Amphicyonidae

Extinct family of carnivores

This article is about the extinct family of mammals. For the breeds of domestic dog, see Karelian Bear Dog and Tahltan Bear Dog. For dog bears, see Hemicyoninae.

Amphicyonidae

Temporal range: 42–4.6 Ma[1]

PreꞒ

Middle Eocene – Middle Pliocene

Skeleton of Amphicyon
Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Chordata
Class:  | Mammalia
Order:  | Carnivora
Suborder:  | Caniformia
Superfamily:  | †Amphicyonoidea
Family:  | †Amphicyonidae
Haeckel, 1886
Subfamilies

†Amphicyoninae
†Daphoeninae
†Temnocyoninae

Amphicyonidae is an extinct family of terrestrial carnivorans belonging to the suborder Caniformia. They first appeared in North America in the middle Eocene (around 45 mya), spread to Europe by the late Eocene (35 mya), and appear in Asia, and Africa by the early Miocene (23 mya). They had largely disappeared worldwide by the late Miocene (8 mya), with the latest recorded species at the end of the Miocene in Pakistan. They were among the first carnivorans to evolve large body size. Later in their history, they came into competition with hesperocyonine and borophagine canids. As dogs evolved similar body sizes and cranial and dental adaptations, the rise of these groups may have led to their extinction. Amphicyonids are often colloquially referred to as "bear-dogs".[2]

## Contents

* 1 Taxonomy
* 2 Description
* 3 Evolution
* 4 Classification
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Taxonomy[edit]

Restoration of Amphicyon ingens

The family was erected by Haeckel (1886) [also attributed to Trouessart (1885)]. Their exact position has long been disputed. Some early paleontologists defined them as members of the family Canidae, but the modern consensus is that they form their own family. Some researchers have defined it as the sister clade to ursids (bears), based on morphological analysis of the ear region.[3][2] However, cladistic analysis and reclassification of several species of early carnivore as amphicyonids has strongly suggested that they may be basal caniforms, from lineages older than the origin of both bears and dogs.[4][5][6]

## Description[edit]

Amphicyonids ranged in size from as small as 5 kg (11 lb) and as large as 100 to 773 kg (220 to 1,704 lb)[7] and evolved from wolf-like to bear-like body forms.[8] Early amphicyonids, such as Daphoenodon, possessed a digitigrade posture and locomotion (walking on their toes), while many of the later and larger species were plantigrade or semiplantigrade.[9] The amphicyonids were obligate carnivores, unlike the Canidae, which are hypercarnivores or mesocarnivores.[10]

There is often some confusion with the similar looking (and similarly named) "dog-bears", a more derived group of caniforms that is sometimes classified as a family (Hemicyonidae), but is more often considered a primitive subfamily of ursids (Hemicyoninae).

## Evolution[edit]

It has long been uncertain where amphicyonids originated. It was thought that they may have crossed from Europe to North America during the Miocene epoch, but recent research suggests a possible North American origin from the miacids Miacis cognitus and M. australis (now renamed as the genera Gustafsonia and Angelarctocyon, respectively). As these are of North American origin, but appear to be early amphicyonids, it may be that the Amphicyonidae actually originates in North America.[4]

Other New World amphicyonids include the oldest known amphicyonid, Daphoenus (37–16 Mya).

Amphicyonids began to decline in the late Miocene, and disappeared by the end of the epoch. The reasons for this are unclear; possibly it was due to competition with other carnivorans, as large canids had better adaptations to pursue swift prey in open country, a habitat which spread globally as the new grassland biome replaced more closed environments. However, no direct evidence for this idea has been found. The most recent known amphicyonid remains are teeth known from the Dhok Pathan horizon, northern Pakistan, dating to 7.4-5.3 mya.[11] The species is classically named Arctamphicyon lydekkeri, which may actually be synonymous with a species of Amphicyon.[12]

Fossils of juvenile Agnotherium, Ischyrocyon, and Magericyon all show an unusual type of tooth eruption in which there is a vulnerable stage at about two or three years of age where the subadult animal has no functional molar or carnassial teeth, the only functional cheek teeth being several milk premolars.[13] This period was suggested to be "presumably short" but would have made it very difficult for the animal to process food.[14] This type of tooth replacement is not seen in similar carnivorans like ursids or canids, and may have been one factor in the extinction of the Amphicyonidae.

## Classification[edit]

* Family Amphicyonidae
* Genus Agnotherium
* A. antiquus
* Genus Aktaucyon[15]
* A. brachifacialis
* Genus Amphicyanis
* Genus Angelarctocyon
* A. australis (formerly Miacis australis)
* Genus Brachycyon
* B. reyi
* B. palaeolycos
* B. gaudryi
* Genus Gobicyon
* G. acutus
* G. macrognathus
* G. yei
* G. zhegalloi
* Genus Gustafsonia
* G. cognita (formerly Miacis cognitus)
* Genus Guangxicyon
* G. sinoamericanus
* Genus Haplocyon
* H. elegans
* H. crucians
* Genus Haplocyonoides
* H. mordax
* H. serbiae
* H. ponticus
* Genus Haplocyonopsis
* Genus Harpagocyon[16]
* Genus Harpagophagus
* Genus Ictiocyon[17]
* Genus Myacyon[18]
* M. peignei
* Genus Paradaphoenus
* P. cuspigerus
* P. minimus
* P. tooheyi
* Genus Pseudarctos
* P. bavaricus
* Genus Pseudocyonopsis
* P. ambiguus
* P. antiquus
* P. quercensis
* Genus Tomocyon[19]
* T. grivense
* Subfamily Amphicyoninae
* Genus Amphicyon
* A. frendens
* A. galushai
* A. giganteus
* A. ingens
* A. laugnacensis
* A. longiramus
* A. lyddekeri
* A. major (type)
* A. palaeindicus
* Genus Cynelos
* C. caroniavorus
* C. crassidens
* C. helbingo
* C. idoneus
* C. jourdan
* C. lemanensis
* C. pivetaui
* C. rugosidens
* C. schlosseri
* C. sinapius
* Genus Goupilictis
* G. minor
* Genus Ischyrocyon
* I. gidleyi
* Genus Magericyon
* M. anceps
* M. castellanus
* Genus Pliocyon
* P. medius
* P. robustus
* Genus Pseudamphicyon
* Genus Pseudocyon
* P. sansaniensis
* P. steinheimensis
* P. styriacus
* Genus Tartarocyon
* T. cazanavei
* Genus Ysengrinia
* Y. americanus
* Y. depereti
* Y. geraniana
* Y. ginsburg
* Y. tolosana
* Subfamily Daphoeninae (North America)
* Genus Adilophontes
* A. brachykolos
* Genus Brachyrhyncocyon
* B. dodgei
* B. montanus
* Genus Daphoenictis
* D. tedfordi
* Genus Daphoenodon
* D. falkenbachi
* D. notionastes
* D. robustum
* D. periculosus
* D. skinneri
* D. superbus
* Genus Daphoenus
* D. felinus
* D. hartshornianus
* D. lambei
* D. nebrascensis
* D. socialis
* D. transversus
* D. vetus
* Subfamily Temnocyoninae (North America)
* Genus Mammacyon
* M. ferocior
* M. obtusidens
* Genus Temnocyon
* T. altigenis
* T. ferox
* T. percussor
* T. venator

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Fossilworks: Amphicyonids". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 2021-05-29.
2. ^ a b Wang, Xiaoming and Richard H. Tedford (2008). Dogs; their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. Columbia University Press. pp. 10–11. ISBN 9780231135283.
3. ^ R. M. Hunt. 2001. Small Oligocene amphicyonids from North America (Paradaphoenus, Mammalia, Carnivora). American Museum Novitates 3331:1-20
4. ^ a b Tomiya S., and Tseng Z. J. 2016 Whence the beardogs? Reappraisal of the Middle to Late Eocene ‘Miacis’ from Texas, USA, and the origin of Amphicyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora). Royal Society Open Science. DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160518 http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/10/160518
5. ^ Hunt, Robert M, Jr. (2004) "Global Climate and the Evolution of Large Mammalian Carnivores during the Later Cenozoic in North America" Archived July 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine in Cenozoic Carnivores and Global Climate by Robert M. Hunt, Jr. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (285) 139-285
6. ^ M. Morlo, E. R. Miller, and A. N. El-Barkooky. 2007. Creodonta and Carnivora from Wadi Moghra, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27(1):145-159
7. ^ Sorkin, B. 2008: A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators. Lethaia, Vol. 41, pp. 333–347.
8. ^ Jacobs, Louis L. Jacobs; Scott, Kathleen Marie: Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America: Terrestrial carnivores, Cambridge University Press, 1998
9. ^ Wang, Xiaoming and Tedford, Richard H. Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. p10-11, 29
10. ^ Hunt, R. M. Jr. (1998). "Amphicyonidae". In Janis, Christine M.; Scott, Kathleen M.; Jacobs, Louis L. (eds.). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, volume 1: Terrestrial carnivores, ungulates, and ungulatelike mammals. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 196–227. ISBN 978-0-521-35519-3.
11. ^ Sehgal, R. K. and A. C. Nanda (2002). "Age of the fossiliferous Siwalik sediments exposed in the vicinity of Nurpur, District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh". Current Science. 82 (4): 392–395. JSTOR 24106648.
12. ^ Stéphane Peigné (2006). "A new amphicyonid (Mammalia, Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the late middle Miocene of northern Thailand and a review of the amphicyonine record in Asia". Thailand Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 26 (5): 519–532. Bibcode:2006JAESc..26..519P. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.11.003.
13. ^ Morlo, Michael; Bastl, Katharina; Habersetzer, Jörg; Engel, Thomas; Lischewsky, Bastian; Lutz, Herbert; von Berg, Axel; Rabenstein, Renate; Nagel, Doris (3 September 2019). "The apex of amphicyonid hypercarnivory: solving the riddle of Agnotherium antiquum Kaup, 1833 (Mammalia, Carnivora)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (5): e1705848. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1705848.
14. ^ Morlo, Michael; Bastl, Katharina; Habersetzer, Jörg; Engel, Thomas; Lischewsky, Bastian; Lutz, Herbert; von Berg, Axel; Rabenstein, Renate; Nagel, Doris (3 September 2019). "The apex of amphicyonid hypercarnivory: solving the riddle of Agnotherium antiquum Kaup, 1833 (Mammalia, Carnivora)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (5): e1705848. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1705848.
15. ^ Jiangzuo, Q.; Wang, S.; et al. (September 2019). "New material of Gobicyon (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae, Haplocyoninae) from northern China and a review of Aktaucyonini evolution". Papers in Palaeontology. doi:10.1002/spp2.1283.
16. ^ Berger, Jean-Pierre (June 1998). "'Rochette' (Upper Oligocene, Swiss Molasse): a strange example of a fossil assemblage". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 101 (1–4): 95–110. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(97)00071-7.
17. ^ Ictiocyon at fossilworks.
18. ^ Werdelin, Lars (2019). "Middle Miocene Carnivora and Hyaenodonta from Fort Ternan, western Kenya". Geodiversitas. 41 (sp1): 267–283. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a6. S2CID 146620949.
19. ^ Fejfar, O.; Heizmann, E. (October 2015). "An illustrated summary of the lower Miocene carnivores (Mammalia, Carnivora) of Tuchořice, Czech Republic". Historical Biology. 28 (1–2): 316–329. doi:10.1080/08912963.2015.1029923. S2CID 85904748.

## External links[edit]

* Whence the beardogs? Reappraisal of the Middle to Late Eocene ‘Miacis’ from Texas, USA, and the origin of Amphicyonidae

Taxon identifiers|

* Wikidata: Q248422
* Wikispecies: Amphicyonidae
* BioLib: 38145
* EoL: 4524096
* Fossilworks: 41266
* GBIF: 3240054
* IRMNG: 102894

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