando
* St. Petersburg
* Hialeah
* Port St. Lucie
* Tallahassee
* Cape Coral
* Fort Lauderdale
* Pembroke Pines
* Hollywood
* Gainesville
* Miramar
* Coral Springs
* Palm Bay
* West Palm Beach
* Clearwater
* Lakeland
* Pompano Beach
* Miami Gardens
* Davie

Counties|

* Alachua
* Baker
* Bay
* Bradford
* Brevard
* Broward
* Calhoun
* Charlotte
* Citrus
* Clay
* Collier
* Columbia
* DeSoto
* Dixie
* Duval
* Escambia
* Flagler
* Franklin
* Gadsden
* Gilchrist
* Glades
* Gulf
* Hamilton
* Hardee
* Hendry
* Hernando
* Highlands
* Hillsborough
* Holmes
* Indian River
* Jackson
* Jefferson
* Lafayette
* Lake
* Lee
* Leon
* Levy
* Liberty
* Madison
* Manatee
* Marion
* Martin
* Miami‑Dade
* Monroe
* Mosquito (former county)
* Nassau
* Okaloosa
* Okeechobee
* Orange
* Osceola
* Palm Beach
* Pasco
* Pinellas
* Polk
* Putnam
* Santa Rosa
* Sarasota
* Seminole
* St. Johns
* St. Lucie
* Sumter
* Suwannee
* Taylor
* Union
* Volusia
* Wakulla
* Walton
* Washington

Other|

* State forests
* State parks
* Wakulla Volcano

* v
* t
* e

North Florida

Region of Florida

Topics|

* Climate
* Geography
* Culture
* Economy
* Transportation
* Partition proposals
* Pork Chop Gang
* Laura Street

Map of North Florida

Counties|

* Alachua
* Baker
* Bay
* Bradford
* Calhoun
* Clay
* Columbia
* Dixie
* Duval
* Escambia
* Flagler
* Franklin
* Gadsden
* Gilchrist
* Gulf
* Hamilton
* Holmes
* Jackson
* Jefferson
* Lafayette
* Leon
* Levy
* Liberty
* Madison
* Marion
* Nassau
* Okaloosa
* Putnam
* Santa Rosa
* St. Johns
* Suwannee
* Taylor
* Union
* Wakulla
* Walton
* Washington

Major cities|

* Jacksonville
* Tallahassee
* Gainesville

Cities and towns
50k–100k|

* Ocala
* Palm Coast
* Pensacola

Cities and towns
10k–40k|

* Atlantic Beach
* Callaway
* Crestview
* Destin
* Fernandina Beach
* Fort Walton Beach
* Jacksonville Beach
* Lake City
* Lynn Haven
* Niceville
* Palatka
* Panama City Beach
* St. Augustine
* Panama City

Metro areas|

* Fort Walton Beach–Crestview–Destin
* Gainesville
* Jacksonville
* Ocala
* Palm Coast
* Panama City–Lynn Haven–Panama City Beach
* Pensacola–Ferry Pass–Brent
* Tallahassee

Regions|

* Big Bend
* Emerald Coast
* First Coast
* Florida panhandle
* Forgotten Coast
* Halifax area
* Nature Coast
* North Central Florida
* Northeast Florida

29°41′N 82°22′W﻿ / ﻿29.683°N 82.367°W﻿ / 29.683; -82.367

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Israel

*[Pop.]: Population
*[%±]: Percent change
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template