Christian Democratic Appeal

Dutch political party

Christian Democratic Appeal

Christen-Democratisch Appèl

Abbreviation| CDA
Leader| Henri Bontenbal (list)
Chairperson| Jean Wiertz (list)
Leader in the Senate| Theo Bovens (list)
Leader in the House of Representatives| Henri Bontenbal
Leader in the European Parliament| Tom Berendsen
Founded| 23 June 1973 (alliance)
11 October 1980 (party)
Merger of| Catholic People's Party
Anti-Revolutionary Party
Christian Historical Union
Headquarters| Buitenom 18,
The Hague
Youth wing| Christian Democratic Youth Appeal
Think tank| Wetenschappelijk Instituut voor het CDA
Membership (2024)|  29,721[1]
Ideology| Christian democracy
Social conservatism
Political position| Centre to centre-right
Religion| Christianity
Regional affiliation| Christian Group[2]
European affiliation| European People's Party
European Parliament group| European People's Party
International affiliation| Centrist Democrat International
Colours|  Green
Senate|

6 / 75

House of Representatives|

5 / 150

Provincial councils|

42 / 570

European Parliament|

3 / 31

Benelux Parliament|

1 / 21

Website
cda.nl

* Politics of Netherlands
* Political parties
* Elections

The Christian Democratic Appeal (Dutch: Christen-Democratisch Appèl, pronounced [krɪstə(n)deːmoːkraːtis ɑˈpɛl], CDA) is a Christian democratic[3][4][5][6] and socially conservative[7][8] political party in the Netherlands. It was originally formed in 1977 from a confederation of the Catholic People's Party, the Anti-Revolutionary Party and the Christian Historical Union; it has participated in all but four of the Dutch cabinets formed since it became a unitary party.

## History

[edit]

### Predecessor parties

[edit]

Since 1880, the Catholics and the Protestant Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) had worked together in the so-called Coalition. They shared a common interest in public funding of religious schools. In 1888, they formed the first Christian democratic cabinet, the Mackay cabinet.[9] The cooperation was not without problems, and in 1894 the more anti-Catholic and aristocratic conservatives left the ARP, to found what would become the Christian Historical Union (CHU) in 1908.[10] Within both parties, there would always be some desire to reunite.[11] Meanwhile in 1904 the General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses was formed, which would turn into the Roman Catholic State Party (RKSP) in 1926 and the Catholic People's Party (KVP) in 1945.[12]

During the Interwar period, all three parties were continuously in government. After the war, the KVP had grown apart from CHU and in particular the ARP and would not govern with them until 1952 and 1958 respectively, instead governing with the Labour Party (PvdA) in Roman/Red cabinets.[13] At the same time, the parties started working together on the European level, with CHU and ARP joining KVP in the Nouvelles Equipes Internationale in 1953.[14][15] As a result of secularisation and depillarisation, the three parties lost their majority[a] in the 1959 general election for the first time since 1918.[16]

Influenced by the Second Vatican Council, the KVP had written the report Grondslag en karakter van de KVP ("Foundation and character of the KVP") and adopted its conclusions, which called for Christian democratic cooperation, in December 1966.[17] The Night of Schmelzer in October 1966 exposed divisions between and within the three parties and led to disappointing elections for all three parties.[18] As a result, the three parties agreed to an initiative by the ARP to form the Group of Eighteen in April 1967, consisting of six prominent politicians per party, which was tasked with finding a common foundation for Christian politics and if they did, with finding the best way forward.[19]

Meanwhile within the ARP and KVP, Christian-radical members came to regret their vote in the 1967 general election, as they preferred cooperation with progressive parties instead of the CHU and in particular the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) in the De Jong cabinet.[20] To prevent this group from frustrating the cooperation, the party leaders of the three parties announced on 14 February 1968 that for the next election they would either unite in one Christian party or would only join the cabinet together.[21] This led to a group of KVP radicals leaving the party the same month to found the Political Party of Radicals (PPR).[22] Two years later, a group of ARP radicals would leave their party to form the Evangelical Progressive Party (EPV).[23]

In 1969, the Group of Eighteen recommended writing a common "urgency programme",[24] which the parties finalised shortly before the 1971 general election in which they again lost seats.[25] As a follow-up to the Group of Eighteen, the Contact Council was created in 1972 to further elaborate the cooperation.[26] Lead by KVP Senator Piet Steenkamp, it produced a memorandum in June 1972, recommending a single candidate list for the next election and the creation of a Christian democratic movement of which members of the three parties would be member as well as direct members.[27]

ARP parliamentary leader Willem Aantjes held a speech during the first CDA convention in 1975 in which he argued for the importance of the evangelical guidelines in the party. The speech became known as his sermon on the mount.[28]

A month later however, the first Biesheuvel cabinet fell, leaving to little time to prepare a single list and leading to another electoral loss in the 1972 general election.[29] The cooperation was frustrated by the 1972–1973 formation of the Den Uyl cabinet, in which the progressive parties were able to get a few KVP and ARP politicians to become ministers. This forced their parliamentary groups to provide confidence and supply, while CHU went in opposition.[30][31] Nevertheless, based on the memorandum, the Christian Democratic Appeal was officially formed as a federation in 1973,[32] with Steenkamp as its chairperson.[33] Within the federation, there was discussion about the foundation of the cooperation, in particular whether members had to accept or agree with the evangelical guidelines.[28]

The federation was founding member of the European political party European People's Party on 8 July 1978.[34]

### Van Agt cabinets, 1977–1982

[edit]

The CDA's founder and inaugural chairman Piet Steenkamp (left) and inaugural party leader and Prime Minister Dries van Agt (right) in 1977

In 1976, the three parties announced that they would field a single candidate list at the 1977 general election. KVP minister of Justice Dries van Agt was the lead candidate with a focus on "ethical revival". The list was able to get one seat more than the three parties together five years earlier. Based on the results, a cabinet of PvdA, CDA and Democrats 66 (D66) was most likely and was discussed at the start of the 1977 cabinet formation. After seven months, the negotiations finally collapsed, after it had been suspended multiple times. Soon after, Van Agt was able to form the first Van Agt cabinet with the conservative liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Some progressive MPs, including parliamentary leader Willem Aantjes, did not commit to support the cabinet, but only tolerated it. They were known as the loyalists.

Party chairs of KVP, CHU and ARP signing the merger during the merger convention on 11 October 1980.

On 11 October 1980, the three original parties ceased to exist and the CDA was founded as a unitary party.[35] It led to another group of members leaving the party and joining with the EPV to found the Evangelical People's Party (EVP).[23]

After the 1981 general election, the VVD and the CDA lost their majority, and the CDA was forced to cooperate with the PvdA. Den Uyl became Deputy Prime Minister under van Agt. The second Van Agt cabinet was troubled by ideological and personal conflicts, and fell after one year.

### Lubbers cabinets, 1982–1994

[edit]

Ruud Lubbers, party leader and Prime Minister from 1982 until 1994.

After the 1982 general election, the new CDA leader, Ruud Lubbers (formerly of the KVP), formed a majority coalition with the VVD. The first Lubbers cabinet set an ambitious reform program in motion, which included budget cuts, reform of the old age and disability pensions and liberalisation of public services. Lubbers was reelected in 1986 and in 1989. In 1989, however, the CDA only garnered a minimal majority with the VVD, which they had also gradually fallen out with during the previous cabinet, leading the CDA to instead cooperate with the PvdA in the new government. In the third Lubbers cabinet, a CDA–PvdA coalition, the ambitious reform project was continued, with some adaptations and protests from the PvdA.

### Opposition to Purple, 1994–2002

[edit]

The 1994 general election was fraught with problems for the CDA; personal conflicts between retiring prime minister Lubbers and lead candidate Elco Brinkman, a lack of support for the reforms of old age and disability pensions, and the perceived arrogance of the CDA caused a dramatic defeat at the polls. A new coalition was formed between PvdA and the liberal parties VVD and Democrats 66 (D66), consigning the CDA to opposition for the first time ever. It was also the first government without any Christian democratic ministers since 1918. The party was marred by subsequent internal battles over leadership. The party also reflected on its principals: the party began to orient itself more toward communitarian ideals.

### Balkenende cabinets, 2002–2010

[edit]

Jan Peter Balkenende, party leader from 2001 until 2010 and Prime Minister from 2002 until 2010.

In the tumultuous 2002 general election, which saw the murder of right-wing politician Pim Fortuyn, many people voted for the CDA, hoping that it could bring some stability to Dutch politics. The CDA led the first Balkenende cabinet, which included the VVD and the Pim Fortuyn List (LPF). This cabinet fell due to internal struggles within the LPF. After the 2003 general election, the Christian Democrats were forced to begin cabinet negotiations with the PvdA. Personal animosity between Balkenende and the leader of the PvdA, Wouter Bos, frustrated these negotiations. Balkenende eventually formed a coalition with the VVD and D66. The coalition proposed an ambitious program of reforms, including more restrictive immigration laws, democratisation of political institutions and reforms of the system of social security and labour laws.

After the 2006 general election the CDA changed their course radically: they formed a new fourth cabinet Balkenende still led by Balkenende, but now with the PvdA and the Christian Union (CU). The cabinet was more progressive, entailing increased government spending.

### Rutte cabinets, 2010–2023

[edit]

In the 2010 general election, the CDA lost half of its seats. Balkenende announced his resignation as party leader and was replaced by Maxime Verhagen. At first, Verhagen was aiming for opposition during the 2010 cabinet formation. However, after talks between purple plus collapsed, CDA entered negotiations with VVD and Party for Freedom (PVV), the latter would be providing confidence and supply. Within the party, some opposed a coalition with the radical right PVV. Verhagen's co-negotiator resigned over the negotiations and two other MPs threatened to oppose the coalition, which would make it lose its majority. A party convention was held to approve the result of the negotiations, which 68% of the record 4,700 members did.[36] On 14 October, the first Rutte cabinet was sworn in with Verhagen as Deputy Prime Minister.

Sybrand van Haersma Buma, party leader from 2012 until 2019.

After the fall of the short-lived first Rutte cabinet in 2012, held a leadership election. On 18 May 2012, the party announced that the leadership elections were won by Sybrand Buma, with runner-up Mona Keijzer receiving 26% of the votes. Buma would bring calm to the party, while following an explicitly right-conservative course, but would not lead to electoral recovery.[37] In the general election on 12 September 2012, the CDA fell to 13 seats and fell outside the second Rutte cabinet after the 2012 cabinet formation. In the 2017 general election, the CDA gained sixed seats[38] and would join the third Rutte cabinet, with the VVD, D66 and CU.

Buma resigned in May 2019 and was replaced as parliamentary leader by Pieter Heerma. A leadership election did not take place until July 2020. The chaotic election was narrowly won by Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport Hugo de Jonge, with MP Pieter Omtzigt as runner-up. De Jonge withdrew as lead candidate in December, because he could not combine it with his duties during the COVID-19 pandemic. In his place, the party board appointed Minister of Finance Wopke Hoekstra. The party lost four seats in the March 2021 election. After the longest ever cabinet formation the party continued in fourth Rutte cabinet, which had the same composition as the previous. During the formation, Omtzigt had left the party, alleging he had been treated unfairly in the party, and later started the party New Social Contract (NSC). During the cabinet period, the party struggled with its position in the nitrogen crisis and the farmers' protests that followed. The party faced electoral competition from the new political party Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB) on this issue.

### Opposition, 2023–present

[edit]

Henri Bontenbal, party leader since August 2023.

For the November 2023 general election, MP Henri Bontenbal was selected as party leader. The party received its worst result ever, securing only five seats.[39]

## Ideology

[edit]

The CDA is a centre[40][41][42] to centre-right[43][44][45][46] Christian democratic and socially conservative party. Christian values are seen as only one source of inspiration for individual members of the States General. The party also has Jewish, Muslim and Hindu members of parliament and favours the integration of minorities into Dutch culture.

The party has four main ideals: stewardship, solidarity, shared responsibility and public justice. Shared responsibility refers to the way society should be organised: not one organisation should control all society, instead the state, the market, and social institutions, like churches and unions should work together. This is called sphere sovereignty, a core concept of neo-Calvinist political philosophy. Furthermore, this refers to the way the state should be organised. Not one level of the state should have total control; instead, responsibility should be shared between local, provincial, national and European governments. This is called subsidiarity in Catholic political thought. With stewardship the Christian Democrats refer to the way the planet ought to be treated: the Earth is a gift from God. Therefore, we should try to preserve our environment.[47]

Practically, this means the CDA is a centrist party. The party also has a considerable centre-left wing that supports eco-friendly politics, a strong pro-European policy and favours centre-left coalitions. The position of the centre-left group within the party has been weakened since the party's participation in the centre-right minority cabinet with the VVD (the first Rutte cabinet), a cabinet that strongly depended on the parliamentary support of the far-right Party for Freedom (PVV). CDA politicians that can be considered centrist or centre-left: Jack Biskop (MP), Ad Koppejan (MP), Kathleen Ferrier (MP; daughter of the late Johan Ferrier, president of Suriname 1975–1980), Dries van Agt (former Prime Minister), Ruud Lubbers (former Prime Minister) and Herman Wijffels (former chairman of the Social Economic Council, former informateur). Although the CDA supports European Union membership, it also has developed a smaller but visible eurosceptic faction, which included former CDA parliamentarian Pieter Omtzigt, who, in 2020, encouraged the party to support the Netherlands opting-out of unpopular EU programs.[48]

In the past, Maxime Verhagen, then informal leader of the CDA and deputy Prime Minister, strongly denied the claim that the CDA is a right-wing party. Verhagen made it clear to the media that his party is a centrist and moderate party, and that the CDA participates in a centre-right coalition (with the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) as the right-wing component and the CDA as the centrist component).[49] Instead, his former colleague in the cabinet, minister of Defence Hans Hillen, was a strong proponent of a conservative CDA.

## Election results

[edit]

### House of Representatives

[edit]

Seats in the House of Representatives of the CDA and its predecessors since 1956, based on the election results. Election  | Lead candidate | List  | Votes  | %  | Seats  | +/–  | Government

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1977 | Dries van Agt | List | 2,653,416  | 31.9  |

49 / 150

|  1  | Coalition
1981 | List | 2,677,259  | 30.8  |

48 / 150

|  1  | Coalition
1982 | List | 2,420,441  | 29.4  |

45 / 150

|  3  | Coalition
1986 | Ruud Lubbers | List | 3,172,918  | 34.6  |

54 / 150

|  9  | Coalition
1989 | List | 3,140,502  | 35.3  |

54 / 150

|  | Coalition
1994 | Elco Brinkman | List | 1,996,418  | 22.2  |

34 / 150

|  20  | Opposition
1998 | Jaap de Hoop Scheffer | List | 1,581,053  | 18.4  |

29 / 150

|  5  | Opposition
2002 | Jan Peter Balkenende | List | 2,653,723  | 27.9  |

43 / 150

|  14  | Coalition
2003 | List | 2,763,480  | 28.6  |

44 / 150

|  1  | Coalition
2006 | List | 2,608,573  | 26.5  |

41 / 150

|  3  | Coalition
2010 | List | 1,281,886  | 13.6  |

21 / 150

|  20  | Coalition
2012 | Sybrand Buma | List | 801,620  | 8.5  |

13 / 150

|  8  | Opposition
2017 | List | 1,301,796  | 12.4  |

19 / 150

|  6  | Coalition
2021 | Wopke Hoekstra | List | 989,385  | 9.5  |

15 / 150

|  4  | Coalition
2023 | Henri Bontenbal | List | 345,822  | 3.3  |

5 / 150

|  10  | Opposition

### Senate

[edit]

Election  | Votes  | Weight  | %  | Seats  | +/–

|
|
|
|
|

1977[b] |  |  |  |

24 / 75

|  5
1980 |  |  |  |

27 / 75

|  3
1981 |  |  |  |

28 / 75

|  1
1983 |  |  |  |

26 / 75

|  2
1986 |  |  |  |

26 / 75

1987 |  |  |  |

26 / 75

1991 |  |  |  |

27 / 75

|  1
1995  |  |  |  |

19 / 75

|  8
1999 |  |  |  |

20 / 75

|  1
2003 |  | 46,848  | 29.0  |

23 / 75

|  3
2007 |  | 43,501  | 26.7  |

21 / 75

|  2
2011 | 86  | 24,260  | 14.6  |

11 / 75

|  10
2015 | 89  | 25,145  | 14.9  |

12 / 75

|  1
2019 | 76  | 19,756  | 11.4  |

9 / 75

|  3
2023 | 47  | 13,136  | 7.3  |

6 / 75

|  3

### European Parliament

[edit]

Election  | List  | Votes  | %  | Seats  | +/–  | EP Group

|
|
|
|
|
|

1979 | List | 2,017,743  | 35.60  |

10 / 25

| New  | EPP
1984 | List | 1,590,218  | 30.02  |

8 / 25

|  2
1989 | List | 1,813,035  | 34.60  |

10 / 25

|  2
1994 | List | 1,271,840  | 30.77  |

10 / 31

|  0
1999 | List | 951,898  | 26.94  |

9 / 31

|  1  | EPP–ED
2004 | List | 1,164,431  | 24.43  |

7 / 27

|  2
2009 | List | 913,233  | 20.05  |

5 / 25

|  2  | EPP

5 / 26

|  0
2014 | List | 721,766  | 15.18  |

5 / 26

|  0
2019 | List | 669,555  | 12.18  |

4 / 26

|  1

5 / 29

|  1
2024 | List | 589,205  | 9.45  |

3 / 31

|  2

## Electorate

[edit]

The core electorate of the CDA are church members, both Catholics and Protestants. Part of the electoral decline can be attributed to secularisation (9-10 seats in the period 1970-2010), while church members increasingly have been voting for other (mostly non-religious) parties (10-14 seats in the period 1970-2010). Non church members at times also vote for CDA, with a record during the 2002 general election.[50]

CDA is issue owner of "norms and values".[51]

### 2021-2023

[edit]

Voter surveys held after the March 2021 general election and the March 2023 provincial elections showed that the average CDA voter's self-placement on a left-right axis was slightly to the right of the average voter. They were slightly less supportive of euthanasia and climate policy. CDA voters were more opposed to immigration than the average voter in 2021, but this difference had disappeared by 2023. 2023 CDA voters also had more trust in political parties than the average voter. The average CDA voter was older than the average voter, at 63 in 2021 (compared to 55 among all voters) and 61 in 2023 (compared to 56 among all voters). Around 60% of CDA voters described themselves as religious, a proportion twice as high as the proportion among all voters. Around 60 to 70% of CDA voters lived in rural areas, compared to roughly half of all voters. CDA voters felt considerably more connected to other people than voters of other parties and, in 2023, were slightly happier about their life.[52]

## Organisation

[edit]

### Leadership

[edit]

See also: Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal, List of party chairs of the Christian Democratic Appeal, and List of parliamentary leaders of the Christian Democratic Appeal in the Senate

* Parliamentary leaders in the House of Representatives[53]
* Dries van Agt (8 June 1977 – 19 December 1977)
* Willem Aantjes (19 December 1977 – 7 November 1978)
* Ruud Lubbers (7 November 1978 – 10 June 1981)
* Dries van Agt (10 June 1981 – 24 August 1981)
* Ruud Lubbers (24 Augustus 1981 – 4 November 1982)
* Bert de Vries (4 November 1982 – 3 June 1986)
* Ruud Lubbers (3 June 1986 – 14 July 1986)
* Bert de Vries (14 July 1986 – 14 September 1989)
* Ruud Lubbers (14 September 1989 – 7 November 1989)
* Elco Brinkman (7 November 1989 – 16 August 1994)
* Enneüs Heerma (16 Augustus 1994 – 27 March 1997)
* Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (27 March 1997 – 1 October 2001)
* Jan Peter Balkenende (1 October 2001 – 11 July 2002)
* Maxime Verhagen (11 July 2002 – 30 January 2003)
* Jan Peter Balkenende (30 January 2003 – 21 May 2003)
* Maxime Verhagen (21 May 2003 – 30 November 2006)
* Jan Peter Balkenende (30 November 2006 – 9 February 2007)
* Maxime Verhagen (9 February 2007 – 22 February 2007)
* Pieter van Geel (22 February 2007 – 17 June 2010)
* Maxime Verhagen (17 June 2010 – 14 October 2010)
* Sybrand van Haersma Buma (14 October 2010 – 21 May 2019)
* Pieter Heerma (21 May 2019 – 31 March 2021)
* Wopke Hoekstra (31 March 2021 – 10 January 2022)
* Pieter Heerma (since 10 January 2022 – 5 September 2023)
* Henri Bontenbal (since 5 September 2023)

### Linked organisations

[edit]

The youth movement of the CDA is the Christian Democratic Youth Appeal (CDJA). The CDA publishes a monthly magazine, and its scientific bureau publishes the Christian Democratic Explorations (Dutch: Christen-Democratische Verkenningen).

As an effect of pillarisation, the CDA still has many personal and ideological ties with religious organisations, such as the broadcasting societies KRO and NCRV, the newspaper Trouw, the employers organisations NCW and the union CNV.

The CDA participates in the Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy, a democracy assistance organisation of seven Dutch political parties.

### International organisations

[edit]

The CDA is a member of the European People's Party[54] and the Centrist Democrat International.[55]

## See also

[edit]

* List of Christian Democratic Appeal members of the European Parliament

## Citations

[edit]

1. ^ "Ledentallen Nederlandse politieke partijen per 1 januari 2024" [Membership of Dutch political parties as of 1 January 2024]. University of Groningen (in Dutch). Documentation Centre Dutch Political Parties. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
2. ^ "Politieke fracties". Benelux Parliament (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 August 2023.
3. ^ Kees Van Kerbergen; André Krouwel (2013). "A double-edged sword! The Dutch centre-right and the 'foreigners issue'". In Tim Bale (ed.). Immigration and Integration Policy in Europe: Why Politics – and the Centre-Right – Matter. Routledge. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-1-317-96827-6.
4. ^ Wijbrandt H. Van Schuur; Gerrit Voerman (2010). "Democracy in Retreat? Decline in political party membership: the case of the Netherlands". In Barbara Wejnert (ed.). Democratic Paths and Trends. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 28\. ISBN 978-0-85724-091-0.
5. ^ Christopher Anderson (1995). Blaming the Government: Citizens and the Economy in Five European Democracies. M.E. Sharpe. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-56324-448-3. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
6. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2021). "Netherlands". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
7. ^ Paul Lucardie; Hans-Martien Tennapel (1996). "Between Confessionalism and Liberal-Conservatism: the Christian Democratic Parties of Belgium and the Netherlands". In David Hanley (ed.). Christian Democracy in Europe. A&C Black. p. 64\. ISBN 978-1-85567-382-3.
8. ^ Lucardie 2004, pp. 169–170.
9. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 28–29.
10. ^ Ten Napel 1992, p. 31.
11. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 33–35.
12. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 25–28.
13. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 41–42.
14. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 52–55.
15. ^ Gradus et al. 2012, p. 39.
16. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 79–86.
17. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 86–92.
18. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 112–119.
19. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 119–121.
20. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 121–127.
21. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 138–143.
22. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 143–145.
23. ^ a b "Evangelische Volkspartij (EVP)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 August 2024.
24. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 154–156.
25. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 160–162.
26. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 181–194.
27. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 196–201.
28. ^ a b Gradus et al. 2012, p. 59.
29. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 201–207.
30. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 207–211.
31. ^ Gradus et al. 2012, p. 57.
32. ^ Ten Napel 1992, pp. 211–219.
33. ^ Ten Napel 1992, p. 219.
34. ^ Gradus et al. 2012, p. 63.
35. ^ Gradus et al. 2012, p. 69.
36. ^ Gradus et al. 2012, p. 85.
37. ^ Van der Meer, Tom W.G. (5 June 2023). "Rust én stilstand: het CDA in de Buma-jaren" (in Dutch). Christen Democratische Verkenningen. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
38. ^ Kiesraad (21 March 2017). "Kerngegevens Tweede Kamerverkiezing 2017 - Rapport - Kiesraad.nl". kiesraad.nl.
39. ^ "NOS - Uitslagen Tweede Kamerverkiezingen 2023". app.nos.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 March 2024.
40. ^ "Kieskompas". Kieskompas. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021."Netherlands". Freedom in the World 2003. Freedom House. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
41. ^ Bremmer, Ian (13 September 2012). "Going Dutch: The Netherlands' election results roll in". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
42. ^ Delcker, Janosch (18 February 2018). "Risk of bioweapon attack growing, Dutch defense minister says". POLITICO. Munich. Retrieved 5 May 2020. "Bijlevel, a member of the centrist Christian Democratic Appeal party, said that the technology for creating biological weapons had advanced dramatically in recent years, while at the same time "the international community continues to underestimate this risk"."
43. ^ Weaver, Matthew (16 March 2017). "Dutch elections: Rutte starts coalition talks after beating Wilders into second – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
44. ^ Syuzanna Vasilyan (2009). "The integration crisis in the Netherlands: the causes and the new policy measures". In Ditta Dolejšiová; Miguel Angel García López (eds.). European Citizenship in the Process of Construction: Challenges for Citizenship, Citizenship Education and Democratic Practice in Europe. Council of Europe. p. 73\. ISBN 978-92-871-6478-0.
45. ^ Hans Vollaard; Gerrit Voerman; Nelleke van de Walle (2015). "The Netherlands". In Donatella M. Viola (ed.). Routledge Handbook of European Elections. Routledge. p. 171\. ISBN 978-1-317-50363-7.
46. ^ Kees Van Kerbergen; André Krouwel (2013). "A double-edged sword! The Dutch centre-right and the 'foreigners issue'". In Tim Bale (ed.). Immigration and Integration Policy in Europe: Why Politics – and the Centre-Right – Matter. Routledge. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-1-317-96827-6.
47. ^ "Uitgangspunten". CDA (in Dutch). Retrieved 7 March 2018.
48. ^ Tom-Jan Meeus (January 29, 2021), The man defying Mark Rutte Politico Europe.
49. ^ "Weblog Tom Louwerse: CDA middenpartij? Niet volgens eigen kiezers". Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
50. ^ Te Grotenhuis, Manfred; Van der Meer, Tom; Eisinga, Rob; Pelzer, Ben (2012). "In hoeverre bepalen ontkerkelijking en gewijzigd stemgedrag onder kerkleden het aantal CDA-Kamerzetels?" (PDF). Christen Democratische Verkenningen (in Dutch).
51. ^ Van der Meer, Tom (14 February 2019). "Zonder eigen kernwaarde zwabbert CDA". Stuk Rood Vlees. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
52. ^ "Plaatjes van de electoraatjes 2023: het CDA". StukRoodVlees. 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
53. ^ "Tweede Kamerfractie Christen Democratisch Appel (CDA)". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 7 March 2018.
54. ^ "European People's Party". Archived from the original on 13 February 2013.
55. ^ "Parties". Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

## References

[edit]

* Gradus, Raymond; Harinck, George; Hoentjen, Karin; Van Kessel, Alexander; ten Napel, Hans-Martien (2012). Canon van de Christendemocratie (PDF) (in Dutch). Wetenschappelijk Instituut voor het CDA. ISBN 9789074493796.
* Lucardie, Paul (2004). Van Hecke, Steven; Gerard, Emmanuel (eds.). Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained? Christian Democracy in the Netherlands. Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War. Leuven University Press. pp. 159–177. ISBN 90-5867-377-4.
* Ten Napel, H.-M.T.D. (1992). 'Een eigen weg' De totstandkoming van het CDA (1952-1980) (in Dutch). Kampen: J.H. Kok. ISBN 9789024266258.

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ They had a total of 75 of the 150 seats.
2. ^ 11 seats as a stand-alone party.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Bosmans, Jac (2004). Michael Gehler; Wolfram Kaiser (eds.). The Primacy of Domestic Politics: Christian Democracy in the Netherlands. Christian Democracy in Europe since 1945. Routledge. pp. 47–58. ISBN 0-7146-5662-3.
* Kroeger, Pieter Gerrit (2020). Tand des tijds (in Dutch). Prometheus. ISBN 9789044633665.
* Voerman, Gerrit (2011). De conjunctuur van de macht (in Dutch). Boom. ISBN 9789461051073.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Christen Democratisch Appèl at Wikimedia Commons
* Official website
* Documentation Centre Dutch Political Parties about CDA (in Dutch)

* v
* t
* e

Political parties in the Netherlands

Nationally represented|

* 50PLUS
* Christian Democratic Appeal
* Christian Union
* Democrats 66
* Denk
* Farmer–Citizen Movement
* Forum for Democracy
* GroenLinks–PvdA
* Independent Politics Netherlands
* JA21
* New Social Contract
* Party for Freedom
* Party for the Animals
* People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
* Reformed Political Party
* Socialist Party
* Volt

Locally represented|

* BIJ1
* Forza! Nederland
* Heart for Freedom
* Belang van Nederland
* New Communist Party of the Netherlands
* Party for Sports
* Pirate Party
* Political Party for Basic Income
* Trots op Nederland
* Splinter
* The Greens
* United Communist Party

Unrepresented|

* Alliance
* Code Orange
* Dutch People's Union
* Henk Krol List
* Jezus Leeft
* LEF – For the New Generation
* Liberal Democratic Party
* Libertarian Party
* More Direct Democracy
* Nederland met een Plan
* De Nieuwe Mens
* NLBeter
* Otten Group
* The Party Party
* Together for the Netherlands
* Ubuntu Connected Front

Provincial parties|

* Frisian National Party
* Groninger Interest
* Local Brabant
* Local Limburg
* Party for the North
* Party for Zeeland
* Provincial Interest Fryslân
* Strong Local Drenthe
* Strong Local Flevoland

Water boards|

* General Water Board Party
* Water Natuurlijk

* Portal:Politics
* List of political parties by country
* Politics of the Netherlands

* v
* t
* e

Christian political parties in the Netherlands

Parties in bold are currently active

Catholic (former parties)|

* GLRCC
* RKVP
* RKSP
* COKZ
* KVP
* KNP
* RKPN

Gereformeerd|

* ARP
* BCS
* CSP
* CDP
* SGP
* CDU
* GPV
* RPF
* EVP
* CU
* JL

Hervormd and others|

* VAR
* CHKB
* FL
* CHP
* CHU
* HGS

Non-denominational|

* PPR
* CDA
* NSC

* v
* t
* e

European Parliament, Netherlands

Delegations|

* ECSC members 1952–1958
* EP members 1958–1979

Elections|

* Netherlands constituency
* 1979
* candidates
* members
* 1984
* candidates
* members
* 1989
* candidates
* members
* 1994
* candidates
* members
* 1999
* candidates
* members
* 2004
* candidates
* members
* 2009
* candidates
* members
* 2014
* candidates
* members
* 2019
* candidates
* members
* 2024
* candidates
* members

Current parties|

* GroenLinks–PvdA
* members
* Party for Freedom
* members
* People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
* members
* Christian Democratic Appeal
* members
* Democrats 66
* members
* Farmer–Citizen Movement
* members
* Volt Netherlands
* members
* Party for the Animals
* members
* New Social Contract
* members
* Reformed Political Party
* members

Former parties|

* Europe Transparent
* members
* Rainbow
* members
* Green Progressive Accord
* members
* SGP/RPF/GPV
* members
* Socialist Party
* members
* Forum for Democracy
* members
* 50PLUS
* members
* Christian Union – Reformed Political Party
* members
* GroenLinks
* members
* Labour Party
* members

* List of political parties
* Politics of the Netherlands

* v
* t
* e

European People's Party

Parliamentary group

National parties|

| Member parties (EU)|

* ÖVP
* CD&V
* GERB/ГЕРБ
* DSB/ДСБ
* BCM
* SDS/СДС
* HDZ
* HDS
* DISY/ΔΗ.ΣΥ.
* KDU–ČSL
* TOP 09
* KD
* C
* Isamaa
* KD
* Kok./Saml.
* LR
* CDU
* CSU
* ND/Ν.Δ.
* FG
* FI
* AP
* UdC
* PpI
* SVP
* PATT
* V
* TS-LKD
* CSV
* PN
* CDA
* PO
* PSL
* CDS-PP
* PPD-PSD
* PNL
* PMP
* UDMR/RMDSz
* KDH
* D
* Ali
* Slovensko
* NSi
* SDS
* SLS
* PP
* KD
* M

|

Associated parties (non-EU)|

* PD
* XD
* VMRO - DPMNE/ВМРО - ДПМНЕ
* H
* SNS/СНС
* VMSZ/SVM
* DM-LC-AdC

Observer parties|

* HHK/ՀՀԿ
* Heritage/Ժառանգություն
* BCD/БХД
* AHP/АГП
* За Свабоду
* HDZ BiH
* PDP
* SDA
* HDZ 1990
* ENM/ენმ
* EG/ევსა
* LDK
* PLDM
* PAS
* PPDA
* BS
* KrF
* PDCS
* Batkivshchyna/Батьківщина
* YeS
* UDAR/УДАР
* Об'єднання «Самопоміч»/Ob'yednannya «Samopomich»

Presidents|

* Manfred Weber (President)
* Thanasis Bakolas (Secretary General)
* Mariya Gabriel (Vice-President)
* Olgierd Geblewicz (Vice-President)
* Esteban González Pons (Vice-President)
* Johannes Hahn (Vice-President)
* Andrzej Halicki (Vice-President)
* Esther de Lange (Vice-President)
* David McAllister (Vice-President)
* Siegfried Mureșan (Vice-President)
* Petteri Orpo (Vice-President)
* Dubravka Šuica (Vice-President)
* Antonio Tajani (Vice-President)
* Paulo Rangel (Treasurer)
* Ursula von der Leyen (ex officio Vice-President)

European Parliament
Group Presidents|

* Manfred Weber (Chair)
* Arnaud Danjean (Vice-Chair)
* Esteban González Pons (Vice-Chair)
* Sandra Kalniete (Vice-Chair)
* Andrey Kovatchev (Vice-Chair)
* Esther de Lange (Vice-Chair)
* Vangelis Meimarakis (Vice-Chair)
* Siegfried Mureșan (Vice-Chair)
* Jan Olbrycht (Vice-Chair)
* Paulo Rangel (Vice-Chair)
* see European Parliament

European Commissioners|

* Ursula von der Leyen (President)
* Valdis Dombrovskis (Vice-President, An Economy that Works for the People)
* Dubravka Šuica (Vice-President, Democracy and Demography)
* Margaritis Schinas (Vice-President, Promoting the European Way of Life)
* Johannes Hahn (Budget and Administration)
* Phil Hogan (Trade)
* Mariya Gabriel (Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth)
* Stella Kyriakides (Health and Food Safety)
* Adina-Ioana Vălean (Transport)
* Olivér Várhelyi (Neighbourhood and Enlargement)
* see von der Leyen Commission

Heads of government
at the European Council|

* Karl Nehammer (Austria)
* Andrej Plenković (Croatia)
* Petteri Orpo (Finland)
* Kyriakos Mitsotakis (Greece)
* Simon Harris (Ireland)
* Evika Siliņa (Latvia)
* Luc Frieden (Luxembourg)
* Donald Tusk (Poland)
* Klaus Iohannis (Romania)
* Ulf Kristersson (Sweden)
* see European Council

Eurofoundation: Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States

Other|

* IdRef

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template