Cozumel

Island in Quintana Roo, Mexico

Cozumel

Satellite image of Cozumel Island in 2001

Location of Cozumel in Quintana Roo State

Cozumel

Geography
Location| Caribbean Sea
Coordinates| 20°25′N 86°55′W﻿ / ﻿20.42°N 86.92°W﻿ / 20.42; -86.92
Total islands| 2
Area| 647.33 km2 (249.94 sq mi)
Highest point| 14 m
Administration

Mexico

State| Quintana Roo
Municipality| Cozumel
Largest settlement| San Miguel de Cozumel (pop. 77,236)
Presidente municipal (Municipal president)| Juanita Obdulia Alonso Marrufo (Morena)
Demographics
Population| 100,000 (2011)
Pop. density| 154.5/km2 (400.2/sq mi)
Ethnic groups| Mestizo, Maya, White Mexicans, Afro-Mexicans
Additional information
Time zone|

* UTC−05:00

Official website| cozumel.gob.mx

Ramsar Wetland

Official name| Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel
Designated| 2 February 2005
Reference no.| 1449[1]

Ramsar Wetland

Official name| Manglares y Humedales del Norte de Isla Cozumel
Designated| 2 February 2009
Reference no.| 1921[2]
Flag of Cozumel Municipality

Cozumel (Spanish pronunciation: [kosuˈmel]; Yucatec Maya: Kùutsmil) is an island and municipality in the Caribbean Sea off the eastern coast of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula, opposite Playa del Carmen. It is separated from the mainland by the Cozumel Channel and is close to the Yucatán Channel. The municipality is part of the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico.

The economy of Cozumel is based on tourism, including daily visits from cruise ship passengers, as well as tourists scuba diving and snorkeling. Some controversy exists over the detrimental effects tourism has on the ecosystem of Cozumel.[3] The main town on the island is San Miguel de Cozumel.

## Etymology[edit]

The name Cozumel was derived from the Mayan "Cuzamil" or "Ah Cuzamil Peten" in full, which means "the island of swallows" (Spanish: Isla de las Golondrinas).[4][5]

## Geography[edit]

Cozumel southeast coast Landscape view of Cozumel

The island is located in the Caribbean Sea along the eastern side of the Yucatan Peninsula about 82 km (51 mi) south of Cancún and 19 km (12 mi) from the mainland. The island is about 48 km (30 mi) long and 16 km (9.9 mi) wide, with a total area of 477.961 km2 (184.542 sq mi). It is Mexico's largest Caribbean island, largest permanently inhabited island, and Mexico's third-largest island, following Tiburón Island and Isla Ángel de la Guarda.

The population of Cozumel is 88,626 (2020 census)[6]. The majority of the island's population lives in the town of San Miguel, which has a population of 84,915 (2020 census).[7] Cozumel is a municipality which also includes two small areas on the mainland, the ecotourism park of Xel-Ha and the Calica limestone quarry. All combined, Cozumel has a total land area of 647.33 km2 (249.94 sq mi).[8]

Cozumel has 5 main piers. Punta Langosta, the International Pier (SSA), and Puerta Maya are all piers for cruise ships. A ferry pier in San Miguel is used for passenger ferries to and from Playa del Carmen, as well as for cruise ship tenders. A fifth pier south of downtown is used only for vehicle ferries.[9]

Large parts of the island are covered with mangrove forest which has many endemic animal species. Cozumel is a flat island based on limestone, resulting in a karst topography. The highest natural point on the island is less than 15 m (49 ft) above sea level. The cenotes are deep water-filled sinkholes formed by water percolating through the soft limestone soil for thousands of years. Cozumel's cenotes are restricted to qualified cave divers with appropriate credentials.

### Fauna[edit]

Endemic species and subspecies of bird include:

* the Cozumel emerald
* the Cozumel great curassow, which is vulnerable
* the Cozumel thrasher, which is nearly, if not already, extinct
* the Cozumel vireo
* the Cozumel wren

Endemic dwarf mammals are found on the island:

* the Cozumel fox, which is nearly, if not already, extinct[10]
* the Cozumel Island coati, which is endangered.[11]
* the Cozumel Island raccoon, which is critically endangered[12][13]

There are three rodents that are larger than their mainland counterparts: Oryzomys couesi, Peromyscus leucopus, and critically endangered Reithrodontomys spectabilis, the latter of which is also endemic to the island.

Endemic marine life:

* the splendid toadfish

Other native wildlife includes:

* the American crocodile
* the black spiny-tailed iguana
* the blue land crab (Cardisoma guanhumi)

Invasive species include:

* the boa constrictor[14]

### Coral reefs[edit]

Coral reefs and marine life in Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park

Cozumel is surrounded by a diverse ecosystem of coral reefs that is home to more than 1,000 marine species.[15] The reefs are primarily found on underwater cliffs, there are also some in coastal lagoons and on sand bars at the north tip of the island.[16] They are part of the much larger Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System which is the second largest reef in the world, stretching over 1,000 kilometers (620 mi).[17] Cozumel's deeper coral reefs were historically famed for their black corals,[18] yet black coral populations declined from the 1960s to the mid-1990s because of overharvesting[18] and by 2016 had not recovered.[19] A huge portion of the reef on the south side of the island is sectioned off into the Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park. This park is protected under the Ramsar Convention along with Manglares y Humedales del Norte de Isla Cozumel, they both are included in the UNESCO protected area called Isla Cozumel Biosphere Reserve, Mexico.[20] The site includes the coral reefs on the southern coast of Cozumel. The reefs in Cozumel are made up of hard coral and soft coral. The marine life that inhabit the reefs include zoanthids, polychaetes, actinarians, hydroids, sponges, crustaceans, mollusks, echinoderms and many varieties of Caribbean fish. The park is also a habitat to several endangered marine species such as the loggerhead sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, queen triggerfish, and the endemic splendid toadfish.[21] Due to the abundant marine life and coral reefs the clear and warm Caribbean water, Cozumel is considered one of the best scuba-diving destinations in the world.[22]

### Climate[edit]

Cozumel has a tropical savanna climate under the Köppen climate classification that closely borders on a tropical monsoon climate.[23] The dry season is short, from February to April, but even in these months precipitation is observed, averaging about 45 millimeters (1.8 in) of rain per month. The wet season is lengthy, covering most of the months, with September and October being the wettest months, when precipitation averages over 240 millimeters (9.4 in). Thunderstorms can occasionally occur during the wet season.[24] Temperatures tend to remain stable with little variation from month to month though the temperatures are cooler from December to February with the coolest month averaging 22.9 °C (73.2 °F). Owing to its proximity to the sea, the island is fairly humid, with an average humidity of 83%.[24] The wettest recorded month was October 1980 with 792 millimeters (31.2 in) of precipitation and the wettest recorded day was June 19, 1975, with 281 millimeters (11.1 in).[24] Extremes range from 9.2 °C (48.6 °F)—recorded January 18, 1977—to 39.2 °C (102.6 °F).[when?][24]

Climate data for Cozumel (1951–1980)  Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Record high °C (°F)  | 36.4
(97.5)  | 36.0
(96.8)  | 34.7
(94.5)  | 39.0
(102.2)  | 36.6
(97.9)  | 36.4
(97.5)  | 39.2
(102.6)  | 36.8
(98.2)  | 36.6
(97.9)  | 36.1
(97.0)  | 35.2
(95.4)  | 32.6
(90.7)  | 39.2
(102.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 28.6
(83.5)  | 29.1
(84.4)  | 30.9
(87.6)  | 32.0
(89.6)  | 32.7
(90.9)  | 32.4
(90.3)  | 32.6
(90.7)  | 33.0
(91.4)  | 31.9
(89.4)  | 30.7
(87.3)  | 29.7
(85.5)  | 28.6
(83.5)  | 31.0
(87.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 22.9
(73.2)  | 23.2
(73.8)  | 24.7
(76.5)  | 26.0
(78.8)  | 26.9
(80.4)  | 27.2
(81.0)  | 27.2
(81.0)  | 27.2
(81.0)  | 26.7
(80.1)  | 25.9
(78.6)  | 24.8
(76.6)  | 23.4
(74.1)  | 25.5
(77.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 19.4
(66.9)  | 19.4
(66.9)  | 20.7
(69.3)  | 21.8
(71.2)  | 22.9
(73.2)  | 23.8
(74.8)  | 23.5
(74.3)  | 23.5
(74.3)  | 23.6
(74.5)  | 23.1
(73.6)  | 21.7
(71.1)  | 20.3
(68.5)  | 22.0
(71.6)
Record low °C (°F)  | 9.2
(48.6)  | 9.7
(49.5)  | 11.4
(52.5)  | 14.6
(58.3)  | 15.2
(59.4)  | 18.8
(65.8)  | 17.0
(62.6)  | 20.8
(69.4)  | 20.8
(69.4)  | 17.0
(62.6)  | 11.2
(52.2)  | 12.7
(54.9)  | 9.2
(48.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 81.4
(3.20)  | 60.0
(2.36)  | 32.2
(1.27)  | 44.8
(1.76)  | 110.6
(4.35)  | 191.7
(7.55)  | 115.5
(4.55)  | 141.7
(5.58)  | 240.2
(9.46)  | 242.5
(9.55)  | 122.5
(4.82)  | 106.8
(4.20)  | 1,489.9
(58.66)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 8.66  | 6.46  | 4.03  | 3.73  | 7.20  | 12.63  | 11.83  | 13.37  | 15.43  | 15.70  | 11.06  | 9.76  | 119.86
Average relative humidity (%)  | 82  | 81  | 79  | 79  | 80  | 84  | 84  | 84  | 87  | 85  | 83  | 83  | 83
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 198.0  | 192.3  | 232.0  | 257.0  | 231.9  | 206.5  | 220.1  | 221.7  | 181.5  | 193.7  | 183.9  | 192.2  | 2,510.8
Source: Colegio de Postgraduados[24]

## History[edit]

Maya ruins of San Gervasio

The Maya are believed to have first settled Cozumel by the early part of the 1st millennium AD, and older Preclassic Olmec artifacts have been found on the island as well. The island was sacred to Ix Chel, the Maya Moon Goddess, and the temples here were a place of pilgrimage, especially by women desiring fertility.[25] There are a number of ruins on the island, most from the Post-Classic period. The largest Maya ruins on the island were near the downtown area and have now been destroyed.[26] Today, the largest remaining ruins are at San Gervasio, located approximately at the center of the island.

Chan Santa Cruz Monument in Cozumel

The first Spanish expedition to visit Cozumel was led by Juan de Grijalva in 1518.[27]: 28 In the following year Hernán Cortés stopped by the island on his way to Veracruz.[27]: 57 The Grijalva and Cortés expeditions were both received peacefully by the Maya of Cozumel, unlike the expeditions' experiences on other parts of the mainland. Even after Cortés destroyed some of the Maya idols on Cozumel and replaced them with an image of the Virgin Mary, the native inhabitants of the island continued to help the Spanish re-supply their ships with food and water so they could continue their voyages. Gerónimo de Aguilar was rescued at this time.[27]: 60–64

As many as 10,000 Maya lived on the island then, but in 1520, infected crew members of the Pánfilo Narváez expedition brought the smallpox contagion to the island and by 1570 only 186 men and 172 women were left alive on Cozumel. In the ensuing years Cozumel was often the target of attacks by pirates, and in 1650 many of the islanders were forcibly relocated to the mainland town of Xcan Boloná to avoid the Buccaneers’ predation. Later, in 1688, most of the rest of the island's population, as well as many of the settlements along the Quintana Roo coast, were evacuated inland to towns such as Chemax.

San Miguel Church

In 1848, refugees escaping the tumult of the Caste War of Yucatán settled on the island and in 1849 the town of San Miguel de Cozumel was officially recognized by the Mexican government.[28]

In 1861, American President Abraham Lincoln ordered his Secretary of State, William Henry Seward, to meet with the Mexican chargé d'affaires Matias Romero to explore the possibility of purchasing the island of Cozumel for the purpose of relocating freed American slaves offshore. The idea was summarily dismissed by Mexican President Benito Juarez, but in 1862 Lincoln did manage to establish a short-lived colony of ex-slaves on Île à Vache off the coast of Haiti.[29]

Cruise port in San Miguel de Cozumel; the ship pictured is the Celebrity Equinox.

Although the original airport was a World War II relic and was able to handle jet aircraft and international flights, a much larger airport was built in the late 1970s.[citation needed]

Scuba diving is still one of Cozumel's primary attractions, mainly due to the coral reef on the western shore of Cozumel. These coral reefs are protected from the open ocean by the island's natural geography. In 1996, the government of Mexico also established the Cozumel Reefs National Marine Park, forbidding anyone from touching or removing any marine life within the park boundaries.[30] Despite the importance of healthy reefs to Cozumel's tourist trade, a deepwater pier was built in the 1990s for cruise ships to dock, causing damage to the reefs, and it is now a regular stop on cruises in the Caribbean. Over the past few decades, coral reef health has significantly declined in Cozumel, with much lower coral cover now present than was historically recorded.[31][32]

On 18 December 2000, 41-year-old British singer-songwriter Kirsty MacColl, died while holidaying there with her sons and her boyfriend musician, James Knight, when a powerboat fatally struck her.

Cozumel seen through the eye of Hurricane Wilma

The island was struck directly by two Category 4 hurricanes during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. In July, Hurricane Emily passed just south of Cozumel, exposing the island to the storm's intense inner core. Despite Emily being a powerful storm, it was the larger, stronger, slower-moving Hurricane Wilma that caused the most destruction when it hit the island in October.[33] Wilma's eye passed directly over Cozumel.

There was some damage to the underwater marine habitat. This included the coral reefs, which suffered particularly at the shallower dive sites, and the fish that inhabit the reefs.[34][35]

## Economy[edit]

Aerial of Palancar Beach on Cozumel Multiple cruise ships docked in Cozumel. From left to right: Carnival Breeze, unnamed Holland America ship, and Carnival Freedom.

The economy of Cozumel is based on tourism, including daily visits from cruise ship passengers, as well as tourists scuba diving, snorkeling, and charter fishing. Some controversy exists over the detrimental effects tourism has on the ecosystem of Cozumel.[3]

In addition to restaurants, hotels, and dive shops, vendors near the ports sell a variety of souvenirs and jewelry. All of these contribute greatly to the economy of Cozumel.[36]

Other water activities include para-sailing, kitesurfing, and a tourist submarine. There are also two dolphinariums. The only working pearl farm in the Caribbean[37] is located on the north edge of the island.

San Miguel de Cozumel, the main town on the island, is home to many restaurants with a variety of cuisines, along with several discothèques, bars, cinemas, and outdoor stages. The main plaza is surrounded by shops; in the middle of the plaza is a fixed stage where Cozumeleños (people of Cozumel) and tourists celebrate every Sunday evening with music and dancing.

All food and manufactured supplies are shipped to the island. Water is provided by three different desalination facilities located on the island.

## Education[edit]

There are three universities on the island: the State Public University of Quintana Roo (UQROO)[38] and two private universities, the Partenon Institute[39] and the Interamerican University for Development (UNID).[40] In addition to teaching English as a degree program, they offer other career options including natural resources research, tourism and commercial systems.

## Culture[edit]

Bandera monumentale in San Miguel de Cozumel

### Santa Cruz Festival and El Cedral Fair[edit]

The Festival of Santa Cruz and El Cedral Fair is a historical tradition held in the town of El Cedral, in the south of Cozumel Island at the end of April. This annual event is said to have been started over 150 years ago by Casimiro Cárdenas. Cárdenas was one of a group that fled to the island from the village of Saban, on the mainland, after an attack during the Caste War of Yucatán in 1848. The attackers killed other villagers, but Cárdenas survived whilst clutching a small wooden cross.

Legend has it that Cárdenas vowed to start an annual festival wherever he settled, to honor the religious power of this crucifix. Today, the original Holy Cross (Santa Cruz) Festival forms part of the wider Festival of El Cedral, which includes fairs, traditional feasts, rodeos, bullfights, music and competitions. The celebrations last about five days in all and are held every year at the end of April or beginning of May.[41]

### Cozumel Carnival[edit]

The Cozumel Carnival or Carnaval de Cozumel is one of the most important carnival festivities in México. It has been celebrated as a tradition beginning from the late nineteenth century and fills Cozumel's streets with parades. It begins the week before Mardi-Gras in February. Cozumel's Carnival is a tradition which has been passed down through many generations that celebrates a mixture of cultures that escaped to the warm embrace of Cozumel. Dating back to the mid-1800s, Cozumel Carnaval was started by young people dressed in vibrantly colorful costumes known as "Estudiantinas" or "Comparsas", who expressed themselves in the streets of Cozumel through the artforms of dance, song, and fantasy.[42]

## Government[edit]

Headquarters of the municipal government of Cozumel, in San Miguel de Cozumel

Cozumel Municipality is one of eleven municipalities of Quintana Roo. The municipal seat is located in San Miguel de Cozumel, the largest city in the municipality.

## In popular culture[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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* Cozumel is one of the locations featured in the 2006 video game Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent.
* Cozumel and its Mayan ruins are featured in the program I Shouldn't Be Alive Season 6, Episode 5: "Lost In The Jungle".
* Cozumel is one of the locations featured in the 2018 video game Shadow of the Tomb Raider.
* Cozumel is featured as one of the primary settings and filming locations of the 1984 film, Against All Odds.

## See also[edit]

* Cozumel Port

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
2. ^ "Manglares y Humedales del Norte de Isla Cozumel". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
3. ^ a b Palafox-Muñoz, Alejandro; Rubí-González, Felipe (March 4, 2021). "The Challenges of Cruise Tourism in Cozumel, Mexico". Études caribéennes (47). doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.20118. ISSN 1779-0980.
4. ^ "Cozumel". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México (in Spanish). Secretaría de Gobernación. Archived from the original on June 12, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
5. ^ Holt, Patricia A. (2005). Cozumel: the complete guide. New York: iUniverse. p. ix. ISBN 978-0-595-36995-9.
6. ^ Gobierno do Mexico (February 3, 2024). "Cozumel: Municipality of Quintana Roo". Data Mexico. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
7. ^ "Cozumel (Quintana Roo) Cozumel". mexico.PueblosAmerica.com (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved February 3, 2024.
8. ^ "Land area of islands in Mexico: INEGI". Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
9. ^ "Piers And Cruise Terminals". This is Cozumel. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
10. ^ "Cozumel Fox" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
11. ^ "Coatis, Pisotes, or Coatimundis" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 12, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
12. ^ K. McFadden, D. Vasco, A. Cuaron, D. Valenzuela and M. Gompper. 2009. Conservation and population assessment of the endangered dwarf carnivores from Cozumel Island. Biodiversity and Conservation 13:317–331
13. ^ "Cozumel Pygmy Raccoon" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
14. ^ Martínez-Morales, Miguel Angel; Cuarón, Alfredo D. (1999). "Boa constrictor, an introduced predator threatening the endemic fauna on Cozumel Island, Mexico". Biodiversity and Conservation. 8 (7): 957–963. doi:10.1023/A:1008815004072. S2CID 19655051.
15. ^ "Isla Cozumel Biosphere Reserve, Mexico". UNESCO. November 15, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
16. ^ "Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel" [Reefs Cozumel National Park]. The Ramsar Convention Secretariat. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
17. ^ Gress, Erika; Voss, Joshua D.; Eckert, Ryan J.; Rowlands, Gwilym; Andradi-Brown, Dominic A. (2019), Loya, Yossi; Puglise, Kimberly A.; Bridge, Tom C.L. (eds.), "The Mesoamerican Reef", Mesophotic coral Ecosystems, Coral Reefs of the World, Springer International Publishing, vol. 12, pp. 71–84, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92735-0_5, ISBN 9783319927343, S2CID 181668611
18. ^ a b Padilla, Claudia; Lara, Mario (2003). "Banco Chinchorro: The Last Shelter for Black Coral in the Mexican Caribbean". Bulletin of Marine Science. 73 (1): 197–202. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
19. ^ Andradi-Brown, Dominic A.; Gress, Erika (July 4, 2018). "Assessing population changes of historically overexploited black corals (Order: Antipatharia) in Cozumel, Mexico". PeerJ. 6: e5129. doi:10.7717/peerj.5129. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6035717. PMID 30013832.
20. ^ "Isla Cozumel Biosphere Reserve, Mexico". UNESCO. November 15, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
21. ^ "Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel". The Ramsar Convention Secretariat. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
22. ^ "Cozumel Island, Mexico". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
23. ^ Kottek, M.; Grieser, J. R.; Beck, C.; Rudolf, B.; Rubel, F. (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated" (PDF). Meteorol. Z. 15 (3): 259–263. Bibcode:2006MetZe..15..259K. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
24. ^ a b c d e "Normales climatológicas para Cozumel, Q. ROO" (in Spanish). Colegio de Postgraduados. Archived from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
25. ^ Paxton, Merideth (2001). The Cosmos of the Yucatec Maya: Cycles and Steps from the Madrid Codex. University of New Mexico Press. p. 153\. ISBN 978-0826322920.
26. ^ Hajovsky, Ric, 2011, Bases, Bulldozers and Bullshit, Archived September 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
27. ^ a b c Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 0140441239
28. ^ Hajovsky, Ric The Yellow Guide to the Mayan Ruins of San Gervasio, Cozumel, Amazon Books, 2012, pp. 8–10
29. ^ Hajovsky, Ric (2015). The True History of Cozumel. Dallas: Pan American Publishing. pp. 147–165. ISBN 9780982861080.
30. ^ Laskowski, Gloriana (July 1, 1999). "Cozumel An Island Paradise - 'Vistas De Cozumel'". Mexconnect. Mexconnect.com. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
31. ^ Reyes-Bonilla, Héctor; Millet-Encalada, Marinés; Álvarez-Filip, Lorenzo (2014). "Community Structure of Scleractinian Corals outside Protected Areas in Cozumel Island, Mexico". Atoll Research Bulletin. 601: 1–13. doi:10.5479/si.00775630.601.
32. ^ Gress, Erika; Andradi-Brown, Dominic A. (July 4, 2018). "Assessing population changes of historically overexploited black corals (Order: Antipatharia) in Cozumel, Mexico". PeerJ. 6: e5129. doi:10.7717/peerj.5129. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6035717. PMID 30013832.
33. ^ "Hurricane Wilma: The areas affected". BBC News. October 25, 2005. Retrieved July 24, 2005.
34. ^ "Species Richness and Community Structure of the Yucatan Marine Reserve Before and After 2005 Hurricane Season". Cmbc.ucsd.edu. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
35. ^ Calvin (March 6, 2007). "Cozumel Reef Conditions Update – 2007". Calvintang.com. Archived from the original on May 28, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
36. ^ Gobierno de Mexico. "Cozumel: Municipality". Data Mexico: Cozumel. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
37. ^ "🌄 Cozumel Pearl Farm: Can You Tour a Working Pearl Farm? Yes!". July 8, 2019.
38. ^ webmaster. "Unidad Académica Cozumel Universidad de Quintana Roo – Universidad de Quintana Roo" [Cozumel Academic Unit University of Quintana Roo - University of Quintana Roo]. www.uqroo.mx. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
39. ^ "Inicio" [Start]. Instituto Partenón de Cozumel (in European Spanish). Retrieved March 8, 2016.
40. ^ "Cozumel". www.unid.edu.mx. Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
41. ^ "Cozumel Próximos Eventos – Fiestas de la Santa Cruz" [Cozumel Upcoming Events - Parties of the Santa Cruz]. cozumel.travel. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
42. ^ "Carnival Cozumel 2016". www.carnavalcozumel.com.mx. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2016.

* Islands portal
* Mexico portal

## External links[edit]

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cozumel.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Cozumel (category)

* Cozumel Parks and Museums official site for the Quintana Roo State Foundation that manages Chankanaab Park, Punta Sur, San Gervasio and the Island Museum

* v
* t
* e

Recreational dive sites

Reef diving regions

* Akumal
* Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area
* Aliwal Shoal
* Amed (Bali)
* Anilao
* Apo Island
* Apo Reef
* Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park
* Bay of Pigs
* Belize Barrier Reef
* Biscayne National Park
* Bohol Sea
* Bowie Seamount
* Bunaken
* Bunaken National Park
* Cahuita National Park
* Calve Island
* Capurganá
* Ċirkewwa
* Cliff Villa Peninsula
* Cozumel
* Dhilba Guuranda-Innes National Park
* Edmonds Underwater Park
* El Ikhwa Islands
* False Bay
* Għar Qawqla
* Gili Islands
* Great Barrier Reef
* Great Southern Reef
* Guadalupe Island Biosphere Reserve
* Haql
* Hol Chan Marine Reserve
* iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area
* Sodwana Bay
* John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park
* Kadmat Island
* Ko Tao
* Lighthouse Reef
* Mantanani Islands
* Malapascua
* Martin's Haven
* Marsa Alam
* Molasses Reef
* Molokini
* Neptune Islands
* Osprey Reef
* Palancar Reef
* Panglao, Bohol
* Pescador Island
* Petit Saint Vincent
* Poor Knights Islands
* Porteau Cove Provincial Park
* Puerto Galera
* Punta Cana
* Ras Muhammad National Park
* Rondo Island
* Rottnest Island
* San Andrés (island)
* San Pedro Nolasco Island
* Shaʽb Abu Nuħas
* Shadwan Island
* Similan Islands
* Sipadan
* Socorro Island
* Sound of Mull
* St. Crispin's Reef
* Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
* Taganga
* Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area
* Tubbataha Reef
* Utila
* Wakatobi Regency
* Weh Island

Reef dive sites

* Azure Window
* Cod Hole
* Daedalus Reef
* Darwin's Arch
* Devil's Throat at Punta Sur
* Elphinstone Reef
* Eyemouth
* Fanadir
* Frederiksted Pier
* French Reef
* Fowey Rocks Light
* Gamul Kebir
* Hillsea Point Rock
* Inland Sea, Gozo
* Kennack Sands
* The Manacles
* Magic Point
* Octopus Hole
* Pope's Eye
* Portsea Hole
* Second Valley
* Sund Rock
* St Abbs
* Stingray City, Grand Cayman
* Wolf Rock

| Artificial reefs|

* Edithburgh jetty
* Gibraltar Artificial Reef
* Merkanti Reef
* Port Hughes jetty
* Port Noarlunga jetty
* Rapid Bay jetty
* Shark River Reef
* South Channel Fort
* Osborne Reef

|

Underwater artworks|

* Cancún Underwater Museum
* Christ of the Abyss
* Circle of Heroes
* Kristu tal-Baħħara
* Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park

Snorkelling sites|

* Fungus Rock

Wreck diving regions

* Bullhead Point Historical and Archeological District
* Calve Island
* Chuuk Lagoon
* Coron Bay
* Edmonds Underwater Park
* Shipwrecks of Isle Royale
* Loch Long
* Maritime Heritage Trail – Battle of Saipan
* Michigan Underwater Preserves
* Pearl and Hermes Atoll
* Porteau Cove Provincial Park
* Robben Island Marine Protected Area
* Scapa Flow
* Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
* Tulagi
* Tulamben
* Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary
* List of shipwrecks in the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary
* Ve Skerries
* Wardang Island
* Western Rocks, Isles of Scilly
* Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve
* Wreck Alley, San Diego

Wreck dive sites

* 115 (barge)

| A|

* HMS A1
* HMS A3
* USS Aaron Ward
* Abessinia
* USS Accokeek
* HMAS Adelaide
* SS Admiral Sampson
* MV Adolphus Busch
* Aeolian Sky
* USS Aeolus
* Agat World War II Amtrac
* SS Ajax
* Albert C. Field
* USS Algol
* SS Algoma
* Al Munassir
* Amaryllis
* SS America
* USS Anderson
* Andrea Doria
* Antilla
* Antilles
* USS Apogon
* SS Appomattox
* Aquila
* Aratama Maru
* Arctic
* USS Arkansas
* SS Arratoon Apcar
* USS Arthur W. Radford
* SS Atlanta
* USS Atlanta (CL-51)
* SS Australasia

|

* HMAS Bayonet
* SS Ben Doran
* SS Benwood
* Bianca C.
* USCGC Bibb
* SS Binnendijk
* USS Blenny
* HMS Boadicea
* Booya
* HMSAS Bloemfontein
* Breda
* Brian Davis
* HMAS Brisbane
* HMHS Britannic
* Bud Bar
* Bungsberg
* Byron

* HMAS Canberra
* HMCS Cape Breton
* USCGC Cape Henlopen
* Captain Keith Tibbetts
* Carl D. Bradley
* USS Carlisle
* Carnatic
* Carthaginian II
* SS Cayuga
* SS Cedarville
* Christina Nilsson
* City of Bangor
* SS City of Everett
* SS City of Launceston
* HMCS Chaudière
* ROCS Chen Hai
* Chester A. Congdon
* SS Clan Ranald
* SS Clifton
* USCGC Comanche
* SS Comet
* Constandis
* HMAS Coogee
* Cormoran
* Cornelia B. Windiate
* HMS Coronation
* Crusader
* PS Cumberland
* USS Curb
* USCGC Cuyahoga

* MV Dania
* Daniel Lyons
* David Tucker
* SMS Dresden
* SS D.R. Hanna
* USCGC Duane
* Dunraven
* SS Dwight L. Moody

* Eagle
* Eastfield
* SS Eber Ward
* SS Edgar E. Clark
* HMT Elk
* Ellengowan
* USS Emmons
* SS Emperor
* RMS Empress of Ireland
* SS Erie L. Hackley
* SS Espagne
* SS Etruria

* HMS Falmouth
* Fifi
* Fleetwing
* SS Francisco Morazan
* SS Francis Hinton
* SS Frank O'Connor
* F.T. Barney
* Fujikawa Maru
* Fumizuki

* Gallinipper
* SATS General Botha
* USNS General Hoyt S. Vandenberg
* George A. Marsh
* SS George Dewey
* George M. Cox
* Georg Thiele
* HMS Ghurka
* USS Gilliam
* SS Glenlyon
* Glen Strathallan
* SAS Good Hope
* HMAS Goorangai
* Gothenburg
* Grace A. Channon
* SS Grecian
* Green Bay
* MV Gregory Poole
* Gunilda

* MT Haven
* SS Henry Chisholm
* MT Hephaestus
* Hermann Künne
* HMS Hermes
* Herzogin Cecilie
* SS Hesper
* Hilma Hooker
* Hispania
* Home
* HMS Hood
* HMAS Hobart

* Igara
* USS Indra
* SS Ironsides
* SS Isaac M. Scott
* Island City

* HMAS J1
* HMAS J2
* HMAS J4
* HMAS J5
* James Eagan Layne
* J.S. Seaverns
* SS John B. Cowle
* John M. Osborn
* SS John Mitchell
* Jura

* SS Kamloops
* Kashi Maru
* PS Keystone State
* King Cruiser
* USS Kittiwake
* Kizugawa Maru
* SMS Kronprinz
* Kyarra
* Kyle Spangler

* PS Lady Elgin
* Lady Thetis
* HMS Laforey
* SS Lakeland
* USS Lamson
* USAT Liberty
* SS Louisiana
* Louis Sheid
* SS L.R. Doty
* USS LST-507
* Lumberman

* HMS M2
* HMCS Mackenzie
* Madeira
* SMS Markgraf
* SS Marquette
* Mayflower (scow)
* Mikhail Lermontov
* Maine
* Maloja
* HMS Maori
* SS Maori
* SS Margaret Olwill
* Marguerite
* SS Mauna Loa
* USAT Meigs
* Mendi
* MV Mercedes I
* USCGC Mesquite
* Metamora
* SS Midland City
* USS Mindanao
* Minnedosa
* SS Miowera
* SS Milwaukee
* USS Mizpah
* Miztec
* USCGC Mohawk
* Mohegan
* RMS Moldavia
* SS Monarch
* SS Monrovia
* HMS Montagu
* SS M.M. Drake
* MV RMS Mulheim
* USS Muliphen
* SS Myron

* Nagato
* Niagara
* Niagara (tug)
* HMCS Nipigon
* SS Norman
* Northerner

* Oceana
* SS Onoko
* USS Oriskany
* Oslofjord
* Ozone

* P29
* P31
* SS Panay
* SS Papoose
* Pedernales
* Persier
* HMAS Perth
* SS Pewabic
* SAS Pietermaritzburg
* USS Pilotfish
* Piłsudski
* SS Pioneer
* USCGC Point Swift
* Pool Fisher
* SS Port Kembla
* HMS Port Napier
* Preußen
* President Coolidge
* HMS Prince of Wales

* PS Queen Victoria

* SS R.P. Resor
* Radaas
* USS Rankin
* Rainbow Warrior
* SS Regina
* HMS Repulse
* RMS Rhone
* Riva Palacio
* Robert C. Pringle
* SS Robert Wallace
* USS Rochester
* Rondo
* Rosehill
* Rosinco
* Rotorua
* Rouse Simmons
* Royal Adelaide
* Royal Charter
* Rozi
* SS Russia

* HMS Safari
* Sagamore
* HMCS Saguenay
* Sakawa
* Salem Express
* SS Samuel Mather
* Samuel P. Ely
* Sanko Harvest
* USS Saratoga
* HMCS Saskatchewan
* SS S.C. Baldwin
* USS Schurz
* USS Scuffle
* USS Scrimmage
* HMS Scylla
* SS Selah Chamberlain
* HMS Sidon
* USCGC Spar
* South Australian
* USS Spiegel Grove
* Sport
* Stanegarth
* Stanwood
* Stella
* SS Stepas Darius
* HMS St Lawrence
* SS Superior City
* HMAS Swan
* Sweepstakes

* SS Tahoe
* USCGC Tamaroa
* USS Tarpon
* Thesis
* Thistlegorm
* Thomas Friant
* Thomas Wilson
* Thunderbolt Wreck
* Toa Maru
* HMAS Tobruk
* Tokai Maru
* Torrey Canyon
* SAS Transvaal
* MV Treasure
* HMNZS Tui

* U-40
* U-352
* U-1195
* Um El Faroud

* Varvassi
* USS Vermilion
* SS Vernon
* SS Vienna

* HMNZS Waikato
* Walter L M Russ
* Washingtonian (1913)
* PS Waubuno
* HMNZS Wellington
* SS Wexford
* SS William C. Moreland
* SS Wisconsin
* USS Wilkes-Barre

* USS Yancey
* YO-257
* Yongala
* HMCS Yukon

* Zenobia
* Zealandia
* Zingara

Cave dive sites

Cave diving regions of the world

Cave dive sites:

* Blauhöhle
* Blue hole
* Blue Hole (Red Sea)
* Great Blue Hole
* Blue Hole (Guam)
* Boesmansgat
* Cenote
* Dzibilchaltun
* Chinhoyi Caves
* Cocklebiddy, Western Australia
* Devil's Throat at Punta Sur
* Engelbrecht Cave
* Fossil Cave
* Hranice Abyss
* Jordbrugrotta
* Kilsby sinkhole
* Molnár János Cave
* Nereo Cave
* Piccaninnie Ponds
* Pluragrotta
* Pollatoomary
* Ricks Spring
* The Shaft
* Sistema Dos Ojos
* Sistema Huautla
* Sistema Nohoch Nah Chich
* Sistema Ox Bel Ha
* Sistema Sac Actun
* Uamh an Claonaite
* Vortex Spring
* Wakulla Springs
* Wondergat
* Zacatón

Freshwater dive sites

* Blue Hole (New Mexico)
* Blue Lake (Utah)
* Dinorwic quarry
* Dorothea quarry
* Dutch Springs
* Ewens Ponds
* Homestead caldera
* Little Blue Lake
* Logue Brook Dam
* Ponce de Leon Spring
* Rum Jungle
* Silfra
* Vortex Spring
* Wast Water
* Wazee Lake

Training sites

* Blue Abyss
* Capernwray Dive Centre
* Deep Dive Dubai
* Deepspot
* Eccleston Quarry
* Hotel Terme Millepini
* National Diving and Activity Centre
* Nemo 33
* Seacrest Cove 2
* Slickstones Quarry, Cromhall
* Stoney Cove
* Swanage Pier

Related topics

* Black-water diving
* Blue-water diving
* Low impact diving
* Recreational diving
* Scuba diving
* Scuba diving tourism
* Underwater archaeology
* Underwater diving
* Wall diving

* Outline of recreational dive sites
* Category: Underwater diving sites
* Commons: Category:Recreational dive sites
* Index of recreational dive sites
* Portal:Underwater diving

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Israel
* Czech Republic

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