Apple Newton

PDA platform by Apple Inc.

This article is about the Apple Newton platform. For the series of hardware devices, see MessagePad. For the cookie, see Newtons (cookie).

Newton

The Apple Newton MessagePad 2100, a 1997 model, running Newton OS, alongside the original iPhone from 2007 running iOS

Developer| Apple Computer, Inc.
Type| Bar PDA
Release date| May 29, 1992 (1992-05-29) (announced)[1]
August 3, 1993 (1993-08-03) (released)[2]
Discontinued| February 27, 1998 (1998-02-27)
Operating system| Newton OS
Input| Touch screen

The Newton is a series of personal digital assistants (PDAs) developed and marketed by Apple Computer, Inc. An early device in the PDA category (the Newton originated the term),[3] it was the first to feature handwriting recognition. Apple started developing the platform in 1987 and shipped the first devices in August 1993. Production officially ended on February 27, 1998. Newton devices ran on a proprietary operating system, Newton OS; examples include Apple's MessagePad series and the eMate 300, and other companies also released devices running on Newton OS. Most Newton devices were based on the ARM 610 RISC processor and all featured handwriting-based input.[citation needed]

The Newton was considered technologically innovative at its debut, but a combination of factors, including its high price and early problems with its handwriting recognition feature, limited its sales. This led to Apple ultimately discontinuing the platform at the direction of Steve Jobs in 1998, a year after his return to the company.

Three Newton MessagePad devices with keyboard and LinearFlash PCMCIA memory card accessories

## Development[edit]

The custom ASIC chip inside the original Apple Newton H1000 Inside the Apple Newton Messagepad H1000, with back cover removed The original color Apple logo on the Newton

The Newton project was a personal digital assistant platform. The PDA category did not exist for most of Newton's genesis, and the phrase "personal digital assistant" was coined relatively late in the development cycle by Apple's CEO John Sculley,[3] the driving force behind the project. Larry Tesler determined that an advanced, low-power processor was needed for sophisticated graphics manipulation. He found Hermann Hauser, co-founder of Acorn Computers which had developed the Acorn RISC Machine as first ARM architecture device, and put together Advanced RISC Machines, now Arm Ltd.[4]

A smaller device was then designed by Jonathan Ive.[5][6]

Although PDAs had been developing since the original Psion Organiser in 1984,[7][8] the Newton has left one particular lasting impression: the term personal digital assistant was coined to refer to the Newton.[8]

According to former Apple CEO John Sculley, the company invested approximately $100 million to develop Newton.[9]

### Later history and cancellation[edit]

The Newton was considered innovative at its debut, but it suffered from its high price and problems with the handwriting recognition element, its most anticipated feature. The handwriting software was barely ready by 1993 and its tendency to misread characters was widely derided in the media. This was parodied in The Simpsons episode "Lisa on Ice", where a scene makes fun of the Newton's handwriting recognition turning "Beat up Martin" into "Eat up Martha".[10] Garry Trudeau also mocked the Newton in a weeklong arc of his comic strip Doonesbury, portraying it as a costly toy that served the same function as a cheap notepad, and using its accuracy problems to humorous effect. In one panel, Michael Doonesbury's Newton misreads the words "Catching on?" as "Egg Freckles", a phrase that became widely repeated as symbolic of the Newton's problems. This phrase was subsequently included as a trigger for an Easter egg in later editions of the MessagePad, producing a panel from the strip when it was entered on the device. In acknowledgement of the strip, Apple subsequently gifted a MessagePad to Trudeau.[11] Although the software improved substantially in Newton OS 2.0, it was not enough to inspire strong sales.[12]

The Newton became popular in some industries, notably the medical field. However, the debut of the competing Palm Pilot substantially reduced its market share. Apple struggled to find a new direction for the Newton, and when Steve Jobs returned to the company in 1997, he killed the product line. He was critical of the device's weak performance, the management of the development team, and the stylus, which he disliked as it prevented the use of the fingers. Furthermore with Apple already suffering heavy losses which jeopardized its survival, this made the unprofitable Newton a tempting target to axe. Jobs was likely also motivated by the fact that the Newton was the pet project of his old adversary John Sculley.[12][13]

However, Jobs saw potential in the technology and concept, if not the execution, and eventually led Apple to create its multi-touch devices inspired by FingerWorks, the iPhone and iPad.[12][14]

## Product details[edit]

### Application software[edit]

Most Newton devices were pre-loaded with a variety of software to aid in personal data organization and management. This included such applications as Notes, Names, and Dates, as well as a variety of productivity tools such as a calculator, conversion calculators (metric conversions, currency conversions, etc), time-zone maps, etc.[15][16][17] In later/2.x versions of the Newton OS these applications were refined, and new ones were added, such as the Works word processor and the Newton Internet Enabler, as well as the inclusion of bundled 3rd party applications, such as the QuickFigure Works spreadsheet (a "lite" version of Pelicanware's QuickFigure Pro), Pocket Quicken, the NetHopper web browser, and the Netstrategy EnRoute email client. Various Newton applications had full import/export capabilities with popular desktop office suite and PIM (Personal Information Manager) application file formats, primarily by making use of Apple's bundled Newton Connection Utilities and also the Newton Connection Kit, which was sold separately and only worked for Newton devices that used the 1.x versions of the Newton OS.[18][19][20][21][22][23]

#### Notes[edit]

The Notes application allowed users to create small documents that could contain text that had been typed, or that had been recognized from handwriting, as well as free-hand sketches, "Shapes", and "ink text".[24][16][25][26]

Photograph of screen displaying Checklist, some bullet points checked and/or "collapsed"

In version 2.0 of the Newton OS, the Notes application (as well as Names) could accept what Apple termed "stationery", 3rd-party created plug-in modules that could extend the functionality of the basic applications.[24]

One of the new types of Notes stationery added to Newton OS 2.0 was a hierarchical, bullet-ed, collapsible, multi-line "Checklist", an implementation of outliner software.[27][28] This could be used for organizing tasks, "to do" lists, sub-tasks, etc. Each bullet point could contain as many lines of text as desired. A bullet point could be dragged and placed underneath another bullet point, thus forming a hierarchical outline/tree. When a bullet point was dragged, the entire sub-tree of child bullet points underneath it (if any) would be dragged along as well. If a bullet point had child bullet points, tapping the parent's bullet point once would "roll up" all the children ("windowshade" effect). Tapping the parent bullet point again would make the children re-appear.[23] Because this functionality arrived in Newton OS 2.0, several third parties made similar software before for OS 1.x Newton machines, the most notable of which was Dyno Notepad, released in 1993.[27]

#### Names[edit]

The Names application was used for storing contacts. Contacts created either on the Newton device or on a Windows or Macintosh desktop PIM could be synchronized to each other.[29][30][31] Entering a date in Names for fields such as birthday or anniversary automatically created corresponding repeating events in the Dates application.[19][32][22] Each contact had an attached free-form notes field available to it, that could contain any mix of interleaved text, ink text, Shapes, or Sketches.[24] Like Notes, Names could be extended by developers, to create special new categories of contacts with specialized pre-defined fields. Names shipped with three types of contacts, "people", "companies", and "groups", but a developer could define new types, for instance "client", "patient", etc.[23] Stand Alone Software, Inc. also created a Newton software package called the Stationery Construction Kit, which allowed users to make stationery themselves without aid of any other tools.[33]

#### Dates[edit]

Dates supplied calendar, events, meeting, and alarms functions, including an integrated "to do" list manager. It offered many different display and navigation styles, including a list view, graphical day "time blocking" view, or a week, month, or year grid. As with Names and Notes, Dates items created either on the Newton or on a Windows or Macintosh desktop PIM could be synchronized to each other.[29][23]

### Hardware models[edit]

MP100 MP120 eMate 300 MP2000

From Apple:

* MessagePad (also known as the H1000, OMP or Original MessagePad)
* MessagePad 100 (same hardware as OMP, but newer system version)[2]
* MessagePad 110
* MessagePad 120
* MessagePad 130
* eMate 300
* MessagePad 2000
* MessagePad 2100

From Motorola:

* Motorola Marco

From Sharp:

* Sharp ExpertPad PI-7000 (equivalent to OMP)
* Sharp ExpertPad PI-7100 (equivalent to MP 100)[34]

From Digital Ocean:

* Tarpon[35]
* Seahorse[36]

From Siemens:

* Siemens Note Phone[37][better source needed]

From Harris:

* Harris SuperTech 2000[38]

### Operating system and programming environment[edit]

NewtonScript is an advanced object-oriented programming language, developed by Apple employee Walter Smith.[39] Some programmers[who?] complained about the $1000 cost of the Toolbox programming environment. Additionally, it required learning a new way of programming.[clarification needed]

## Newton technology after cancellation[edit]

Logo of Newton, Inc.

Before the Newton project was canceled, it was spun off into an Apple wholly owned subsidiary company, Newton, Inc.[40][41]

Speculation continued for several years that Apple might release a new PDA with some Newton technology or collaborate with Palm. Feeding a bit of speculation, Apple put the "Print Recognizer" part of the Newton 2.1 handwriting recognition system into Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar. It can be used with graphics tablets to seamlessly input handwritten printed text anywhere there was an insertion point on the screen. This technology, known as "Inkwell", appears in the System Preferences whenever a tablet input device is plugged in. Larry Yaeger was the author of the original Rosetta recognizer on the Newton, and was also responsible for porting it to Mac OS X.[42]

At an All Things Digital conference in 2004, Steve Jobs made reference to a new "Apple PDA" which the company had developed but had decided not to bring to market.[43]

### Newton emulation[edit]

Since 2004, the Einstein Project[44] has been working on emulating the Newton for use as an alternative OS on other platforms. It is currently available for the Sharp Zaurus, Apple's Mac OS X, Nokia Maemo, Microsoft Windows, and the Pepper Pad 3\. The emulator is an open source project, but requires an original Newton ROM to be installed in order to function. iPhones and iPads run Einstein since September 2010. The Android operating system runs Einstein since March 2011.[45]

### Future[edit]

A possible Newton revival was at one time a common source of speculation among the Macintosh user base. Patent applications were issued for a tablet based Macintosh.[46]

In September 2009, Michael Tchao, who pitched the original Newton concept to John Sculley,[47] returned to Apple.[48] Michael Tchao is now the VP of iPad Product Marketing.[49]

### Development[edit]

Programs have been written for the Newton since its cancellation,[50] including an RSS reader.[51]

## In popular culture[edit]

The Apple Newton and its poor handwriting recognition was lampooned on the episode of The Simpsons titled "Lisa on Ice" in 1994.[52]

In the 1995 anime series Neon Genesis Evangelion, handheld devices modeled on the Newton can be seen multiple times, serving various internal functions within NERV.[53][better source needed]

In the 1995 film Under Siege 2: Dark Territory, the main character Casey Ryback (Steven Seagal) connects an Apple Newton PDA to the telephone network of the hijacked train on which the film is set, and sends a fax to his workplace, which is then forwarded to Admiral Bates, Ryback's contact at the Pentagon. The hijackers subsequently discover and hack the Newton, thus learning of Ryback's presence on the train.[54][55]

In the 1998 interactive video game The X-Files Game, the main character uses an Apple Newton to make notes, read e-mail and navigate the different locations of the game.[56]

During Apple's March 21, 2016, keynote conference, a celebration video called "40 Years in 40 Seconds" was unveiled. The video featured flashing text of names from Apple's most notable products and taglines in their forty-year history, including Newton. However, in Newton's case, it was the only name depicted in the video being explicitly scratched out, mimicking how users deleted text on the device, and referencing the full cancellation of the product line.[57]

In the TV series For All Mankind season 3, episode 1, an alternative 1992 history Newton MessagePad with backlit (possibly color) display is shown at a briefing scene.[58]

## See also[edit]

* iPhone
* Pocket-sized computer
* iPad

## References[edit]

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24. ^ a b c "First Look: Newton OS 2.0". Pen Computing. Archived from the original on March 30, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
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30. ^ Apple Computer. "Newton Connection Utilities ReadMe" Archived December 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Apple, July 24, 1997
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33. ^ "Stationery Construction Kit". Stand Alone, Inc. January 19, 1998. Archived from the original on January 19, 1998. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
34. ^ Luckie, Douglas. "Sharp's Newton ExpertPad". Luckie's Homepage. Michigan State University. Archived from the original on January 29, 1999.
35. ^ Quinlan, Tom (January 9, 1995). "Newton-based PDA announced". InfoWorld. Vol. 17, no. 2\. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. Archived from the original on March 25, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
36. ^ Ortiz, Kedesh. "Back before iPhones and Androids, we had these..." Tech Under The Sun. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
37. ^ "Siemens NotePhone". Siemens NotePhone. August 16, 2013. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
38. ^ Schmidt, Tim (February 19, 1996). "Discord in hardwareland". Network World. Vol. 13, no. 8\. IDG Network World Inc. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
39. ^ "Walter Smith, software guy". waltersmith.us. Archived from the original on November 2, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
40. ^ Dormehl, Luke (May 22, 2020). "Today in Apple history: Newton spins off as its own company". Cult of Mac. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
41. ^ "Newton, Inc Unveils New Corporate Identity and Headquarters". newton.apple.com. August 6, 1997. Archived from the original on February 4, 1998.
42. ^ Handwriting Recognition Technology in the Newton's Second Generation "Print Recognizer" (The One That Worked) Archived September 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, By Larry Yaeger - Apple Computer, World Wide Newton Conference, September 4–5, 2004, Slides
43. ^ Jobs: Apple developed, but did not ship Apple PDA Archived December 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, By Kasper Jade, June 7, 2004, AppleInsider
44. ^ "pguyot/Einstein". GitHub. Archived from the original on March 12, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
45. ^ Apple Newton on Android Archived April 28, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, March 13, 2011, My Apple Newton
46. ^ "Appleinsider, Euro filing reveals Apple handheld design images, August 13, 2004". Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
47. ^ Honan, Mat. "Remembering the Apple Newton's Prophetic Failure and Lasting Impact". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on November 12, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
48. ^ Stone, Brad (September 28, 2009). "Apple Rehires a Developer of Its Newton Tablet". Bits. New York Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
49. ^ "Secret Apple Execs You've Never Heard Of". Business Insider. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
50. ^ "United Network of Newton Archives". www.unna.org. Archived from the original on October 23, 2005. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
51. ^ "40Hz". 40hz.org. Archived from the original on November 25, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
52. ^ Evon, Dan (September 26, 2019). "Did 'The Simpsons' Predict Autocorrect?". Snopes.com. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
53. ^ King, Madison. "tweet". Twitter. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
54. ^ Molinari, Matteo; Kamm, Jim (April 1, 2002). Oops! Movie Mistakes That Made the Cut. Citadel Press. p. 242\. ISBN 9780806523194. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022 - via Google Books.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
55. ^ Ebert, Roger (July 17, 1995). "Under Siege 2: Dark Territory". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
56. ^ "Computer X-Files: The game is out there". CNN. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
57. ^ Hackett, Stephen (March 22, 2016) Apple’s ’40 Years in 40 Seconds’ Video Annotated  Archived March 30, 2022, at the Wayback Machine 512 Pixels (blog). Retrieved 2019-10-11
58. ^ "For All Mankind". Apple. Archived from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022.

## External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apple Newton.

### Newton technical documents for programmers[edit]

* The Newton Application Architecture
* Newton Tool Kit (NTK) Integrated Development Environment Manual
* The Newton Application Architecture
* A quick introduction to programming in NewtonScript using NTK
* The NewtonScript Programming Language (Apple Manual).
* Newton Programmer's Guide, OS 2.0
* Newton Programmer's Guide, OS 2.1 Addendum
* Newton Programmer's Reference, OS 2.0
* Newton OS 2.1 Engineering Documents
* Explanation of NewtonScript Prototyping Archived September 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
* Newton User Interface Specification Guide

### General historical information on pen computing[edit]

* Notes on the (relatively unknown) History of Pen-based Computing
* Notes on the History of Pen-based Computing on YouTube
* Annotated Bibliography in Pen Computing

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Apple hardware before 1998

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* I
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