BRICS

Intergovernmental organization of emerging countries

"Brics" redirects here. For the municipality in Spain, see Brics (municipality).

It has been suggested that BRIC be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since December 2023.

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BRICS

Logo of the 15th BRICS summit (2023)

BRICS representatives at the 2023 summit, from left to right: Lula da Silva, Xi Jinping, Cyril Ramaphosa, Narendra Modi and Sergey Lavrov

Map key:

Member states

Abbreviation| BRICS
Named after| Founder member states' initials (in English)
Predecessor| BRIC (informal)
Founded at| Yekaterinburg, Russia
(1st BRIC summit)
Type| Intergovernmental organization
Purpose| Political and economical
Fields| International politics

Membership

9 members

* Brazil
* Russia
* India
* China
* South Africa
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* Iran
* United Arab Emirates

Funding| Member states
Website| https://brics2023.gov.za/

BRICS is an intergovernmental organization comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates. Originally identified to highlight investment opportunities,[1] the grouping evolved into a cohesive geopolitical bloc, with their governments meeting annually at formal summits and coordinating multilateral policies since 2009. Bilateral relations among BRICS are conducted mainly on the basis of non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit.[2]

The founding countries of Brazil, Russia, India, and China held the first summit in Yekaterinburg in 2009, with South Africa joining the bloc a year later.[3][4] Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates joined the organization on 1 January 2024.[5][6]

Combined, the BRICS members encompass about 30% of the world's land surface and 45% of the global population.[a] Brazil, Russia, India, and China are among the world's ten largest countries by population, area, and GDP (PPP). All five initial member states are members of the G20, with a combined nominal GDP of US$28 trillion (about 27% of the gross world product), a total GDP (PPP) of around US$57 trillion (33% of global GDP PPP), and an estimated US$4.5 trillion in combined foreign reserves (as of 2018).[8][9]

The BRICS countries are considered the foremost geopolitical rival to the G7 bloc of leading advanced economies, implementing competing initiatives such as the New Development Bank, the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, the BRICS pay, the BRICS Joint Statistical Publication and the BRICS basket reserve currency.

BRICS has received both praise[10][11][12][13] and criticism[14][15][16] from numerous commentators.

## History[edit]

### Founding[edit]

The term BRIC was originally developed in the context of foreign investment strategies. It was introduced in the 2001 publication, Building Better Global Economic BRICs by then-chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, Jim O'Neill.[17][18]

The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC General states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings.[19] A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.[20]

The BRIC grouping's 1st formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009,[21] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, all attending.[22] The summit's focus was on improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions, and discussed how the 4 countries could better co-operate in the future.[21][22] There was further discussion of ways that developing countries, such as 3/4 of the BRIC members, could become more involved in global affairs.[22]

In the aftermath of the 2009 Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be "diverse, stable and predictable."[23] Although the statement that was released did not directly criticize the perceived "dominance" of the US dollar – something that Russia had criticized in the past – it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against other major currencies.[24]

### 2010 expansion[edit]

In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year.[25] South Africa officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010, after being formally invited by China to join[26] and subsequently accepted by other BRIC countries.[25] The group was renamed BRICS – with the "S" standing for South Africa – to reflect the group's expanded membership.[27] In April 2011, the President of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, attended the 2011 BRICS summit in Sanya, China, as a full member.[28][29][30]

### New Development Bank[edit]

Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro and Russian president Vladimir Putin during the BRICS in Brasília, Brazil

In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, this loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms.[31] In March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution to cooperate with the western-dominated IMF and World Bank.[32] They planned to set up this New Development Bank by 2014.[33] However, disputes relating to burden sharing and location slowed down the agreements.[citation needed]

BRICS Tower headquarters in Shanghai

At the BRICS leaders meeting in St Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India, and Russia $18 billion each; and South Africa $5 billion. China, who held the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and contributes the bulk of the currency pool, wanted a more significant managing role. China also wanted to be the location of the reserve.[34] In October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that creating a $100 billion in funds designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega, confirmed that the fund would be created by March 2014.[35] However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015.[36] One driver for the BRICS development bank is that the existing institutions primarily benefit extra-BRICS corporations, and the political significance is notable because it allows BRICS member states "to promote their interests abroad... and can highlight the strengthening positions of countries whose opinion is frequently ignored by their developed American and European colleagues."[citation needed]

New Development Bank's logo

In July 2014, during the sixth BRICS summit in Fortaleza, the BRICS signed the document to create the US$100 billion New Development Bank (formerly known as the "BRICS Development Bank") and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also inked.[citation needed] The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations presidents in Brasilia.[37]

### Other initiatives[edit]

Since 2011, the National Institutes of Statistics of the BRICS group of countries (IBGE, Rosstat, the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the Central Statistics Office (India) and Statistics South Africa) produce an annual joint statistical publication in order to put statistical production in perspective, compare adopted methodologies and statistical results. The publication serves as single data platform for the mutual benefit of participating countries.

Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries have been planning an optical fibre submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable.[38] Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the U.S. National Security Agency on all telecommunications that flowed in and out of United States territory.[39] As of 2023, construction of the proposed cable network had not started.[citation needed]

After the 2015 summit, the respective communications ministers, under a Russian proposal, had a first summit for their ministries in Moscow in October where the host minister, Nikolai Nikiforov, proposed an initiative to further tighten their information technology sectors and challenge the monopoly of the United States in the sector.[citation needed]

In August 2019, the communications ministers of the BRICS countries signed a letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication Technology sector. This agreement was signed in the fifth edition of meeting of communication ministers of countries member of the group[40] held in Brasília, Brazil.

Meeting of BRICS foreign ministers on 22 September 2022

The New Development Bank plans on giving out $15 billion to member states to help their struggling economies. Member countries are hoping for a smooth comeback and a continuation of economic trade pre-COVID-19. The 2020 BRICS summit was held virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia and discussed how to handle the COVID-19 pandemic and how to fix the multilateral system via reforms.[41] During the 13th BRICS summit, in 2021, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the World Health Organization with the full cooperation of "all countries", and Chinese leader Xi Jinping spoke directly afterwards, calling on BRICS countries to "oppose politicisation" of the process.[42]

In May 2023, South Africa announced that they would be giving diplomatic immunity to Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials so that they could attend the 15th BRICS Summit despite the ICC arrest warrant for Putin.[43][44] In July 2023, the Russian president announced that he will not personally attend the BRICS summit in Johannesburg on 22–24 August despite good relations with the South African government. Russian news channels noted that Putin will remotely participate online in all BRICS leaders’ sessions, including its Business Forum, and also deliver his remarks virtually.[45]

### 2024 expansion[edit]

In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS Summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that 6 emerging market group countries (Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) had been invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024.[46][47][48] However, the Argentine general election in November 2023 led to a change in president to Javier Milei, who had committed to withdraw the country's membership application.[49] On 30 November 2023, incoming Foreign Minister of Argentina Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina will not join the BRICS.[50] On 29 December 2023 the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders to officially announce its withdrawal from the application process.[51]

The aim of latest expansion is touted as part of a plan to build a multipolar world order that puts weight to hitherto subdued voices of the Global South and brings them to the centre of the world agenda.[52]

## Summits[edit]

The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Prior to South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011. The most recent BRICS leaders' summit took place virtually on 23 June 2022 hosted by China.[53][54] India hosted the BRICS 2021 summit in New Delhi and, amid tensions with China, Chinese leader Xi Jinping had made a soft move by supporting India's Chairmanship in 2021.[55]

Sr. No. | Date(s) | Host country | Host leader | Location | Notes

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1st | 16 June 2009 |  Russia | Dmitry Medvedev | Yekaterinburg (Sevastianov's House) | The summit was to discuss the global recession taking place at the time, future cooperation among states, and trade. Some of the specific topics discussed were food, trade, climate trade, and security for the members. They called out for a more influential voice and representation for up-and-coming markets. Note at the time South Africa was not yet admitted to the BRICS organization at the time.[56]
2nd | 15 April 2010 |  Brazil | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | Brasília (Itamaraty Palace) | Guests: Jacob Zuma (President of South Africa) and Riyad al-Maliki (Foreign Minister of the Palestinian National Authority). The second summit continued on the conversation of the global recession and how to recover. They had a conversation on the IMF, climate change, and more ways to form cooperation among states.[56]
3rd | 14 April 2011 |  China | Hu Jintao | Sanya (Sheraton Sanya Resort) | First summit to include South Africa alongside the original BRIC countries. The third summit had members debating on the global and internal economies of countries.[56]
4th | 29 March 2012 |  India | Manmohan Singh | New Delhi (Taj Mahal Hotel) | The BRICS Cable announced an optical fibre submarine communications cable system that carries telecommunications between the BRICS countries. The fourth summit discussed how the organization could prosper from the global recession and how they could take advantage of that to help their economies. BRICS had the intention of improving their global power and providing adequate development for their state.[57]
5th | 26–27 March 2013 |  South Africa | Jacob Zuma | Durban (Durban ICC) | The fifth summit discusses the New Development Bank proposition and Contingent Reserve Agreement. BRICS also announced the Business Council and its Think Tank Council.[57]
6th | 14–17 July 2014 |  Brazil | Dilma Rousseff | Fortaleza (Centro de Eventos do Ceará)[58] | BRICS New Development Bank and BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement agreements signed.[59] The members of BRICS conversed with each other about political coordination, development, and economic growth. They established the Fortaleza Declaration and Action Plan.[60]
7th | 8–9 July 2015 |  Russia | Vladimir Putin | Ufa (Congress Hall)[61] | Joint summit with SCO-EAEU. The seventh summit discussed global, economic problems, and better ways to foster cooperation among member states.[60]
8th | 15–16 October 2016 |  India | Narendra Modi | Benaulim (Taj Exotica) | Joint summit with BIMSTEC. The eighth BRICS summit debated on topics like counter-terrorism, economies, and climate change. BRICS also issued the Goa Declaration and Action Plan, hoping to harden their relationships.[62]
9th | 3–5 September 2017 |  China | Xi Jinping | Xiamen (Xiamen International Conference Center) | Joint summit with EMDCD. The ninth summit was an event that talked about a bright future for BRICS and what their goals intend to be. They still covered and debated international and regional issues with one another; hopeful to keep moving forward.[62]
10th | 25–27 July 2018 |  South Africa | Cyril Ramaphosa | Johannesburg (Sandton Convention Centre) | The tenth summit had the members discuss their rising industries. Hoping they can cut a bigger slice of the industry market.
11th | 13–14 November 2019 |  Brazil | Jair Bolsonaro | Brasília (Itamaraty Palace)[55] | The eleventh summit discussed advancements in the BRICS's science and innovation fields. Primarily trying to advance technology and digital currency. They made mutual agreements to help stop drug trafficking and organized crime; both internationally and internally
12th | 21–23 July 2020 (postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic)[63]
17 November 2020 (video conference)[64] |  Russia | Vladimir Putin | Saint Petersburg[65] | Joint summit with SCO. Discussing a mutual agreement on helping BRICS member countries to help foster better living standards and quality of life for each country's people. Plans on focusing on peace, economies, and cultural societal issues.[66]
13th | 9 September 2021 (video conference) |  India | Narendra Modi | New Delhi | BRICS Games 2021[67]
14th | 23 June 2022 (video conference) |  China | Xi Jinping | Beijing | A major development on the summit was creation of a new, basket type reserve currency. The currency, which is challenging US dollar, combines BRICS currencies and is backed by precious metals.
15th | 22–24 August 2023 |  South Africa | Cyril Ramaphosa | Johannesburg (Sandton Convention Centre) | Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates were invited to join the bloc. Full membership took effect on 1 January 2024.[47][48] On December 29, 2023, the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders officially declining the invitation to join the bloc[51] while Saudi Arabia confirmed its membership on 31st January 2024.[68]
16th | October 2024 |  Russia | TBD | Kazan | [69]

## Member states[edit]

Main article: Member states of BRICS

Flag | Country
| Capital
| Area
(km2)
| Population
(2016)
| Density
(/km2)
| GDP per cap.
(PPP)[70] | HDI[62][71] | Currency
| Official languages | Leaders | Accession

|
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|
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|
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|
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| Brazil
Federative Republic of Brazil | Brasília | 8,515,767 | 203,062,512 | 23.8 | 20,079 | 0.754 | Brazilian real (R$)
(BRL) | Portuguese
also see Languages of Brazil | Head of State: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | September 2006
| Russia
Russian Federation | Moscow | 17,075,400 | 146,519,759 | 8.3 | 35,310 | 0.798 | Russian rouble (₽)
(RUB) | Russian
also see Languages of Russia | Head of State: Vladimir Putin
Head of Government: Mikhail Mishustin | September 2006
| India
Republic of India | New Delhi | 3,287,240 | 1,284,480,000 | 364.4 | 9,183 | 0.640 | Indian rupee (₹)
(INR) | Hindi (Devanagari script)
English
Also see Languages of India | Head of State: Droupadi Murmu
Head of Government: Narendra Modi | September 2006
| China[b]
People's Republic of China | Beijing | 9,640,011[c] | 1,374,820,000 | 139.6 | 23,309 | 0.727 | Renminbi (Chinese yuan, ¥)
(CNY) | Standard Chinese[72]
written in simplified characters[72]
see also languages of China | Head of State: Xi Jinping
Head of Government: Li Qiang | September 2006
| South Africa
Republic of South Africa | Pretoria (executive)
Cape Town (legislative)
Bloemfontein (judicial) | 1,221,037 | 58,048,332 | 42.4 | 16,211 | 0.713 | South African rand (R)
(ZAR) | 12 languages | Head of State: Cyril Ramaphosa | 24 December 2010
| Egypt
Arab Republic of Egypt | Cairo | 1,010,408 | 105,231,000 | 103.56 | 17,123 | 0.731 | Egyptian pound (LE)
(EGP) | Arabic | Head of State: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Head of Government: Moustafa Madbouly | 1 January 2024
| Ethiopia
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | 1,104,300 | 105,163,988 | 92.7 | 3,719 | 0.498 | Ethiopian birr (BR)
(ETB) | Afar
Amharic
Oromo
Somali
Tigrinya | Head of State: Sahle-Work Zewde
Head of Government: Abiy Ahmed | 1 January 2024
| Iran
Islamic Republic of Iran | Tehran | 1,648,195 | 79,011,700 | 48.0 | 19,942 | 0.766 | Iranian rial (Rl)
(IRR) | Persian | Head of State: Ali Khamenei
Head of Government: Ebrahim Raisi | 1 January 2024
| United Arab Emirates | Abu Dhabi | 83,600 | 9,282,410[73] | 121 | 88,962 | 0.911 | UAE dirham (AED) | Arabic | Head of State: Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Head of Government: Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum | 1 January 2024
Map key:

Member States

Applicant

Openly considering applying

### Application and expansion process[edit]

While there is currently no formal application process to join BRICS, any hopeful government must receive the unanimous backing of all member states to receive an invitation. It was not until the early 2020s that discussions regarding allowing new states to join the club were widely held. Leaders and senior diplomats from the participating members began to discuss the prospect of adding additional members to the organization at that point.[74][75][76]

In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS Summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates had been invited to join the organisation on 1 January 2024.[47][48]

On 30 December 2023, the new government of Argentina, which formally submitted an application for BRICS membership under Alberto Fernández's government in 2022, officially declined the offer to join the bloc due to the new government's different foreign policy.[50][77]

On 1 January 2024, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates officially joined the bloc. Saudi Arabia officially joined on 31st January 2024[78].

### Countries that have applied for membership[edit]

A total of 15 countries[79] have formally applied to join BRICS, listed as follows:[80]

* Algeria[76] 2
* Bahrain[81]1
* Bangladesh[82] 1
* Belarus[83] 1
* Bolivia[84] 1

* Cuba1
* Kazakhstan[85] 1
* Kuwait1
* Pakistan[86] 1
* Palestine1

* Senegal[87] 1
* Thailand[87]
* Venezuela1
* Vietnam1
* Nigeria[79] 1

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1 - Applied in 2023.
2 - Applied in 2022, Expected to join in 2nd expansion round.[88]

### Potential candidates[edit]

In addtion, the following countries have expressed interest in joining BRICS:[89]

* Afghanistan[74]
* Angola[90]
* Comoros
* DR Congo
* Gabon
* Guinea-Bissau[91]

* Libya
* Myanmar[92]
* Nicaragua[93]
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Syria[94]

* Tunisia
* Turkey
* Somalia
* Uganda
* Zimbabwe

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## Financial architecture[edit]

The New Development Bank (NDB) is based in Shanghai. The New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) were signed into treaty at the 2014 BRICS summit in Brazil. Equal distribution of shares between the shareholders of the NDB

The financial architecture of BRICS is made of the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). These components were signed into treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.

### New Development Bank[edit]

Further information: New Development Bank

The New Development Bank (NDB), formally referred to as the BRICS Development Bank,[95] is a multilateral development bank operated by the five BRICS states. The bank's primary focus of lending is infrastructure projects[96][97] with authorized lending of up to $34 billion annually.[97] South Africa hosts the African headquarters of the bank.[98] The bank has a starting capital of $50 billion, with wealth increased to $100 billion over time.[99] Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa initially contributed $10 billion each to bring the total to $50 billion.[98][99] As of 2020, it had 53 projects under way worth around $15 billion.[100]

In 2021, Bangladesh, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay joined the NDB.[101]

### BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement[edit]

Further information: BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement

The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is a framework for providing protection against global liquidity pressures.[96][99][102] This includes currency issues where members' national currencies are being adversely affected by global financial pressures.[96][102] Emerging economies that experienced rapid economic liberalization went through increased economic volatility, bringing an uncertain macroeconomic environment.[103] The CRA competes with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Along with the New Development Bank, it is an example of increasing South-South cooperation.[96] It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries. The legal basis is formed by the Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, signed in Fortaleza in July 2014. With its inaugural meetings of the BRICS CRA Governing Council and Standing Committee, held on 4 September 2015, in Ankara, Turkey[104] it entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015.

### BRICS payment system[edit]

At the 2015 BRICS summit in Russia, ministers from the BRICS states initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. The stated goal was to initially move to settlements in national currencies.[105] The Central Bank of Russia highlighted the main benefits as backup and redundancy in case there were disruptions to the SWIFT system.[106]

China also launched its own alternative to SWIFT: the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, which enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about financial transactions.[107] India also has its alternative Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS), as do Russia SPFS and Brazil Pix.[citation needed]

### Potential common currency[edit]

BRICS countries committed to study the feasibility of a new common currency or similar, at the 2023 BRICS summit in South Africa.[108][109][110] Fair and easier international trade as well as a major reduction in costs of transactions would be some of the reasons why the countries could forge a currency union.[111]

## Reception[edit]

The five leaders of BRICS in Brasília, Brazil, in 2019 Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro welcoming the BRICS leaders

In 2012, Hu Jintao, the then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of developing countries and a force for world peace.[10] Western analysts have highlighted potential divisions and weaknesses in the grouping, including significant economic instabilities,[112][113][114][115] disagreements among the members over the UN Security Council reform,[116] and India and China's disputes[117] over territorial issues.[11]

On 9 April 2013, Isobel Coleman, director of the Civil Society, Markets, and Democracy Program at the American think tank Council on Foreign Relations, and later U.S. representative to the UN, claimed that the BRICS members share a lack of consensus. They uphold drastically different political systems, from a vibrant democracy in Brazil to entrenched oligarchy in Russia, and their economies are little integrated and are different in size by orders of magnitude. She also claimed that the significant difference in GDP influences the reserves: China accounts for over 41% of the contribution, which in turn leads to its bigger political say within the association.[118]

In 2014, the Indian Marxist author Vijay Prashad raised the limitations of the BRICS as a political and economic "locomotive of the South" because they follow neoliberal policies. They have established neither new counter-balancing institutions nor come up with an alternative ideology. Furthermore, the BRICS project, argues Prashad, has no ability to challenge the primacy of the United States and NATO.[119]

After the 2023 BRICS Summit, Con Coughlin, defence and foreign affairs editor at The Daily Telegraph, claimed "the challenge BRICS presents to the established world order seems destined to failure" and accused the organization of being used by China as a vehicle for expanding its global influence. Coughlin also noted the contradictions within the organization, such as the border dispute between China and India, and called for greater Western engagement with India as part of a new strategic alliance.[16]

A multi-year study at Tufts University found that the "common portrayal of BRICS as a China-dominated group primarily pursuing anti-U.S. agendas is misplaced ... The BRICS countries connect around common development interests and a quest for a multipolar world order in which no single power dominates. Yet BRICS consolidation has turned the group into a potent negotiation force that now challenges Washington's geopolitical and economic goals".[120]

According to Thomas Hill, Atlantic Council, the de-dollarization efforts within BRICS, particularly in North Africa, present a significant challenge to US interests. The inclusion of Egypt and the enthusiasm in Algiers and Tunis suggest that North African states may actively support BRICS's priority of de-dollarization. This poses a threat to the US, as a coordinated de-dollarization effort in the region could diminish American influence and impact existing trade agreements. The expansion of BRICS raises concerns for US policymakers, given the group's commitment to global de-dollarization, which aims to replace the dollar with the "R5" or “the renminbi, ruble, rupee, real, and rand”, or with other multilateral central bank digital currency (CBDC) as the new global currency. This shift could limit the US ability to run deficits and maintain low interest rates. Moreover, de-dollarization would undermine the effectiveness of US sanctions, relying on the SWIFT system, as BRICS seeks alternative financial systems, potentially making SWIFT obsolete.[121]

## BRICS Pro Tempore Presidency[edit]

The group at each summit elects one of the heads of state of the component countries to serve as President Pro Tempore of the BRICS.
In 2019, the pro tempore presidency was held by the president of Brazil.[122]

The theme of the 11th BRICS summit was "BRICS: economic growth for an innovative future", and the priorities of the Brazilian Pro Tempore Presidency for 2019 are the following – Strengthening of the cooperation in Science, technology and innovation; Enhancement of the cooperation on digital economy; Invigoration of the cooperation on the fight against transnational crime, especially against organized crime, money laundering and drug trafficking; Encouragement to the rapprochement between the New Development Bank (NDB) and the BRICS Business Council.[123]
Currently the new President Pro Tempore is Russia and their goals are: investing into BRICS countries in order to strengthen everyone's economies, cooperating in the energy and environmental industries, helping with young children and coming up with resolutions on migration and peacekeeping.[124]

## Current leaders[edit]

Current leading highest state representatives:

Member  |  Brazil |  Russia |  India |  China |  South Africa

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Image  |  |  |  |  |
Name  | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | Vladimir Putin | Narendra Modi | Xi Jinping | Cyril Ramaphosa
Posi­tion  | President of Brazil | President of Russia | Prime Minister of India | President of China | President of South Africa
Member  |  Egypt |  Ethiopia |  Iran |  United Arab Emirates

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Image  |  |  |  |
Name  | Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | Abiy Ahmed | Ebrahim Raisi | Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Posi­tion  | President of Egypt | Prime Minister of Ethiopia | President of Iran | President of the United Arab Emirates

## See also[edit]

* Belt and Road Initiative – China's global infrastructure project
* BRICS Games – Multi-sport event involving athletes from the BRICS Nations
* Developing country – Nation with a lower living standard relative to more developed countries
* East–West dichotomy – Perceived difference between the Eastern and Western worlds
* Emerging power – Nation or block with steadily rising influence in world affairs
* List of BRICS summit attendees
* List of country groupings
* List of multilateral free-trade agreements – Free trade agreements listPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* MIKTA – Informal partnership between Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey and Australia
* NATO – Intergovernmental military alliance
* Potential superpowers – Entity speculated to become a superpowerPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation – Eurasian multilateral security organization

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ The BRICS have a combined area of 44,300,000 km2 (17,100,000 sq mi) and an estimated total population of about 3.67 billion.[7]
2. ^ The sovereignty of China is disputed. Since the conclusion of the Chinese Civil War, the Republic of China on Taiwan still views itself as the continuation of the former Chinese republic, with legitimate sovereignty over mainland China despite no actual control. See: Political status of Taiwan, Retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan, Four-Stage Theory of the Republic of China, Two Chinas, One-China policy, and Cross-strait relations.
3. ^ The actual area under PRC control is 9,596,960.

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Goldman's BRIC Era Ends as Fund Folds After Years of Losses". Bloomberg. 8 November 2015. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
2. ^ Gutemberg Pacheco Lopes Junior. "The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research; Wisconsin International Law Journal; 13 May 2015" (PDF). University of Wisconsin Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
3. ^ https://www.reuters.com/world/what-is-brics-who-are-its-members-2023-08-21/#:~:text=WHO ARE THE MEMBERS?,grouping became known as BRICS Archived 18 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
4. ^ Oliver Stuenkel (2020). The BRICS and the Future of Global Order (2 ed.). Lexington Books. p. 1\. ISBN 978-0739193211.
5. ^ "BRICS expansion: five countries join ranks". Africa News. 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
6. ^ "Iran, UAE, Egypt and Ethiopia join BRICS". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 3 January 2024. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
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## External links[edit]

* Media related to BRICS at Wikimedia Commons
* Quotations related to BRICS at Wikiquote
* BRICS information portal
* BRICS India 2021
* BRICS China 2022
* BRICS South Africa 2023
* Learn about BRICS \- Institute of Applied Economic Research

* v
* t
* e

BRICS

Membership|

* Brazil
* Russia
* India
* China
* South Africa

Summits|

1. Yekaterinburg 2009
2. Brasília 2010
3. Sanya 2011
4. New Delhi 2012
5. Durban 2013
6. Fortaleza 2014
7. Ufa 2015
8. Goa 2016
9. Xiamen 2017
10. Johannesburg 2018
11. Brasília 2019
12. Saint Petersburg 2020
13. New Delhi 2021
14. Beijing 2022
15. Johannesburg 2023

Expansion|

* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* Iran
* United Arab Emirates

Bilateral relations|

* Brazil–China
* Brazil–India
* Brazil–Russia
* Brazil–South Africa
* China–India
* China–Russia
* China–South Africa
* India–Russia
* India–South Africa
* Russia–South Africa

Leaders|

* Lula
* Putin
* Modi
* Xi
* Ramaphosa

BRICS U-17 Football Cup|

* 2016 Goa
* 2018 Johannesburg

Related|

* BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
* BRICS Cable
* BRICS Universities League
* New Development Bank

Articles related to BRICS

* v
* t
* e

Power in international relations

| Types|

* Economic
* Energy
* Food
* Hard
* Maritime
* National
* Politics
* Realpolitik
* Sharp
* Smart
* Soft

|

Status|

* Small
* Middle
* Regional
* Emerging
* Least Great
* Great
* Potential
* Super

Geopolitics|

* American (Pax)
* Asian
* Chinese (Pax)
* Indian

History|

* List of ancient great powers
* List of medieval great powers
* List of modern great powers
* International relations (1814–1919)
* Post-Western era

Theory|

* Balance of power
* European
* Hegemonic stability theory
* Philosophy of power
* Polarity
* Power projection
* Power transition theory
* Second Superpower
* Sphere of influence
* Superpower collapse
* Superpower disengagement

Studies|

* Composite Index of National Capability
* Comprehensive National Power

Organizations and groups by region

| Africa|

* African Union
* Union for the Mediterranean

|

Africa–Asia|

* Arab League
* Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
* Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

Americas|

* Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
* Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
* Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
* Mercosur
* North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
* Organization of American States (OAS)
* Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)

Asia|

* Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
* Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
* Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
* The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
* China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summits
* Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
* South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

Europe|

* Council of Europe (CoE)
* European Union (EU)
* Nordic Council
* Visegrád Group (V4)

Eurasia|

* Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
* Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
* Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
* Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)
* Organization of Turkic States

North America–Europe|

* Arctic Council
* North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Africa–Asia–Europe|

* Union for the Mediterranean

Africa–South America|

* South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone

Oceania–Pacific|

* Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
* Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
* Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)
* Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
* Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)

Non–regional|

* Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
* Commonwealth of Nations
* Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries
* E9
* G4
* G7
* G8
* G8+5
* G20
* G24
* G77
* India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)
* Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
* Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
* Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)
* Uniting for Consensus

Global|

* United Nations (UN)

* v
* t
* e

International relations

Organizations|

| Present|

* BRICS
* Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
* International Criminal Court (ICC)
* Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
* North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
* United Nations (UN)

|

Past|

* League of Nations
* Warsaw Pact

History|

* 1648–1814
* 1814–1919
* 1919–1939
* Diplomatic history of World War II
* Cold War
* International relations since 1989

Concepts|

* Alliance
* Entente
* Coalition
* Military
* Appeasement
* Co-belligerence
* Collective security
* Colonialism
* Grey-zone
* Hegemony
* Idealism
* International community
* Internationalism
* Liberal institutionalism
* Neutral country
* Non-belligerent
* Non-state actor
* Imperialism
* Peace
* Power
* Sovereignty
* Suzerainty
* Treaty
* Armistice
* Ceasefire
* War

Theory|

* Constructivism
* English school
* Feminism
* Liberalism
* Marxism
* Postcolonialism
* Realism

Related fields and subfields|

* Comparative politics
* Diplomacy
* Foreign policy analysis
* Geopolitics
* International law
* International political economy
* International political sociology
* Security studies

* v
* t
* e

South–South cooperation and Third Worldism

Global South|

| Development|

* Landlocked developing countries
* Least developed countries
* Heavily indebted poor countries

|

Markets|

* Emerging markets
* Newly industrialized country
* Transition economy

Worlds theory|

* First World
* Second World
* Third World
* Fourth World

Geopolitics|

* Decolonization
* Cold War
* Neocolonialism
* Multipolarity
* World Conference against Racism
* Durban I
* Durban II
* Durban III
* Globalization
* Post-Western era

BRICS|

* Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
BASIC (BRICS minus Russia)
* BRIC (BRICS minus South Africa)
* India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)

Finance|

* Debt
* Asian Clearing Union
* Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
* Asian Development Bank
* Arab Monetary Fund
* BancoSur
* Caribbean Development Bank
* Common Fund for Commodities
* New Development Bank
* OPEC Fund for International Development

Trade and
development

* Developmental state
* Flying geese paradigm
* Infrastructure-based development
* Sustainable development
* Global System of Trade Preferences
* Protocol on Trade Negotiations
* New International Economic Order
* New World Information and Communication Order
* United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
* United Nations Development Programme
* United Nations Industrial Development Organization

Public health|

* Generic drugs
* biosimilar
* Pharmaceutical patents
* criticism
* Test data exclusivity
* Doha Declaration
* World Health Organization

Organizations
and groups

* G-5
* G-77
* G-15
* D-8
* G20 developing nations (G-20)
* G-24
* G33 developing countries (G-33)
* G-11
* G-90
* Non-Aligned Movement
* African, Caribbean and Pacific Group
* African Union
* Afro–Asian Conference
* Association of Southeast Asian Nations
* Colombo Plan
* Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
* International Solar Alliance
* Melanesian Spearhead Group
* North–South Summit
* Polynesian Leaders Group
* South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
* South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
* Small Island Developing States
* South Centre

North–South
divide

* Brandt Report
* Global financial system
* International Monetary Fund
* World Bank
* World Trade Organization
* Fair trade
* Financial regulation
* Global digital divide

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Brazil

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Cape Verde
* DR Congo
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* Guinea-Bissau
* Kenya
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Nigeria
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* South Africa
* Tanzania

|

Americas|

* Argentina
* Barbados
* Bolivia
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* China
* East Timor
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* South Korea
* Taiwan
* Turkey

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Holy See
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Lithuania
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* New Zealand

Former|

* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations

* European Union
* United Nations
* G4
* G8+5
* G20
* BRICS
* IBSA
* CPLP
* Mercosur
* Unasul

Diplomacy

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* Diplomatic missions of Brazil
* Diplomatic missions in Brazil
* UNSC reform
* Brazilian Antarctica
* Wars involving Brazil
* Treaties of Brazil
* Brazil and weapons of mass destruction
* Presidential visits by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
* Ambassadors of Brazil

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Russia

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Central African Republic
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Republic of the Congo
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

|

Americas|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Ecuador
* Guatemala
* Guyana
* Honduras
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Russian Empire
* Soviet Union
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* East Timor
* Georgia
* Abkhazia
* South Ossetia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Kurdistan Region
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Hamas
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Transnistria
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* Donetsk PR
* Luhansk PR
* United Kingdom
* Vatican City

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* Nauru
* New Zealand
* Tonga
* Vanuatu

Multilateral relations

* BRICS
* European Union
* NATO
* United Nations
* Arctic policy of Russia
* Russia and the Antarctic
* Near Abroad

Diplomacy

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minister)
* Diplomatic missions of Russia / in Russia
* European energy sector
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* Eurasian Economic Union
* Military Cooperation
* Treaties
* Military doctrine
* Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of India

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cabo Verde
* Cameroon
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* Republic of the Congo
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Eritrea
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Equatorial Guinea
* Gabon
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

|

Americas|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Argentina
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Cayman Islands
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Grenada
* Guatemala
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Hong Kong
* Tibet
* East Timor
* Georgia
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Holy See
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* Kiribati
* Marshall Islands
* Micronesia
* Nauru
* New Zealand
* Cook Islands
* Niue
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tonga
* Tuvalu
* Vanuatu

Former|

* Soviet Union
* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations

* 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue
* ASEAN
* Africa (Summit)
* BIMSTEC
* BBIN
* BRICS (4th, 8th, 13th summit)
* Central Asia
* Commonwealth of Nations
* East Asia Summit
* European Union
* Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation
* G4
* G20
* IBSA
* Indian Ocean Naval Symposium
* Indian Ocean Rim Association
* Mekong–Ganga Cooperation
* Non-Aligned Movement (7th Summit)
* Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
* Sanctions
* SAARC
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* United Nations

Diplomacy

* History
* Ministry of External Affairs
* Minister
* Foreign Secretary
* Diplomatic missions of India / in India (in Chennai)
* Ambassadors and High Commissioners of India / to India
* Foreign aid by India / to India
* Indian diaspora
* Overseas citizens
* Foreign policy
* ITEC programme
* Look East policy
* Pan-African e-Network project
* Indira Gandhi government
* Narendra Modi government
* Asian
* Middle Eastern
* South Asian
* Act East)
* Kashmir conflict
* Siachen conflict
* Conflicts with Pakistan
* Disputes with China
* Disputes with Nepal
* State visits to India
* State visits by prime ministers of India
* Jawaharlal Nehru
* Indira Gandhi
* Atal Bihari Vajpayee
* Manmohan Singh
* Narendra Modi

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of China

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* Congo, Democratic Republic of the
* Congo, Republic of the
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Gabon
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

|

Americas|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Argentina
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Grenada
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Peru
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* East Timor
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* history
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* North Korea
* History
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* History
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Northern Domination
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Moldova
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Vatican City

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* Kiribati
* Micronesia
* Nauru
* New Zealand
* Niue
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tonga
* Vanuatu

Former states|

* Soviet Union
* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations

* BCIM Economic Corridor
* BIMSTEC
* Africa
* Arab League
* BRICS
* Caribbean
* China–Japan–South Korea
* European Union
* Latin America
* Oceania
* Third World
* United Nations
* Arctic policy of China
* China and the Antarctic

Diplomacy

* Central Foreign Affairs Commission (General Secretary)
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minister)
* Diplomatic missions of China / in China
* Belt and Road Initiative
* China's peaceful rise
* Chinese Century
* Confucius Institute
* Dates of diplomatic recognition
* Foreign policy of China
* Foreign Relations Law
* Foreign relations of Hong Kong
* Nine-dash line
* Panda diplomacy
* Political status of Taiwan
* Chinese unification
* Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
* Stadium diplomacy
* String of Pearls
* Major historical splits
* Albania
* Soviet
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* Treaties
* Theater diplomacy
* Wolf warrior diplomacy
* Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of South Africa

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Botswana
* Republic of the Congo
* Egypt
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mauritius
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* Sahrawi Republic
* Tanzania
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

|

Americas|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Cuba
* Mexico
* Peru
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay

Asia|

* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* China
* Hong Kong
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Israel
* Japan
* Malaysia
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Taiwan
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates

Europe|

* Bulgaria
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Ireland
* Italy
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Russia
* Serbia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* New Zealand

Multilateral relations

* European Union
* Commonwealth of Nations
* BRICS
* G8+5
* G20
* IBSA
* SACU
* Africa–India Forum Summit
* African Union

Diplomacy

* Diplomatic missions of South Africa
* Diplomatic missions in South Africa
* Department of International Relations and Cooperation
* UNSC reform
* South African National Antarctic Programme

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Ethiopia

Africa|

* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Eritrea
* Kenya
* Somalia
* Somaliland
* South Africa
* Sudan

Americas|

* Brazil
* Canada
* Cuba
* Mexico
* United States

Asia|

* Azerbaijan
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Israel
* Japan
* Malaysia
* Palestine
* Qatar
* Turkey

Europe|

* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Norway
* Russia
* Poland
* Serbia
* Spain
* Sweden
* United Kingdom

Former|

* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations|

* African Union
* European Union

Diplomatic missions|

* Diplomatic missions of / in Ethiopia

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Iran

Africa|

* Algeria
* Burkina Faso
* Egypt
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Kenya
* Libya
* Morocco
* Senegal
* South Africa
* Sudan
* Tunisia

Americas|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Cuba
* Ecuador
* Mexico
* United States
* after 1979
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* China
* Georgia
* History
* India
* Indonesia
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Belarus
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Croatia
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Holy See
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia

Former|

* Rome
* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations|

* Arab League
* European Union
* NATO

Disputes|

* Nuclear program of Iran
* Views on the nuclear program of Iran
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Israeli–Sunni Coalition
* Sanctions
* U.S. sanctions

Related|

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* Minister of Foreign Affairs
* Diplomatic missions of / in Iran
* Trade Promotion Organization of Iran
* Foreign direct investment in Iran
* Propaganda in Iran
* Iranian diaspora
* Ambassadors from Iran

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Egypt
* Kenya
* Somalia (Somaliland)
* South Africa
* Tanzania

|

Americas|

* Canada
* Chile
* Mexico
* Peru
* United States

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq (Kurdistan Region)
* Israel
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Syria
* Turkey
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Cyprus
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Holy See
* Kosovo
* North Macedonia
* Poland
* Portugal
* Russia
* Serbia
* Spain
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia

Diplomatic missions|

* Diplomatic missions of the United Arab Emirates / in the United Arab Emirates

Multilateral relations

* United Nations (ICAO, ILO, UPU, WHO, WIPO)
* Arab League (ALECSO, CAEU, AMF)
* Gulf Cooperation Council
* Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
* OPEC
* BRICS
* Non-Aligned Movement
* World Trade Organization
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* International Monetary Fund
* World Bank
* International Monetary Fund
* International Maritime Security Construct
* Indo-Abrahamic Alliance

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Egypt

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Libya
* Morocco
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Tunisia

|

Americas|

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Canada
* Mexico
* Peru
* United States
* Uruguay

Asia|

* Armenia
* Bangladesh
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Malaysia
* Mongolia
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* South Korea
* Syria
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates

Europe|

| EU|

* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Italy
* Poland
* Slovenia
* Spain

|

* Albania
* Kosovo
* Russia
* Serbia
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* New Zealand

Former|

* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations

* African Union
* Arab League (1964, 1964, 1970)
* ASPA
* European Union
* Union for the Mediterranean
* Non-Aligned Movement (2nd Summit)

Disputes

* Arab–Israeli conflict

Related topics

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* Minister
* Diplomatic missions of / in Egypt
* Egyptian diaspora
* Egyptian diplomats
* EFTCA

* v
* t
* e

China–India relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Embassy of China, New Delhi
* Ambassadors of China to India
* Embassy of India, Beijing
* Ambassadors of India to China

Diplomacy|

* Greater East Asia Conference
* Sino-Indian Agreement 1954
* Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
* 2007 Delhi security summit

Conflicts|

* Sino-Indian War
* Origins of the Sino-Indian War
* 1962 Indian parliamentary resolution on China
* Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962
* Forward policy
* Internment of Chinese-Indians
* Nathu La and Cho La clashes
* 1987 skirmish
* 2013 Depsang standoff
* 2017 border standoff
* 2020–2021 skirmishes
* Timeline
* Chinese Order of battle
* Indian Order of battle

Sino-Indian border dispute|

* Aksai Chin
* Dakpa Sheri
* Dehra Compass
* Depsang Bulge
* Doklam
* Dolam
* Sirijap
* Trans-Karakoram Tract
* Sino-Pakistan Agreement
* Line of Actual Control
* Differing perceptions of the LAC
* Infrastructure
* Roads
* Report of the Officials on the Boundary Question
* Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993
* Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles, 2005
* Border Defence Cooperation Agreement, 2013
* India-China Joint Working Group on the boundary question
* Special Representative mechanism on the India-China boundary question
* Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India–China Border Affairs
* Border Personnel Meeting Point

Economic relations|

* BRICS
* BRIC
* BASIC
* BCIM Economic Corridor
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

Related|

* India–Hong Kong relations
* India–Taiwan relations
* India–Tibet relations
* Five Fingers of Tibet
* Chindia
* Chinas
* Cheena Bhavana
* China–India railway
* China Study Group
* Tan Yun-Shan
* Zhengyou
* Cholas-Chinese relations
* Tamil-Chinese relations

Category:China–India relations

* v
* t
* e

China–Russia relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Embassy of China, Moscow
* Ambassadors of Russia to China
* Consulate General of Russia, Shanghai

Diplomacy|

* 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement
* 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship
* Altai gas pipeline
* 2007 Delhi security summit
* Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline
* Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
* BRICS
* BRIC
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia

Incidents|

* New Star incident

Military relations|

* Vostok 2018
* Chinese missile warning system
* Marine Security Belt

Related|

* History of Sino-Russian relations
* China–Soviet Union relations
* China–Russia border
* Sixty-Four Villages East of the River
* Outer Manchuria
* Russo-Chinese Bank Building
* Shenzhen MSU-BIT University
* Chinese Eastern Railway
* Chinese Orthodox Church
* Second Cold War
* Cyrillization of Chinese
* Li Yueran
* China and Russia

Category:China–Russia relations

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Catalonia
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Poland

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