Conservation in the United Kingdom

Overview of the structure of environmental and cultural conservation in the UK

Conservation area signage in Carlton, Cambridgeshire.

This page gives an overview of the complex structure of environmental and cultural conservation in the United Kingdom.

With the advent of devolved government for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and of evolving regional government for England, the responsibilities for environment and conservation in the United Kingdom have become more complicated.[weasel words][how?]

There follows a list of the legislation, conservation bodies (both governmental and otherwise), and conservation designations, which work together to conserve and enhance the natural and cultural heritage of the UK. A list of 'objects of conservation' provides further links.

## Legislation

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Conservation area in Lytham St Annes.

Some of the key legislation which governs conservation issues in the UK. This list is not exhaustive.

* Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979
* Badgers Act 1991
* Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000
* Environment Act 1995
* Environmental Protection Act 1990
* Environment (Wales) Act 2016
* National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949
* Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006
* Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990
* Protection of Badgers Act 1992
* Weeds Act 1959
* Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981

## Conservation bodies

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### Government departments

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* Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)
* Directorates of the Scottish Government: Environment and Forestry Directorate[1]

### Governmental bodies

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The following are Executive Agencies of the UK government and regional executives, with note on their areas of responsibility.

#### United Kingdom

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* Joint Nature Conservation Committee -- co-ordination of regional bodies
* Forestry Commission -- co-ordinating international forestry policy support and certain plant health functions in respect of trees and forestry.[2]

#### England

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* Historic England -- cultural and built heritage.
* Natural England -- nature and wildlife conservation, landscape protection.
* Environment Agency -- waterways, pollution, waste management.
* Forestry England -- Forestry management[3]

#### Scotland

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The following are Public bodies of the Scottish Government, with notes on their areas of responsibility.

* Forestry and Land Scotland -- forestry management[2]
* Historic Environment Scotland -- cultural and built heritage
* NatureScot -- landscape protection, wildlife conservation
* Scottish Canals -- management of inland waterways
* Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) -- waterways, pollution, waste management
* Scottish Forestry -- forestry regulation and support[2]

#### Wales

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* Cadw -- cultural and built heritage
* Natural Resources Wales (NRW) (formerly Countryside Council for Wales, Forestry Commission Wales and Environment Agency Wales) -- protection of landscapes and rural countryside, regulation of waterways, pollution, waste management

#### Northern Ireland

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* Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA) -- conservation of natural and built heritage
* Forest Service Northern Ireland

### Non-governmental organisations

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* Architectural Heritage Society of Scotland
* Botanical Society of the British Isles
* British Dragonfly Society
* British Trust for Ornithology
* British Waterfowl Association
* Buglife
* Butterfly Conservation
* The Canal & River Trust, formerly British Waterways
* Cam Valley Wildlife Group
* Civic Trust
* Civic Trust for Wales
* Boards of Conservators which have been established for specific areas.
* Council for British Archaeology
* Council for the Protection of Rural England (CPRE)
* Environment Wales
* Historic Houses Association
* Institute of Conservation
* John Muir Trust
* Marine Conservation Society
* National Gardens Scheme
* National Trust (England, Wales, Northern Ireland)
* National Trust for Scotland
* Norfolk Conservation Corps
* North East Civic Trust
* Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)
* Scottish Civic Trust
* Scottish Forest Alliance
* Scottish Ornithologists' Club
* Scottish Wildlife Trust
* Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings
* The Conservation Volunteers
* The Grasslands Trust
* Trinity House
* Ulster Wildlife Trust
* The Welsh Wildlife Trusts
* Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT)
* The Wildlife Trusts partnership links to every county Wildlife Trust
* The Woodland Trust
* The Animal Project

## Conservation designations

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### National parks

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* National parks

### Areas designated by government agencies

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The following designations are established or monitored by the executive agencies listed above.

Designation | Abbreviation | Country | Agency

|
|
|

Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty | AONB  | England | Natural England
Wales | NRW
Northern Ireland | NIEA
Environmentally sensitive area | ESA | England | Natural England
Heritage coast |  | England | Natural England
Wales | NRW
Marine nature reserve | MNR |  |
National nature reserve | NNR  | England | Natural England
Scotland | NatureScot
Wales | NRW
Northern Ireland | NIEA
National scenic area | NSA | Scotland | NatureScot
Nitrate vulnerable zone | NVZ | England | Environment Agency
Scheduled monument | SAM  | England | Historic England
Scotland | Historic Environment Scotland
Wales | Cadw
Northern Ireland | NIEA
Site of Special Scientific Interest | SSSI  | England | Natural England
Scotland | NatureScot
Wales | NRW
Northern Ireland | NIEA
Special landscape area | SLA | Wales | NRW

### Other United Kingdom conservation designations

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* Area of archaeological importance (under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979)
* Area of archaeological potential
* Conservation area
* Country park
* Green belt (intended to be a planning policy rather than a conservation designation, but often interpreted as the latter)
* Listed building
* Local nature reserve
* Regional park
* Regionally important geological site

### International conservation designations

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* Biosphere reserves
* Ramsar sites
* Special Area of Conservation (SAC)
* Special Protection Area (SPA)
* SACs and SPAs are part of Natura 2000
* World Heritage Sites

## Other United Kingdom conservation policies

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* Article 4 direction
* United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan (UKBAP)

## Objects of conservation

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Further information: List of biodiversity conservation sites in the United Kingdom

### United Kingdom

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* Botanical gardens in the United Kingdom
* Chalk figures in the United Kingdom
* Forests in the United Kingdom
* Heritage railway
* List of abbeys and priories
* List of castles
* List of gardens
* List of historic houses
* Long-distance footpaths in the United Kingdom
* Piers
* Roman sites in the United Kingdom
* Watermills in the United Kingdom
* Waterways in the United Kingdom
* Windmills in the United Kingdom

### England

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* List of monastic houses in England
* Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
* Cycleways in England
* List of English Heritage properties
* Gardens in England
* List of country houses in the United Kingdom
* Lighthouses in England
* List of National Trust properties in England
* Treasure Houses of England

### Scotland

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* List of monastic houses in Scotland
* Castles in Scotland
* Cycleways in Scotland
* Gardens in Scotland
* List of country houses in the United Kingdom
* Lighthouses in Scotland
* National Trust for Scotland

### Wales

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* List of monastic houses in Wales
* List of castles in Wales
* Cycleways in Wales
* Gardens in Wales
* List of country houses in the United Kingdom
* Lighthouses in Wales
* List of Cadw properties
* List of National Trust properties in Wales

### Northern Ireland

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* List of monastic houses in Ireland
* List of castles in Ireland
* Cycleways in Northern Ireland
* Gardens in Northern Ireland
* List of country houses in the United Kingdom
* Lighthouses in Northern Ireland
* List of National Trust properties in Northern Ireland

## See also

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* Biodiversity Action Plan
* List of Conservation topics
* Conservation in Scotland

## References

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1. ^ "Environment and Forestry Directorate". Scottish Government. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
2. ^ a b c "Forestry devolution: resource list". Scottish Government. 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
3. ^ Forestry England

## Further reading

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* Clapp, Brian William. An Environmental history of Britain since the industrial revolution (Routledge, 2014).
* Sheail, John. Rural Conservation in Inter-War Britain (1981) online
* Sheail, John. An Environmental History of Twentieth-Century Britain (Red Globe Press, 2002)
* Simmons, Ian G. An environmental history of Great Britain : from 10,000 years ago to the present (Edinburgh University Press), 2001.

* v
* t
* e

Conservation of species

* Index of conservation articles

Conservation
biology|

* Biodiversity
* Captive breeding
* Compassionate conservation
* Conservation behavior
* Conservation-dependent species
* Conservation genetics
* Conservation-induced extinction
* Conservation status
* Endemism
* Ex-situ conservation
* Extinction threshold
* In-situ conservation
* Latent extinction risk
* Marine conservation
* Mutualisms and conservation
* Nature conservation
* Conservation biology of parasites
* Species translocation
* Conservation welfare
* Threatened species
* Vulnerability and susceptibility

Approaches|

* Conservation agriculture
* Conservation development
* Conservation finance
* Conservation grazing
* Conservation management system
* Conservation movement
* Conservation photography
* Conservation psychology
* Conspicuous conservation
* Community-based conservation
* Ecoregion conservation status
* Environmental protection
* Evidence-based conservation
* Flagship species
* Forest management
* Forest protection
* Tropical rainforest conservation
* Integrated Conservation and Development Project
* Other effective area-based conservation measures
* Riparian buffer
* Roadless area conservation
* Roadside conservation
* Site-based conservation
* Wetland conservation

Protected
areas|

* Conservation designation
* Conservation district
* Conservation easement
* Conservation reserve
* Gap analysis
* Habitat conservation
* High conservation value area
* Landscape-scale conservation
* Marine protected area
* Marxan
* Open space reserve
* Wildlife corridor
* 30 by 30 target

Key issues|

* Conservation refugee
* Fortress conservation
* Habitat fragmentation
* Human–wildlife conflict

Restoration|

* Assisted natural regeneration
* Ecosystem restoration
* Island restoration
* Reforestation
* afforestation
* Rewilding
* marine
* Species reintroduction

By taxon|

* Arthropod
* Bird
* Hawaiian honeycreeper
* Raptor
* Golden eagle
* Fungi
* Land mammal
* American bison
* Arabian oryx
* Bear
* Polar bear
* Cheetah
* Elephant
* Indian elephant
* Slow loris
* Tiger
* Bengal Tiger
* Wolf
* Marine
* Dolphin
* Gray nurse shark
* Manatee
* Painted turtle
* Salmon
* Sea otter
* Plant
* Seed bank
* Cryopreservation

By country|

* Angola
* Australia
* Belize
* Brazil
* Canada
* Central African Republic
* Costa Rica
* Hong Kong
* Iceland
* India
* Indonesia
* Ireland
* Italy
* Malaysia
* Mauritius
* Namibia
* New Zealand
* Pakistan
* Papua New Guinea
* South Sudan
* Sweden
* Uganda
* United Kingdom
* Scotland
* United States
* forests

Related|

* Conservation officer
* De-extinction
* Planetary boundaries
* IUCN Red List
* NatureServe conservation status
* Special Area of Conservation
* Soil conservation

* List of conservation issues
* List of organisations
* List of people
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Conservation in Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* England
* Northern Ireland
* Scotland
* Wales

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

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