Charles II of Spain

King of Spain from 1665 to 1700

Charles II

Portrait of Charles II by Juan Carreño de Miranda, c. 1685

King of Spain

(more...)

Reign| 17 September 1665 – 1 November 1700
Predecessor| Philip IV
Successor| Philip V
Regent| Mariana of Austria (1665–1675)

Born| (1661-11-06)6 November 1661
Royal Alcazar of Madrid, Crown of Castile, Spain
Died| 1 November 1700(1700-11-01) (aged 38)
Royal Alcazar of Madrid, Crown of Castile, Spain
Burial|

Monasterio del Escorial

Spouses|

Marie Louise d'Orléans

(m. 1679; died 1689)​

Maria Anna of Neuburg

(m. 1689)​

House| Habsburg
Father| Philip IV of Spain
Mother| Mariana of Austria
Religion| Catholic Church
Signature|

Charles II[a] (6 November 1661 – 1 November 1700), also known as El Hechizado, or the Bewitched, was King of Spain from 1665 to 1700. The last monarch from the House of Habsburg which had ruled Spain since 1516, he died without children, leading to a European conflict over his successor.

Charles became king at the age of four, but for reasons that are still debated, he experienced extended periods of ill health throughout his life. This made the question of his successor central to European diplomacy for much of his reign, historian John Langdon-Davies writing that, "from the day of his birth, they were waiting for his death".[1]

The two main candidates were the Austrian Habsburg Archduke Charles, and 16-year-old Philip of Anjou, grandson of Maria Theresa of Spain and Louis XIV of France. Shortly before his death in November 1700, Charles named Philip his heir, but the acquisition of an undivided Spanish Empire by either France or Austria threatened the European balance of power. Failure to resolve these issues through diplomacy resulted in the 1701 to 1714 War of the Spanish Succession.

## Personal details

[edit]

Born 6 November 1661, Charles was the only surviving son of Philip IV of Spain and Mariana of Austria, who were uncle and niece. While European nobility commonly married within the same extended family to retain property, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs were unusual in the extent to which they followed this practice. Of eleven marriages contracted by Spanish monarchs between 1450 and 1661, the vast majority contained some element of consanguinity, while Philip and Mariana were one of two unions between uncle and niece.[2][b] This policy may also have been driven by limpieza de sangre or "blood purity" statutes enacted in the early 16th century, which remained in use until the 1860s.[3]

Charles as a child, c. 1673

Inter-marriage accentuated the so-called 'Habsburg jaw', a physical characteristic common in both Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs. One contemporary reported this was so pronounced in Charles that he swallowed his food without thoroughly chewing, leading to frequent stomach problems.[4] A 2019 study based on an analysis of Habsburg portraits concluded this feature was likely due to a recessive trait; however, in the absence of genetic material, such claims remain speculative.[5]

While Charles' ill-health has been attributed to recessive genetic conditions resulting from inbreeding, the precise cause remains disputed.[6] Based on an analysis of contemporary accounts, some modern researchers suggest Charles may have had combined pituitary hormone deficiency and distal renal tubular acidosis. Others suggest aspartylglucosaminuria as a possible cause, all three conditions being caused by recessive mutations in different genes.[7][8] Another study argues they may have been caused by herpetic infection incurred as an infant, causing hydrocephalus.[9] Neither his elder sister Margaret Theresa of Spain, nor his niece Maria Antonia, daughter of the marriage of Margaret Theresa of Spain to her maternal uncle Leopold I, had similar health issues.[6]

After his birth, he was entrusted to the royal governess Mariana Engracia Álvarez de Toledo Portugal y Alfonso-Pimentel.[10] Under her careful supervision, he survived childhood attacks of measles, chickenpox, rubella and smallpox, any one of which was then potentially fatal.[11] He also had rickets, which left him unable to walk unaided until he was four and compelled him to wear leg braces until the age of five.[12][c] Suggestions that he was largely uneducated until his teens appear to be incorrect; Ramos del Manzano, a professor at the University of Salamanca and legal expert, was appointed his tutor when he was six.[14] From the age of 12, he received lessons in music from Juan del Vado and in mathematics by Jose Zaragoza, Professor at the Colegio Imperial de Madrid, whom he later commissioned to carry out a number of engineering projects in Spain.[15]

The extent of his physical and mental disabilities is hard to assess, since very little is known for certain, and much of what is suggested is either unproved or incorrect. While prone to illness, he was extremely active physically and contemporaries reported he spent much of his time hunting.[16] One often cited example of his alleged mental incapacity is the period he spent sleeping with his father's disinterred body; this was in fact done under instructions from Mariana, whose doctors advised this would help him produce an heir.[17] Although reputedly subject to bouts of depression, his participation in government and reports from his council and foreign observers such as the French ambassador Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquess of Torcy, indicate his mental capacities remained intact.[18]

This is confirmed by a 1691 report submitted by an envoy from Ismail Ibn Sharif, Sultan of Morocco; sent to negotiate an exchange of prisoners, he was received by Charles himself, who played a full part in the discussions.[19] Costanzo Operti, a Savoyard diplomat who held regular audiences with Charles during the Nine Years' War, described him as affable and generous but shy and lacking self-confidence, characteristics noted by other foreign diplomats.[20]

## Reign

[edit]

Mariana of Austria by Diego Velázquez, c. 1656, Regent for Charles during his minority

Since Charles was a legal minor when Philip died on 17 September 1665, Mariana was appointed Queen Regent by the Council of Castile. The Spanish Empire remained an enormous global confederation, but its economic supremacy was increasingly challenged by the Dutch Republic and England, and its position in Europe destabilised by the expansionist policies of Louis XIV of France.

Her ability to respond effectively to the challenges facing the Empire was hampered by an ongoing power struggle with John Joseph of Austria, hereafter referred to as Don Juan, Charles's older, illegitimate half-brother. In addition, enacting essential reforms was complicated since Spain was a personal union between the Crown of Castile and Crown of Aragon, each with very distinct political cultures and traditions.[d][21] Infighting between those who ruled in Charles's name during his regency did little to help, but it is debatable how far they can be held responsible for long-term trends predating his reign. The monarchy proved remarkably resilient, and when Charles died, remained largely intact.[22]

However, government finances were in perpetual crisis, the Crown declaring bankruptcy nine times between 1557 and 1666, including 1647, 1652, 1662, and 1666.[23] Following the policy established by her husband Philip, Mariana ruled through a "valido",[e] the first being her personal confessor and fellow Austrian, Juan Everardo Nithard.[24] His most urgent task was to end the costly wars with France and Portugal, achieved in the 1668 treaties of Aix-la-Chapelle and Lisbon. Despite acknowledging their necessity, Don Juan forced Mariana to dismiss Nithard in February 1669, who replaced him with Fernando de Valenzuela. He was a member of the lower hidalgo class, so his appointment was deeply resented by the Grandees who normally filled such positions.[25]

In 1673, Spain was drawn into the Franco-Dutch War, placing additional strain on the economy, and Don Juan renewed efforts to remove Mariana as Regent. A month before Charles became a legal adult on 6 November 1675, he indicated his intention to take control of government, supported by his brother. When the Regency Council requested a two-year extension of their office on 4 November, Charles initially refused, but was later pressured into accepting. He was also forced to issue a Royal Decree ordering Don Juan to leave Madrid.[26]

Charles's illegitimate half-brother, John Joseph of Austria, whose political feud with his mother undermined the stability of his regime

Don Juan finally gained control of the government in January 1678 and exiled Valenzuela to the Philippines. His first action was to make peace with France in the 1678 Treaties of Nijmegen, with Spain ceding Franche-Comté and areas of the Spanish Netherlands returned in 1668.[27] Seeking to minimise future conflict between the two countries, in August 1679 Don Juan brokered a match between Charles and the 17-year-old Marie Louise of Orléans, eldest niece of Louis XIV and daughter of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans. Arranging the marriage was Don Juan's last significant act; he died shortly before it took place in November 1679.[28]

In February 1680, Juan Francisco de la Cerda, 8th Duke of Medinaceli became the new valido. He clashed with Marie-Louise over the alleged influence exerted over her by the French ambassador, Pierre de Villars, who was expelled from Madrid in 1681, badly affecting the relationship between the two.[29] Medinaceli was further undermined by economic problems and the loss of Luxembourg following the 1683 War of the Reunions. In June 1684, he sought to bolster his support by appointing the Count of Oropesa as President of the Council of Castile, the second most powerful position in the state. However, continuing ill-health led him to resign in April 1685, with Oropesa taking over as de facto valido.[30] He retained this position until 1690.[31]

## Economy

[edit]

The so-called "Little Ice Age" of the 17th century was a period of crisis throughout Europe, leading to poor harvests and economic decline.[32] Spain was especially affected, due in part to the parlous economic situation, particularly in Castile, where the population dropped from 6.5 million in 1600 to less than 5 million in 1680, while figures for Spain as a whole were 8.5 to 6.6 million.[33] This was exacerbated by a series of wars with France and the need to defend the Empire, which were a constant drain on public expenditure. In 1663, Philip IV had converted state debt into government bonds, or juros, but a history of default required high rates of interest, meaning taxes were often assigned to creditors years in advance to pay current liabilities. Although silver bullion imports from the Americas increased, the vast majority went to paying off foreign debtors.[34]

One less obvious side effect of this globalisation of the Spanish trading system was that its opponents had the most to lose from its collapse. By the 1670s, foreign trade was controlled by Dutch and English merchants, while the domestic economy relied on French labour and imported wheat. The Marqués de Varinas, a senior colonial official, observed in 1687 that the Empire continued to exist in its present form "only because it enables the English, Dutch and French to exploit [it] more cheaply".[35]

In the 1680s, Spanish officials took steps to restore faith in the currency and issued a series of drastic deflationary decrees, revaluing the coinage at 25% of its previous value.[36] The immediate impact was the total disruption of commerce and collapse of financial credit; in response, debtors were given three months to repay government debts using the existing rate, later extended to six months. Having stabilised the position, in 1686, the coinage was readjusted to a more favourable rate and thereafter left unaltered.[37]

## Succession conflict and death

[edit]

Marie Louise of Orléans, Charles's first wife

Marie Louise was blamed for Charles' failure to produce an heir, while primitive fertility treatments gave her severe intestinal problems.[38] She died in February 1689, shortly after the outbreak of the Nine Years' War with France. Based on her recorded symptoms, modern doctors believe her illness was almost certainly appendicitis.[f][39] A new wife was selected from a family famous for its fertility, Maria Anna of Neuburg, daughter of Philip William, Elector Palatine, and sister-in-law to Emperor Leopold.[40]

A proxy marriage took place in August 1689, before a formal ceremony in May 1690. [39] Maria Anna also failed to produce an heir, almost certainly because Charles was by now physically incapable of doing so; his autopsy later revealed his sole remaining testicle was atrophied.[41] His mother died on 16 May 1696, by which time Charles' health was clearly failing, making the succession increasingly urgent. Since the Crown of Spain passed according to cognatic primogeniture, it could be inherited through the female line. This enabled Charles's sisters Maria Theresa (1638–1683) and Margaret Theresa to pass their rights to the children of their marriages with Louis XIV and Emperor Leopold. However, to prevent a union between Spain and France, Maria Theresa had renounced her inheritance rights on her marriage; in return, Louis was promised a dowry of 500,000 gold écus, a huge sum that was never paid.[42]

The Nine Years' War showed France could not achieve its objectives on its own; the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick was the result of mutual exhaustion and Louis's search for allies in anticipation of a contest over the Spanish throne. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor refused to sign since it left the issue unresolved; he reluctantly did so in October 1697, but viewed it as a pause in hostilities.[43] In 1685, Leopold and Margaret's daughter Maria Antonia married Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria; she died in 1692, leaving one surviving son, Joseph Ferdinand. In October 1698, France, England and the Dutch Republic attempted to impose a diplomatic solution to the Succession on Spain and Austria, by the Treaty of the Hague or First Partition Treaty. This made Joseph Ferdinand heir to the bulk of the Spanish monarchy, with France gaining the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily and other concessions in Italy plus the modern Basque province of Gipuzkoa. Leopold's younger son Archduke Charles became ruler of the Duchy of Milan, a possession considered vital to the security of Austria's southern border.[44]

Maria Anna of Neuburg, Charles's pro-Austrian second wife

The Spanish objected to their empire being divided by foreign powers without consultation, and on 14 November 1698, Charles II made Joseph Ferdinand heir to an independent and undivided Spanish monarchy. Maria Anna was appointed Regent during his minority, an announcement allegedly received by the Spanish councillors in silence. Joseph Ferdinand's death in 1699 ended these arrangements.[45] It also left Louis XIV's eldest son, Louis, Grand Dauphin, heir to the Spanish throne, once again implying union between Spain and France. In March 1700, France, England and the Dutch agreed an alternative; Archduke Charles replaced Joseph Ferdinand, with Spanish possessions in Europe split between France, Savoy and Austria. Charles reacted by altering his will in favour of Archduke Charles, but once again stipulating an undivided and independent Spanish monarchy.[46]

Most of the Castilian nobility disliked Maria Anna and her German courtiers and viewed a French candidate as more likely to ensure their independence. In September 1700, Charles became ill again; by 28 September he was no longer able to eat, and Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero persuaded him to alter his will in favour of Louis XIV's grandson, Philip of Anjou.[47] He died on 1 November 1700, at age 38. The autopsy records his "heart was the size of a peppercorn; his lungs corroded; his intestines rotten and gangrenous; he had a single testicle, black as coal, and his head was full of water."[48] As suggested previously, the last of these symptoms is indicative of hydrocephalus, a disease often associated with childhood measles, one of many illnesses contracted by Charles.[9]

Philip was proclaimed king of Spain on 16 November 1700, and the War of the Spanish Succession formally began on 9 July 1701.[49]

## Spanish Inquisition

[edit]

Charles and Mariana preside over an auto-de-fé, Madrid, 30 June 1680.

Charles' reign saw the final political eclipse of the Spanish Inquisition, whose involvement in the succession struggle negated attempts to rebuild its former influence. This included holding a large public auto-da-fé in Madrid on 30 June 1680. When Charles changed his will in favour of Philip in 1700, the Inquisitor General Baltasar de Mendoza y Sandoval, an ally of Maria Anna, arrested his personal confessor Froilán Díaz on a charge of 'bewitching' the King. When Díaz was found not guilty, Mendoza attempted to arrest those who voted for his acquittal, resulting in the establishment of a Council to investigate the Inquisition; although it survived until 1834, its influence had ended.[50]

## Legacy

[edit]

The 35-year reign of Charles II has traditionally been viewed as one of decline and decay; in 1691, a foreign ambassador commented that "it is incomprehensible how this monarchy survives".[35] More recent studies have criticised these views, historian Luis Ribot arguing "both the myth of decline and an incapable king are simplistic and inexact".[51] Others attest his reign was crucial for the clearest signs of demographic recovery after decades of crisis, the first major attempts to reform peninsula trade, and the beginning of a more open approach to European thought and science.

Although both the Spanish state and economy relied on silver and gold mined in the Americas, this had been the case since the 16th century, while bullion imports reached historic highs between 1670 and 1700.[52] Despite their disastrous short-term impact, the financial measures ended the chronic instability which had affected the Spanish currency throughout the 17th century and helped drive sustainable economic growth.[53] Many of the commercial and political policies initiated under Charles formed the basis for reforms enacted by his Bourbon successors.[54]

Charles II adores the Holy Eucharist (detail), by Claudio Coello, one of the last and most significant examples of Spanish Baroque painting

Though not as fond of the arts as his father, Charles employed artists like the Italian painter Luca Giordano and Claudio Coello to decorate El Escorial. In 1690, the latter created one of the last and most significant examples of Spanish Baroque painting, Charles II adores the Holy Eucharist.[55]

On 7 November 1693, a Royal Decree provided sanctuary in Spanish Florida for escaped slaves from the nearby colony of South Carolina.[56] Despite its relative poverty, Spanish Florida provided protection from storms in the Gulf of Mexico for Spanish merchant shipping; the decree was intended to bolster its population, while undermining the neighbouring colony, which claimed the Spanish capital of St. Augustine.[57] Formalised in 1733 by Philip, it led to the founding in 1738 of Santa Teresa de Mose, the first legally sanctioned free black town in the present-day United States.[58]

The Caroline Islands and the town of Charleroi in modern Belgium were named after him in 1666 and 1686 respectively.[59] Decrees were also issued in his name approving universities in South America which still exist. In Peru, they include San Cristóbal, established in 1680, and the National University; in Guatemala, the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, the fourth-oldest university on the continent. Others include Santo Tomas Aquino in 1688, now part of the Central University of Ecuador, and finally in 1694 the Universidad de San Nicolás de Mira in Bogotá, Colombia.[60]

Family tree of claimants to the Spanish throne following the death of Charles II

This table includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this table by introducing more precise citations. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

| | | | | | | | Philip III
King of Spain
1578–1621| | Margaret
of Austria
1584–1611

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|

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ferdinand III
Holy Roman Emperor
1608–1657| | Maria Anna
of Spain
1606–1646

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
Anne
of Austria
1601–1666| | Elisabeth
of France
1602–1644| | Philip IV
King of Spain
1605–1665| | Mariana
of Austria
1635–1696| | | | |
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Louis XIV
King of France
1638–1715| | Maria Theresa
of Spain
1638–1683| | Charles II
King of Spain
1661–1700| | Margaret Theresa
of Spain
1651–1673| | Leopold I
Holy Roman Emperor
1640–1705| | Eleonore Magdalene
of Neuburg
1655–1720
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Louis
Grand Dauphin of France
1661–1711| | | | | | | | | | Maria Antonia
of Austria
1669–1692| | Charles VI
Holy Roman Emperor
1685–1740
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Louis
Petit Dauphin of France
1682–1712| | Philip V
King of Spain
1683–1746| | Charles
Duke of Berry
1686–1714| | Joseph Ferdinand
of Bavaria
1692–1699

Notes
Potential heirs are shown with a golden border. In cases of second marriages, the earlier spouse is to the left and the later to the right.
References

* Durant, W.; Durant, A. (2011). The Age of Louis XIV: The Story of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781451647655.
* Kamen, H. (2001). Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300180541.

## Heraldry

[edit]

Heraldry of Charles II of Spain

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Coat of arms as King of Spain
(1665–1668) | Coat of arms as King of Spain
(1668–1700) | Coat of arms as King of Naples & Sicily
(1665–1700) | Coat of arms as Duke of Milan
(1665–1700)
|  |  |
Lesser coat of arms as King of Naples
(1665–1668) | Coat of arms as King of Naples & Sicily
(1665–1700) | Coat of arms as King of Navarre
(1665–1700) | Coat of arms as King of Galicia
(1665–1700)

## Ancestry

[edit]

* v
* t
* e

Ancestors of Charles II of Spain
Thick red borders indicate children of consanguinity: their parents were closely related.

| | | | | | | | | | | | | Philip I
King of Castile[i][ii][iii]
1478–1506| | Joanna
Queen of Castile and Aragon[i][ii][iii]
1479–1555

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Isabella
of Portugal[iv][v]
1503–1539| | Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor[iv][v]
1500–1558| | | | | | Ferdinand I
Holy Roman Emperor[vi][vii][viii]
1503–1564| | Anna
of Bohemia
and Hungary[vi][vii][viii]
1503–1547| | | | Isabella
of Austria[ix]
1501–1526| | Christian II
King of Denmark[ix]
1481–1559
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Maria
of Austria[x]
1528–1603| | Maximilian II
Holy Roman Emperor[x]
1527–1576| | | | | | | Anna
of Austria[xi][xii]
1528–1590| | Albert V
Duke of Bavaria[xi][xii]
1528–1579| | Christina
of Denmark[ix]
1522–1590| | Francis I
Duke of Lorraine[ix]
1517–1545
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
Philip II
King of Spain[xiii]
1527–1598| | | | Anna
of Austria[xiii]
1549–1580| | | | Charles II
Archduke of Austria[xiv][xv]
1540–1590| | Maria Anna
of Bavaria[xiv][xv]
1551–1608| | William V
Duke of Bavaria[xvi]
1548–1626| | | | Renata
of Lorraine[xvi]
1544–1602
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | Philip III
King of Spain[xvii][xviii]
1578–1621| | | | | | | Margaret
of Austria[xvii][xviii]
1584–1611| | Ferdinand II
Holy Roman Emperor[xix]
1578–1637| | | | | Maria Anna
of Bavaria[xix]
1574–1616
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | Maria Anna
of Spain[xix]
1606–1646| | | | | | | | Ferdinand III
Holy Roman Emperor[xix]
1608–1657
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Philip IV
King of Spain[xx]
1605–1665| | | | | | Mariana
of Austria[xx]
1634–1696
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | Charles II
King of Spain
1661–1700
Notes:

1. ^ a b Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor at the Encyclopædia Britannica
2. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Joanna" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Elisabeth (eigentlich Isabella von Oesterreich)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6\. p. 167 - via Wikisource.
4. ^ a b Kurth, Godefroid (1911). "Philip II" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12\. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
5. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria von Spanien" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 19 - via Wikisource.
6. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Karl II. von Steiermark" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6\. p. 352 - via Wikisource.
7. ^ a b Press, Volker (1990), "Maximilian II.", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 16, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 471–475; (full text online)
8. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (1528–1587)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6\. p. 151 - via Wikisource.
9. ^ a b c d Cartwright, Julia Mary (1913). Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and Lorraine, 1522-1590. New York: E. P. Dutton. pp. 536–539.
10. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (Königin von Spanien)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6\. p. 151 - via Wikisource.
11. ^ a b Sigmund Ritter von Riezler (1897), "Wilhelm V. (Herzog von Bayern)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 42, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 717–723
12. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria von Bayern" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 20 - via Wikisource.
13. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Philipp III." . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 120 - via Wikisource.
14. ^ a b Eder, Karl (1961), "Ferdinand II.", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 5, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 83–85; (full text online)
15. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Margaretha (Königin von Spanien)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 13 - via Wikisource.
16. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria Anna von Bayern" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 23 - via Wikisource.
17. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria Anna von Spanien" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 23 - via Wikisource.
18. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Philipp IV." . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 122 - via Wikisource.
19. ^ a b c d Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria Anna (Königin von Spanien)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 24 - via Wikisource.
20. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Charles II. (King of Spain)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

## Male-line family tree

[edit]

* v
* t
* e

House of Habsburg[n 1]

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  Original line

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Albert
Count of Habsburg
c. 1188–1239
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rudolf I
of Germany
c. 1218–1291
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Albert I
of Germany
1255–1308| | | | | | Hartmann
1263–1281| | Rudolf II
Duke of Austria
1270–1290
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Rudolf I
of Bohemia
1281–1307| | Frederick
the Fair
c. 1289–1330| | Leopold I
Duke of Austria
1290–1326| | Albert II
Duke of Austria
1298–1358| | Henry
the Friendly
1299–1327| | Otto
Duke of Austria
1301–1339| | John
Parricida
c. 1290–1312/1313
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |  Albertinian line| | | | | | | | | |  Leopoldian line| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Rudolf IV
Duke of Austria
1339–1365| | Frederick III
1347–1362| | Albert III
Duke of Austria
1349–1395| | | | | | | | | | Leopold III
Duke of Austria
1351–1386| | | | | | Frederick II
Duke of Austria
1327–1344| | Leopold II
Duke of Austria
1328–1344
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Albert IV
Duke of Austria
1377–1404| | William
Duke of Austria
c. 1370–1406| | Leopold IV
Duke of Austria
1371–1411| | Ernest
Duke of Austria
1377–1424| | | | | | Frederick IV
Duke of Austria
1382–1439
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Albert II
of Germany
1397–1439| | | | | | | | | | Frederick III
HRE
1415–1493| | Albert VI
Archduke of Austria
1418–1463| | Sigismund
Archduke of Austria
1427–1496
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Ladislaus
the Posthumous
1440–1457| | | | | | | | | | Maximilian I
HRE
1459–1519
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Philip I
of Castile
1478–1506
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |  Spanish / Iberian line| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |  Austrian / HRE line
| | | | Charles V
HRE
1500–1558| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ferdinand I
HRE
1503–1564| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Philip II
of Spain
1527–1598| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Maximilian II
HRE
1527–1576| | | | | | | | | | Ferdinand II
Archduke of Austria
1529–1595| | | | | | Charles II
Archduke of Austria
1540–1590
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Carlos
Prince of Asturias
1545–1568| | Philip III
of Spain
1578–1621| | Rudolf II
HRE
1552–1612| | Ernest
of Austria
1553–1595| | Matthias
HRE
1557–1619| | Maximilian III
Archduke of Austria
1558–1618| | Albert VII
Archduke of Austria
1559–1621| | Wenceslaus
Archduke of Austria
1561–1578| | Andrew
Margrave of Burgau
1558–1600| | Charles
Margrave of Burgau
1560–1618| | Ferdinand II
HRE
1578–1637| | Maximilian Ernest
of Austria
1583–1616| | Leopold V
Archduke of Austria
1586–1632| | Charles
of Austria
1590–1624
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Philip IV
of Spain
1605–1665| | Charles
of Austria
1607–1632| | Ferdinand
of Austria
1609–1641| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | John-Charles
of Austria
1605–1619| | Ferdinand III
HRE
1608–1657| | Leopold Wilhelm
of Austria
1614–1662| | Ferdinand Charles
Archduke of Austria
1628–1662| | Sigismund Francis
Archduke of Austria
1630–1665
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balthasar Charles
Prince of Asturias
1629–1646| | Charles II
of Spain
1661–1700| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ferdinand IV
King of the Romans
1633–1654| | Leopold I
HRE
1640–1705| | Charles Joseph
of Austria
1649–1664
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Joseph I
HRE
1678–1711| | Charles VI
HRE
1685–1740
Notes:

1. ^ "Habsburg family tree". Habsburg family website. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.

## See also

[edit]

* Decline of Spain

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Spanish: Carlos II
2. ^ Avunculate marriages, or those between uncle and niece, or aunt and nephew, were unusual but not unknown; examples from this period include Maximilian of Bavaria and his niece Maria Anna in 1635, Prince Maurice of Savoy and Princess Luisa Cristina of Savoy in 1642, while Charles's sister Margaret Theresa of Spain married her uncle Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1666. It remains legal in states including Norway, Chile, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Finland, the Netherlands, Germany and Russia
3. ^ Rickets was common in the 17th century, even among the aristocracy; other examples include Charles I of England [13]
4. ^ The Crown of Aragon was divided into the autonomous Kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and the Principality of Catalonia.
5. ^ Its literal translation is "favourite", but more properly refers to a chief minister
6. ^ Despite contemporary suggestions of poison, this claim was extremely common in an era when many illnesses were poorly understood, particularly since it could rarely be disproved.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Langdon-Davies 1963, p. 3.
2. ^ Alvarez, Ceballos & Celsa 2009, pp. 3–4.
3. ^ Kamen 2002, pp. 344–345.
4. ^ Stanhope 1840, p. 79.
5. ^ Vilas 2019, pp. 553–561.
6. ^ a b Santaliestra 2014, pp. 174–176.
7. ^ Callaway 2013.
8. ^ Martin, Heard & Fung 2021.
9. ^ a b Turliuc 2019, pp. 76–78.
10. ^ "Mariana Engracia de Toledo Portugal y Pimentel | Real Academia de la Historia".
11. ^ Calvo 1998, p. 6.
12. ^ Maura 1879, p. 288.
13. ^ Keevil 1954, pp. 407–408.
14. ^ Lozano 2018, p. 143.
15. ^ Bordas & Robledo 1998, pp. 392–393.
16. ^ Mitchell 2013, p. 303.
17. ^ Mitchell 2013, pp. 307–308.
18. ^ Rule 2017, pp. 91–108.
19. ^ Stanley 1868, pp. 366–367.
20. ^ Garcia & Alvariño 2015, pp. 291–293.
21. ^ Mitchell 2013, pp. 7–9.
22. ^ Storrs 2006, pp. 6–7.
23. ^ Cowans 2003, pp. 26–27.
24. ^ Mitchell 2013, p. 234.
25. ^ Storrs 2006, p. 155.
26. ^ Mitchell 2014, pp. 181–182.
27. ^ Horne 2005, p. 168.
28. ^ Mitchell 2013, p. 269.
29. ^ Borgognoni 2018, p. 20-24.
30. ^ Rex, Carolvs II, Hispaniarvm Et Indiarvm (30 May 2018). "REINADO DE CARLOS II: El VIII Conde de Oropesa, una breve biografía (PARTE III)". REINADO DE CARLOS II. Retrieved 27 October 2021.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
31. ^ Testino-Zafiropaulus 2015, pp. 273–276.
32. ^ De Vries 2009, pp. 151–194.
33. ^ "Charles II". Britannica.com. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
34. ^ Kamen 2002, pp. 431–432.
35. ^ a b Kamen 2002, p. 434.
36. ^ Darby 2014, p. 74.
37. ^ Kamen 1964, p. 63.
38. ^ García-Escudero López et al 2009, p. 181.
39. ^ a b Rule 2017, p. 97.
40. ^ Rommelse 2011, p. 224.
41. ^ García-Escudero López et al 2009, p. 182.
42. ^ Wolf 1968, p. 117.
43. ^ Meerts 2014, p. 168.
44. ^ Ward & Leathes 2010, p. 384.
45. ^ Ward & Leathes 2010, p. 385.
46. ^ McKay & Scott 1983, pp. 54–55.
47. ^ Hargreaves-Mawdsley 1979, pp. 15–16.
48. ^ Gargantilla 2005, p. ?.
49. ^ Falkner 2015, p. 96.
50. ^ Kamen 1965, p. 185.
51. ^ Ribot 2018, p. 215.
52. ^ Kamen 2002, p. 435.
53. ^ Villanueva 2006, pp. 14–15.
54. ^ Fox 2013, p. 55.
55. ^ Sullivan 1985, pp. 243–259.
56. ^ Dubcovsky 2016, p. 114.
57. ^ Landers 1984, p. 298.
58. ^ Landers 1984, pp. 300–301.
59. ^ Dunford & Lee 1999, p. 303.
60. ^ Beltrán & Carmen 2012.

## Sources

[edit]

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* Gargantilla, P (2005). Enfermedades de los reyes de España. Los Austrias : de la locura de Juana a la impotencia de Carlos II el Hechizado (in Spanish). La Esfera De Los Libros S.L. ISBN 978-8497343381.
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* Kamen, Henry (2001). Philip V of Spain: The King who Reigned Twice. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08718-7.
* Kamen, Henry (2002). Spain's Road to Empire (2003 ed.). Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0140285284.
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* Keevil, J.J (1954). "The Illness of Charles, Duke of Albany (Charles I), from 1600 to 1612: An Historical Case of Rickets". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. IX (4): 407–419. doi:10.1093/jhmas/IX.4.407. PMID 13212027.
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* Rule, John (2017). Onnekink, David; Mijers, Esther (eds.). The Partition Treaties, 1698-1700; A European View in Redefining William III: The Impact of the King-Stadholder in International Context. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138257962.
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* Villanueva, Cecilia Font de (2006). "Monetary reform in times of Charles II (1679 - 1686): Aspects concerning the issued dispositions" (PDF). Departamento de Historia Económica e Instituciones, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
* Ward, William; Leathes, Stanley (2010) [First published 1912]. The Cambridge Modern History. Nabu. ISBN 978-1-174-38205-5.
* Wolf, John B (1968). Louis XIV. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0575000889.

Charles II of Spain

House of Habsburg

Born: 6 November 1661 Died: 1 November 1700

Regnal titles
Preceded by

Philip IV

|  King of Spain,
Sardinia, Naples, and Sicily;
Duke of Milan, Lothier,
Brabant, Limburg and Luxemburg
Count of Flanders, Hainaut and Namur
1665–1700  | Succeeded by

Philip V

Count Palatine of Burgundy
1665–1678  | Annexed by France
Spanish royalty
Vacant

Title last held by

Philip Prospero |  Prince of Asturias
1661–1665  | Vacant

Title next held by

Louis Philip

* v
* t
* e

Austrian archdukes

Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.

1st generation|

* Frederick V
* Albert VI
* Sigismund

2nd generation|

* Maximilian I

3rd generation|

* Philip I of Castile

4th generation|

* Charles I
* Ferdinand I

5th generation|

* Philip II of SpainS
* Maximilian II
* Ferdinand II
* Charles II

6th generation|

* Charles, Prince of AsturiasS
* Ferdinand, Prince of AsturiasS
* Diego, Prince of AsturiasSP
* Philip III of SpainSP
* Rudolf V
* Ernest
* Matthias
* Maximilian III
* Albert VII
* Wenceslaus
* Ferdinand III
* Maximilian Ernest
* Leopold V
* Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw

7th generation|

* Philip IV of SpainSP
* CharlesSP
* FerdinandSP
* AlonsoSP
* Ferdinand IV
* Leopold Wilhelm
* Ferdinand Charles
* Sigismund Francis

8th generation|

* Balthasar Charles, Prince of AsturiasSP
* Philip Prospero, Prince of AsturiasS
* Charles II of SpainS
* Ferdinand IV of Hungary
* Leopold VI
* Charles Joseph

9th generation|

* Joseph I
* Leopold Joseph
* Charles III

11th generation|

* Joseph IIT
* Charles JosephT
* Leopold VIIT
* FerdinandT
* Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of CologneT

12th generation|

* Emperor Francis IT
* Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of TuscanyT
* CharlesT
* Alexander LeopoldT
* JosephT
* Anton VictorT
* JohnT
* Rainer JosephT
* LouisT
* Cardinal RudolfT
* Francis IV, Duke of ModenaM
* Ferdinand Karl JosephM
* MaximilianM
* Karl Ambrosius, Primate of HungaryM

13th generation|

* Emperor Ferdinand I
* Joseph Franz
* Franz Karl
* Leopold II, Grand Duke of TuscanyT
* Albrecht
* Karl Ferdinand
* Frederick Ferdinand
* Wilhelm Franz
* Stephen
* Joseph Karl
* Leopold Ludwig
* Ernest
* Sigismund
* Rainer Ferdinand
* Heinrich Anton
* Francis V, Duke of ModenaM
* Ferdinand Karl ViktorM

14th generation|

* Emperor Franz Joseph I
* Maximilian I of Mexico
* Karl Ludwig
* Ludwig Viktor
* Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of TuscanyT
* Karl SalvatorT
* Ludwig SalvatorT
* John SalvatorT
* Friedrich
* Charles Stephen
* Eugen
* Joseph August
* Archduke Ladislaus Philipp

15th generation|

* Crown Prince Rudolf
* Franz Ferdinand
* Otto
* Ferdinand Karl
* Leopold FerdinandT
* Josef FerdinandT
* Peter FerdinandT
* Leopold SalvatorT
* Franz SalvatorT
* Albrecht Franz
* Karl Albrecht
* Leo Karl
* Wilhelm
* Joseph Francis

16th generation|

* Emperor Charles I
* Maximilian

Habsburg
Tuscany|

* GottfriedT
* RainerT
* Leopold MariaT
* AntonT
* Franz JosephT
* Karl PiusT
* Franz Karl SalvatorT
* Hubert SalvatorT

Palatines
of Hungary|

* Joseph Árpád
* Géza

17th generation|

| Descent of
Charles I|

* Crown Prince Otto
* Robert
* Felix
* Carl Ludwig
* Rudolf

|

Tuscany|

* DominicT

Palatines|

* Eduard

18th generation|

| Charles|

* Karl
* Georg
* LorenzB
* Karl Philipp
* Simeon

|

19th generation|

| Charles|

* Ferdinand Zvonimir
* AmedeoB

|

* S: also an infante of Spain
* P: also an infante of Portugal
* T: also a prince of Tuscany
* M: also a prince of Modena
* B: also a prince of Belgium

* v
* t
* e

Infantes of Spain

The generations indicate descent from Carlos I, under whom the crowns of Castile and Aragon were united, forming the Kingdom of Spain. Previously, the title Infante had been largely used in the different realms.

1st generation|

* Felipe II

2nd generation|

* Carlos, Prince of Asturias
* Fernando, Prince of Asturias
* Diego, Prince of Asturias
* Felipe III

3rd generation|

* Felipe IV
* Infante Carlos
* Infante Fernando
* Infante Alonso

4th generation|

* Baltasar Carlos, Prince of Asturias
* Felipe Próspero, Prince of Asturias
* Carlos II

5th generation|

* None

6th generation|

* None

7th generation|

* Luis I
* Infante Felipe Pedro
* Fernando VI
* Carlos III
* Felipe I, Duke of Parma
* Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón

8th generation|

* Infante Felipe, Duke of Calabria
* Carlos IV
* Fernando I of the Two Sicilies
* Infante Gabriel
* Infante Antonio Pascual
* Infante Francisco Javier
* Fernando I, Duke of Parma1

9th generation|

* Fernando VII
* Infante Carlos, Count of Molina
* Infante Francisco de Paula
* Infante Pedro Carlos, Infante of Portugal1
* Luis I of Etruria2

10th generation|

* Infante Antonio, Duke of Montpensier2
* Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin1
* Infante Juan, Count of Montizón1
* Infante Fernando1
* Francisco de Asís, King Consort of Spain1
* Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville1
* Infante Sebastián, Infante of Portugal1
* Carlos II, Duke of Parma1

11th generation|

* Alfonso XII
* Infante Gaetan, Count of Girgenti2
* Infante Luis Fernando2
* Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera1
* Infante Carlos, Duke of Madrid
* Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime1
* Carlos III, Duke of Parma1

12th generation|

* Infante Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies2
* Infante Ferdinand of Bavaria2
* Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera1
* Infante Luis Fernando of Orléans1
* Infante Jaime, Duke of Madrid1
* Roberto I, Duke of Parma1

13th generation|

* Alfonso, Prince of Asturias
* Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia
* Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona
* Infante Gonzalo
* Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria1
* Infante Álvaro, Duke of Galliera

14th generation|

* Juan Carlos I
* Infante Alfonso
* Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria1

15th generation|

* Felipe VI

16th generation|

* None

* 1 title granted by Royal Decree
* 2 consort to an Infanta naturalized as a Spanish Infante

* v
* t
* e

Princes and Princesses of Asturias

* Henry (1388–90)
* Maria (1402–05)
* John (1405–06)
* Catherine (1423–24)
* Eleanor (1424–25)
* Henry (1425–54)
* Joanna (1462–64)
* Alfonso (1464–68)
* Isabella (1468–70)
* Isabella (1470–78)
* John (1478–97)
* Isabella (1497–98)
* Michael (1498–1500)
* Joanna (1502–04)
* Charles (1504–16)
* Philip (1527–56)
* Charles (1556–68)
* Ferdinand (1571–78)
* Diego (1578–82)
* Philip (1582–98)
* Philip (1605–21)
* Balthasar Charles (1629–1646)
* Philip Prospero (1657–1661)
* Charles (1661–1665)
* Louis (1709–24)
* Ferdinand (1724–46)
* Charles (1759–88)
* Ferdinand (1788–1808)
* Isabella (1830–33)
* Isabella (1851–57)
* Alfonso (1857–68)
* Emanuele Filiberto (1871–73)
* Isabella (1875–80)
* Mercedes (1881–1904)
* Alfonso (1907–38)
* Felipe (1977–2014)
* Leonor (2014– )

* v
* t
* e

Princes and Princesses of Girona

* Infanta Leonor (2014-present)

* Infante Felipe (1977-2014)
* Infante Alfonso (1907–1931)
* Infante Charles (1661-1665)
* Infante Philip Prospero (1657-1661)
* Infante Balthasar Charles (1629–1646)
* Philip IV (1605-1621)
* Infante Philip (1582-1598)
* Infante Diego (1578-1582)
* Infante Ferdinand (1571–1578)
* Infante Charles (1556-1568)
* Philip II (1527-1556)
* Infante Charles (1504-1516)
* Infanta Joanna (1509-1516)
* Infante John (1509)
* Infanta Joanna (1502-1509)
* Infante Michael of Portugal (1498-1500)
* Infante John (1479-1497)
* Infante Ferdinand (1461-1479)
* Infante Charles (1458-1461)
* Infante Alfonso (1416)

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Spain

List of monarchs | Monarchs' family tree

Dynastic union|

* Isabella I & Ferdinand V
* Joanna & Philip I

Personal union|

* Charles I
* Philip II
* Philip III
* Philip IV
* Charles II

Real union|

* Philip V
* Louis I
* Philip V
* Ferdinand VI
* Charles III
* Charles IV
* Joseph
* Ferdinand VII
* Isabella II
* Amadeo
* Alfonso XII
* Alfonso XIII
* Juan Carlos I
* Felipe VI

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Aragon

House of Jiménez|

* Ramiro I
* Sancho
* Peter I
* Alfonso I
* Ramiro II
* Petronilla

House of Barcelona|

* Alfonso II
* Peter II
* James I
* Peter III
* Alfonso III
* James II
* Alfonso IV
* Peter IV
* John I
* Martin

House of Trastámara|

* Ferdinand I
* Alfonso V
* John II
* Ferdinand II
* Joanna

House of Habsburg|

* Charles I
* Philip I
* Philip II
* Philip III
* Charles II
* Charles III

House of Bourbon|

* Philip IV

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Castile

House of Jiménez|

* Ferdinand I
* Sancho II
* Alfonso VI
* Urraca

House of Burgundy|

* Alfonso VII
* Sancho III
* Alfonso VIII
* Henry I
* Berengaria
* Ferdinand III
* Alfonso X
* Sancho IV
* Ferdinand IV
* Alfonso XI
* Peter

House of Trastámara|

* Henry II
* John I
* Henry III
* John II
* Henry IV
* Isabella I & Ferdinand V
* Joanna & Philip I

House of Habsburg|

* Charles I
* Philip II
* Philip III
* Philip IV
* Charles II

House of Bourbon|

* Philip V

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Navarre

House of Íñiguez|

* Íñigo Arista
* García Íñiguez
* Fortún Garcés

House of Jiménez|

* Sancho I
* Jimeno Garcés
* García Sánchez I
* Sancho II
* García Sánchez II
* Sancho III
* García Sánchez III
* Sancho IV
* Sancho VA
* Peter IA
* Alfonso IA
* García Ramírez
* Sancho VI
* Sancho VII

House of Champagne|

* Theobald I
* Theobald II
* Henry I
* Joan I

House of Capet|

* Philip IF
* Louis IF
* John IF
* Philip IIF
* Charles IF
* Joan II

House of Évreux|

* Philip III
* Charles II
* Charles III
* Blanche I

House of Trastámara|

* John IIA
* Charles IV
* Blanche II
* Eleanor

House of Foix|

* Francis Phoebus
* Catherine

House of Albret|

* John III

House of Albret \- Lower Navarre|

* Henry II
* Joan III

House of Bourbon \- Lower Navarre|

* Antoine
* Henry IIIF
* Louis IIF
* Louis IIIF
* Louis IVF
* Louis VF
* Louis VIF
* Charles VF

House of Trastámara \- Upper Navarre|

* Ferdinand IA
* Joan IIIS

House of Habsburg \- Upper Navarre|

* Charles IVS
* Philip IVS
* Philip VS
* Philip VIS
* Charles VS

House of Bourbon \- Upper Navarre|

* Philip VIIS
* Louis IIS
* Ferdinand IIS
* Charles VIS
* Charles VIIS
* Ferdinand IIIS
* Isabella IS

AAlso King of Aragon. FAlso King of France. SAlso King/Queen of Spain.

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Naples

* Charles I*
* Charles II
* Robert
* Joanna I with Louis I
* Charles III
* Ladislaus (1st reign)
* Louis II
* Ladislaus (2nd reign)
* Joanna II
* René I
* Alfonso I*
* Ferdinand I
* Alfonso II
* Ferdinand II
* Frederick
* Louis III
* Ferdinand III*
* Joanna III*
* Charles IV*
* Philip I*
* Philip II*
* Philip III*
* Charles V*
* Charles VI*
* Charles VII*
* Ferdinand IV* (1st reign)
* Parthenopean Republic
* Ferdinand IV* (2nd reign)
* Joseph I
* Joachim I
* Ferdinand IV* (3rd reign)

*Also Monarch of Sicily

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Sicily

County of Sicily (1071–1130)|

* Roger I
* Simon
* Roger II

Kingdom of Sicily (1130–1816)|

* Roger II
* William I
* William II
* Tancred
* Roger III
* William III
* Constance I
* Henry I
* Frederick I
* Henry II
* Conrad I
* Conrad II
* Manfred
* Charles I
* Constance II
* Peter I
* James I
* Frederick II
* Peter II
* Louis
* Frederick III
* Maria
* Martin I
* Martin II
* Ferdinand I
* Alfonso I
* John
* Ferdinand II
* Joanna
* Charles II
* Philip I
* Philip II
* Philip III
* Charles III
* Philip IV
* Victor Amadeus
* Charles IV
* Charles V
* Ferdinand III

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Luxembourg

County of Luxemburg (963–1354)

| Elder House of Luxembourg
(963–1136)|

* Siegfried (963–998)
* Henry I (998–1026)
* Henry II (1026–1047)
* Giselbert (1047–1059)
* Conrad I (1059–1086)
* Henry III (1086–1096)
* William I (1096–1131)
* Conrad II (1131–1136)

|
|

House of Namur
(1136–1189)|

* Henry IV (1136–1189)

House of Hohenstaufen
(1196–1197)|

* Otto (1196–1197)

House of Namur
(1197–1247)|

* Ermesinde (1197–1247), with
* Theobald (1197–1214), and then
* Waleran (1214–1226)

House of Limburg
(1247–1354)|

* Henry V (1247–1281)
* Henry VI (1281–1288)
* Henry VII (1288–1313)
* John I (1313–1346)
* Charles I (1346–1353)
* Wenceslaus I (1353–1354)

Duchy of Luxemburg (1354–1794)

| House of Limburg
(1354–1443)|

* Wenceslaus I (1354–1383)
* Wenceslaus II (1383–1388)
* Jobst (1388–1411)
* Elisabeth (1411–1443) with
* Anthony (1411–1415), and then
* John II (1418–1425)

|
|

House of Valois-Burgundy
(1443–1482)|

* Philip I (1443–1467)
* Charles II (1467–1477)
* Mary I (1477–1482) and
* Maximilian I (1477–1482)

House of Habsburg
(1482–1700)|

* Philip II (1482–1506)
* Charles III (1506–1556)
* Philip III (1556–1598)
* Isabella Clara Eugenia (1598–1621) and Albert (1598–1621)
* Philip IV (1621–1665)
* Charles IV (1665–1700)

House of Bourbon
(1700–1712)|

* Philip V (1700–1712)

House of Wittelsbach
(1712–1713)|

* Maximilian II (1712–1713)

House of Habsburg
(1713–1780)|

* Charles V (1713–1740)
* Mary II (1740–1780)

House of Habsburg-Lorraine
(1780–1794)|

* Joseph (1780–1790)
* Leopold (1790–1792)
* Francis (1792–1794)

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (since 1815)

| House of Orange-Nassau
(1815–1890)|

* William I (1815–1840)
* William II (1840–1849)
* William III (1849–1890)

|
|

House of Nassau-Weilburg
(1890–present)|

* Adolphe (1890–1905)
* William IV (1905–1912)
* Marie-Adélaïde (1912–1919)
* Charlotte (1919–1964)
* Jean (1964–2000)
* Henri (since 2000)

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Portugal
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Croatia
* Greece
* Sweden
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel
* Catalonia
* Belgium
* 2

Artists|

* ULAN

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* Te Papa (New Zealand)
* RISM

*[c.]: circa
*[m.]: married
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