Borjigin

Imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors

"Borjigit" redirects here. For the empresses of this name, see Empress Borjigit.

"Altan urag" redirects here. For the folk rock band, see Altan Urag. For the notion of having Genghis Khan as an ancestor, see Descent from Genghis Khan.

Borjigin
ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ
Боржигин

Country| Mongol Empire, Northern Yuan dynasty, Mongolia, China (Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang)
Place of origin| Khamag Mongol
Founded| c. 900 AD
Founder| Bodonchar Munkhag
Final ruler|

* Şahin Giray[1] (in Europe)
* Maqsud Shah (in Asia)

Titles| Khagan, Khan, Ilkhan, Noyan, Tsar
Estate(s)| Mongolia, Russia, Central Asia, Iran and China
Deposition| 1930
Cadet branches| Jochids (Girays, Shaybanids, Tore), Yuan, House of Hulagu, House of Chagatai
Mongol Empire c. 1207

A Borjigin[b] is a member of the Mongol sub-clan that started with Bodonchar Munkhag[c] of the Kiyat clan.[5] Yesugei's descendants were thus said to be Kiyat-Borjigin.[6] The senior Borjigids provided ruling princes for Mongolia and Inner Mongolia until the 20th century.[7] The clan formed the ruling class among the Mongols and some other peoples of Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Today, the Borjigid are found in most of Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang,[7] and genetic research has shown that descent from Genghis Khan and Timur is common throughout Central Asia and other regions.

## Origin and name[edit]

See also: Family tree of Genghis Khan

The patrilineage began with Blue-grey Wolf (Börte Chino) and Fallow Doe (Gua Maral). According to The Secret History of the Mongols, their 11th generation descendant Dobu Mergen's widow Alan Gua the Fair was impregnated by a ray of light.[8] Her youngest son became the ancestor of the later Borjigid.[9] He was Bodonchar Munkhag, who along with his brothers sired the entire Mongol nation.[10] According to Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, many of the older Mongolian clans were founded by members of the Borjigin — Barlas, Urud, Manghud, Taichiut, Chonos, Kiyat, etc. The first Khan of the Mongol was Bodonchar Munkhag's great-great-grandson Khaidu Khan. Khaidu's grandsons Khabul Khan and Ambaghai Khan (founder of the Taichiut clan) succeeded him. Thereafter, Khabul's sons, Hotula Khan and Yesugei, and Khabul's grandson Temujin (Genghis Khan, son of Yesugei) ruled the Khamag Mongol. By the unification of the Mongols in 1206, virtually all of Temujin's uncles and first cousins had died, and from then on only the descendants of Yesugei Baghatur, his brother Daritai, and nephew Onggur formed the Borjigid.

According to Paul Pelliot and Louis Hambis, Rashid al-Din Hamadani once explained that "borčïqïn" designated in the Turkic languages a man with dark-blue eyes (اشهل, ašhal), and did so again without mentioning the said language, adding that Yesugei's children and the majority of their own children had had such eyes per coincidence, also recalling that the genie which had impregnated Alan Gua after her husband's death had had dark-blue eyes ("ašhal čašm").[4] Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur later paraphrased Hamadani by relating that Yesugei's eyes were dark-blue ("شهلا šahlā"), that the Mongols ("Moɣol") called such eyes "borǰïɣïn" (بورجغن[11]), that his sons and most of their descendants had dark-blue eyes ("ašhal"), and that one recognized thus in Yesugei's lineage the characteristic sign of the genie which had visited Alan Gua and had "borǰïɣïn" eyes, adding that the Arabs called "ašhal" a man whose iris ("bübäčik") was black, cornea white ("aq"), and whose limbal ring was red.[2]

## History[edit]

See also: Appanage

The Mongol Empire and its vassals, ca. 1300. The gray area is the later Timurid empire.

The Borjigin family ruled over the Mongol Empire from the 13th to 14th century. The rise of Genghis Khan narrowed the scope of the Borjigid-Kiyad clans sharply.[12] This separation was emphasized by the intermarriage of Genghis's descendants with the Barlas, Baarin, Manghud and other branches of the original Borjigid. In the western regions of the Empire, the Jurkin and perhaps other lineages near to Genghis's lineage used the clan name Kiyad but did not share in the privileges of the Genghisids. The Borjigit clan had once dominated large lands stretching from Java to Iran and from Indo-China to Novgorod. In 1335, with the disintegration of the Ilkhanate in Iran, the first of numerous non-Borjigid-Kiyad dynasties appeared. Established by marriage partners of Genghisids, these included the Suldus Chupanids, Jalayirids in the Middle East, the Barulas dynasties in Chagatai Khanate and India, the Manghud and Onggirat dynasties in the Golden Horde and Central Asia, and the Oirats in western Mongolia.

In 1368, during the reign of Toghun Temür (Emperor Huizong of Yuan), the Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty but members of the family continued to rule over northern China and the Mongolian Plateau into the 17th century, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty. Descendants of Genghis Khan's brothers, Hasar and Belgutei, surrendered to the Ming in the 1380s. By 1470 the Borjigin lines were severely weakened, and the Mongolian Plateau was almost in chaos.

### Post-Mongol Empire[edit]

See also: Descent from Genghis Khan

The Tumens of Mongolia Proper and vassal states of the Mongol Empire by 1400

After the breakup of the Golden Horde, the Khiyat continued to rule the Crimea and Kazan until the late 18th century. They were annexed by the Russian Empire and the Chinese. In Mongolia, the Kublaids reigned as Khagan of the Mongols, however, descendants of Ögedei and Ariq Böke usurped the throne briefly.

Under Dayan Khan (1480–1517) a broad Borjigid revival reestablished Borjigid supremacy among the Mongols proper. His descendants proliferated to become a new ruling class. The Borjigin clan was the strongest of the 49 Mongol banners from which the Bontoi clan proper supported and fought for their Khan and for their honor. The eastern Khorchins were under the Hasarids, and the Ongnigud, Abagha Mongols were under the Belguteids and Temüge Odchigenids. A fragment of the Hasarids deported to Western Mongolia became the Khoshuts.

The Qing dynasty respected the Borjigin family and the early emperors married the Hasarid Borjigids of the Khorchin. Even among the pro-Qing Mongols, traces of the alternative tradition survived. Aci Lomi, a banner general, wrote his History of the Borjigid Clan in 1732–35.[13] The 18th century and 19th century Qing nobility was adorned by the descendants of the early Mongol adherents including the Borjigin.[14]

Asian dynasties descended from Genghis Khan included the Yuan dynasty of China, the Ilkhanids of Persia, the Jochids of the Golden Horde, the Shaybanids of Siberia and Central Asia, and the Astrakhanids of Central Asia. As a rule, the Genghisid descent played a crucial role in Tatar politics. For instance, Mamai had to exercise his authority through a succession of puppet khans but could not assume the title of khan himself because he lacked Genghisid lineage.

The word "Chingisid" derives from the name of the Mongol conqueror Genghis (Chingis) Khan (c. 1162–1227 CE). Genghis and his successors created a vast empire stretching from the Sea of Japan to the Black Sea.

* The Chingisid principle,[15] or golden lineage, was the rule of inheritance laid down in the (Yassa), the legal code attributed to Genghis Khan.
* A Chingisid prince was one who could trace direct descent from Genghis Khan in the male line, and who could therefore claim high respect in the Mongol, Turkic and Asiatic world.
* The Chingisid states were the successor states or Khanates after the Mongol empire broke up following the death of the Genghis Khan's sons and their successors.
* The term Chingisid people was used[by whom?] to describe the people of Genghis Khan's armies who came in contact with Europeans. It applied primarily the Golden Horde, led by Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis. Members of the Horde were predominantly Oghuz — Turkic-speaking people rather than Mongols. (Although the aristocracy was largely Mongol, Mongols were never more than a small minority in the armies and the lands they conquered.) Europeans often (incorrectly) called the people of the Golden Horde "Tartars".

Babur and Humayun, founders of the Mughal Empire in India, asserted their authority as Chinggisids. Because they claimed descent through their maternal lineage, they had never used the clan name Borjigin.

The Genghisids also include such dynasties and houses as Giray, House of Siberia, Ar begs, Yaushev family[16] and other.

The last ruling monarch of Genghisid ancestry, Maqsud Shah (d. 1930), Khan of Kumul from 1908 to 1930.

### Modern relevance[edit]

The Borjigin held power over Mongolia for many centuries (even during Qing period) and only lost power when Communists took control in the 20th century. Aristocratic descent was something to be forgotten in the socialist period.[17] Joseph Stalin's associates executed some 30,000 Mongols including Borjigin nobles in a series of campaigns against their culture and religion.[18] Clan association has lost its practical relevance in the 20th century, but is still considered a matter of honour and pride by many Mongolians. In 1920s the communist regime banned the use of clan names. When the ban was lifted again in 1997, and people were told they had to have surnames, most families had lost knowledge about their clan association. Because of that, a disproportionate number of families registered the most prestigious clan name Borjigin, many of them without historic justification.[19][20] The label Borjigin is used as a measure of cultural supremacy.[21]

In Inner Mongolia, the Borjigid or Kiyad name became the basis for many Chinese surnames adopted by ethnic Inner Mongols.[12] The Inner Mongolian Borjigin Taijis took the surname Bao (鲍, from Borjigid) and in Ordos Qi (奇, Qiyat). A genetic research has proposed that as many as 16 million men from populations as far apart as Hazaras in the West and Hezhe people to the east may have Borjigid-Kiyad ancestry.[22] The Qiyat clan name is still found among the Kazakhs, Uzbeks and Karakalpaks.

## Prominent Kiyads or Borjigins[edit]

The division of the Mongol Empire, c. 1300, with the Golden Horde in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in the middle, the Ilkhanate in the southwest, and the Yuan dynasty in the east

### Rulers of the Khamag Mongol (11th century – 1206)[edit]

* Khaidu
* Khabul Khan
* Yesugei

### Emperors and rulers of the Mongol Empire (1206–1368)[edit]

* Genghis Khan
* Tolui Khan
* Ögedei Khan
* Güyük Khan
* Möngke Khan
* Kublai Khan

#### Genghis Khan's brothers[edit]

* Hasar
* Belgutei
* Temüge

#### Rulers of the Khanates[edit]

##### Yuan dynasty[edit]

* Kublai Khan
* Temür Khan
* Toghon Temür Khan

##### Golden Horde[edit]

Batu Khan on his throne.

* Jochi
* Orda Khan
* Batu Khan
* Sartaq
* Berke
* Shiban
* Toqta
* Uzbeg Khan

##### Ilkhanate[edit]

* Hulagu
* Abaqa
* Ghazan

##### Chagatai Khanate[edit]

* Chagatai Khan
* Kaidu
* Duwa
* Esen Buqa I
* Kebek
* Tarmashirin

### Post-Mongol Empire Golden Horde (1360–1502)[edit]

* Urus Khan
* Toqtamish
* Mamai[d]
* Olug Moxammat

### Crimean Khanate (1441–1783)[edit]

* Mengli Giray

### Kazan Khanate (1438–1552)[edit]

* Olug Moxammat

### Uzbek Khanate (1428–1471)[edit]

* Abu'l-Khayr Khan

### Kazakh Khanate (1456–1847)[edit]

* Janybek Khan

### Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1635)[edit]

* Öljei Temür Khan
* Dayan Khan
* Ligdan Khan
* Ejei Khan

#### Ruler of the Tumed[edit]

* Altan Khan

#### Khalkha[edit]

* Zanabazar

## Gallery[edit]

* Genghis Khan

* Ögedei Khan

* Tolui with his wife Sorghaghtani Beki

* Mengli Giray at the court of Bayezid II

* Altan Khan

* Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang

* Tokhtamysh

* Khalkha Borjigin ruler Tsereng (博爾濟吉特策凌, 1672-1750). 18th century painting

## Yuan dynasty family tree[edit]

See also: Yuan and Northern Yuan dynasties emperor's family tree

Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire in 1206. His grandson, Kublai Khan, after defeating his younger brother and rival claimant to the throne Ariq Böke, founded the Yuan dynasty of China in 1271. The dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty during the reign of Toghon Temür in 1368, but it survived in the Mongolian Plateau, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty. Although the throne was usurped by Esen Taishi of the Oirats in 1453, he was overthrown in the next year. A recovery of the khaganate was achieved by Dayan Khan, but the territory was segmented by his descendants. The last khan Ligden died in 1634 and his son Ejei Khongor submitted himself to Hong Taiji the next year, ending the Northern Yuan regime.[24] However, the Borjigin nobles continued to rule their subjects until the 20th century under the Qing dynasty.[25][e]

Or in a different version (years of reign over the Northern Yuan dynasty [up to 1388] are given in brackets).

## See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Borjigin.

* Family tree of Genghis Khan
* History of Mongolia
* Mongolian name
* List of medieval Mongolian tribes and clans
* Turco-Mongol

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ A Middle Mongolian plural-suffix -t has been written about by Éva Csáki in Middle Mongolian Loan Words in Volga Kipchak Languages.
2. ^ /ˈbɔːrdʒɪɡɪn/; Mongolian: Боржигин, romanized: Borzhigin, ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ pronounced [ˈpɔrt͡ɕɘkɘŋ]; simplified Chinese: 孛儿只斤; traditional Chinese: 孛兒只斤; pinyin: Bó'érjìjǐn; Russian: Борджигин, romanized: Bordžigin; English plural: Borjigins or Borjigid (from Middle Mongolian);[2][a] Manchu plural?: [3]
3. ^ The Secret History of the Mongols traces it back to Yesugei's ancestor Bodonchar[4]
4. ^ According to H. H. Howorth, Mamai used the clan name Kiyad which is near to Genghisid lineage. However, he was not direct descendant of Genghis Khan.[23]
5. ^ Wada Sei [ja] did pioneer work on this field, and Honda Minobu and Okada Hidehiro modified it, using newly discovered Persian (Timurid) records and Mongol chronicles.

## References[edit]

### Citations[edit]

1. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica. William Benton. 1973. p. 726.
2. ^ a b Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan, p. 119.
3. ^ Li, p. 97.
4. ^ a b Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan, p. 118.
5. ^ Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan, pp. 118, 123.
6. ^ Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan, pp. 122–123.
7. ^ a b Humphrey & Sneath, p. 27.
8. ^ The Secret History of the Mongols, chapter 1, §§ 17, 21.
9. ^ Franke, Twitchett & Fairbank, p. 330.
10. ^ Kahn, p. 10.
11. ^ "Abulghasi Bahadür Chani Historia Mongolorum et Tatarorum nunc primum tatarice edita auctoritate et munificentia illustrissimi comitis Nicolai de Romanzoff". 1825.
12. ^ a b Atwood, p. 45.
13. ^ Perdue, p. 487.
14. ^ Crossley, p. 213.
15. ^ Halperin, chapter VIII.
16. ^ Сабитов Ж. М. (2011). "Башкирские ханы Бачман и Тура" (in Russian) (Сибирский сборник. Выпуск 1. Казань ed.): 63–69. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
17. ^ Humphrey & Sneath, p. 28.
18. ^ Weatherford, p. xv.
19. ^ "In Search of Sacred Names".
20. ^ Magnier.
21. ^ Pegg, p. 22.
22. ^ "The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols", pp. 717-721.
23. ^ The History of the Mongols, part. II, D. II, p. 190.[full citation needed]
24. ^ Heirman & Bumbacher, p. 395.
25. ^ Sneath, p. 21.

### Sources[edit]

* Atwood, C. P. Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire.
* Crossley, Pamela Kyle. A Translucent Mirror.
* Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John King. The Cambridge History of China: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368.
* "The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols". American Journal of Human Genetics, 72.
* Halperin, Charles J. (1985). Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20445-3. ISBN 978-0-253-20445-5.
* Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter. The Spread of Buddhism.
* Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan (in French). E. J. Brill.
* Humphrey, Caroline; Sneath, David. The End of Nomadism?.
* "In Search of Sacred Names", Mongolia Today, archived from the original on 2007-06-07.
* Kahn, Paul. The Secret History of the Mongols.
* Li, Gertraude Roth. Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents.
* Magnier, Mark (October 23, 2004). "Identity Issues in Mongolia". Los Angeles Times.
* Pegg, Carole. Mongolian Music, Dance & Oral Narrative.
* Perdue, Peter C. China Marches West.
* Sneath, David. Changing Inner Mongolia: Pastoral Mongolian Society and the Chinese State.
* Weatherford, Jack. Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. Three Rivers Press.

## Further reading[edit]

* Wada Sei 和田清. Tōashi Kenkyū (Mōko Hen) 東亜史研究 (蒙古編). Tokyo, 1959.
* Honda Minobu 本田實信. On the genealogy of the early Northern Yüan, Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, XXX-314, 1958.
* Okada Hidehiro 岡田英弘. Dayan Hagan no nendai ダヤン・ハガンの年代. Tōyō Gakuhō, Vol. 48, No. 3 pp. 1–26 and No. 4 pp. 40–61, 1965.
* Okada Hidehiro 岡田英弘. Dayan Hagan no sensei ダヤン・ハガンの先世. Shigaku Zasshi. Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 1–38, 1966.

— Royal house —

House of Borjigin

Preceded by

Liao dynasty
(Yelü)

|  Ruling House of Mongolia
11th century–1691  | Succeeded by

Qing dynasty
(Aisin Gioro)

Preceded by

Khamag Mongol

|  Ruling House of the Mongol Empire
1206–1368  | Succeeded by

Northern Yuan

Preceded by

Jin dynasty
House of Zhao

|  Ruling House of China
1271–1368  | Succeeded by

House of Zhu

New title |  Protector of Tibet
1270–1354  | Succeeded by

Phagmodrupa Dynasty

Preceded by

Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty

|  Ruling House of Persian Empire
1247–1335  | Succeeded by

Jalayirids
Chupanid Suldus

Preceded by

The Khanate established

|  Ruling House of the Golden Horde
1236–1502  | Succeeded by

Kiyat Girays
Tatars

* v
* t
* e

Mongol Empire (1206–1368)

Terminology

| Titles|

* Khagan
* Khan
* Khatun
* Khanum
* Jinong
* Khong Tayiji
* Noyan
* Tarkhan

|

* Political
* Military

* Jarlig
* Örtöö
* Orda
* Pax Mongolica
* Yassa
* Kurultai
* Paiza / Gerege
* Manghit / Mangudai
* Tümen
* Kheshig
* Darughachi

* Politics
* Organization
* Life

| Topics|

* Administrative divisions and vassals
* Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
* Invasions and conquests
* Destructiveness
* Imperial Seal
* Military
* Religion
* Society and economy

* House of Borjigin
* House of Ögedei
* Mongol Armenia
* Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
* Franco-Mongol alliance
* Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
* List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'

|

Khanates|

* Yuan dynasty
* Northern Yuan
* Chagatai Khanate
* House of Ögedei
* Golden Horde
* Wings
* Ilkhanate

Major cities|

* Almalik
* Avarga
* Azov (Azaq)
* Bukhara
* Bolghar
* Karakorum
* Dadu
* Majar
* Maragheh
* Qarshi
* Samarkand
* Sarai Batu/Berke
* Saray-Jük
* Shangdu (Xanadu)
* Soltaniyeh
* Tabriz
* Ukek
* Xacitarxan

* Campaigns
* Battles

| Asia|

| Central|

* Siberia (1207-1308)
* Sakhalin (1264–1308)
* Qara Khitai (1216–18)
* Khwarazmian Empire (1219–1221)
* Persia (1219–1256)

|

East|

* Western Xia (1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)
* Northern China and Manchuria (1211–34)
* Korea (1231–60)
* Southern China (1235–79)
* Tibet (1236 / 1240 / 1252)
* Yunnan (1253–56)

* Japan (1274 / 1281)

Southeast|

* Burma (1277 / 1283 / 1287)
* Java (1293)
* Vietnam (1257 / 1284–88)
* Burma (1300–02)

South|

* India (1221–1327)

Europe|

* Georgia (1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)
* Circassia (1237–1300s)
* Chechnya (1237–1300s)
* Volga Bulgaria (1229–36)
* Alania (1238–1239)
* Kievan Rus' (1223 / 1236–40)
* Poland and Bohemia (1240–41)
* Hungary (1241–42)
* Holy Roman Empire (1241–42)
* Serbia and Bulgaria (1242)
* Latin Empire (1242)
* Lithuania (1258–59)
* Poland (1259–60)
* Thrace (1264–65)
* Hungary (1285–86)
* Poland (1287–88)
* Serbia (1291)

Middle East|

* Anatolia (1241–43)
* Alamut (1253–1256)
* Baghdad (1258)
* Syria (1260–1323)
* Palestine (1260 / 1301)

Civil wars|

* Division of the Mongol Empire
* Toluid Civil War (1260–64)
* Berke–Hulagu war (1262)
* Kaidu–Kublai war (1268–1301)
* Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war (1314–1318)

People

| Great Khans|

* Genghis Khan
* Tolui (regent)
* Ögedei Khan
* Töregene Khatun (regent)
* Güyük Khan
* Oghul Qaimish (regent)
* Möngke Khan
* Kublai Khan (Khagans of the Yuan)

|

Khans|

* Jochi
* Batu Khan
* Sartaq Khan
* Orda Khan
* Berke
* Toqta
* Özbeg Khan
* Chagatai Khan
* Duwa
* Kebek
* Hulegu
* Abaqa
* Arghun
* Ghazan

Military|

* Subutai
* Jebe
* Muqali
* Negudar
* Bo'orchu
* Guo Kan
* Boroqul
* Jelme
* Khubilai
* Aju
* Bayan
* Kadan
* Boroldai
* Nogai Khan

Timeline of the Mongol Empire

* v
* t
* e

Yuan dynasty topics

History|

* Division of the Mongol Empire
* Toluid Civil War
* Kaidu–Kublai war
* Kublai Khan's campaigns
* Mongol conquest of China
* anti-Mongol fortresses
* conquest of the Song dynasty
* Battle of Xiangyang
* Yamen
* Sakhalin
* Japan
* Vietnam
* Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)
* Java invasion
* Burma
* Battle of Ngasaunggyan
* Pagan
* Second Mongol invasion of Burma
* Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
* War of the Two Capitals
* 1344 Yellow River flood
* Red Turban Rebellions
* Red Turban invasions of Goryeo
* Battle of Lake Poyang
* Ispah rebellion

Government|

* Emperors
* family tree
* Empresses
* Imperial Preceptor
* Zhongshu Sheng
* Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
* Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty
* Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
* Mongolia
* Manchuria
* Tibet
* Dpon-chen
* Korea under Yuan rule

Science and technology|

* Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns
* Jiaochao
* Coinage
* Shiyi Dexiaofang
* Nong Shu

Architecture|

* Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass
* Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)
* Miaoying Temple
* Pagoda of Bailin Temple
* Temple of Azure Clouds
* Jinan Great Southern Mosque

Society and culture|

* Yuan poetry
* History of Liao
* Jin
* Song
* Shilin Guangji
* Menggu Ziyun
* Wenxian Tongkao
* Zhongyuan Yinyun
* The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars
* Zaju
* The Chalk Circle
* The Injustice to Dou E
* The Orphan of Zhao
* The Story of the Western Wing
* Semu
* Islam
* Fashion

Other topics|

* Mongols
* Mongol Empire
* Borjigin
* ʼPhags-pa script
* History of Yuan
* Khanbaliq
* Shangdu
* Northern Yuan dynasty

* v
* t
* e

Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1635)

| Political organization| List of Khans| Independent khans

|
|

| Six Tumen Mongols| Four Oirat| Notable cities| Titles

|
|
|

Three Eastern Tumens
Khalkha
Chahar
Uriankhai
Three Western Tumens
Ordos
Tumed
Yunshebu Tümen

Choros
Torghut
Khoid
Dörbet Oirat

Yingchang
Karakorum
Hohhot

Khagan
Khan
Khatun
Taishi
Jinong
Khong Tayiji
Noyan
Tarkhan
Councellor
Wang

| Unified| Chahar

|

Ukhaantu Khan Toghun-Temur (1368–1370)
Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara (1370–1378)
Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür (1378–1388)
Jorightu Khan Yesüder (1388–1391)
Engke Khan (1391–1394)
Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan (1394–1399)
Gün Temür Khan (1399–1402)
Örüg Temür Khan Gulichi (1402–1408)
Öljei Temür Khan Bunyashiri (1403–1412)
Delbeg Khan (1411–1415)
Oyiradai Khan (1415–1425)
Adai Khan (1425–1438)
Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha (1433–1452)
Agbarjin (1453)
Esen Taishi (1453–1454)
Markörgis Khan (Ükegtü) (1454–1465)
Molon Khan (1465–1466)
Manduul Khan (1475–1479)

Dayan Khan (1480–1516)
Bars Bolud Jinong (deputy)
Bodi Alagh Khan (1516–1547)
Darayisung Gödeng Khan (1547–1557)
Tümen Jasaghtu Khan (1557–1592)
Buyan Sechen Khan (1592–1604)
Ligdan Khan (1604–1634)
Ejei Khan (1634–1635)

| Tumed| Ordos| Tüsheet| Jasagtu| Sechen| Khotogoid

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Altan Khan (1521–1582)
Sengge Düüreng Khan (1583–1585)
Namudai Sechen Khan (1586–1607)
Boshugtu Khung Taiji (1608–1636)

Barsu-Bolod (d. 1521)
Mergen Jinong (d. 1542)
Noyandara Jinong (1543–1572)
Buyan Baatur Taiji (1573–1576)
Boshugtu Jinong (1577–1624)
Erinchen Jinong (1624–1636)

Abtai Sain Khan (1567–1588)
Eriyekhei Mergen Khan (1589–?)
Gombodorji Khan (d. 1655)
Chakhun Dorji Khan (1654–1698)

Laikhur Khan
Subandai Khan
Norbu Bisireltü Khan (d. 1661)
Chambun Khan (1670?–)
Zenggün
Shara (d. 1687)

Soloi Maqasamadi Sechen Khan (1577–1652)
Baba Sechen Khan (1653–?)
Sechen Khan (d. 1686)

Ubasi Khong Tayiji (c.1609–1623)
Badma Erdeni Khong Tayiji (1623–1652)
Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji (1652–1667)

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* e

Mongolic peoples

History|

* Timeline
* Mongolian Plateau
* Mongol heartland
* States
* Rulers
* Slab Grave culture
* Ordos culture
* Languages
* Proto-Mongolic
* Medieval tribes
* Modern clans
* Nomadic empire
* Mongol Empire
* Turco-Mongol
* Mongolian nobility
* Writing systems
* Soyombo symbol
* Religion

Proto-Mongols|

* Donghu
* Xianbei
* Wuhuan
* Rouran
* incl. Yujiulü
* Duan
* Yuwen
* Kumo Xi
* Murong
* Tuyuhun
* Tuoba
* Qifu
* Tufa
* Shiwei
* Didouyu
* Khitan
* incl. Yelü
* Zubu

Medieval tribes|

* Khamag Mongol
* Baarin
* Barga
* Barlas
* Bayad
* Borjigin
* Chonos
* Dughlat
* Eljigin
* Gorlos
* Jalair
* Katagan
* Kerait
* Khongirad
* Manghud
* Merkit
* Naiman
* Oirat
* Olkhonud
* Ongud*
* Qara Khitai
* Qara'unas
* Sunud
* Taichiud
* Tatar
* Tumed
* Uriankhai

Ethnic groups|

| Mongols|

* Darkhad
* Dariganga
* Eljigin
* Khalkha
* Khotogoid
* Sartuul

| Southern Mongols|

* Asud
* Baarin
* Chahar
* Eastern Dorbet
* Kharchin
* Khorchin
* Jaruud
* Naiman
* Ordos
* Tumed
* Urad
* Üzemchin

|

Oirats|

* Altai Uriankhai
* Baatud
* Bayad
* Chantuu*
* Choros
* Dörbet
* Dzungar
* Khoid
* Khoshut
* Khoton*
* Kalmyk
* incl. Buzava
* Myangad
* Olot
* Sart Kalmyk
* Torghut
* Upper Mongols
* Zakhchin

Buryats|

* Barga
* Hamnigan*
* Soyot*

Other|

* Aimaq**
* Bonan
* Daur
* Dongxiang
* Hazara**
* Kangjia
* Mughal**
* Moghol
* Monguor
* Khatso (Yunnan Mongol)
* Sichuan Mongols
* Sogwo Arig
* Tuvan**
* Yugur

See also: Donghu and Xianbei · Turco-Mongol
*Mongolized ethnic groups.**Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.

* v
* t
* e

Royal houses of Russia

* Rurik
* Godunov
* Shuysky
* Vasa
* Romanov
* Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov

* v
* t
* e

Royal and noble family trees

Egypt|

* Pharaonic dynasties
* 1st
* 4th
* 11th
* 12th
* 18th
* 19th
* 21st, 22nd and 23rd
* 25th
* 26th
* Muhammad Ali

Americas|

* Thomsons
* Mexico
* Aztec

Asia|

* Jerusalem
* United Arab Emirates
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* Khmer Varman
* Mahidharapura
* Japan
* Korea
* Timurid
* Burma
* Sri Lanka
* Thailand
* Lanna
* Vietnam
* Mughal-Mongol
* Fujiwara
* Göktürk

| Iran|

* Achaemenid
* Arsacids
* Sasanian
* Bavandid
* Safavid
* Qajar
* Pahlavi

|

Turkey|

* Anatolian Seljuk
* Ottoman
* simplified

China|

* Ancient
* Spring and Autumn period
* Warring States
* Early
* Middle
* Late
* Kong (Confucius)

Malaysia|

* Monarchs
* Johor
* Kedah
* Kelantan
* Negeri Sembilan
* Pahang
* Perak
* Perlis
* Selangor
* Terengganu
* Singapura-Melakan

Europe|

* Von Graben
* Serbia
* Petrović-Njegoš
* Balšić
* Bagratuni
* Habsburg
* Belgium
* Bohemia
* Denmark
* France
* simplified
* Bourbon
* Germany
* Hungary
* Monaco
* Netherlands
* Orange-Nassau
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Russia
* Branković
* Nemanjić
* Sweden
* Greece
* Naples
* Sicily
* Medici
* Flanders
* De Graeff

| Georgia|

* Iberia
* Tao-Klarjeti
* United Georgia
* Kartli
* Kakheti
* Imereti

|

Roman|

* Caecilii Metelli
* Cornelii Scipiones
* Ancient Roman emperors
* Julio-Claudian
* Severan
* Byzantine emperors

Spain|

* Monarchs
* Aragon
* Castile
* Navarre

Britain|

* Monarchs
* England
* Great Britain
* simplified
* Scotland
* Wales
* Pontefract de Lacys

Croatia|

* Trpimirović
* Frankopan
* Šubić
* Zrinski

See also|

* Family tree
* Ahnentafel
* genealogical numbering systems
* Quarters of nobility
* seize quartiers
* Royal descent

Authority control databases: National |

* Israel
* United States

|

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