BYD Auto

Chinese automobile manufacturer

BYD Auto Co., Ltd.

Company type| Subsidiary
Industry| Automotive
Predecessor| Xi'an Qinchuan Automobile Co., Ltd.
Founded| January 22, 2003; 21 years ago (January 22, 2003)
Founder| Wang Chuanfu
Headquarters|

Shenzhen, Guangdong

China

Area served

| Worldwide

Production output

|  3,045,231 vehicles (2023)
Revenue|  CN¥483.4 billion (2023)
Parent| BYD Company (99%)
Subsidiaries|

* Denza (90%)
* Yangwang
* Fangchengbao

Chinese name
Simplified Chinese| 比亚迪汽车有限公司
Traditional Chinese| 比亞迪汽車有限公司
Hanyu Pinyin| Bǐyàdí Qìchē Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī
Website|

* byd.com
* bydauto.com.cn (China)

Footnotes / references
[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

BYD Auto Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 比亚迪汽车; pinyin: Bǐyàdí Qìchē) is the main automotive subsidiary and brand of BYD Company, a publicly listed Chinese multinational manufacturing company. It manufactures passenger battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), collectively known as new energy vehicles (NEVs) in China. It also produces electric buses and trucks. The company sells its vehicles under the main BYD brand and high-end vehicles under its Denza, Yangwang and Fangchengbao brands.

BYD Auto was established in January 2003 by Wang Chuanfu, the founder of BYD Company, following the acquisition of Xi'an Qinchuan Automobile. The first car designed by BYD, the BYD F3, began production in 2005. In 2008, BYD launched its first plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, the BYD F3DM, followed by the BYD e6, its first battery electric vehicle, in 2009.

Following years of decline in sales and profit, BYD Auto has experienced substantial sales growth since 2020, driven by the increasing market share of new energy vehicles in China. Since 2021, the company has expanded sales of electric passenger cars into overseas markets, mainly to Europe, Southeast Asia, Oceania and Latin America. In March 2022, BYD ended production of purely internal combustion engined cars to focus on new energy vehicles.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, BYD was the top-selling battery electric vehicle manufacturer in the world ahead of Tesla.[8] BYD was also the best-selling car brand in China in 2023, overtaking Volkswagen, which had held the title since the liberalisation of the Chinese automotive industry.[9]

The company is characterised by its extensive vertical integration, leveraging BYD group's expertise in producing batteries and other related components such as electric motors and electronic controls, ensuring control and flexibility in production cost and volume. Most components used in BYD vehicles are claimed to be produced in-house within the group. The group also operates lithium mines, lithium processing, battery production, and an in-house computer chip manufacturing unit. As of 2023[update], BYD Company's battery subsidiary FinDreams Battery is the world's second largest producer of electric vehicle batteries.[10] It specialises in lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, including BYD's proprietary Blade battery.

## History

[edit]

### 2003–2008: Establishment and early years

[edit]

In January 2003, BYD Company founder Wang Chuanfu founded BYD Auto after acquiring and renaming a dwindling small automotive manufacturing company, Xi'an Qinchuan Automobile, from a state-owned defense company Norinco. The company was acquired for HK$269 million in exchange for a 77% stake, shortly after BYD raised HK$1.6 billion on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in July 2002.[11][12][13][14] The acquisition was met with disapproval from shareholders, as the plan was not disclosed in the prospectus.[15] Wang Chuanfu acquired Qinchuan with the intention of developing battery-powered electric vehicles, leveraging BYD's expertise in battery manufacturing.[16][17] As Qinchuan had been manufacturing cars since 1987, the purchase gave BYD access to car manufacturing technology and an automobile production license that was difficult to obtain at that time.[18][19] At the time of the acquisition, Qinchuan was producing a small car called the QCJ7181 Flyer, which BYD renamed to BYD Flyer from 2005. Limited capacity at the former Qinchuan manufacturing plant in Xi'an, Shaanxi prompted BYD to construct a new manufacturing plant in the Xi'an Development Zone within the city.[20]

The first car developed by BYD, codenamed 316, was rejected by dealers due to its poor styling and was scrapped before reaching the market, writing off CN¥100 million of research and development (R&D) expenses as a result.[21] Wang Chuanfu personally smashed the prototype to destroy it.[22] The BYD F3 sedan entered production on April 16, 2005, with an affordable price tag of CN¥73,000 (approximately US$10,000). Bearing resemblance to the Toyota Corolla with a lower price, the F3 quickly gained popularity, becoming a successful model with over 63,000 units sold that year.[20][21] The 100,000th unit rolled off the assembly line on June 18, 2007, just 20 months after production began. Following this success, the larger BYD F6 sedan entered production in August 2007, which was modelled after the Honda Accord.[23][24] Initially, BYD cars are equipped with Chinese-built Mitsubishi Motors older engines, but within a few years, BYD Auto created its own engines by improving Mitsubishi Motors engine blueprints.[15][25][26][27]

The BYD F3, the first vehicle designed by BYD was produced in 2005–2019

During its early years, BYD Auto achieved growth by reverse engineering competitors products and supplier parts, and maintaining strong control over costs. The first mass-produced passenger car from BYD, the BYD F3 compact sedan is "a copycat of the Toyota Corolla".[28] The BYD F0 small car was described as "a clear copy of the Toyota Aygo,"[29] while the BYD S6 "closely apes the Lexus RX",[30] and the BYD S8 has a similar appearance to the Mercedes-Benz SL-Class, with "features an almost identical Mercedes-Benz CLK front-end and Renault Megane CC rear".[31][32] Wang Chuanfu responded by claiming the company only uses "non-patented technologies".[33] In 2009, the US government had been advised by its consulate general in Guangzhou, China, that BYD uses an approach of "copying and then modifying car designs." Chinese courts ruled BYD has not infringed on patents.[34]

The BYD stand at the 2009 Central China High-Tech Fair in Shenzhen

In 2005, BYD Auto contributed 10% to BYD Company's revenue. By 2006, a little over a year since the F3 was launched, BYD Auto's contribution increased to 25%. In the first half of 2009, the automotive business for the first time made up more than half of BYD Company's revenue, reaching 55%.[11] By 2008, BYD Auto owned two vehicle assembly manufacturing plants in Xi'an and in Shenzhen with a production capacity of 300,000 units per year, an R&D and testing center in Shanghai, and a moulding plant in Beijing.[26]

After years of sales growth, widespread withdrawal of BYD dealerships were reported in large Chinese cities during 2010 due to excessively rapid expansion, limited model range, and internal competition that presented difficulties for dealers. It was exacerbated by BYD's focus on production capacity over quality. BYD responded by adjusting its annual production target from 800,000 to 600,000 vehicles, but fell short, reaching only 517,000 vehicles that year. In the subsequent three years, BYD shifted its attention to resolving concerns related to quality, dealership channels, and brand promotion.[11]

### 2006–2020: New energy vehicle efforts and sales stagnation

[edit]

BYD began exploring hybrid and electric vehicles as early as 1997, before acquiring Xi'an Qinchuan Automobile. In that year, Wang Chuanfu, as part of his research into electric vehicles, purchased a BJ6490D, an electric car made by Beijing Second Auto Works that was built off an imported knock-down kit of the Holden Commodore VN station wagon. The BJ6490D was powered by golf cart batteries, with a range of about 100 km (62 mi) and a top speed of 92 km/h (57 mph). Later, BYD acquired a second BJ6490D, which was subsequently converted into a hybrid vehicle.[35][36]

At the 2004 Beijing Auto Show, alongside its petrol-powered concept cars, BYD unveiled the BYD Flyer EF3, an electric sedan. Based on the BYD Flyer, the Flyer EF3 was initially intended for production in 2005, with a focus on serving as a taxi in Shenzhen. However, this plan did not materialize.[37] Two years later at the 2006 Beijing Auto Show, BYD showcased another electric car called the BYD F3e. Based on the BYD F3, the car had an all-electric range of more than 300 km (186 mi), and was planned to be produced within 3 years from 2007. In December 2010, a BYD Auto general manager confirmed that the company had cancelled plans for its production due to the lack of support in charging infrastructure.[38]

In 2008, Wang Chuanfu set a goal for the company to lead the Chinese automotive market by 2015, and to be the largest car manufacturer in the world by 2025.[39] According to Wang, electric vehicles would be BYD's stepping stone to skip research and development of internal combustion engine vehicles, and to enter foreign markets such as Europe and North America.[40]

The 2008 BYD F3DM, a conversion of the F3, marked the first modern, mass produced plug-in hybrid vehicle globally.

In March 2008, the plug-in hybrid electric version of the BYD F3, the F3DM, was introduced as the world's first production model plug-in hybrid car at the Geneva Motor Show in Switzerland.[41][42] Initially, the F3DM was offered in China as a fleet vehicle for governments, banks and other institutions, until retail sales started in March 2010 when the Chinese government started granting subsidies for new energy vehicles.[43]

In January 2009, BYD introduced its first production battery electric vehicle, the e6 at the 2009 North American International Auto Show in Detroit.[44] It is powered by a battery pack codenamed "Fe", which provides a claimed electric range of 400 km (249 mi).[45] While plans to sell the vehicle to the general public in the US were shelved, the company sold the e6 in the US as a fleet vehicle in a limited number.[46][47][48]

The BYD e6, showcased at the 2010 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, US

In 2009, BYD started producing battery electric buses as part of a pilot scheme initiated by the Chinese government.[49] It signed a deal to supply 1,000 BYD K9 electric buses to the Hunan Government in China. The buses have a range of 305 km (190 mi) per charge with a top speed of 70 km/h (43 mph), a charging time of six hours and 50% fast charging in 30 minutes.[38]

In 2010, BYD Auto Industry Co., Ltd. and Daimler AG, now known as Mercedes-Benz Group AG, formed a 50-50 joint venture named Shenzhen BYD Daimler New Technology with a brand named Denza to focus on research and development of new energy vehicles. The brand showcased a concept car called the Denza EV at Auto China in April 2012.[50] Denza was later restructured in 2021, when BYD took control of the brand by taking a 90% stake in the venture.[49]

In August 2013, BYD launched the Dynasty Series product line with the introduction of the BYD Qin, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle variant of the petrol-engine BYD Surui. The Qin was designed to replace the BYD F3DM, an earlier plug-in hybrid model. The Qin quickly became the best-selling plug-in electric vehicle of early 2014.[51][52][53]

In November 2016, the company hired Wolfgang Egger as BYD Auto's head of design. Egger, who built his career at Alfa Romeo, Audi, and SEAT, created his first design for BYD, the Dynasty concept, a concept electric SUV that was displayed at the 2017 Shanghai Auto Show and previewed the design of the second-generation BYD Tang.[54][55][56]

Before 2020, BYD heavily relied on government subsidies to generate profit from its plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles. For example, in 2016, the company received approximately US$1 billion in new energy vehicle subsidies, surpassing its net profit for that year, which was CN¥5.1 billion (US$750 million). These subsidies accounted for over 20% of BYD's US$5 billion in revenue from new energy vehicle sales that year.[57] However, between 2017 and 2019, BYD faced challenges due to a reduction in government subsidies.[58][59][60][61] This led to a significant slowdown in sales and a sharp decline in net profit over three consecutive years. In 2019, the company's net profit dropped to only CN¥1.6 billion. During this period, Wang Chuanfu, stated that the company's primary goal was merely "to survive".[62]

### 2020–present: Rapid growth and global expansion

[edit]

The BYD Atto 3 / Yuan Plus helped increase the sales of BYDs globally; it is one of the best selling electric cars in Australia.

BYD experienced a substantial surge in vehicle sales from 2020 to 2023. The company sold 3,024,417 vehicles globally in 2023, a seven-fold increase compared to the 2020 figure of 427,302 vehicles. The increase was partly attributed to the increasing popularity of new energy vehicles in China, which accounted for 27.5% of vehicle sales in China in 2022, up from 5.8% in 2020.[63][64] In the first half of 2022, BYD surpassed Tesla as the world's largest plug-in electric vehicle manufacturer by selling 641,000 vehicles.[65] BYD ended the production of pure internal combustion engine vehicles in March 2022, redirecting its focus towards new energy vehicles. In September 2022, BYD became the first carmaker in China to build one million new energy vehicles in a single year.[66] On November 24, 2023, BYD became the first company in the world to produce its 6 millionth new energy vehicle.[67] By 2023, BYD continued to be the world's largest plug-in hybrid electric vehicle manufacturer and the second-largest battery electric vehicle manufacturer (after Tesla), with global market shares of 21.4% and 15%, respectively.[68][69] BYD also held a 36% market share in the new energy vehicle segment in China as of September 2023.[70]

The BYD Han, as of 2024, is BYD's upscale full-size car.

BYD introduced its first vehicle equipped with the Blade battery, the BYD Han large sedan, in early 2020. The Han went on sale in July 2020 with an option of plug-in hybrid electric (Han DM) and battery electric (Han EV) variants.[71] The range-topping variant of the Han EV was claimed to be the fastest electric car in China, while the DM version was the fastest hybrid sedan.[72]

BYD announced its entry to Europe in May 2020, starting with Norway. The first batch of 100 BYD Tang EVs equipped with the Blade battery were sent to Norway in June 2021.[73]

In April 2021, BYD introduced the e-Platform 3.0, a third-generation platform for battery electric vehicles that integrated and standardised core components along with a new body structure, new electrical architecture, and operating system.[74] The platform began production starting with the BYD Dolphin and the BYD Yuan Plus that are announced in August 2021.[75][76] It also established the Ocean Series line of products, which consists of models named after marine animals.[77]

In December 2021, Daimler AG reduced its stake in its joint venture brand with BYD Auto from 50% to 10%, with BYD Auto controlling 90%. BYD refreshed Denza's line-up with the release of the Denza D9 minivan in 2022, followed by the Denza N7 SUV in 2023.[78] In January 2023, BYD established its second premium brand called Yangwang by introducing the Yangwang U8 plug-in hybrid electric large SUV,[79][80] and the Yangwang U9 battery electric supercar.[81] The company further expanded its brand portfolio by introducing the Fangchengbao brand in June 2023, which focuses on off-road vehicles.[82]

2023 BYD Seagull

In April 2023, BYD released its smallest and cheapest battery electric vehicle called the Seagull. It features a 4-seater, 5-door configuration in a hatchback body style, while being priced in a segment dominated by smaller 3-door cars. The car became a sales success in China. On 29 November 2023, BYD produced the 200,000th Seagull after only seven months in the market.[83][84] Due to its low cost of production and its low selling price at below CN¥90,000 or US$12,000, the Seagull has garnered curiosity and praise from international media and industry experts.[85][86][87][88]

In May 2023, BYD Auto was approved to acquire a 100% stake in Yi'an P&C Insurance Co., Ltd., renamed it, and transformed it into its own insurance company for BYD vehicles.[89][90] In June 2024, BYD Property & Casualty Insurance opened for registrations, and announced the expansion of its car insurance services in 7 major provinces in China.[91] The company has regulatory approval to adjust premium rates independently, addressing high premiums and profitability challenges in the new energy vehicle insurance market.[92]

While celebrating BYD's 5,000,000th new energy vehicle production in August 2023, Wang Chuanfu called on local Chinese car manufacturers to "unite" to take on foreign manufacturers, responding to the severe price war in the Chinese market throughout 2023. Wang claims that it is "an emotional need for the 1.4 billion Chinese people to see a Chinese brand becoming global," and initiated a campaign titled "Together, we are Chinese autos". The call was welcomed by the CEOs of Nio and Li Auto.[93][94]

On 9 January 2024, BYD's first roll-on/roll-off cargo ship, named "BYD Explorer No.1", was delivered and left the construction base in Longkou, Shandong province. The 200 m (660 ft)-long ship arrived at Yantai Port on the same day, before heading to Shenzhen for loading cars for exporting to Europe. According to China International Marine Containers (CIMC), the ship was built by Yantai CIMC Raffles Shipyard for the international ship management company Zodiac Maritime, and was leased to BYD as the first of its "sea shipping fleet", with a loading capacity of 7,000 vehicles.[95][96][97]

## Marketing

[edit]

### Branding

[edit]

BYD Auto's original logo was used between 2003 and 2007. According to the company, the blue and white colours represent the sky and the clouds respectively.[98][99] The logo was criticised due to its resemblance to the BMW roundel.[100][101] It was replaced with the logo used by its parent company upon the introduction of the BYD F1 (renamed to F0 later).[102]

On 1 January 2021, BYD Auto adopted a new brand logo, while other BYD businesses retained the older logo.[103]

On 17 February 2022, the logo of BYD Auto was slightly revised with a narrower width to follow graphic design trends, coinciding with the introduction of the new BYD Company logo.[104]

As the name "BYD" had no particular meaning, BYD Auto started adopting the slogan "Build Your Dreams" since it participated in the 2008 North American International Auto Show in the US.[105] In 2017, when the company released the second-generation BYD Tang, BYD Auto started placing "Build Your Dreams" badging at the rear of its vehicles, replacing the standard oval BYD logo.[106] The badging was retained until late 2023, when the company announced that the badging would be dropped in favour of the three-letter BYD logo due to widespread criticisms.[107][108]

#### Logo evolution

[edit]

* 2003–2007

* 2007–2021

* 2021–2022 (wider than the current logo)

* 2022–present

### Advertising and sponsorships

[edit]

BYD stand at UEFA Euro 2024 Fan Zone Hamburg, Germany

In December 2016, BYD signed American actor Leonardo DiCaprio as the brand's global brand ambassador for new energy vehicles.[109]

In January 2024, BYD signed a deal with UEFA to be the official partner of UEFA European Football Championship 2024, replacing Volkswagen as the competition's mobility partner.[110]

## Global markets

[edit]

In 2009, BYD started exporting cars to Africa, South America, and the Middle East. At that time, BYD cars competed on price instead of quality.[111] Since 2021, BYD started expanding its global presence rapidly by prioritizing exports of passenger electric vehicles. Beginning in 2022, BYD has committed to producing right-hand drive versions of several battery electric passenger models for exports to left-hand traffic countries such as Australia, the UK and Thailand.[112] These include newer models with BYD's third-generation platform (e-Platform 3.0) such as the Atto 3 (the export version of the Yuan Plus), Dolphin and Seal.[113] For the Dolphin, the company had also done an extensive reengineering to ensure the small car would achieve the highest ratings in Euro NCAP and Australasian NCAP testing.[114][115]

Throughout 2023, the company exported over 242,766 passenger new energy vehicles, a year-over-year increase of 334 percent.[1] As of 2023, BYD Auto vehicles are sold in over 70 countries.[116] BYD aimed to sell 500,000 vehicles overseas in 2024, more than double the 2023 total, and one million units in 2025.[117]

### Europe

[edit]

BYD booth at the IAA Summit 2023, Munich, Germany

In May 2020, BYD Auto announced that it would offer passenger vehicles in Europe, starting with Norway. The company chose Norway due to the widespread adoption of electric vehicles in the country. The first product offered there is the BYD Tang.[118] Previous BYD vehicles offered in Europe are mainly commercial vehicles and fleet-oriented vehicles such as the BYD e6, sold in low volumes.[119]

In 2022, BYD Auto began selling its passenger vehicles in more European countries, such as Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany, France, and Belgium.[120] In Germany and Sweden, the BYD models are sold in cooperation with the Hedin Group.[121] In October 2022, BYD appointed Denzel Group as its distributor in Austria.[121] In March 2023, BYD entered the United Kingdom market by introducing the Atto 3.[122] In June 2024, BYD began selling three BEV passenger car models in Poland.[123]

BYD will build its first European passenger car factory in Szeged, Hungary, which will build new energy vehicles with an annual capacity of over 100,000 vehicles. The plan was announced in December 2023.[124][125] It is the first Chinese manufacturer to plan a European factory.[126]

In September 2023, the European Commission announced EU would launch an anti-subsidy investigation into Chinese electric vehicle manufacturers, including BYD. European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen claimed that Chinese electric vehicle prices are kept artificially low by significant state subsidies, that would in effect distort the EU market. BYD Europe managing director, Michael Shu, argued that BYD's competitive price was achieved by higher "management efficiency" and unique technology instead of subsidies from the Chinese government.[127] In June 2024, the European Commission completed its investigation, and imposed an additional 17.4% import duty on top of the existing 15% on BYD vehicles imported into the European Union, effective 4 July 2024.[128][129]

BYD vehicles generate significantly higher profitability in Europe than in China, driven by their higher pricing in the European market. Research by the Rhodium Group shows that BYD sells their vehicles in Europe with a 92–112% markup compared to its price in China. As the result, BYD makes approximately €14,300 in profit on each Seal U EV model sold in the EU, which is an 11-fold increase compared to the €1,300 profit on the same model sold in China. Reuters noted that the BYD Atto 3 is priced at US$19,283 in China and US$42,789 in Germany. Despite the higher price in Germany, it remains competitive with similar electric vehicles there. The price difference can be attributed to the more competitive market conditions in China, while in Europe, BYD is able to position its vehicles at a higher price point. This indicates that despite the tariffs imposed by the EU, BYD is likely able to continue create profit in Europe.[130][131][132]

#### Turkey

[edit]

BYD announced plans to invest $1 billion in a factory in Turkey, which is part of a customs union with the EU. The factory will have an annual production capacity of 150,000 vehicles. An agreement between BYD CEO Wang Chuanfu and Turkey's Industry and Technology Minister Mehmet Fatih Kacır was signed on 8 July 2024.[133]

### Australia

[edit]

BYD entered the Australian market in 2022 through a partnership with EVDirect, a local distributor that is a subsidiary of ASX-listed company MotorCycle Holdings. Both companies signed an agreement in February 2021.[134] The company showcased the first right-hand drive Atto 3 in August 2022.[135] Its entry into the Australian market was delayed by a month to November 2022 due to compliance issues with the Atto 3, due to the top tether child restraint anchor point in the center rear seating position not being in compliance with the Australian Design Rules.[136] Despite the delay, the Atto 3 became the second-best-selling electric vehicle in Australia in 2022, behind only the Tesla Model 3.[137] In 2023, BYD introduced two more models (the Dolphin and the Seal) in Australia, and by the end of the year has sold 12,438 vehicles, making it the second-largest electric vehicle brand in the country.[138]

### Asia

[edit]

#### Japan

[edit]

BYD K9 bus in Morioka, Iwate, Japan

In 2015, the BYD became the first Chinese manufacturer in Japan to market electric buses. It supplied the K9 large electric bus to bus operator Princess Line [ja] in Kyoto.[139][140] In 2022, BYD held a 70% market share of electric buses in Japan.[141]

In July 2022, BYD announced that sales of its passenger electric cars in Japan would start in 2023.[142] Sales of the Atto 3 in the country started in February 2023, with its first sales outlet located in Yokohama. BYD sells its vehicles in Japan through a dealership network instead of direct sales.[143] The Dolphin was added to the local line-up in September 2023. All BYD models in Japan are adapted to local conditions by adopting the CHAdeMO charging standard.[144]

#### Hong Kong

[edit]

BYD started sales of its passenger electric cars in Hong Kong in September 2022, shortly after it finished developing the right-hand drive Atto 3.[145] On 11 June 2023, three BYD showrooms and a service center in Hong Kong were vandalised. Suspects poured red paint on windows and entrances of the buildings. In one case, a car was rammed into the rolling shutter of the showroom in New Territories.[146] The incidents were reported to the police, and operations in these premises were halted for a few days.[147] On 23 June 2023, Hong Kong police announced that 13 people were arrested in connection with the incidents.[148]

#### Southeast Asia

[edit]

BYD booth at the 2023 Bangkok International Motor Show, Thailand

In October 2022, BYD started sales of passenger electric cars in Thailand in partnership with local company Rêver Automotive.[149] In 2023, BYD announced plans to build a new electric vehicle manufacturing plant in Thailand. The plant, located in Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) special zone in Rayong, began construction in March 2023 with an annual capacity of 150,000 vehicles.[150] BYD opened the plant on 4 July 2024, and also rolled off its 8,000,000th new energy vehicle at the new site.[151] The facility is the first wholly-owned BYD plant outside China.[152] It encompasses processes of stamping, painting, welding, final assembly, and car component production, and will employ 10,000 people.[153]

BYD entered Malaysia in December 2022 by partnering with local company Sime Darby Motors as the distributor.[154] In the Philippines, BYD partnered with Ayala Corp to distribute BYD passenger electric cars in the country since August 2023.[155]

BYD introduced its passenger electric cars in Indonesia in January 2024. According to the Indonesian government, BYD plans to invest US$1.3 billion (Rp 20.3 trillion) to build a manufacturing plant in Indonesia with an annual capacity of 150,000 units.[156] In April 2024, BYD formally announced the location of its Indonesian manufacturing plant, which will be in Subang, West Java. The plant will be operational in early 2026.[157]

#### India

[edit]

BYD entered the Indian automotive sector in 2016 as a battery and bus chassis supplier to Olectra Greenwich Ltd. Its manufacturing operations are based in the Sriperumbudur plant, Tamil Nadu. BYD started assembling electric passenger vehicles through a semi-knock down arrangement in low volume in 2022. The models assembled are the fleet-oriented e6 since September 2022 and the Atto 3 since November 2022.[158][159][160]

In July 2023, investment plans to produce cars in India were cancelled due to scrutiny from the Indian government, citing security concerns. BYD Auto had previously planned to invest $1 billion USD with a local joint venture partner, Megha Engineering, with production targeted to begin in 2025.[161]

#### Pakistan

[edit]

BYD entered the Pakistani automotive market in August 2024 with the launch of the Atto 3, Seal, and Sealion 6 models. In addition, BYD has announced plans to establish a car production plant in Port Qasim, Karachi under a joint venture with Mega Motors, a subsidiary of Hub Power Company, Pakistan's largest independent power producer. The facility is projected to be completed in the first half of 2026.[162][163]

#### Uzbekistan

[edit]

BYD entered Uzbekistan in March 2023 by introducing two plug-in hybrid models and one battery electric model.[164] The company established a joint venture with the local company Uzavtosanoat JSC (UzAuto) to assemble plug-in hybrid cars starting in 2024. The plant is located in Jizzakh.[165] The first vehicle produced by the facility, a BYD Song Plus DM-i, rolled off the assembly line on 27 June 2024.[166]

### North America

[edit]

#### United States

[edit]

BYD Auto US headquarters in Los Angeles, California

BYD's North American headquarters were opened in Los Angeles in 2011.[167] The electric bus plant in Lancaster, California became operational in 2014.[168][169] BYD first supplied the Los Angeles Metro Bus system with buses in 2015.

In a February 2024 interview with Yahoo! Finance, Stella Li, the executive vice president of BYD and CEO of BYD Americas iterated that BYD is "not planning to come to the US" to sell electric passenger cars, despite planning a manufacturing plant in Mexico, citing politically motivated trade barriers against Chinese companies and the slowing rate of growth for electric car adoption in the US.[170] BYD is the top electric bus manufacturer in North America, and has been primarily adopted by the metro transit authorities of Los Angeles and San Francisco.[171]

#### Mexico

[edit]

BYD started selling electric passenger cars in Mexico since 2023. The first models introduced were the Han EV sedan, Tang EV and Yuan Plus EV.[172][173] Previously the company has presence in the country selling battery electric buses, trucks and taxis.[174] Reports in February 2024 indicated that BYD is planning to build a manufacturing plant in Mexico. According to Stella Li, the company is not considering any northern state as it targets the local market instead of the US market.[170]

### South America

[edit]

BYD planned to deliver 1,002 electric buses to Bogota, the capital city of Colombia, by mid-2022,[175] after winning a contract for 406 electric buses in January 2021.[176]

In 2022, BYD began selling passenger vehicles in Colombia and Costa Rica.[160]

#### Brazil

[edit]

In February 2022, BYD Auto began sales of passenger vehicles in Brazil starting with the Tang EV (marketed as the Tan), followed by the Han EV in April 2022.[177][178] Previously, BYD in Brazil had marketed battery electric buses and commercial vehicles.[179]

In July 2023, BYD announced an investment of US$600 million in Brazil to acquire, modernise, and increase the production capacity of a former Ford manufacturing plant in Camaçari, Bahia, to build up to 300,000 cars per year by 2025. The plant will produce the Dolphin, Yuan Plus, and Song Plus DM-i.[180] BYD also plans to build two industrial plants: one for the production of electric bus/truck platforms and another for refining lithium and iron phosphate ores for use in BYD's battery factories in China.[181] In June 2024, BYD announced its goal to sell 350,000 vehicles annually in Brazil by 2028 and to become one of the top 3 car brands in the country.[182]

## Products

[edit]

A BYD Dynasty Network showroom in Shenzhen

Main article: List of BYD Auto vehicles

BYD Auto offers a broad variety of vehicle types, including sedans, hatchbacks, MPVs, SUVs, battery electric buses and coaches in various sizes, and large trucks. The company formerly produced internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles until 2022, when the carmaker announced that it would focus on new energy vehicles.[183]

### Passenger vehicles

[edit]

Best-selling BYD models, 2023[184][185]

Rank  | Model  | Global sales
1  | BYD Qin Plus | 455,863
2  | BYD Song Plus | 427,071
3  | BYD Yuan Plus / Atto 3 | 412,202
4  | BYD Dolphin | 367,419
5  | BYD Seagull | 280,217
6  | BYD Han | 228,383
7  | BYD Song Pro | 203,491
8  | BYD Tang | 137,184
9  | BYD Seal & Seal DM-i | 127,323
10  | Denza D9 | 119,182

For passenger vehicles for personal use, the BYD brand distinguishes its line-up under three main "series", which are the Dynasty Series (started by the Qin in 2012), Ocean Series (started by the Dolphin in 2021) and the "e" Series (started by the e6 in 2009).[186] In China, these series are offered through separate sales network, namely the Dynasty Network and the Ocean Network (formerly the e-Network in 2019–2021).[187][188] Dynasty series vehicles adopts dragon-inspired designs, and considered to be more premium.[189][190] Ocean Series vehicles are designed to appeal to younger customers with concept design of "Marine Aesthetics", using waves and flowing lines inspired by the ocean as the main theme. Ocean Series vehicles predominantly uses marine animal names except two models that are named after warships (e.g. Frigate and Destroyer).[191] Fleet-oriented vehicles for ride-hailing and taxi are categorised in the "e" series, which are distributed through the Ocean Network.[192]

Current powertrain options for BYD passenger vehicles consist of battery electric vehicles, denoted by the EV moniker, and plug-in hybrids marketed as DM-i (Dual Mode Intelligent, a plug-in hybrid electric system) and DM-p (performance-oriented Dual Mode with all-wheel drive).[186]

* BYD Dolphin

* BYD Seal

* BYD Song Plus DM-i

* BYD Qin L DM-i

#### Brands

[edit]

##### Denza

[edit]

Main article: Denza

Denza (Chinese: 腾势; pinyin: Téngshì) is a joint venture with Mercedes-Benz AG (previously Daimler AG) to produce luxury electric vehicles.[193][194] It was established in May 2010. Its first model, the Denza 500 is based on an earlier generation of the Mercedes-Benz B-Class.[195] After years of low sales, in 2021 Daimler reduced its share from 50% to 10%, leaving BYD Auto Industry Co., Ltd. as the largest shareholder at 90%.[78] The brand line-up was refreshed with the release of the Denza D9 minivan in 2022, followed by the Denza N7 SUV.[196]

* Denza Z9 GT

* Denza D9

##### Yangwang

[edit]

Main article: Yangwang

Yangwang (Chinese: 仰望; lit. 'gazing', 'look up') is BYD's luxury car brand that is positioned in a price range above CN¥1 million (approximately US$140,000) to compete with European luxury brands.[197] The brand was announced on 5 January 2023 at the Guangzhou Auto Show, along with its first model, the U8 off-road plug-in hybrid SUV, which features BYD's proprietary e4 individual wheel drive technology, followed by the U9 battery electric supercar.[198][81]

* Yangwang U8

* Yangwang U9

##### Fangchengbao

[edit]

Main article: Fangchengbao

Fangchengbao (Chinese: 方程豹; lit. 'formula leopard'), trademarked in English as Formula Bao[199] is BYD Auto's brand that produces SUVs. BYD positioned the brand with "professional" and "personalised" vehicles, with products covering off-road and track-focused segments. The brand was announced on 9 June 2023.[200] The brand operates its own direct sales stores, in contrast with BYD that relies on a dealership network.[201]

On 16 August 2023, Fangchengbao released its first model, the Bao 5 plug-in hybrid SUV. It debuted at the Chengdu Auto Show and is based on a Fangchengbao-specific platform called DMO (Dual Mode Off-Road).[201]

* Fangchengbao Bao 5

* Fangchengbao Bao 8

### Commercial vehicles

[edit]

#### Light commercial vehicles and taxis

[edit]

The BYD e6, first introduced in 2009 as the first battery electric vehicle from BYD, is predominantly marketed as a taxi. It has been used as a taxi in many cities in China, Europe, and other Asian countries, as well as in fleets for ride-sharing apps.[202] BYD also offers battery electric panel vans and windowed vans such as the T3/ETP3 and V3.[203]

* BYD e6 taxi in service in Singapore

* BYD ETP3 in Germany

#### Buses

[edit]

BYD produces battery electric buses in various forms and sizes, such as single-deck buses, double-deck buses, articulated buses, school buses, and long-distance coaches.[204][205][206] As of 2023[update], BYD has delivered over 100,000 battery electric buses globally.[207]

In North America, BYD buses are produced in the US at BYD's plant in Lancaster, California. As of 2022[update], it is the largest battery-electric bus manufacturer in North America.[168]

* BYD K8 in Shenzhen, China

* BYD J6 in Hiroshima, Japan

* BYD B12D double-decker in Hong Kong

* BYD K11U articulated bus in Helsinki, Finland

#### Trucks

[edit]

BYD is one of the largest battery electric truck manufacturer in the world, with more than 8,000 trucks in service globally as of 2021[update]. It has sold more than 200 battery electric trucks in service across the United States.[208] It produces Class 5, Class 6, Class 7 and Class 8 trucks, refuse trucks, street sweeper trucks, mining trucks, and construction vehicles.[209][210][211]

* BYD T8 street sweeper truck

* BYD 8TT

## Technologies

[edit]

### Blade battery

[edit]

The Blade battery showcased at the IAA Summit 2023, Germany

Main article: Blade battery

The Blade battery is a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery for electric vehicles designed and manufactured by FinDreams Battery, a subsidiary of BYD Company. It was first used by the BYD Han in 2020.[71] Starting from April 2021, every battery electric vehicle from BYD comes equipped with the Blade battery.[212] The battery is claimed to be thinner and safer than typical electric vehicle batteries, and has been used by other car companies.[213][214] BYD claims that in a penetration test where the battery is impaled with a nail, the Blade battery emitted no smoke or fire after being penetrated, and its surface temperature reached only 30 to 60 °C (86 to 140 °F). In the same test, a three-layered lithium battery would heat up to over 500 °C (932 °F) and subsequently catch fire.[215]

### Plug-in hybrid electric systems

[edit]

####  DM (dual mode)

[edit]

The BYD DM (dual mode) hybrid technology was first introduced in 2008 on vehicles such as the BYD F3DM and BYD M3 DM. It consisted of a conventional internal combustion engine and transmission as well as an electric motor and batteries.[216] The first generation DM system is considered a series-parallel drivetrain. It uses an E-CVT, which is a power unit integrating a drive motor, a generator and a reducer, and does not have a multi-speed transmission in the traditional sense. The petrol engine drives the generator to charge the battery and power the electric motor, and is able to supply power to the wheels.[217]

In 2013, BYD launched the second-generation DM technology (also called DM2.0). This system is more performance-oriented, and consists of a water-cooled electric motor with a six-speed dual-clutch transmission (DCT) ("P3") and a 1.5-litre turbocharged four-cylinder direct injection petrol engine to form a parallel hybrid drivetrain. It has three driving modes, which are EV, HEV and ICE.[217] This technology was used by the first generations of the BYD Qin, BYD Song, BYD Tang and other models. BYD also offered an all-wheel drive version by adding a drive motor ("P4") to the rear axle.[218] The third-generation DM system (also called DM3.0) brought improved performance and smoother shifting by adding a belt-driven starter generator (BSG).[217]

####  DM-i/DM-p/DMO (fourth generation)

[edit]

BYD DM-i powertrain in display

In 2021, BYD introduced the DM-i and DM-p systems that replaced the outgoing DM systems.[218] The DM-i is developed for efficiency-oriented front-wheel drive models, while the DM-p is adopted for performance-oriented all-wheel drive models. These systems adopts series-parallel plug-in hybrid technology with a dedicated hybrid transmission (DHT),[219] consisting of a high-efficiency petrol engine marketed as Xiaoyun (which can power an electric generator) and a main electric motor (which can be powered by batteries and/or an electric generator). The Xiaoyun engine uses the Atkinson cycle, has an ultra-high compression ratio (CR) of 15.5, and has a brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 43%, which is claimed to be the world's highest for a production petrol engine.[220] The DM-i is available with three power levels, codenamed EHS132, EHS145, and EHS160, using a 1.5-litre, a 1.5-litre or a 1.5-litre turbocharged Xiaoyun engines respectively.[221]

The hybrid drivetrain uses context-dependent components to provide driving power, including battery-only, battery + electrical generator mode, engine-only mode (only at high speeds due to lack of transmission), and battery + engine mode. The engine charges the batteries via the generator when conditions permit. This design allows the engine to remain within its high-efficiency zone.[220]

In late 2023, a derivative of the DM-i and DM-p fourth-generation systems called DMO (Dual Mode Off-road), aka DMO Super Hybrid Off-road Platform[222] was introduced. It is developed for body-on-frame, off-road oriented vehicles that use a longitudinal engine layout such as the Fangchengbao Bao 5 SUV and the BYD Shark pickup truck.[223]

In January 2024, reports surfaced that BYD plans to stop producing pouch-type batteries used in its plug-in hybrid vehicles by 2025 to address durability concerns and the risk of leaking electrolyte. Instead, the company will use prismatic batteries known as "Short Blade" for its plug-in hybrid vehicles going forward.[224]

####  Fifth generation DM-i

[edit]

The fifth-generation DM-i system (DM-i 5.0) was introduced in May 2024 with the introduction of the BYD Qin L and BYD Seal 06 DM-i. The system is claimed to have the world's highest engine thermal efficiency of 46.06%, the world's lowest fuel consumption at 2.9 l/100 km (34 km/l; 81 mpg‑US), and the world's longest combined range of 2,100 km (1,300 mi).[218]

### Battery electric vehicle platforms

[edit]

#### e-Platform

[edit]

The e-Platform, or retroactively known as the e-Platform 1.0 was launched in 2010. It was adopted by first generation BYD e6.[225][226]

#### e-Platform 2.0

[edit]

The e-Platform 2.0 is a modular car platform specialised for battery electric vehicles. It was introduced in 2018, and went on production with the BYD Han EV in 2020. The platform is summarised by the "33111" concept: the first "3" refers to the three-in-one drive system, which integrates the motor, motor controller, and reducer; the second "3" refers to the 3-in-1 high-voltage system, encompassing the DC-DC converter, on-board charger, and high-voltage distribution box. The three "1"s represent the integrated printed circuit board, the smart infotainment screen, and the high-performance and safer battery.[226]

#### e-Platform 3.0

[edit]

The e-Platform 3.0 is a modular car platform specialised for battery electric vehicles. It offers improved integration of BYD's proprietary Blade battery technology into an improved pure electric frame with doubled torsional stiffness, a more efficient 8-in-1 module for the drive system, a direct cooling and heating system for the battery pack (utilising residual heat, the powertrain, the passenger compartment, and the battery itself) for increased thermal efficiency of up to 20%, as well as shorter front overhangs, a lower body profile, and a longer wheelbase to improve aerodynamics. The platform enables all-electric ranges exceeding 1,000 km (620 mi), with 800-volt fast charging technology for a range of up to 150 km (93 mi) after 5 minutes of charging and allows for an all-wheel drive (AWD) system with 0-100 km/h (62 mph) acceleration of up to 2.9 seconds.[227] It allows for cell-to-body (CTB) battery integration, replacing the outgoing cell-to-pack (CTP) technology.[228]

The first vehicles designed using this platform are the Dolphin, Yuan Plus (Atto 3 in global markets),[229] Seal, Denza D9 EV, among others.[75]

##### e-Platform 3.0 Evo

[edit]

In 2024, BYD introduced an improved version of the platform called the e-Platform 3.0 Evo. It features a 12-in-1 electric drive system, replacing the previous 8-in-1 system. It also features the world highest speed mass-produced electric drive motor reaching 23,000 rpm, faster charging speed, and a high-efficiency heat pump.[230] The first vehicle that uses this platform is the BYD Sea Lion 07.[231]

### Software and connectivity

[edit]

DiLink (global version) in landscape mode in a BYD Han EV

DiLink (global version) in portrait mode in a BYD Seal U

BYD equipped most of its passenger cars with DiLink, a service ecosystem of technology and content developed independently by BYD. The system is claimed to integrate in-vehicle network systems, cloud communication, AI, big data and other technologies.[232] The user interface is inspired by mobile phones, supported by rotatable screens in BYD vehicles, and supports over-the-air updates. BYD also cooperated with Alibaba Cloud for its DiCloud AI cloud platform for the DiLink.[233] Initial iterations of the DiLink (version 1.0) were used in vehicles such as the second-generation BYD Tang, and uses hardware comprising a 14.6-inch screen, 4G connection and a Qualcomm Snapdragon 625 chipset with 3 GB of RAM and 32 GB of storage.[234]

The latest version of DiLink, the DiLink 4.0 was introduced in August 2021. The updated version supports 5G network, and feature a reworked, more intuitive user interface.[235] The hardware for the DiLink 4.0 is known to be powered by a Qualcomm Snapdragon 665 chipset with 8 GB of RAM and 128 GB of storage.[236]

One of the popular feature in the DiLink for the Chinese market is the inclusion of karaoke. BYD is one of the first brands in China to include karaoke in the in-car entertainment system, allowing occupants to sing through the optional or included DiLink microphone.[237][238][239]

In 2021, BYD also introduced BYD OS alongside the e-Platform 3.0, which is an in-house operating system for battery electric vehicles that decouples software and hardware. This approach reduces manufacturing and maintenance costs while offering the possibility for other manufacturers using the platform to integrate their own software and hardware.[240]

## Research and development

[edit]

In 2006, BYD established an internal Electric Vehicle Research Institute, dedicated for the R&D and trial production of complete vehicles and parts for new energy vehicles, such as battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles (DM, dual-mode).[39]

### Design centre

[edit]

BYD E-Seed GT concept car, 2019

In 2019, BYD launched its global design centre in Shenzhen, China. It is led by industry veterans from European brands, led by Global Design director Wolfgang Egger, BYD Global Exterior Design director JuanMa Lopez and Global Interior Design director Michele Jauch-Paganetti.[241] The design centre initially housed 200 designers, which has increased to 600 designers by 2023.[242]

The carmaker unveiled the E-Seed GT concept car, the first joint effort from the team, at the Auto Shanghai in April 2019. The design concept reflected the lines of the traditional Chinese dragon.[243]

## Manufacturing

[edit]

See also: BYD Company § Manufacturing

BYD Auto manufacturing plant in Rayong, Thailand

BYD Auto is a vertically integrated company that claims to have the highest degree of vertical integration in the world, with over 70% of its vehicle components being supplied independently.[244][245] It produces its own mouldings, production lines and equipment, and controls the supply chain for most components such as batteries, electric motors, and electronic controls, which significantly reduced its manufacturing costs and provides a competitive advantage in terms of profit margins.[246] In 2020, the BYD group established FinDreams, a brand encompassing five fully-owned automotive component manufacturers that also supply parts to other automotive companies.[247] BYD Auto also operates its own shipping services to export its cars.[248]

A teardown by investment bank UBS of the BYD Seal revealed that 75% of its components were made in-house. Its competition, the Tesla Model 3 only uses 46% of components that are made in-house in China. UBS concluded that this helped the Seal achieve a gross profit margin of 16%, compared to 14% for the made-in-China Model 3.[70][249]

### Facilities

[edit]

#### China

[edit]

BYD Auto's manufacturing plants are located in Xi'an, Shaanxi, in Pingshan, Shenzhen (the headquarters of BYD Company), Changsha, Hunan, and Shaoguan, Guangdong. The company also operates an R&D centers in Shenzhen and Shanghai.[250]

The Xi'an plant is BYD Auto's first production base, which includes electric assembly, electric motor, and battery production. The first expansion of the plant was completed in September 2014, when the Xi'an BYD No. 2 Plant went operational. BYD added an electric bus plant in the complex in 2017, with an annual capacity of 5,000 units.[251] Following the completion of the third phase development in September 2022, the current annual production capacity of the Xi'an production base is 900,000 vehicles.[252] As of 2024[update], it is the largest single manufacturing company in the Shaanxi province.[253]

In late 2012, the Changsha plant went operational with an annual production capacity of 300,000 vehicles. A second phase plant went operational in 2022, making the total production capacity in Changsha reach 300,000 vehicles annually.[252]

BYD Auto started construction of its largest plant in Hefei, Anhui in July 2021, which started operations in June 2022. It will be built in three phases with final annual capacity of 1.32 million vehicles.[252]

In March 2024, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology approved BYD's plan to move its passenger vehicle factory in Pingshan, Shenzhen to the Shenzhen-Shantou Special Cooperation Zone in Shantou, Guangdong, 60 km (37 mi) east of Shenzhen.[254]

As of 2024[update], BYD's annual vehicle production capacity in China reached 5.82 million vehicles.[255]

BYD vehicle manufacturing plants in China  Subsidiary  | Plant  | Location  | Start of production  | Annual capacity  | Products  | Models produced (2024)

|
|
|
|
|
|

BYD Auto Co., Ltd. | Xi'an Plant (initially acquired from Xi'an Qinchuan Automobile)  | Xi'an, Shaanxi | 2003 (under BYD)  | 900,000 vehicles  |

* Passenger vehicles
* EV buses
* Engines

List

Passenger vehicles:

* Frigate 07 (2022–present)
* Qin EV (2019–present)
* Qin Plus DM-i (2021–present)
* Qin Plus EV (2021–present)
* Sea Lion 07 (2024–present)
* Seal (2022–present)
* Seagull (2023–present)
* Song Plus DM-i / Seal U DM-i (2021–present)
* Song Plus EV / Seal U EV (2021–present)
* Song Pro DM-i (2019–present)
* Yangwang U8 (2023–present)

Buses:

* K series

Changzhou Branch  | Changzhou, Jiangsu | 2022  | 400,000 vehicles  | Passenger vehicles  |

List

Passenger vehicles:

* Seagull (2023–present)
* Seal (2022–present)
* Yuan Plus / Atto 3 (2021–present)
* Sea Lion 07 (2024–present)

BYD Auto Industry Co., Ltd. | Changsha Branch  | Yuhua District, Changsha, Hunan | 2012  | 600,000 vehicles  |

* Passenger vehicles
* EV buses
* EV trucks
* Traction motor

List

Passenger vehicles:

* D1 (2021–present)
* Denza N7 (2023–present)
* Denza N8 (2023–present)
* Denza D9 (2022–present)
* Destroyer 05 (2022–present)
* Dolphin (2021–present)
* e2 (2019–present)
* e3 (2019–present)
* e6 (2021–present)
* Seal DM-i (2023–present)
* Seal 06 DM-i (2024–present)
* Song Max (2019–present)
* Song L EV (2023–present)
* T3
* Tang DM
* Tang EV
* Yuan Pro (2021–present)
* Yuan Plus / Atto 3 (2021–present)
* Yuan Up (2024–present)

Buses:

* K series

Trucks:

* T series

Chengde Branch  | Chengde, Hebei |  |  | EV buses  |
Dalian Branch  | Dalian, Liaoning |  |  | Large EV buses  |
Guilin Branch  | Guilin, Guangxi |  |  | EV buses  |

List

Buses:

* K series

Hangzhou Branch  | Hangzhou, Zhejiang |  |  | EV buses  |
Hefei Branch  | Changfeng, Hefei, Anhui | 2022  | 1,320,000 vehicles  |  |

List

Passenger vehicles:

* Destroyer 05 (2022–present)
* Qin Plus DM-i (2022–present)
* Qin L DM-i (2024–present)
* Song L EV (2023–present)
* Song Pro DM-i (2022–present)
* Sea Lion 07 (2024–present)
* Seal DM-i (2023–present)
* Seal 06 DM-i (2024–present)
* Yuan Up (2024–present)

Huaian Branch  | Huai'an, Jiangsu |  |  |

* EV light trucks
* EV medium and heavy trucks

Nanjing Branch  | Lishui, Nanjing, Jiangsu |  |  |  |
Qingdao Branch  | Chengyang District, Qingdao, Shandong |  |  | EV buses  |
Shanwei Branch  | Luhe, Shanwei, Guangdong |  |  | EV buses  |
Shenzhen Plant  | Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong |  | 350,000 vehicles  |

* Passenger vehicles
* Engines
* Traction motor
* LFP battery cells
* Lithium-ion battery pack

List

Passenger vehicles:

* Denza N7 (2023–present)
* Denza N8 (2023–present)
* Denza D9 (2022–present)
* Dolphin (2021–present)
* Fangchengbao Bao 5 (2023–present)
* Fangchengbao Bao 8 (2024–present)
* Han DM (2020–present)
* Han EV (2020–present)
* Song L EV (2023–present)
* Yangwang U7 (2024–present)
* Yangwang U9 (2024–present)

Taiyuan Branch  | Taiyuan, Shanxi |  |  | EV buses  |
Wuhan Branch  | Huangpi District, Wuhan, Hubei |  |  | EV buses  |
Yinchuan Branch  | Yinchuan, Ningxia |  |  | EV buses  |
Zhengzhou Branch  | Zhengzhou, Henan | 2023  | 400,000 vehicles  | Passenger vehicles  |

List

Passenger vehicles:

* Fangchengbao Bao 5 (2023–present)
* Fangchengbao Bao 8 (2024–present)
* Seal DM-i (2023–present)
* Seal 06 DM-i (2024–present)
* Shark DMO (2024–present)
* Shark EV (2025)
* Song Pro DM-i (2023–present)

Fuzhou BYD Industrial Co., Ltd.(acquired from Dorcen)  | Fuzhou, Jiangxi | 2023 (under BYD)  | 200,000 vehicles[256] | Passenger vehicles  |

List

Passenger vehicles:

* e2 (2023–present)
* e3 (2023–present)
* Yuan Pro (2023–present)

Hangzhou Xihu BYD New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd. | Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang |  |  | EV special vehicles  |
Guangzhou GAC BYD New Energy Passenger Vehicle Co., Ltd. | Conghua, Guangzhou, Guangdong | 2015[257] |  | EV buses  |
Tianjin BYD Automobile Co., Ltd. | Wuqing, Tianjin |  |  | EV buses  |
Xi'an Silver Bus Co., Ltd. (acquired from Xi'an Gaoke Group)[258] | Xi'an, Shaanxi | 2023 (under BYD)  |  | EV buses  |
References: [252][259]

#### Overseas

[edit]

BYD Motors Inc. facility in Lancaster, California, in 2016

BYD opened a manufacturing plant for electric buses in Lancaster, California, US in May 2013.[260][261] Another plant was inaugurated in Campinas, Brazil in 2015 for the production of electric buses.[262] BYD also opened a bus plant in 2019 in Newmarket, Ontario, Canada.[263][264]

BYD has a European electric bus assembly facility in Komárom, Hungary. The plant employed 300 people by the end of 2019, with a production capacity of up to 400 electric buses a year (and 600 chassis) on two shifts.[265]

In July 2023, BYD announced a US$620 million investment in Camaçari, Brazil to produce electric cars, after acquiring Ford's former plant.[266] In July 2024, BYD announced a US$1 billion investment in Turkey.[267]

BYD vehicle manufacturing plants outside China  Country  | Plant  | Location  | Start of production  | Annual capacity  | Products  | Models produced (2024)

|
|
|
|
|
|

Brazil | BYD Auto Co., Ltd., Campinas Plant  | Campinas, São Paulo | 2018  |  | EV bus chassis  |
BYD Auto Camaçari  | Camaçari, Bahia | 2025  | 150,000 vehicles[268] |

* Passenger vehicles
* EV bus chassis
* EV truck chassis

Hungary | BYD Electric Bus & Truck Hungary Kft  | Puskás Tivadar, Komárom |  | 300 vehicles  |

* EV buses
* EV bus chassis

| Alexander Dennis buses
BYD Auto, Szeged (tentative name)[269] | Szeged | 2026  |  | Passenger vehicles  |
India | BYD India  | Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu |  |  |

* Passenger vehicles
* EV bus chassis

| Passenger vehicles:

* Atto 3 (2022–present)
* e6 (2022–present)
* Seal (2024-present)

Indonesia | BYD Motor Indonesia  | Subang, West Java | 2026  | 150,000 vehicles  | Passenger vehicles  |
Thailand | BYD Auto (Thailand) Co., Ltd.  | Rayong | 2024  | 150,000 vehicles[270] | Passenger vehicles  | Passenger vehicles:

* Atto 3 (2024–present)
* Dolphin (2024–present)
* Seal (2024–present)
* Sealion 6 DM-i (2024–present)

Turkey |  | Manisa[271] | 2026  | 150,000 vehicles  | Passenger vehicles  |
United States | BYD Motors Inc., Lancaster Plant  | Lancaster, California | 2014[169] |  |

* EV buses
* EV trucks

| Buses:

* C series
* K series

Uzbekistan | BYD Uzbekistan Factory  | Jizzakh | 2024  | 50,000 vehicles[272] | Passenger vehicles  | Passenger vehicles:

* Chazor DM-i (2024–present)
* Song Plus DM-i (2024–present)

References: [259]

## Partnerships

[edit]

###  Toyota joint venture

[edit]

BYD and Toyota formed a joint venture called BYD Toyota EV Technology Co., Ltd. (BTET), which was formalised in April 2020 and headquartered in Shenzhen, China. It was established with a focus on the research and development of battery electric vehicles.[273][274] The first product conceived by the joint venture is the Toyota bZ3, a Chinese market battery electric sedan manufactured by FAW Toyota, followed by the Toyota bZ3C crossover SUV.

### Hino Motors joint venture

[edit]

In October 2020, BYD Auto Industry Co., Ltd. signed an agreement with Japanese truck and bus manufacturer Hino Motors to establish a joint venture for commercial battery electric vehicle development. The joint venture planned to introduce vehicles under the Hino brand by 2025.[275]

In February 2023, Hino Motors halted sales of compact electric buses in Japan supplied by BYD due to the presence of hexavalent chromium, a carcinogenic chemical banned under Japanese industry guidelines. The affected model is the Hino Poncho Z EV.[276] Hino was unable to negotiate with BYD to build the bus without using the chemical, while BYD Japan claims that the buses "meet all required laws and standards".[277]

### GAC BYD

[edit]

Guangzhou GZ6850HZEV1 (K7G) bus built by GAC BYD

In August 2014, BYD and GAC Group established a joint venture called Guangzhou GAC BYD New Energy Bus Co., Ltd. to produce electric buses in Guangzhou, the city where GAC is based. BYD holds a 51 percent stake while GAC held 49 percent.[278] The joint venture mainly supplies buses to the local bus operator Guangzhou Bus Group.[279]

### Alexander Dennis

[edit]

In 2015, BYD partnered with Alexander Dennis to produce all-electric buses for the British market, including London's first all-electric double-decker.[280] Alexander Dennis built their Enviro200EV single-deck and Enviro400EV double-deck products on BYD's chassis.[49] By 2023, the partnership had produced 1,500 buses.[281]

### Songsan Motor

[edit]

Songsan SS Dolphin

A small Chinese motorcycle manufacturer Songsan Motor contracted BYD to produce retro-styled cars, as the company does not have a production license. Its first vehicle, the Songsan SS Dolphin (unrelated to the BYD Dolphin) was introduced in 2019 using Chevrolet Corvette C1 as a design inspiration. It is based on BYD's platform and powered by a plug-in hybrid powertrain. As legally required, the car wears BYD badges alongside Songsan Motor logo.[282] As of 2023[update], deliveries to customers have not started yet. Songsan sued BYD in September 2023 due to alleged contract disputes and fraudulent environmental certifications, an allegation that was denied by BYD.[283]

## Lawsuits and controversies

[edit]

See also: BYD Company § Lawsuits and controversies

### Nanjing electric vehicle subsidy fraud

[edit]

In 2016, a suicide note by a dealership owner in Nanjing led to an investigation into government subsidy fraud. The note claimed that BYD had received subsidies for 600 electric buses it had never produced, with only a few dozen delivered to the city government. BYD reportedly forced dealerships to increase electric vehicle inventories, selling to people outside of Nanjing and helping them obtain temporary residence documents. The dealerships ended up paying subsidies on 80 percent of vehicles sold.[284] Following the case, the Chinese Finance Ministry fined five manufacturers (not including BYD) for fraudulently obtaining over CN¥1 billion worth of subsidies. The companies were required to return the subsidies and pay penalties worth an additional 50% of the subsidies received.[285]

### Quality concerns of buses

[edit]

In December 2018, the Albuquerque, New Mexico council in the US sued BYD over the alleged poor welding, poor battery range, and malfunctioning doors and brakes of its buses.[286] BYD denied the allegations, and the lawsuit was settled without money changing hands.[287]

A 2018 investigation by The Los Angeles Times found quality and reliability issues with the BYD buses used by public transit agencies in California, such as frequent stalls and unpredictable driving ranges below advertised figures.[288]

In February 2023, BYD confirmed the presence of a toxic chemical, hexavalent chromium, in its electric buses in Japan. According to BYD, the contaminated vehicles will be "detoxified before being scrapped, leaving no impact on the environment."[289]

### Alliance for American Manufacturing lawsuit

[edit]

In November 2020, BYD in the U.S. filed a lawsuit against the Alliance for American Manufacturing (AAM), a non-profit lobbying group that advocated for a ban on using the federal tax budget to purchase rail cars or buses from foreign state-owned or controlled companies such like BYD, which has an electric bus factory in California, U.S. The rule was signed into law as the Transit Infrastructure Vehicle Security Act (TIVSA). BYD alleges that AAM has engaged in a "malicious, fraudulent, outrageous, and reckless campaign" that damages BYD's reputation.[290] The Supreme Court of the United States rejected BYD's suit in August 2022.[291]

### Changsha manufacturing plant pollution

[edit]

Protests at the BYD Auto Industry Changsha manufacturing plant

In May 2022, Changsha city authorities opened an investigation into a manufacturing plant owned by BYD Auto in the city following complaints from nearby residents. The allegations surfaced in April 2022 on a website belonging to state newspaper People's Daily, where people living near the factory left messages claiming the plant's pollution had a strong odour, which gave residents irritated throats and nosebleeds to children. Residents purchased testing equipment, and found levels of TVOCs above safety standards.[292] Residents protested at the Changsha plant's gate, urging the company to solve the problem. BYD denied the allegations, stating that all emissions from the plant were compliant with China's regulatory rules and standards, and threatened legal actions against people who spread rumours that emissions from the factory had caused nosebleeds.[292][293][294] Production in the plant was partially halted during the investigation.[295]

### Emissions non-compliance allegations

[edit]

In May 2023, rival Great Wall Motor publicly reported that two BYD top-selling plug-in hybrid models did not meet emission standards. In a social media post, Great Wall Motor accused BYD of using non-pressurised fuel tanks in its Qin Plus and Song Plus, enabling the liquid inside to evaporate more rapidly than it would in pressurised tanks, and announced that it had submitted evidence documents to Chinese authorities.[296] BYD denied Great Wall's claim, saying the testing conducted by Great Wall was invalid as it had run its own tests by using a different testing method than required by authorities, and lacked third-party inspection.[297][298]

### Dealership fires

[edit]

In May 2024, fire broke out in a BYD dealership in Fuzhou, Fujian. The Chinese language site of American news outlet NTDTV reported that it is the tenth BYD dealership fire since 2021. One BYD dealership fire case was reported in 2021, followed by four cases in 2022 and another four in 2023. Two factory fire cases were recorded in 2022 and 2023. BYD acknowledged the Fuzhou incident, but denied that the fire came from any of its vehicles and detected no abnormalities in the vehicle batteries during its inspection. [299][300]

### Marketing and public relations

[edit]

In April 2018, British football team Arsenal F.C. announced BYD as its sponsorship partner. In July 2018, the sponsorship agreement was revealed as fraudulent after BYD claimed the person who signed a sponsorship deal with the club was not authorised to do so. BYD claims that Shanghai police detained a woman who was acting as the marketing manager on suspicion of contract fraud and forging business seals. The individual had signed numerous contracts with advertising agencies, but she has never been an employee of BYD.[301][302]

In September 2021, BYD appointed Lu Kewen, an online influencer known for spreading antisemitic tropes, as a spokesperson for the company.[303]

In China, BYD has been taking legal actions towards online bloggers and social media users. In July 2023, BYD formally sued a Sina Weibo user, Longzhu-JiChe, that had been continuously posting false information about BYD. The company demanded a CN¥5 million compensation.[304] In April 2024, BYD filed a lawsuit against a Chinese blogger, Huang, that posted a false claim in social media in January 2023 that BYD instructed its employees to organize consumers to "defend their rights against Tesla". The court ruled that Huang must publish a statement of apology and compensate BYD for losses.[305] In May 2024, BYD filed another lawsuit against a Chinese blogger Yao Qiang, demanding that he make a public apology and pay a compensation of CN¥5 million. The blogger claims the Fangchengbao Bao 5 had poor fuel consumption of around 18 l/100 km (5.6 km/l; 13 mpg‑US). Internet users found traffic violations in the test drive video and reported it to the police. BYD investigation revealed that the vehicle was driven abnormally and aggressively.[306]

### Price cuts in Thailand

[edit]

In June 2024, BYD came under investigation by Thai authorities, including the Consumer Protection Commission (CPC) and the Office of the Consumer Protection Board (OCPB), regarding its practices in offering price cuts in the Thai market. The investigation was prompted by a complaint from a customer, stating that a salesperson on 19 June had convinced them to purchase a BYD Dolphin by claiming that prices would increase after the discount period ended. Instead, BYD reduced the car's price by 140,000–160,000 baht on 1 July, causing the customer to experience "psychological distress".[307][308] On 5 July, the issue was discussed by Thailand Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin and BYD CEO Wang Chuanfu shortly after they both opened the BYD Thailand manufacturing plant. Wang promised to resolve the issue.[309]

### Fangchengbao price cuts in China

[edit]

In July 2024, Fangchengbao, BYD's off-road vehicle brand, significantly reduced the price of its Bao 5 model in China by 50,000 yuan to better compete with the popular Great Wall Motor's Tank series.[310] The price reduction has sparked controversy among previous buyers, some of whom have expressed dissatisfaction and arranged protests at dealerships. Protests have been reported, with banners stating, "Waited 3 months for car delivery, Fangchengbao cuts 50,000 yuan in one day, should have bought a Tank instead."[311][312]

## Sales

[edit]

BYD yearly global sales[313][314][i] Year  | Total | BYD | Denza | Yangwang | FCB

|
|
|
|
|

2003  | 21,253  | 21,253  | \-  | \-  | \-
2004  | 17,900  | 17,900  | \-  | \-  | \-
2005  | 11,038  | 11,038  | \-  | \-  | \-
2006  | 63,592  | 63,592  | \-  | \-  | \-
2007  | 101,665  | 101,665  | \-  | \-  | \-
2008  | 170,880  | 170,880  | \-  | \-  | \-
2009  | 448,458  | 448,458  | \-  | \-  | \-
2010  | 521,761  | 521,761  | \-  | \-  | \-
2011  | 454,676  | 454,676  | \-  | \-  | \-
2012  | 462,512  | 462,512  | \-  | \-  | \-
2013  | 514,188  | 514,188  | \-  | \-  | \-
2014  | 446,329  | 446,329  | \-  | \-  | \-
2015  | 451,868  | 449,068  | 2,800  | \-  | \-
2016  | 510,157  | 507,870  | 2,287  | \-  | \-
2017  | 421,158  | 416,445  | 4,713  | \-  | \-
2018  | 528,298  | 526,324  | 1,974  | \-  | \-
2019  | 467,960  | 465,871  | 2,089  | \-  | \-
2020  | 431,447  | 427,302  | 4,175  | \-  | \-
2021  | 749,325  | 744,617  | 4,708  | \-  | \-
2022  | 1,881,669  | 1,871,866  | 9,803  | \-  | \-
2023  | 3,024,417  | 2,888,864  | 127,840  | 2,001  | 5,712

1. ^ Figures before 2012 exclude exports

BYD car sales in 2009 were 448,400 vehicles. Its F3 was the best-selling sedan in China with sales of over 291,000 units.[42][315] In 2010, BYD sold 519,800 vehicles, representing 2.9% of the market in China, its sixth largest manufacturer.[250][316] In 2011, the BYD sales rank was outside the top ten.[317] In 2012, the company became the 9th largest car manufacturer in China, producing over 600,000 vehicles.[318] In 2013, BYD sold 506,189 passenger cars in China, ranking tenth.[319]

BYD sales had increased significantly compared to its previous years since 2021, in part as a result of the rapid increase of new energy vehicle sales as a percentage of total passenger vehicle sales in China in 2021 and 2022.[64] While the new energy vehicle market share were stagnant between 4–5% since 2018, in 2021 and 2022, new energy vehicles accounted for 15.4 and 27.5% all passenger vehicle sales respectively. Within BYD's total vehicle sales, new energy vehicles also accounted for an increasing percentage from 52.4% in 2018 into reaching 99.2% in the first half of 2022, shortly before the company ended production of pure internal combustion engine vehicles.[320]

In late 2022 and early 2023, BYD plug-in hybrid vehicles surpassed the sales of its battery electric vehicles, which was partly attributed to the positive reception of BYD's DM-i system that replaced the older DM system in January 2021.[321] In the first half of 2022, BYD becomes the top plug-in electric vehicle seller in the world after surpassing Tesla.[65] The company surpassed Tesla as the world's top battery electric vehicle manufacturer in the fourth quarter of 2023 by selling 526,409 battery electric cars, while Tesla delivered 484,507 vehicles.[8][322] In 2023, 52.5% of BYD's sales volume were contributed by battery electric vehicles (including commercial vehicles).[1]

In 2023, BYD became the top-selling car brand in China ahead of Volkswagen, marking the first time another company has sold more cars than Volkswagen in the country.[9] In early 2024, BYD sales in China were surpassed by Volkswagen, ending its 11-month streak as the top-selling brand in China.[323] It was attributed by the 2024 Chinese New Year holiday and reduced demand.[324] BYD regained the top position by the second quarter of 2024.[325] In that quarter, BYD global sales has surpassed Honda and Nissan, making it the seventh-largest automaker in the world.[326]

### Quarterly sales (2018–present)

[edit]

250,000

500,000

750,000

1,000,000

1,250,000

1,500,000

2 2018

2 2019

2 2020

2 2021

2 2022

2 2023

2 2024

* ICE
* PHEV
* BEV
* BEV buses & trucks

BYD quarterly global sales (since 2018)[327] Quarter  | ICE | PHEV | BEV | BEV
buses
& trucks  | Total

|
|
|
|
|

Q1 2018  | 82,140  | 23,184  | 5,315  | 1,138  | 111,777
Q2 2018  | 67,473  | 24,246  | 18,525  | 2,476  | 112,720
Q3 2018  | 58,540  | 33,976  | 30,091  | 4,467  | 127,074
Q4 2018  | 64,723  | 42,483  | 49,332  | 12,578  | 169,116
Q1 2019  | 44,406  | 25,745  | 45,487  | 1,940  | 117,578
Q2 2019  | 38,013  | 19,237  | 50,292  | 2,952  | 110,494
Q3 2019  | 60,756  | 17,279  | 27,879  | 1,809  | 107,723
Q4 2019  | 88,718  | 9,907  | 23,527  | 3,452  | 125,604
Q1 2020  | 39,081  | 3,412  | 18,110  | 670  | 61,273
Q2 2020  | 58,870  | 7,776  | 28,151  | 2,467  | 97,264
Q3 2020  | 60,083  | 14,325  | 32,088  | 3,628  | 110,124
Q4 2020  | 79,249  | 22,571  | 52,981  | 3,556  | 158,357
Q1 2021  | 49,394  | 14,781  | 38,599  | 1,371  | 104,145
Q2 2021  | 42,716  | 41,990  | 54,841  | 2,444  | 141,991
Q3 2021  | 23,055  | 88,903  | 91,684  | 2,101  | 205,743
Q4 2021  | 21,183  | 127,261  | 135,686  | 3,257  | 287,387
Q1 2022  | 5,049  | 141,424  | 143,223  | 1,496  | 291,192
Q2 2022  | 0  | 173,124  | 180,296  | 1,601  | 355,021
Q3 2022  | 0  | 278,554  | 258,610  | 1,540  | 538,704
Q4 2022  | 0  | 343,047  | 329,011  | 1,382  | 673,440
Q1 2023  | 0  | 283,270  | 264,647  | 4,159  | 552,076
Q2 2023  | 0  | 348,081  | 352,163  | 3,317  | 703,561
Q3 2023  | 0  | 390,491  | 431,603  | 1,907  | 824,001
Q4 2023  | 0  | 416,242  | 526,409  | 2,128  | 944,779
Q1 2024  | 0  | 318,720  | 291,730  | 1,865  | 612,315
Q2 2024  | 0  | 577,392  | 438,353  | 3,973  | 1,019,718

### Milestones

[edit]

Milestone[67][328] | Date

|

1,000,000th NEV production  | 19 May 2021
2,000,000th NEV production  | May 2022
3,000,000th NEV production  | 16 November 2022
5,000,000th NEV production  | 3 August 2023
6,000,000th NEV production  | 24 November 2023
7,000,000th NEV production  | 25 March 2024[329]
8,000,000th NEV production  | 4 July 2024[151]

## See also

[edit]

* Companies portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to BYD Auto.

* Automotive industry in China

* Automobile manufacturers and brands of China
* List of automobile manufacturers of China

* BYD Company
* List of BYD Auto vehicles
* Plug-in electric vehicles in China
* List of production battery electric vehicles

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[edit]

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244. ^ Hui, Mary (2 August 2023). "Chinese EV maker BYD is rocketing up Fortune's Global 500 ranking". Quartz. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
245. ^ White, Edward; Campbell, Peter (7 July 2022). "How China's BYD played catch-up with Tesla". Financial Times. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
246. ^ Johnson, Peter (27 September 2023). "BYD America boss explains Chinese EV makers edge as it expands overseas". Electrek. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
247. ^ Kane, Mark (31 March 2020). "BYD To Become An EV Parts Supplier Under FinDreams Brand". InsideEVs. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
248. ^ Hui, Mary (4 January 2023). "Chinese car makers are becoming shipping companies". Yahoo Finance. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
249. ^ Wang, Lu (2022), Jiang, Yushi; Shvets, Yuriy; Mallick, Hrushikesh (eds.), "Cost Management of New Energy Automobile Enterprises: —— Taking BYD as an Example", Proceedings of the 2022 2nd International Conference on Economic Development and Business Culture (ICEDBC 2022), vol. 225, Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, pp. 1581–1585, doi:10.2991/978-94-6463-036-7_236, ISBN 978-94-6463-035-0
250. ^ a b Norihiko Shirouzu (14 October 2010). "Beijing Halts Construction of BYD Auto Plant". The Wall Street Journal.
251. ^ Hailian, Wang (17 November 2023). "年产近百万辆整车背后比亚迪汽车的西安故事-新闻中心-青海新闻网" [BYD Auto’s Xi’an story behind its annual output of nearly one million vehicles]. www.qhnews.com. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
252. ^ a b c d "比亚迪十大汽车工厂都在哪里！" [Where are BYD's top ten automobile factories?]. Sohu. 1 November 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
253. ^ "2023年西安比亚迪产量产值再创历史新高 12月单月新能源汽车产量突破10万辆" [In 2023, Xi'an BYD's output value reached a new record high. In December, the monthly output of new energy vehicles exceeded 100,000 units.]. www.sohu.com. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
254. ^ "从坪山到深汕，比亚迪新能源乘用车工厂迁址扩建获批" [From Pingshan to Shenshan, BYD's new energy passenger vehicle factory relocation and expansion approved]. m.mp.oeeee.com. 19 March 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
255. ^ "比亚迪疯狂扩张：70万名员工，研发投入400亿" [BYD's crazy expansion: 700,000 employees, 40 billion in R&D investment]. m.qctt.cn. 28 March 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
256. ^ Zhang, Phate (11 July 2022). "BYD's monthly production expected to reach about 300,000 units in August, report says". CnEVPost.
257. ^ "GAC, BYD announce new energy vehicle JV". China.org.cn. 23 April 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
258. ^ Monika (29 November 2022). "BYD to buy out China's bus manufacturer Silver Bus". Gasgoo. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
259. ^ a b "All about BYD". MarkLines Automotive Industry Portal. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
260. ^ Shahan, Zachary (6 May 2003). "Two BYD Manufacturing Facilities Launched In Lancaster". EV Obsession. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
261. ^ Lambert, Fred (4 May 2017). "BYD delivers first massive 60-ft all-electric bus in the US: 275 miles range on 547 kWh battery pack". Electrek. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
262. ^ Masiero, Gilmar; Ogasavara, Mario Henrique; Jussani, Ailton Conde; Risso, Marcelo Luiz (1 January 2016). "Electric vehicles in China: BYD strategies and government subsidies". Revista de Administração e Inovação (in Spanish). 13 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1016/j.rai.2016.01.001. ISSN 1809-2039.
263. ^ "Chinese electric-car firm BYD opens Ontario plant, making buses for Toronto's TTC". The Globe and Mail. 25 June 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
264. ^ "BYD Rolls Out First of 10 Zero-Emission Buses for Toronto Transit Commission - Technological Innovations for a Better Life | BYD USA". BYD USA. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
265. ^ Editorial (15 May 2019). "BYD: Electric bus production in Hungary will grow". Sustainable Bus. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
266. ^ "China automaker BYD to invest $620 million in Brazil industrial complex". Reuters. 4 July 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
267. ^ Hoskins, Peter (9 July 2024). "China Tesla rival BYD signs $1bn Turkey plant deal". BBC News. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
268. ^ "BYD confirma início de obras da fábrica de carros elétricos no Brasil". InsideEVs (in Portuguese). 5 March 2024.
269. ^ "All about BYD - MarkLines Automotive Industry Portal". www.marklines.com. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
270. ^ "China's BYD opens EV plant in Thailand despite slowdown, tariff row". Yahoo Finance. 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
271. ^ "Çinli BYD firması yetkilileri, Manisa'da ziyaretlerde bulundu" (in Turkish). Anadolu Agency. 9 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
272. ^ Zhang, Phate (28 June 2024). "BYD Uzbekistan plant sees 1st mass-produced cars roll off line". CnEVPost. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
273. ^ Hanley, Steve (3 April 2020). "BYD Wants To Supply Electric Car Components With Others, Partners With Toyota". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
274. ^ Shirouzu, Norihiko (3 December 2021). "EXCLUSIVE Toyota turns to Chinese tech to reach its electric holy grail". Reuters. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
275. ^ "BYD, Hino to produce electric vehicles in China". Xinhuanet. Xinhua. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
276. ^ "Toyota's Hino cancels sales of BYD-supplied electric bus due to toxic chemical -Nikkei". Reuters. 22 February 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
277. ^ "Use of toxic chemical prompts Hino Motors to cancel sales of BYD's e-bus in Japan". Sustainable Bus. 23 February 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
278. ^ "广汽比亚迪合资造新能源客车" [GAC BYD joint venture to build new energy buses]. www.htcbyd.com. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
279. ^ 中国证券网 (19 July 2018). "比亚迪子公司中标逾55亿元纯电动客车招标项目" [BYD subsidiary wins bid for pure electric bus project worth more than 5.5 billion yuan]. finance.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
280. ^ Topham, Gwyn (29 June 2015). "Meet the conductor: London set to trial first all-electric doubledecker bus". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
281. ^ Marquordt, Christian (9 August 2023). "1,500 electric buses out of the cooperation Alexander Dennis / BYD". Urban Transport Magazine.
282. ^ Opletal, Jiri (20 June 2023). "BYD-made Songsan SS Dolphin retro-roadster spotted on the streets in China". CarNewsChina.com. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
283. ^ "松散机车起诉比亚迪：克尔维特海豚难产，如何与比亚迪"在一起"" [Songsang Motor sues BYD: Corvette dolphin dystocia, how to "be together" with BYD]. Sohu. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
284. ^ "Chinese Electric Vehicle Manufacturer BYD's Image Hurt by Scandal Involving Dealer's Suicide". ChinaFile. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
285. ^ McDonald, Joe (13 September 2016). "China's electric vehicle industry shaken by scandal". AP News. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
286. ^ "City of Albuquerque files lawsuit against BYD". Intelligent Transport. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
287. ^ "City, maker of electric ART buses settle suit - Albuquerque Journal". ABQ Journal. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
288. ^ John, Paige St (20 May 2018). "Stalls, stops and breakdowns: Problems plague push for electric buses". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
289. ^ "BYD acknowledges using toxic chemical in electric buses for Japan". Nikkei Asia. 24 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
290. ^ "BYD files defamation suit against D.C.-based lobbying group Alliance for American Manufacturing (AAM)". BYD. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
291. ^ "BYD Company Ltd., Petitioner v. Alliance for American Manufacturing, et al". Supreme Court of the United States. 11 August 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
292. ^ a b Hong, Iris (10 May 2022). "Warren Buffett-backed BYD Plunges on Pollution Probe". Asia Financial. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
293. ^ "Chinese city probing BYD factory emissions over allegations of children's nosebleeds". Reuters. 9 May 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
294. ^ Tsang, Stella. "China's not-so-green electric vehicles". FairPlanet. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
295. ^ Riordan, Primrose; Li, Gloria (10 May 2022). "Chinese carmaker BYD cuts production over pollution claims". Financial Times. The Financial Times Limited. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
296. ^ Cole, Dani (26 May 2023). "BYD denies Great Wall claim of failed hybrid emissions tests". Just Auto. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
297. ^ Goh, Brenda; Yan, Zhang; Li, Qiaoyi (25 May 2023). Wong, Jacqueline (ed.). "Great Wall Motor says rival BYD failing on hybrid emissions". Reuters. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
298. ^ "Great Wall Motor Accuses Rival BYD of Failing on Hybrid Emissions". Sohu. 26 May 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
299. ^ Bell, Sebastien (29 May 2024). "BYD Reportedly Sees 10th Showroom Fire Since 2021 As Store Burns Down In China". Carscoops. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
300. ^ Agatie, Cristian (16 May 2024). "BYD Showroom Burns to the Ground After One Electric Car Bursts Into Flames". autoevolution. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
301. ^ Karen, Mattias (16 July 2018). "Arsenal in fraud case involving Chinese partner". ESPN. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
302. ^ Wilson, Bill (17 July 2018). "Arsenal caught up in fraud probe at carmaker sponsor". BBC. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
303. ^ Gering, Tuvia (16 February 2022). "Antisemitism With Chinese Characteristics". Tablet. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
304. ^ 忆, 山 (24 July 2023). "比亚迪怒了：起诉！索赔500万！" [BYD is angry: suing! Claiming 5 million yuan!]. STCN. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
305. ^ 李, 娜 (1 May 2024). "【图】黄某造谣诽谤被判向比亚迪公开道歉赔偿_汽车之家" [Huang was ordered to publicly apologize and pay compensation to BYD for spreading rumors and defamation]. Autohome. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
306. ^ "比亚迪方程豹起诉某汽车博主索赔500万" [BYD Fangchengbao sues a car blogger for 5 million yuan]. Sohu. 25 May 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
307. ^ Mail, Pattaya (2 July 2024). "BYD customers lured into last day discount purchase traumatized by bigger price cuts months later". Pattaya Mail. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
308. ^ Thepgumpanat, Panarat; Setboonsarng, Chayut (3 July 2024). "Thailand investigates EV giant BYD's dealers over unfair discounting complaint". Reuters. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
309. ^ "BYD CEO meets Thai PM: promises to address price cut controversy". Khaosod English. 5 July 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
310. ^ "比亚迪方程豹推出新战略掀起越野市场价格波澜 _ 东方财富网" [BYD Formula Leopard launches new strategy to stir up price fluctuations in the off-road market]. Eastmoney Finance. 31 July 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
311. ^ Leung, Adrian (2 August 2024). "BYD's Fang Cheng Bao faces backlash after drastic price cut". CarNewsChina.com. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
312. ^ "方程豹豹5降价5万，老车主拉横幅，登上投诉榜榜首" [Fangcheng Baobao 5 price cut by 50,000 yuan, old car owners put up banners and topped the complaint list]. Sina Finance. 1 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
313. ^ "HOME | Automotive Industry Portal MarkLines | Portal". Marklines. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
314. ^ "BYD. Car Sales in China". Chinamobil. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
315. ^ Antony Marceles (20 January 2010). "2009 Chinese Auto Sales". Nitrobahn. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011.
316. ^ Bertel Schmitt (19 January 2011). "China Car Market 101: Who Makes All Those 18 Million Cars?". The Truth About Cars.
317. ^ 2011年前十家乘用车生产企业销量排名. China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM). 20 January 2012. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012.
318. ^ "2012年12月分车型前十家生产企业销量排名". China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM). 14 January 2013. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
319. ^ "2013 Passenger Vehicle Sales by Brand". China Auto Web. 15 January 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
320. ^ O, Meemi (4 August 2022). "Introducing BYD (Part 2)". Investor Insights. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
321. ^ Randall, Chris (14 January 2021). "BYD presents new hybrid powertrain DM-i". Electrive. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
322. ^ Opletal, Jiri (2 January 2024). "BYD overtook Tesla as the world's top EV maker". CarNewsChina.com. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
323. ^ Jin, Qian (8 February 2024). "Top-Selling car brands in January 2024 in China – VW overtook BYD to become No. 1". CarNewsChina.com. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
324. ^ "BYD Global Plug-In Car Sales Dropped 36% In February 2024". InsideEVs. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
325. ^ "车市半年报揭榜，中国品牌包揽前四，冠军是……" [The semi-annual report of the auto market was released, and Chinese brands took the top four spots. The champion is...]. www.xhby.net. 13 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
326. ^ Okinaga, Shoya; Tanaka, Sota (23 August 2024). "China's BYD beats Honda and Nissan in April-June vehicles sold". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
327. ^ BYD Company monthly announcements
328. ^ 节点财经 (11 August 2023). "比亚迪500万辆，王传福哭了-36氪" [BYD sold 5 million vehicles, Wang Chuanfu cried]. 36kr.com. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
329. ^ "BYD Rolled Off Its 7 Millionth New Energy Vehicle". Yahoo Finance. 25 March 2024. Retrieved 25 March 2024.

## External links

[edit]

* Official website

* v
* t
* e

BYD Auto

A subsidiary of BYD Company

People|

* Wang Chuanfu
* Lu Xiangyang

Marques|

* BYD
* Denza (90%)
* Yangwang
* Fangchengbao

Current models|

| Cars|

* Destroyer 05 / Chazor / King
* Dolphin
* e2
* e3
* e9
* Han
* Qin
* Qin Plus
* Qin L
* Seagull / Dolphin Mini
* Seal
* Seal 06 DM-i
* Seal 06 GT
* Seal 07 DM-i

|

Crossovers/SUVs|

* Atto 3 / Yuan Plus
* Frigate 07
* Sea Lion 07 / Sealion 7
* Song L DM-i
* Song L EV
* Song Plus / Seal U / Sealion 6
* Song Pro
* Tang
* Yuan Up

Vans|

* D1
* e6
* M3 / T3 / ETP3
* M6
* Song Max
* V3
* Xia

Pickup trucks|

* Shark / Shark 6

Denza|

* D9
* N7
* N8
* Z9

Yangwang|

* U7
* U8
* U9

Fangchengbao|

* Bao 3
* Bao 5
* Bao 8

Buses and coaches|

* B10
* B12
* B12D
* B18
* C6
* C8
* C9
* K5
* K6
* K7
* K8
* K8S
* K9
* K10
* K11

Discontinued models|

* e1
* e5
* F0
* F3
* F3DM
* F3R
* F6
* F6DM
* Flyer
* G3
* G3R
* G5
* G6
* L3
* M6 (2010)
* S1
* S3
* S6
* S7
* S8/F8
* Sirui
* Surui

Other|

* BYD Blade battery
* List of BYD Auto vehicles

* Category

* v
* t
* e

BYD road vehicle timeline, 2003–present

| Type | 2000s  | 2010s  | 2020s

|
|
|

3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4
City car | Flyer | F0 |  | e1 | Seagull / Dolphin Mini
Subcompact |  | Dolphin
Compact |  | F3/F3R/Surui |
| G3/G3R | e5 |
|  | L3 |  | e2/e3
| F3DM | Qin
|  |  | Destroyer 05 / Chazor / King
|  |  | Seal 06 DM-i
Mid-size |  | F6 |  | G5 |  |  | Seal
|  |  | Seal 07 DM-i
|  | G6/Sirui |  |
Full-size |  |  | Han
Subcompact crossover |  |  | S1/Yuan
|  |  | Yuan Up
|  |  | Yuan Plus / Atto 3
|  | S2
Compact crossover |  |  | S3/Song | Song Pro
|  | Song Plus / Seal U / Sealion 6
|  |  | Song L DM-i
Mid-size crossover |  |  | S6/S7 |  |
|  | Tang | Tang
|  |  | Frigate 07
|  |  | Song L EV
|  |  | Sea Lion 07
MPV |  | e6 | e6
| M6 |  |  | M6
|  | Song Max
|  | D1
Pick-up |  |  |  | Shark
Sports car |  | S8 |  |

* v
* t
* e

Automotive industry in China

* Automotive industry
* Economy of China
* Transport in China

Chinese
vehicle
manufacturers|

| Current|

* Aiways
* Aoxin
* BAIC Group
* Arcfox
* BAIC BluePark
* BAW
* Changhe
* Foton
* Yinxiang Group
* Baoneng Motor
* BeiBen
* BeyonCa
* Brilliance Auto Group
* Brilliance
* Jinbei
* SWM
* BYD Company
* BYD
* Fangchengbao
* Songsan
* Yangwang
* Changan
* Avatr
* Deepal
* Tiger Truck
* CHTC Motor
* Bonluck Bus
* Chery
* Cowin
* Exeed
* iCar
* Jaecoo
* Jetour
* Karry
* Luxeed
* Omoda
* Soueast
* Ciwei
* CNJ
* Dayun Group
* Dayang
* Dayun
* Dial EV
* Dongfeng
* DFAC
* Dongfeng Motor Group
* Dongfeng Liuzhou
* Forthing/Dongfeng Fengxing Jingyi
* Dongfeng Fengshen
* Dongfeng Nammi
* Dongfeng Nengdi
* Dongfeng Xiaokang
* Voyah
* Evergrande New Energy Auto
* Hengchi
* FAW
* Bestune
* FAW Bus and Coach
* FAW Car
* FAW Jiefang
* Hongqi
* Fujian Motors
* King Long
* Golden Dragon
* Higer Bus
* GAC
* Aion
* Denway
* GAC Bus
* Hycan
* Trumpchi
* Geely
* CAMC
* Geely Auto
* Lynk & Co
* Zeekr
* Jidu
* Lifan
* Livan
* Radar
* Tangjun Ou Ling
* Great Wall
* Haval
* Ora
* Tank
* Wey
* GreenWheel EV
* Grove
* Haima
* Hawtai
* Heibao
* Henrey
* Hozon
* Human Horizons
* HiPhi
* JAC
* Ankai
* Maextro
* Jiangling Investment
* JMC
* JMC Heavy Duty Vehicle
* JMC Yusheng
* Jiangling Motor Holding
* Jintan Auto Group
* JMCG
* Jingma Motor
* Jonway
* Joylong
* Kandi
* Kawei
* Kingstar
* Leapmotor
* Lichi
* Li Auto
* Lishan Bus
* Mudan Auto
* Min'an Electric
* Nanjing Golden Dragon Bus
* Skyworth Auto
* Nio
* Niutron
* Qiantu
* Qingling
* Qingyuan Auto
* Rox Motor
* SAIC
* IM Motors
* Maxus
* MG
* Rising Auto
* Roewe
* Sunwin
* SG
* China Flxible
* Huanghai Bus
* Shacman
* Shandong Huoyun
* Sinogold
* Sinotruk
* Sinotruk (Hong Kong)
* Sokon
* DFSK Motor
* Seres
* AITO
* Suda
* Sunlong Bus
* Techrules
* Tengzhong
* Thunder Power
* Wanshan
* Wanxiang
* Weichai
* Weltmeister
* WindBooster
* Wuzheng
* Wuzhoulong
* Xiaomi Auto
* Xinkai
* XPeng
* Foday
* Yaxing
* YTO Group
* Yudo
* Yutong
* Zedriv
* Zhongtong
* Zotye
* Jiangnan Automobile
* ZX Auto

|

Former|

* Baolong
* Bordrin
* Borgward Group
* Byton
* Chang Jiang EV
* Changfeng
* Changzhou Changjiang Bus
* Dadi
* Dorcen
* Emgrand
* Enovate
* Etsong
* EuAuto Technology
* FAW Jilin
* Tianjin FAW
* Gonow
* Hafei
* Hanteng
* Hunkt
* Huali
* Huaxiang Fuqi
* Huayang
* Huoyun
* JMCGL
* JTC
* Landwind
* Levdeo
* Yema
* Maple/Shanghai Maple
* Nanjing
* Oshan
* Polarsun
* Qoros
* Rayttle
* Riich
* Senova
* Shengyang Shenfei
* Shuanghuan
* Red Star
* Singulato
* SiTech
* Gyon
* Soar
* Wanfeng
* Weiwang
* Yangcheng Auto
* Yangtse
* Youngman
* Youxia Motors

Sino-foreign
joint venture
vehicle
manufacturers|

| Current|

* Beijing Benz
* Beijing Hyundai
* BMW Brilliance
* Zinoro
* Changan Ford
* Changan Mazda
* Chery Jaguar Land Rover
* Denza
* Dongfeng Honda
* Ciimo
* Dongfeng Nissan
* Infiniti
* Venucia
* Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën
* Dongfeng Yueda Kia
* FAW-GM
* FAW Toyota
* FAW-Volkswagen
* Jetta
* Fujian Benz
* Fukang
* GAC Hino
* GAC Toyota
* GAC Honda
* Everus
* JAC Volkswagen
* Sehol
* Jiangxi Isuzu
* JMEV
* Mobilize
* Naveco
* Renault Brilliance Jinbei
* Huasong
* Jinbei
* SAIC-GM
* SAIC-GM-Wuling
* Baojun
* Wuling
* SAIC Hongyan
* SAIC Volkswagen
* SDLG
* Silk-FAW
* Spotlight Automotive

|

Former|

* Dongvo
* Changan Ford Mazda
* Changan PSA
* Changan Suzuki
* Changzhou Iveco
* Dongfeng Fengdu
* Dongfeng Renault
* Dongfeng Yulon
* Europestar
* GAC Fiat Chrysler
* GAC Mitsubishi
* Guangzhou Peugeot
* Leahead
* Nanjing Fiat
* Ranz
* Sanjiang Renault
* Shenfei Hino

Subsidiaries of
foreign
companies|

* Honda Automotive
* Volkswagen Group China
* Tesla China (Giga Shanghai)

Other|

* Plug-in electric vehicles in China
* Auto China
* Auto Guangzhou
* Auto Shanghai
* Automechanika
* China Association of Automobile Manufacturers
* TJ Innova
* Wanxiang
* Weichai Power
* Zhongsheng

N.B. Only companies and organisations from Mainland China and Hong Kong are included

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Bus manufacturing companies of Asia

Active|

* Ankai
* Ashok Leyland
* BharatBenz
* Bonluck Bus
* BYD Auto
* Daewoo Bus
* Eicher Motors
* Force
* Foton
* Ganja Auto Plant
* Gemilang Coachworks
* Ghandhara
* GAG Bus
* HICOM AM
* Hindustan
* Huanghai Bus
* Hyundai Motor Group
* Hyundai Motor Company
* Kia Corporation
* Fujian Motors Group
* King Long
* Xiamen Golden Dragon
* Higer Bus
* Iran Khodro Diesel
* Isuzu
* JAC
* Laksana
* Mahindra
* Mahindra Navistar
* SsangYong
* Master
* Mitsubishi Fuso
* Mudan
* Nissan
* Nanjing Golden Dragon Bus
* Saipa Diesel
* SHL Coach
* Sunlong Bus
* Swaraj Mazda
* Tata
* Tata Daewoo
* Tata Marcopolo
* TMS Bus
* Toyota
* Hino
* Hinopak
* UD Trucks
* VinFast
* Zhongtong Bus

Defunct|

* BakAZ
* Changzhou Changjiang
* Fuji Heavy Industries
* Ghandhara Nissan
* Samsung

* v
* t
* e

Automotive industry

* Car
* Motor vehicle

By country|

| Africa|

* Egypt
* Kenya
* Morocco
* Nigeria
* South Africa
* List of manufacturers

|

Asia|

* Bangladesh
* China
* manufacturers list, manufacturers detailed
* India
* manufacturers
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Japan
* manufacturers
* Malaysia
* manufacturers
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Russia
* South Korea
* manufacturers
* Taiwan
* manufacturers
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* List of manufacturers

Europe|

* Belarus
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Czech Republic
* manufacturers
* France
* manufacturers
* Germany
* manufacturers
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* manufacturers
* Netherlands
* Poland
* manufacturers
* Romania
* Russia
* manufacturers
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Spain
* manufacturers
* Sweden
* manufacturers
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* manufacturers
* List of manufacturers

North America|

* Canada
* manufacturers
* Mexico
* United States
* manufacturers

South America|

* Argentina
* manufacturers
* Brazil
* manufacturers

Oceania|

* Australia
* manufacturers
* New Zealand

Data|

* Automobile sales by model
* Best-selling automobiles
* Countries by motor vehicle production
* Countries by vehicles per capita
* Top manufacturers

History|

* Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010
* History of the automobile
* History of the internal combustion engine
* History of the motorcycle
* Timeline of motor vehicle brands

Manufacturers|

* Automobile manufacturers
* marques
* by parent company
* Bus manufacturers
* Motorcycle manufacturers
* Truck manufacturers
* Minor automotive manufacturing groups

Organisations|

* Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems
* European Automobile Manufacturers Association
* Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles

Related topics|

* Auto and motor shows
* Automotive design
* Automotive engineering
* Drive time
* Facelift
* Rebadging
* list of vehicles
* Debadging
* Glossary

* Category
* Commons
* List
* Portal

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