Anti-Protestantism

Bias, hatred or distrust against Protestantism and its followers

Part of a series on

Protestantism

* Outline

Concepts

* Anti-Protestantism
* Bible
* Criticism
* Culture
* Demographics
* Ecclesiology
* Liturgy
* Relations with Catholics
* Theologies
* Five Solas

History

* Proto-Protestantism
* Bohemian Reformation
* Reformation
* Magisterial
* Radical
* Counter
* Martin Luther
* Ninety-five Theses
* Augsburg Confession
* Huldrych Zwingli
* John Calvin
* Arminianism
* Crypto-Protestantism
* Nonconformists
* Dissenters
* Puritans
* John Wesley
* Pietism
* Great Awakenings in America
* Revival meetings

Branches

* Proto-Protestants
* Hussites
* Waldensians
* Lutherans
* Reformed
* Continental
* Presbyterians
* Congregational
* Anglicans
* Continuing
* Anabaptists
* Amish
* Hutterites
* Mennonites
* Quakers
* Baptists
* Methodists
* Radical Pietism
* Shakers
* Stone-Campbell
* Plymouth Brethren
* Adventist
* Irvings
* Holiness
* Keswickians
* Eastern Protestant
* Pentecostals
* United and uniting churches
* Nondenominational

Movements

* Augsburg Catholics
* Charismatics
* Confessionalism
* Confessing Movement
* Convergence
* Church Growth
* Ecumenism
* Emerging church
* Evangelicalism
* Fundamentalism
* High church
* Liberalism
* Mainlines
* Neo-charismatics
* Neo-orthodoxy
* New Calvinism
* Paleo-orthodoxy
* Progressivism
* Spiritual Christianity

Christianity portal

* v
* t
* e

Freedom of religion

Concepts

* Religious discrimination
* Religious censorship
* Religious liberty
* Religious pluralism
* Secularism
* Separation of church and state
* Anti-clericalism
* School prayer
* Catholic priests in public office
* Confessionalism
* Theocracy

* * *

* State religion
* Secular state
* Confessional state
* Atheist state

Status by country

|  Africa

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* DR Congo
* Egypt
* Mauritania
* Morocco
* South Africa
* Sudan
* Tanzania

North and South America

* Brazil
* Canada
* Colombia
* Ecuador
* Guyana
* Panama
* Paraguay
* United States

Asia

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Northern Cyprus
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Laos
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Russia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam

Europe

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Northern Cyprus
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Hungary
* Italy
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Middle East

* Bahrain
* Egypt
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Oman
* Palestinian territories
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Syria
* UAE
* Yemen

Oceania

* Australia

Topical

* Apostasy in Islam by country
* Blasphemy laws by country
* Female genital mutilation laws by country
* Legal aspects of ritual slaughter
* Religious male circumcision

Religious persecution

* Traditional African religions
* Atheism
* Baháʼí Faith
* Buddhism
* Christianity
* Christophobia
* post–Cold War era
* Catholicism
* Catholic Church
* Mormonism
* Jehovah's Witness
* Eastern Orthodox Christianity
* Oriental Orthodox Christianity
* Protestantism
* Falun Gong
* Hinduism (Hinduphobia)
* Islam
* Sunni
* Shi'a
* Ahmadiyya
* Alevism
* Sufis
* Islamophobia
* Judaism
* Antisemitism
* Anti-Judaism
* Religious antisemitism
* New religious movements
* Christian countercult movement
* Neopaganism
* Rastafari
* Zoroastrianism

Religion portal

* v
* t
* e

Part of a series on

Discrimination

Forms

* Institutional
* Structural

Attributes

* Age
* Caste
* Class
* Dialect
* Disability
* Genetic
* Hair texture
* Height
* Language
* Looks
* Mental disorder
* Race / Ethnicity
* Skin color
* Scientific racism
* Rank
* Sex
* Sexual orientation
* Species
* Size
* Viewpoint

Social

* Arophobia
* Acephobia
* Adultism
* Anti-albinism
* Anti-autism
* Anti-homelessness
* Anti-drug addicts
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-intersex
* Anti-left handedness
* Anti-Masonry
* Antisemitism
* Aporophobia
* Audism
* Biphobia
* Clannism
* Cronyism
* Elitism
* Ephebiphobia
* Social determinants of health
* Social determinants of health in poverty
* Social determinants of mental health
* Fatphobia
* Gayphobia
* Gerontophobia
* Heterosexism
* HIV/AIDS stigma
* Homophobia
* Leprosy stigma
* Lesbophobia
* Discrimination against men
* Misandry
* Misogyny
* Nepotism
* Pedophobia
* Perpetual foreigner
* Pregnancy
* Reverse
* Sectarianism
* Supremacism
* Black
* White
* Transphobia
* Non-binary
* Transmisogyny
* Vegaphobia
* Xenophobia

Religious

* Ahmadiyya
* Atheism
* Baháʼí Faith
* Buddhism
* Catholicism
* Christianity
* post–Cold War era
* Falun Gong
* Hinduism
* Persecution
* Untouchability
* Islam
* Persecution
* Jehovah's Witnesses
* Judaism
* Persecution
* LDS or Mormon
* Neopaganism
* Eastern Orthodox
* Oriental Orthodox
* Protestantism
* Rastafari
* Shi'ism
* Sufism
* Zoroastrianism

Ethnic/national

* Afghan
* African
* Albanian
* Arab
* Armenian
* Asian
* France
* South Africa
* United States
* Assyrian
* Azerbaijani
* Black people
* African Americans
* China
* South Africa
* Bengali
* Catalan
* Chechen
* Chinese
* Croat
* Filipino
* Finnish
* Georgian
* Greek
* Haitian
* Hazara
* Hispanic
* Hungarian
* Igbo
* Indian
* Indigenous people
* Australia
* Canada
* United States
* Iranian
* Irish
* Israeli
* Italian
* Japanese
* Jewish
* Korean
* Kurdish
* Lithuanian
* Malay
* Mexican
* Middle Eastern
* Mongolian
* Pakistani
* Palestinians
* Pashtun
* Polish
* Quebec
* Romani
* Romanian
* Russian
* Serb
* Slavic
* Somali
* Tatar
* Thai
* Turkish
* Ukrainian
* Uyghur
* Uyghur genocide
* Venezuelan
* Vietnamese

Manifestations

* Anti-LGBT rhetoric
* Blood libel
* Bullying
* Cancel culture
* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Compulsory sterilization
* Corrective rape
* Counter-jihad
* Cultural genocide
* Defamation
* Democide
* Disability hate crime
* Dog whistle
* Economic
* Education
* Employment
* Eliminationism
* Enemy of the people
* Ethnic cleansing
* Ethnic conflict
* Ethnic hatred
* Ethnic joke
* Ethnocide
* Forced conversion
* Freak show
* Gay bashing
* Gendercide
* Genital modification and mutilation
* Genocide
* examples
* Glass ceiling
* Hate crime
* LGBT
* Hate group
* Hate speech
* Homeless dumping
* Housing
* Indian rolling
* Intersectionality
* Lavender scare
* LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
* List of people killed for being transgender
* Lynching
* Mortgage
* Murder music
* Native American mascots
* Occupational segregation
* Persecution
* Pogrom
* Political repression
* Purge
* Religious persecution
* Religious terrorism
* Religious violence
* Religious war
* Scapegoating
* Segregation academy
* Sexual harassment
* Sex-selective abortion
* Slut-shaming
* Trans bashing
* Victimisation
* Violence against women
* White flight
* White genocide conspiracy theory
* Wife selling
* Witch-hunt

Policies

* Age of candidacy
* Blood purity
* Blood quantum
* Crime of apartheid
* Disabilities
* Catholic
* Jewish
* Gender pay gap
* Gender roles
* Gerontocracy
* Gerrymandering
* Ghetto benches
* Internment
* Jewish quota
* Law for Protection of the Nation
* MSM blood donation restrictions
* Nonpersons
* Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)
* One-drop rule
* Racial quota
* Racial segregation
* Jim Crow laws
* Nuremberg Laws
* Racial steering
* Redlining
* Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
* Segregation
* age
* racial
* religious
* sexual
* Social exclusion
* Sodomy law
* State atheism
* State religion
* Ugly law
* Voter suppression

Countermeasures

* Affirmative action
* Anti-discrimination law
* Cultural assimilation
* Cultural pluralism
* Diversity training
* Empowerment
* Fat acceptance movement
* Feminism
* Fighting Discrimination
* Hate speech laws by country
* Human rights
* Intersex human rights
* LGBT rights
* Masculism
* Multiculturalism
* Nonviolence
* Racial integration
* Reappropriation
* Self-determination
* Social integration
* Toleration

Related topics

* Allophilia
* Amatonormativity
* Bias
* Christian privilege
* Civil liberties
* Dehumanization
* Diversity
* Ethnic penalty
* Eugenics
* Figleaf
* Heteronormativity
* Internalized oppression
* Intersectionality
* Male privilege
* Masculism
* Medical model of disability
* autism
* Multiculturalism
* Net bias
* Neurodiversity
* Oikophobia
* Oppression
* Police brutality
* Political correctness
* Polyculturalism
* Power distance
* Prejudice
* Prisoner abuse
* Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
* Racism by country
* Religious intolerance
* Second-generation gender bias
* Snobbery
* Social exclusion
* Social identity threat
* Social model of disability
* Social stigma
* Speciesism
* Stereotype
* threat
* The talk
* White privilege

* v
* t
* e

Luther as the Devil's Bagpipes by Eduard Schoen, circa 1535

Anti-Protestantism is bias, hatred or distrust against some or all branches of Protestantism and/or its followers.

Protestants were not tolerated throughout most of Europe until the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 approved Lutheranism as an alternative for Roman Catholicism as a state religion of various states within the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Calvinism was not recognized until the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. Other states, such as France, made similar agreements in the early stages of the Reformation. Poland–Lithuania had a long history of religious tolerance. However, the tolerance stopped after the Thirty Years' War in Germany, the persecution of Huguenots and the French Wars of Religion in France, the change in power between Protestant and Roman Catholic rulers after the death of Henry VIII of England in England, and the launch of the Counter-Reformation in Italy, Spain, Habsburg Austria and Poland-Lithuania. Anabaptism arose as a part of the Radical Reformation, lacking the support of the state which Lutheranism and Calvinism enjoyed, and thus was persecuted.

Protestants in Latin America were largely ostracized until the abolition of certain restrictions in the 20th century. Protestantism spread with Evangelicalism and Pentecostalism gaining the majority of followers. North America became a shelter for Protestants who were fleeing Europe after the persecution increased.

Persecution of Protestants in Asia can be put under a common shield of the persecution Christians face in the Middle East and Northern Africa, where Islam is the dominant religion, and in Communist regimes.

## History[edit]

Anti-Protestantism originated in a reaction by militant societies connected to the Roman Catholic Church alarmed at the spread of Protestantism following the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century. Martin Luther's Proclamation occurred in 1517. By 1540, Pope Paul III had sanctioned the first society pledged to extinguish Protestantism.[1] Christian Protestantism was denounced as heresy, and those supporting these doctrines were excommunicated as heretics. Thus by canon law and the practice and policies of the Holy Roman Empire of the time, Protestants were subject to persecution in those territories, such as Spain, Italy and the Netherlands, in which the Catholic rulers were then the dominant power. This movement was started by the reigning Pope and various political rulers with a more political stake in the controversy than a religious one. These princes instituted policies as part of the Spanish Inquisition.[2] Abuses of that crusade originally authorized other movements such as the Reconquista, and Morisco conversions, and ultimately led to the Counter Reformation and the edicts of the Council of Trent. Therefore, the political repercussions of various European rulers supporting Roman Catholicism for their own political reasons over the new Protestant groups, only subsequently branded as heretical after rejection by the adherents of these doctrines of the Edicts of the Council of Trent, resulted in religious wars and outbreaks of sectarian violence.

The Protestants from the Tyrolean Zillertal valley who had to leave their home in 1837

Eastern Orthodoxy had comparatively little contact with Protestantism for geographic, linguistic and historical reasons. Protestant attempts to ally with Eastern Orthodoxy proved problematic. In general, most Orthodox had the impression that Protestantism was a new heresy that arose from various previous heresies.[citation needed]

By the 19th century and later, some Eastern Orthodox thinkers, such as Nikolai Berdyaev, Seraphim Rose, and John Romanides believed that Northern Europe had become secular or virtually atheist due to its having been Protestant earlier. In recent eras Orthodox anti-Protestantism has grown due to aggressive Protestant proselytization in predominantly Orthodox countries.

### Reformation[edit]

Auto-da-fé of Valladolid, Spain, in which fourteen Protestants were burned at the stake for their Lutheran faith, on 21 May 1559[3] The Bartholomew's Day massacre Piedmontese children forced from their parents (October 1853, X, p. 108)[4]

The Protestant Reformation led to a long period of warfare and communal violence between Catholic and Protestant factions, sometimes leading to massacres and forced suppression of the alternative views by the dominant faction in much of Europe.

Anti-Protestantism originated in a reaction by the Catholic Church against the Reformation of the 16th century. Protestants, especially public ones, could be denounced as heretics and subject to prosecution in those territories, such as Spain, Italy and the Netherlands in which the Catholics were the dominant power. This movement was orchestrated by church and state as the Counter Reformation. There were religious wars and, in some countries though not in others, eruptions of sectarian hatred such as the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572, part of the French Wars of Religion.

### Fascist Italy[edit]

See also: Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943), Roman Question, and Freedom of religion in Italy § History

Mussolini (far right) signing the Lateran Treaty (Vatican City, 11 February 1929)

In 1870 the newly formed Kingdom of Italy annexed the remaining Papal States, depriving the Pope of his temporal power. However, Papal rule over Italy was later restored by the Italian Fascist régime[5] (albeit on a greatly diminished scale) in 1929 as head of the Vatican City state;[5] under Mussolini's dictatorship, Catholicism became the state religion of Fascist Italy.[5][6]

In 1938, the Italian Racial Laws and Manifesto of Race were promulgated by the Fascist régime to both outlaw and persecute Italian Jews[7] and Protestants,[6][8][9][10] especially Evangelicals and Pentecostals.[8][9][10] Thousands of Italian Jews and a small number of Protestants died in the Nazi concentration camps.[7][10]

### Francoist Spain[edit]

In Franco's authoritarian Spanish State (1936–1975), Protestantism was deliberately marginalized and persecuted. During the Civil War, Franco's regime persecuted the country's 30,000[11] Protestants, and forced many Protestant pastors to leave the country and various Protestant leaders were executed.[12] Once authoritarian rule was established, non-Catholic Bibles were confiscated by police and Protestant schools were closed.[13] Although the 1945 Spanish Bill of Rights granted freedom of private worship, Protestants suffered legal discrimination and non-Catholic religious services were not permitted publicly, to the extent that they could not be in buildings which had exterior signs indicating it was a house of worship and that public activities were prohibited.[11][14]

### Ireland[edit]

Woodcut showing Luther and the reformers as the Antichrist

In Northern Ireland or pre-Catholic Emancipation Ireland, there is a hostility to Protestantism as a whole that has more to do with communal or nationalist sentiments than theological issues. During the Tudor conquest of Ireland by the Protestant state of England in the course of the 16th century, the Elizabethan state failed to convert Irish Catholics to Protestantism and thus followed a vigorous policy of confiscation, deportation, and resettlement. By dispossessing Catholics of their lands, and resettling Protestants on them, the official Government policy was to encourage a widespread campaign of proselytizing by Protestant settlers and establishment of English law in these areas. This led to a counter effort of the Counter Reformation by mostly Jesuit Catholic clergy to maintain the "old religion" of the people as the dominant religion in these regions. The result was that Catholicism came to be identified with a sense of nativism and Protestantism came to be identified with the State, as most Protestant communities were established by state policy, and Catholicism was viewed as treason to the state after this time. While Elizabeth I had initially tolerated private Catholic worship, this ended after Pope Pius V, in his 1570 papal bull Regnans in Excelsis, pronounced her to be illegitimate and unworthy of her subjects' allegiance.

The Penal Laws, first introduced in the early 17th century, were initially designed to force the native elite to conform to the state church by excluding non-Conformists and Roman Catholics from public office, and restricting land ownership, but were later, starting under Queen Elizabeth, also used to confiscate virtually all Catholic owned land and grant it to Protestant settlers from England and Scotland. The Penal Laws had a lasting effect on the population, due to their severity (celebrating Catholicism in any form was punishable by death or enslavement under the laws), and the favouritism granted Irish Anglicans served to polarise the community in terms of religion. Anti-Protestantism in Early Modern Ireland 1536–1691 thus was also largely a form of hostility to the colonisation of Ireland. Irish poetry of this era shows a marked antipathy to Protestantism, one such poem reading, "The faith of Christ [Catholicism] with the faith of Luther is like ashes in the snow". The mixture of resistance to colonization and religious disagreements led to widespread massacres of Protestant settlers in the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Subsequent religious or sectarian antipathy was fueled by the atrocities committed by both sides in the Irish Confederate Wars, especially the repression of Catholicism during and after the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, when Irish Catholic land was confiscated en masse, clergy were executed and discriminatory legislation was passed against Catholics.

The Penal Laws against Catholics (and also Presbyterians) were renewed in the late 17th and early 18th centuries due to fear of Catholic support for Jacobitism after the Williamite War in Ireland and were slowly repealed in 1771–1829. Penal Laws against Presbyterians were relaxed by the Toleration Act of 1719, due to their siding with the Jacobites in a 1715 rebellion. At the time the Penal Laws were in effect, Presbyterians and other non-Conformist Protestants left Ireland and settled in other countries. Some 250,000 left for the New World alone between the years 1717 and 1774, most of them arriving there from Ulster.

Sectarian conflict was continued in the late 18th century in the form of communal violence between rival Catholic and Protestant factions over land and trading rights (see Defenders (Ireland), Peep O'Day Boys and Orange Institution). The 1820s and 1830s in Ireland saw a major attempt by Protestant evangelists to convert Catholics, a campaign which caused great resentment among Catholics.

In modern Irish nationalism, anti-Protestantism is usually more nationalist than religious in tone. The main reason for this is the identification of Protestants with unionism – i.e. the support for the maintenance of the union with the United Kingdom, and opposition to Home Rule or Irish independence. In Northern Ireland, since the foundation of the Free State in 1921, Catholics, who were mainly nationalists, suffered systematic discrimination from the Protestant unionist majority.[15] The same happened to Protestants in the Catholic-dominated South. [not in citation given][16]

The mixture of religious and national identities on both sides reinforces both anti-Catholic and anti-Protestant sectarian prejudice in the province.

More specifically religious anti-Protestantism in Ireland was evidenced by the acceptance of the Ne Temere decrees in the early 20th century, whereby the Catholic Church decreed that all children born into mixed Catholic-Protestant marriages had to be brought up as Catholics. Protestants in Northern Ireland had long held that their religious liberty would be threatened under a 32-county Republic of Ireland, due to that country's Constitutional support of a "special place" for the Roman Catholic Church. This article was deleted in 1972.

During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, Protestants with no connection to the security forces were occasionally targeted by Irish republican paramilitaries. In 1976, eleven Protestant workmen were shot by a group which was identified in a telephone call as the "South Armagh Republican Action Force". Ten of the men died, and the sole survivor said, "One man... did all the talking and proceeded to ask each of us our religion. Our Roman Catholic works colleague was ordered to clear off and the shooting started."[17] A 2011 report from the Historical Enquiries Team (HET) found, "These dreadful murders were carried out by the Provisional IRA and none other."[18]

## "Hostility" to Evangelicals[edit]

In the United States, critics of the policies adopted by the Religious Right, such as opposition to same-sex marriage and abortion, often equate evangelicalism as a movement with the Religious Right. Some critics have even suggested that evangelicals are a kind of "fifth column" aimed at turning the United States or other nations into Christian theocracies.[19]

## See also[edit]

* Religion portal
* Christianity portal
* Calvinism portal
* Methodism portal
* Evangelical Christianity portal

* Religious tolerance
* Anti-Christian sentiment
* Anti-Catholicism
* Anti-Eastern Orthodox sentiment
* Anti-Oriental Orthodox sentiment
* Anti-Mormonism
* Black legend (Spain)
* Counter-Reformation
* List of people burned as heretics
* Criticism of Protestantism

## References[edit]

1. ^ Noble, Arthur (3 November 2000). The Jesuits and their Strategy to destroy Britain (Speech). Fourth EIPS Seminar. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
2. ^ "The Spanish Inquisition – History of Spain – don Quijote". www.donquijote.org. Retrieved 2019-10-05.
3. ^ Homza, Lu Ann. The Spanish Inquisition, 1478-1614: An Anthology of Sources. ISBN 9781603843713. Retrieved 14 October 2013 - via Google Books.
4. ^ "Piedmontese Children Forced from their parents". The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering: A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons. Wesleyan Missionary Society. X: 108. October 1853. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
5. ^ a b c

> In the period following the signing of the 1929 Lateran Pact, which declared Catholicism as Italy's state religion in the context of a comprehensive regulation of Vatican and Italian government relations, Catholic cultural support for Mussolini is consolidated.

> — Wiley Feinstein, The Civilization of the Holocaust in Italy: Poets, Artists, Saints, Anti-semites (2003), p. 19, London: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN 0-8386-3988-7.

6. ^ a b Kertzer, David I. (2014). The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe. New York: Random House. pp. 196–198. ISBN 978-0-8129-9346-2.
7. ^ a b Giordano, Alberto; Holian, Anna (2018). "The Holocaust in Italy". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2018. "In 1938, the Italian Fascist regime under Benito Mussolini enacted a series of racial laws that placed multiple restrictions on the country's Jewish population. At the time the laws were enacted, it is estimated that about 46,000 Jews lived in Italy, of whom about 9,000 were foreign born and thus subject to further restrictions such as residence requirements. [...] Estimates suggest that between September 1943 and March 1945, about 10,000 Jews were deported. The vast majority perished, principally at Auschwitz."
8. ^ a b Pollard, John F. (2014). The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929–32: A Study in Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 109–111. ISBN 978-0-521-26870-7.
9. ^ a b Zanini, Paolo (2015). "Twenty years of persecution of Pentecostalism in Italy: 1935–1955". Journal of Modern Italian Studies. Taylor & Francis. 20 (5): 686–707. doi:10.1080/1354571X.2015.1096522. hdl:2434/365385. S2CID 146180634.; Zanini, Paolo (2017). "Il culmine della collaborazione antiprotestante tra Stato fascista e Chiesa cattolica: genesi e applicazione della circolare Buffarini Guidi". Società e Storia (in Italian). FrancoAngeli. 155 (155): 139–165. doi:10.3280/SS2017-155006.
10. ^ a b c "Risveglio Pentecostale" (in Italian). Assemblies of God in Italy. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
11. ^ a b Payne, Stanley G. (1984–1985). Spanish Catholicism: An Historical Overview. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 186\. ISBN 978-0-299-09804-9.
12. ^ Raguer, Hilari (2011-03-26). "Los protestantes y la Guerra Civil". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
13. ^ "Religion: Protestant Persecution". Time. 21 April 1941. Archived from the original on June 24, 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
14. ^ Wood, James E. (2005-05-30). Church and State in the Modern World: A Critical Assessment and Annotated Bibliography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 3\. ISBN 978-0-313-25604-2.
15. ^ Lord Cameron (September 1969). "16". Disturbances in Northern Ireland: Report of the Commission appointed by the Governor of Northern Ireland (Report). Belfast: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. The Cameron Report – Disturbances in Northern Ireland (1969)
16. ^ Lord Cameron (September 1969). "16". Disturbances in Northern Ireland: Report of the Commission appointed by the Governor of Northern Ireland (Report). Belfast: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. The Cameron Report – Disturbances in Northern Ireland (1969)
17. ^ McKittrick, David, Lost lives: the stories of the men, women and children who died as a result of the Northern Ireland troubles (Edinburgh, Scotland: Mainstream, 1999), p. 612
18. ^ Moriarty, Gerry, "IRA blamed for 'sectarian slaughter' of 10 at Kingsmill", Irish Times, 22 June 2011, p. 7.
19. ^ Yancey, George; Williamson, David A. (1 August 2012). What Motivates Cultural Progressives. Baylor University Press. ISBN 9781602584631.

## External links[edit]

* Poll of Catholics
* "Islamic nations views of other religions". Archived from the original on 2006-04-28. Retrieved 2005-08-03.
* "Center For Religious Freedom Country Profiles". Archived from the original on 2006-06-18. Retrieved 2005-08-02.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

* v
* t
* e

Religious persecution and discrimination

By group|

* Ahmadiyya
* Atheism
* Baháʼí Faith
* Buddhism
* Catholicism
* Christianity
* post–Cold War era
* Falun Gong
* Hinduism
* Persecution
* Untouchability
* Islam
* Persecution
* Jehovah's Witnesses
* Judaism
* Persecution
* LDS or Mormon
* Neopaganism
* Eastern Orthodox
* Oriental Orthodox
* Protestantism
* Rastafari
* Shi'ism
* Sufism
* Zoroastrianism

Methods|

* Censorship
* Deprogramming
* Desecration
* Discrimination
* Forced conversion
* Iconoclasm
* Intolerance
* Pogrom
* Segregation
* State atheism
* State religion
* Terrorism
* Violence
* War

Events|

* Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire (64–313)
* Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire (c. 324–c. 491)
* Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent (c.550–c. 1200)
* Yellow Turban Rebellion (c.184–c. 205)
* Battle of Tours (732)
* Rhineland massacres (1096)
* Jerusalem massacre (1099)
* Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent (643–1526)
* Inquisition (1184–1908)
* Massacre at Ayyadieh (1191)
* Northern Crusades (12th–16th cent.)
* Crusades against schismatics (13th–15th cent.)
* Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain (1500–1526)
* European wars of religion (1522–1712)
* Goa Inquisition (1561–1812)
* French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)
* Expulsion of the Moriscos (1609–1614)
* Test Acts (1673–1829)
* Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction (1683–1922)
* Christianization of the Sámi people (1700s)
* French Revolutionary dechristianisation (1789–1801)
* Utah War (1857–1858)
* 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war (1860)
* Circassian genocide (1864)
* Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
* Adana massacre (1909)
* Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars (1912–1913)
* Greek genocide (1913–1922)
* Pontic Greek genocide
* Assyrian genocide (1914–1924)
* Armenian genocide (1915–1923)
* Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc (1917–1990)
* Soviet persecution (1922–1991)
* 1917-1921
* 1921-1928
* 1928-1941
* 1958-1964
* 1970-1987
* legislation
* Šahovići massacre (1924)
* Canadian Indian residential school system (1831–1996)
* White Terror (Spain) (1936–1975)
* Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses (1933)
* The Holocaust (1939–1945)
* Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945)
* Communist Polish persecution (1945–1989)
* Communist Romanian persecution (1945–1989)
* Noakhali riots (1946)
* Direct Action Day (1946)
* 1946 Bihar riots (1946)
* Rawalpindi massacres (1947)
* Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan (1947-ongoing)
* Violence against Muslims in India (1947-ongoing)
* Violence against Hindus in independent India (1947-ongoing)
* 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight (1948)
* Jewish exodus from the Muslim world (1948–1980)
* Antireligious campaigns in China (1949-ongoing)
* Persecution of Tibetans (1950-ongoing)
* Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950)
* Religious violence in Nigeria (1953-ongoing)
* Istanbul pogrom (1955)
* Buddhist crisis (1963)
* Huế Phật Đản shootings (1963)
* Thích Quảng Đức (1963)
* Xá Lợi Pagoda raids (1963)
* Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)
* Four Olds (1966)
* Famen Temple (1966)
* Bangladesh genocide (1971)
* Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh (1971-ongoing)
* Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)
* Cambodian genocide (1975–1979)
* 1984 anti-Sikh riots (1984)
* Big Excursion (1989)
* 1990 Dushanbe riots 1990)
* Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus (1990)
* Yugoslav Wars (1991-2001)
* Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War (1992–1996)
* Bosnian genocide (1995)
* War crimes in the Kosovo War (1999)
* Walisongo school massacre (2000)
* Kosheh massacres (2000)
* September 11 attacks (2001)
* 2002 Gujarat riots (2002)
* South Thailand insurgency (2004–ongoing)
* Boko Haram insurgency (2009–ongoing)
* Maspero demonstrations (2011)
* Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh (2013–2016)
* Yazidi genocide (2014–2017)
* Genocide of Christians by ISIL (2014–ongoing)
* Iraqi Turkmen genocide (2014–2017)
* Uyghur genocide (2014–ongoing)
* Rohingya genocide (2016–ongoing)
* Christchurch mosque shootings (2019)
* 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings (2019)
* 2020 Delhi riots (2020)

Religion

* v
* t
* e

Theology

Conceptions of God

| Theism|

| Forms|

*   * Deism
* Dystheism
* Henotheism
* Hermeticism
* Kathenotheism
* Nontheism
* Monolatry
* Monotheism
* Urmonotheismus
* Mysticism
* Panentheism
* Pandeism
* Pantheism
* Polydeism
* Polytheism
* Spiritualism
* Theistic finitism
* Theopanism

|

Concepts|

*   * Deity
* Divinity
* Gender of God and gods
* Goddess
* Numen

Singular god
theologies|

| By faith|

* Abrahamic religions
* Baháʼí Faith
* Judaism
* Christianity
* Islam
* Buddhism
* Hinduism
* Jainism
* Sikhism
* Zoroastrianism

|

Concepts|

* Absolute
* Brahman
* Emanationism
* Logos
* Supreme Being

God as|

* Sustainer
* Time
* Good (Ahura Mazda, Father of Greatness)

Trinitarianism|

* Athanasian Creed
* Comma Johanneum
* Consubstantiality
* Homoousian
* Homoiousian
* Hypostasis
* Perichoresis
* Shield of the Trinity
* Trinitarian formula
* Trinity
* Trinity of the Church Fathers
* Trinitarian universalism

Eschatology|

* Afterlife
* Apocalypticism
* Fate of the unlearned
* Fitra
* Heaven / Hell

| By religion|

* Buddhist
* Christian
* Hindu
* Islamic
* Jewish
* Taoist
* Zoroastrian

|

Feminist|

* Buddhism
* Christianity
* Hinduism
* Islam
* Judaism
* Mormonism
* Goddesses

Other concepts|

* Attributes of God in Christianity / in Islam
* Binitarianism
* Demiurge
* Divine simplicity
* Divine presence
* Egotheism
* Exotheology
* Holocaust
* Godhead in Christianity
* Latter Day Saints
* Great Architect of the Universe
* Great Spirit
* Apophatic theology
* Olelbis
* Open theism
* Personal god
* Phenomenological definition
* Philo's view
* Process
* Tian
* Unmoved mover

Names of God in|

* Christianity
* Hinduism
* Islam
* Jainism
* Judaism

By faith

| Christian|

* History
* Outline
* Biblical canon
* Glossary
* Paterology
* Christology
* Pneumatology
* Cosmology
* Ecclesiology
* Eschatology
* Ethics
* Hamartiology
* Messianism
* Philosophy
* Political
* Practical
* Public
* Sophiology
* Soteriology

|

Hindu|

* Ayyavazhi theology
* Krishnology

Islamic|

* Oneness of God
* Prophets
* Holy Scriptures
* Angels
* Predestination
* Last Judgment

Jewish|

* Abrahamic prophecy
* Aggadah
* Denominations
* Kabbalah
* Philosophy

Pagan|

* Slavic Native Faith
* Wiccan

Religion portal
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template