Cyrillic script

Writing system used for various Eurasian languages

"Cyrillic" and "Cyrillic alphabet" redirect here. For the national variants of the Cyrillic script, see Cyrillic alphabets. For other uses, see Cyrillic (disambiguation).

See also: List of Cyrillic letters and Early Cyrillic alphabet

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Cyrillic script

1850s Romanian text (Lord's Prayer), written with the Cyrillic script

Script type|

Alphabet

Time period

| Earliest variants exist c. 893[1] – c. 940
Direction| Left-to-right
Official script|

7 sovereign states

* Belarus
* Bulgaria
* Kyrgyzstan
* North Macedonia[a]
* Russia
* Ukraine
* Tajikistan

5 intergovernmental organizations

* Commonwealth of Independent States
* Eurasian Economic Union
* European Union
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* United Nations

Co-official script in:

6[i] sovereign states and 2* disputed territories

* Abkhazia *
* Bosnia and Herzegovina[b]
* Kosovo *[c]
* Kazakhstan[d][citation needed]
* Uzbekistan[e]
* Mongolia[f]
* Montenegro[g]
* Serbia[h]

Languages| See Languages using Cyrillic
Related scripts

Parent systems

Egyptian hieroglyphs[4]

* Proto-Sinaitic
* Phoenician
* Greek script augmented by Glagolitic
* Early Cyrillic script
* Cyrillic script

Child systems

| Old Permic script

Sister systems

* Armenian
* Coptic
* Latin

ISO 15924
ISO 15924| Cyrl (220), ​Cyrillic
`Cyrs` (Old Church Slavonic variant)
Unicode

Unicode alias

| Cyrillic

Unicode range

* U+0400–U+04FF Cyrillic
* U+0500–U+052F Cyrillic Supplement
* U+2DE0–U+2DFF Cyrillic Extended-A
* U+A640–U+A69F Cyrillic Extended-B
* U+1C80–U+1C8F Cyrillic Extended-C
* U+1E030–U+1E08F Cyrillic Extended-D

Names: Belarusian: кірыліца, Bulgarian: кирилица [ˈkirilit͡sɐ], Macedonian: кирилица [kiˈrilit͡sa], Russian: кириллица [kʲɪˈrʲilʲɪtsə], Serbian: ћирилица, Ukrainian: кирилиця [keˈrɪɫet͡sʲɐ]

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Example of the Cyrillic script. Excerpt from the manuscript "Bdinski Zbornik". Written in 1360.[5]

The Cyrillic script (/sɪˈrɪlɪk/ sih-RIL-ik), Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic, Caucasian and Iranic-speaking countries in Southeastern Europe, Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, North Asia, and East Asia, and used by many other minority languages.

As of 2019[update], around 250 million people in Eurasia use Cyrillic as the official script for their national languages, with Russia accounting for about half of them.[6] With the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union on 1 January 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the European Union, following the Latin and Greek alphabets.[7]

The Early Cyrillic alphabet was developed during the 9th century AD at the Preslav Literary School in the First Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Tsar Simeon I the Great, probably by the disciples of the two Byzantine brothers Cyril and Methodius, who had previously created the Glagolitic script. Among them were Clement of Ohrid, Naum of Preslav, Angelar, Sava and other scholars.[8][9][10][11] The script is named in honor of Saint Cyril.

## Etymology[edit]

Since the script was conceived and popularised by the Slavic followers of Cyril and Methodius, rather than by Cyril and Methodius themselves,[12] its name denotes homage rather than authorship.[13]

## History[edit]

Main article: Early Cyrillic alphabet

View of the cave monastery near the village of Krepcha, Opaka Municipality in Bulgaria. Here is found the oldest Cyrillic inscription, dated 921.[14] A page from Буквар (ABC (Reader)), the first Old Slavonic textbook, printed by Ivan Fyodorov in 1574 in Lviv. This page features the Cyrillic alphabet.

The Cyrillic script was created during the First Bulgarian Empire.[15] Modern scholars believe that the Early Cyrillic alphabet was created at the Preslav Literary School, the most important early literary and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire and of all Slavs:

> Unlike the Churchmen in Ohrid, Preslav scholars were much more dependent upon Greek models and quickly abandoned the Glagolitic scripts in favor of an adaptation of the Greek uncial to the needs of Slavic, which is now known as the Cyrillic alphabet.[10]

A number of prominent Bulgarian writers and scholars worked at the school, including Naum of Preslav until 893; Constantine of Preslav; Joan Ekzarh (also transcr. John the Exarch); and Chernorizets Hrabar, among others. The school was also a center of translation, mostly of Byzantine authors. The Cyrillic script is derived from the Greek uncial script letters, augmented by ligatures and consonants from the older Glagolitic alphabet for sounds not found in Greek. Glagolitic and Cyrillic were formalized by the Byzantine Saints Cyril and Methodius and their Bulgarian disciples, such as Saints Naum, Clement, Angelar, and Sava. They spread and taught Christianity in the whole of Bulgaria.[16][17][18][19] Paul Cubberley posits that although Cyril may have codified and expanded Glagolitic, it was his students in the First Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Simeon the Great that developed Cyrillic from the Greek letters in the 890s as a more suitable script for church books.[15]

History of the alphabet

* Egyptian hieroglyphs 32nd c. BCE
* Hieratic 32nd c. BCE
* Demotic 7th c. BCE
* Meroitic 3rd c. BCE
* Proto-Sinaitic 19th c. BCE
* Ugaritic 15th c. BCE
* Ancient South Arabian 9th c. BCE
* Geʽez c. 5th c. BCE
* Phoenician 12th c. BCE
* Hangul 1443
* Thaana c. 1601
* Adlam 1989

* * *

* Phoenician 12th c. BCE
* Paleo-Hebrew 10th c. BCE
* Samaritan 6th c. BCE
* Aramaic 8th c. BCE
* Kharosthi 3rd c. BCE
* Brahmi 3rd c. BCE
* Brahmic family
* Pallava 4th century
* Cham 4th century
* Dhives Akuru 6th century
* Khmer 611
* Tibetan 7th century
* ʼPhags-pa 1269
* Devanagari 10th century
* Canadian Aboriginal 1840
* Hebrew 3rd c. BCE
* Square Aramaic 2007
* Pahlavi 3rd c. BCE
* Avestan 4th century
* Palmyrene 2nd c. BCE
* Nabataean 2nd c. BCE
* Arabic 4th century
* N'Ko 1949
* Syriac 2nd c. BCE
* Sogdian 2nd c. BCE
* Old Turkic 6th century
* Old Hungarian c. 650
* Old Uyghur
* Mongolian 1204
* Mandaic 2nd century
* Greek 8th c. BCE
* Etruscan 8th c. BCE
* Latin 7th c. BCE
* Deseret 1854
* Great Lakes Algonquian 19th century
* Blackfoot 1888
* Fraser 1915
* Saanich 1978
* Osage 2006
* Runic 2nd century
* Ogham 4th century
* Lycian 5th c. BCE
* Coptic 3rd century
* Gothic 3rd century
* Armenian 405
* Caucasian Albanian c. 420
* Georgian c. 430
* Glagolitic 862
* Cyrillic c. 940
* Old Permic 1372
* Libyco-Berber 10th c. BCE
* Tifinagh 4th century
* Neo-Tifinagh 1970
* Paleohispanic 7th c. BCE

Cyrillic spread among other Slavic peoples, as well as among non-Slavic Romanians. The earliest datable Cyrillic inscriptions have been found in the area of Preslav, in the medieval city itself and at nearby Patleina Monastery, both in present-day Shumen Province, as well as in the Ravna Monastery and in the Varna Monastery. The new script became the basis of alphabets used in various languages in Orthodox Church-dominated Eastern Europe, both Slavic and non-Slavic languages (such as Romanian, until the 1860s). For centuries, Cyrillic was also used by Catholic and Muslim Slavs (see Bosnian Cyrillic).

Cyrillic and Glagolitic were used for the Church Slavonic language, especially the Old Church Slavonic variant. Hence expressions such as "И is the tenth Cyrillic letter" typically refer to the order of the Church Slavonic alphabet; not every Cyrillic alphabet uses every letter available in the script. The Cyrillic script came to dominate Glagolitic in the 12th century.

The literature produced in Old Church Slavonic soon spread north from Bulgaria and became the lingua franca of the Balkans and Eastern Europe.[20][21][22][23][24]

Bosnian Cyrillic, widely known as Bosančica[25][26] is an extinct variant of the Cyrillic alphabet that originated in medieval Bosnia. Paleographers consider the earliest features of Bosnian Cyrillic script had likely begun to appear between the 10th or 11th century, with the Humac tablet (a tablet written in Bosnian Cyrillic) to be the first such document using this type of script and is believed to date from this period.[27] Bosnian Cyrillic was used continuously until the 18th century, with sporadic usage even taking place in the 20th century.[28]

With the orthographic reform of Saint Evtimiy of Tarnovo and other prominent representatives of the Tarnovo Literary School of the 14th and 15th centuries, such as Gregory Tsamblak and Constantine of Kostenets, the school influenced Russian, Serbian, Wallachian and Moldavian medieval culture. This is known in Russia as the second South-Slavic influence.

In 1708–10, the Cyrillic script used in Russia was heavily reformed by Peter the Great, who had recently returned from his Grand Embassy in Western Europe. The new letterforms, called the Civil script, became closer to those of the Latin alphabet; several archaic letters were abolished and several new letters were introduced designed by Peter himself. Letters became distinguished between upper and lower case. West European typography culture was also adopted.[29] The pre-reform letterforms, called 'Полуустав', were notably retained in Church Slavonic and are sometimes used in Russian even today, especially if one wants to give a text a 'Slavic' or 'archaic' feel.

The alphabet used for the modern Church Slavonic language in Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic rites still resembles early Cyrillic. However, over the course of the following millennium, Cyrillic adapted to changes in spoken language, developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages, and was subjected to academic reform and political decrees. A notable example of such linguistic reform can be attributed to Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, who updated the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by removing certain graphemes no longer represented in the vernacular and introducing graphemes specific to Serbian (i.e. Љ Њ Ђ Ћ Џ Ј), distancing it from the Church Slavonic alphabet in use prior to the reform. Today, many languages in the Balkans, Eastern Europe, and northern Eurasia are written in Cyrillic alphabets.

## Letters[edit]

Cyrillic script spread throughout the East Slavic and some South Slavic territories, being adopted for writing local languages, such as Old East Slavic. Its adaptation to local languages produced a number of Cyrillic alphabets, discussed below.

The early Cyrillic alphabet[30][31] А | Б | В | Г | Д | Є | Ж | Ꙃ[32] | Ꙁ | И | І | К | Л | М | Н | О | П | Р | С | Т | Ꙋ | ОУ[33] | Ф

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Х | Ѡ | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | ЪІ[34] | Ь | Ѣ Ҍ | Ꙗ | Ѥ | Ю | Ѫ | Ѭ | Ѧ | Ѩ | Ѯ | Ѱ | Ѳ | Ѵ | Ҁ[35]

Capital and lowercase letters were not distinguished in old manuscripts.

A page from the Church Slavonic Grammar of Meletius Smotrytsky (1619)

Yeri (Ы) was originally a ligature of Yer and I (Ъ \+ І = Ы). Iotation was indicated by ligatures formed with the letter І: Ꙗ (not an ancestor of modern Ya, Я, which is derived from Ѧ), Ѥ, Ю (ligature of І and ОУ), Ѩ, Ѭ. Sometimes different letters were used interchangeably, for example И = І = Ї, as were typographical variants like О = Ѻ. There were also commonly used ligatures like ѠТ = Ѿ.

The letters also had numeric values, based not on Cyrillic alphabetical order, but inherited from the letters' Greek ancestors.[citation needed]

Cyrillic numerals 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

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А | В | Г | Д | Є (Е) | Ѕ (Ꙃ, Ꙅ) | З (Ꙁ) | И | Ѳ
10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90
І (Ї) | К | Л | М | Н | Ѯ (Ч) | Ѻ (О) | П | Ч (Ҁ)
100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 900
Р | С | Т | Ѵ (Ѵ, Оу, Ꙋ) | Ф | Х | Ѱ | Ѡ (Ѿ, Ꙍ) | Ц (Ѧ)

The early Cyrillic alphabet is difficult to represent on computers. Many of the letterforms differed from those of modern Cyrillic, varied a great deal in manuscripts, and changed over time. Few computer fonts include glyphs sufficient to reproduce the alphabet in its entirety. In accordance with Unicode policy, the standard does not include letterform variations or ligatures found in manuscript sources unless they can be shown to conform to the Unicode definition of a character: this aspect is the responsibility of the typeface designer.

The Unicode 5.1 standard, released on 4 April 2008, greatly improved computer support for the early Cyrillic and the modern Church Slavonic language. In Microsoft Windows, the Segoe UI user interface font is notable for having complete support for the archaic Cyrillic letters since Windows 8.[citation needed]

Slavic Cyrillic letters

A | А̀
A with grave | А̂
A with circumflex | А̄
A with macron | Б
Be | В
Ve | Г
Ge (Ghe) | Ґ
Ghe upturn | Д
De | Ђ
Dje | Ѓ
Gje | Е

Ye with grave | Е̂
Ye with circumflex | Е̄
Ye with macron | Ё
Yo | Є
Ukrainian Ye | Ж
Zhe | З
Ze | З́
Zje | Ѕ
Dze | И
I | І
Dotted I | Ї

I with grave | И̂
I with circumflex | Ӣ
I with macron | Й
Short I | Ј
Je | К
Ka | Л
El | Љ
Lje | М
Em | Н
En | Њ
Nje | О

O with grave | О̂
O with circumflex | О̄
O with macron | П
Pe | Р
Er | С
Es | С́
Sje | Т
Te | Ћ
Tje | Ќ
Kje | У
U | У̀
U with grave

U with circumflex | Ӯ
U with macron | Ў
Short U | Ф
Ef | Х
Kha | Ц
Tse | Ч
Che | Џ
Dzhe | Ш
Sha | Щ
Shcha | Ъ
Hard sign (Yer) | Ъ̀
Hard sign with grave

Yery | Ь
Soft sign (Yeri) | Э
E | Ю
Yu | Ю̀
Yu with grave | Я
Ya | Я́
Ya with acute | Я̀
Ya with grave | Я̈
Ya with diaeresis | Я̇
Ya with dot below |  |  |  |
Examples of non-Slavic Cyrillic letters (see List of Cyrillic letters for more)

A with diaeresis | Ӑ
A with
breve | Ә
Schwa | Ӛ
Schwa with
diaeresis | Ӕ
Ae | Ғ
Ghayn | Ҕ
Ge with
middle hook | Ӻ
Ghayn with
hook | Ӷ
Ge with
descender | Ӂ
Zhe with
breve | Ӝ
Zhe with
diaeresis | Ҙ
Dhe

Abkhazian
Dze | Ҡ
Bashkir Qa | Ҟ
Ka with
stroke | Ӊ
En with
tail | Ң
En with
descender | Ӈ
En with
hook | Ҥ
En-ge | Ӧ
O with diaeresis | О̆
O with breve | Ө
Oe | Ҩ
O-hook | Ҏ
Er with
tick

The | Ҭ
Te with
descender | Ӱ
U with
diaeresis | Ӳ
U with
double acute | Ү
Ue | Ұ
Kazakh Short U | Ҳ
Kha with
descender | Ӽ
Kha with
hook | Ӿ
Kha with
stroke | Һ
Shha (He) | Ҵ
Te Tse | Ҷ
Che with
descender

Khakassian
Che | Ҹ
Che with
vertical stroke | Ҽ
Abkhazian
Che | Ҍ
Semisoft
sign | Ӏ
Palochka |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cyrillic letters used in the past

Iotated A | Ѥ
Iotated E | Ѧ
Small yus | Ѫ
Big yus | Ѩ
Iotated small yus | Ѭ
Iotated big yus | Ѯ
Ksi | Ѱ
Psi | Ꙟ
Yn | Ѳ
Fita | Ѵ
Izhitsa | Ѷ
Izhitsa okovy

Koppa | ОУ
Uk | Ѡ
Omega | Ѿ
Ot | Ѣ
Yat |  |  |  |  |  |  |

### Currency signs[edit]

Some currency signs have derived from Cyrillic letters:

* The Ukrainian hryvnia sign (₴) is from the cursive minuscule Ukrainian Cyrillic letter He (г).
* The Russian ruble sign (₽) from the majuscule Р.
* The Kyrgyzstani som sign (⃀) from the majuscule С (es)
* The Kazakhstani tenge sign (₸) from Т
* The Mongolian tögrög sign (₮) from Т

## Letterforms and type design[edit]

The development of Cyrillic letter forms passed directly from the medieval stage to the late Baroque, without a Renaissance phase as in Western Europe. Late Medieval Cyrillic letters (categorized as vyaz' and still found on many icon inscriptions today) show a marked tendency to be very tall and narrow, with strokes often shared between adjacent letters.

Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, mandated the use of westernized letter forms (ru) in the early 18th century.[citation needed] Over time, these were largely adopted in the other languages that use the script. Thus, unlike the majority of modern Greek typefaces that retained their own set of design principles for lower-case letters (such as the placement of serifs, the shapes of stroke ends, and stroke-thickness rules, although Greek capital letters do use Latin design principles), modern Cyrillic types are much the same as modern Latin types of the same typeface family. The development of some Cyrillic computer fonts from Latin ones has also contributed to a visual Latinization of Cyrillic type.

### Lowercase forms[edit]

Letters Ge, De, I, Short I, Em, Te, Tse, Be and Ve in upright (printed) and cursive (handwritten) variants. (Top is set in Georgia type, bottom in Odesa Script.)

Cyrillic uppercase and lowercase letter forms are not as differentiated as in Latin typography. Upright Cyrillic lowercase letters are essentially small capitals (with exceptions: Cyrillic ⟨а⟩, ⟨е⟩, ⟨і⟩, ⟨ј⟩, ⟨р⟩, and ⟨у⟩ adopted Western lowercase shapes, lowercase ⟨ф⟩ is typically designed under the influence of Latin ⟨p⟩, lowercase ⟨б⟩, ⟨ђ⟩ and ⟨ћ⟩ are traditional handwritten forms), although a good-quality Cyrillic typeface will still include separate small-caps glyphs.[36]

Cyrillic typefaces, as well as Latin ones, have roman and italic forms (practically all popular modern computer fonts include parallel sets of Latin and Cyrillic letters, where many glyphs, uppercase as well as lowercase, are shared by both). However, the native typeface terminology in most Slavic languages (for example, in Russian) does not use the words "roman" and "italic" in this sense.[j] Instead, the nomenclature follows German naming patterns:[citation needed]

Alternate variants of lowercase (cursive) Cyrillic letters: Б/б, Д/д, Г/г, И/и, П/п, Т/т, Ш/ш.

Default Russian (Eastern) forms on the left.

Alternate Bulgarian (Western) upright forms in the middle.

Alternate Serbian/Macedonian (Southern) italic forms on the right.

See also:

* Roman type is called pryamoy shrift ("upright type") - compare with Normalschrift ("regular type") in German
* Italic type is called kursiv ("cursive") or kursivniy shrift ("cursive type") - from the German word Kursive, meaning italic typefaces and not cursive writing
* Cursive handwriting is rukopisniy shrift ("handwritten type") - in German: Kurrentschrift or Laufschrift, both meaning literally 'running type'
* A (mechanically) sloped oblique type of sans-serif faces is naklonniy shrift ("sloped" or "slanted type").
* A boldfaced type is called poluzhirniy shrift ("semi-bold type"), because there existed fully boldfaced shapes that have been out of use since the beginning of the 20th century.

### Italic and cursive forms[edit]

Similarly to Latin typefaces, italic and cursive forms of many Cyrillic letters (typically lowercase; uppercase only for handwritten or stylish types) are very different from their upright roman types. In certain cases, the correspondence between uppercase and lowercase glyphs does not coincide in Latin and Cyrillic types: for example, italic Cyrillic ⟨т⟩ is the lowercase counterpart of ⟨Т⟩ not of ⟨М⟩.

Differences between upright and italic Cyrillic letters of the Russian alphabet; italic forms significantly different from their upright analogues, or especially confusing to users of a Latin alphabet, are highlighted; also available as a graphical image.  upright  | а | б | в | г | д | е | ё | ж | з | и | й | к | л | м | н | о | п | р | с | т | у | ф | х | ц | ч | ш | щ | ъ | ы | ь | э | ю | я

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italic  | а | б | в | г | д | е | ё | ж | з | и | й | к | л | м | н | о | п | р | с | т | у | ф | х | ц | ч | ш | щ | ъ | ы | ь | э | ю | я

Note: in some typefaces or styles, ⟨д⟩, i.e. the lowercase italic Cyrillic ⟨д⟩, may look like Latin ⟨g⟩, and ⟨т⟩, i.e. lowercase italic Cyrillic ⟨т⟩, may look like small-capital italic ⟨T⟩.

In Standard Serbian, as well as in Macedonian,[37] some italic and cursive letters are allowed to be different, to more closely resemble the handwritten letters. The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized in small caps form.[38]

Mandatory (blue) and optional (green) italic lowercase variants, alongside unique letters (red), in South-European orthography  Russian  | а | б | в | г | д | — | е | ж | з | и | й | — | к | л | — | м | н | — | о | п | р | с | т | — | у | ф | х | ц | ч | — | ш | щ | ъ | ы | ь | э | ю | я

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Serbian  | а | б | в | г | д | ђ | е | ж | з | и | — | ј | к | л | љ | м | н | њ | о | п | р | с | т | ћ | у | ф | х | ц | ч | џ | ш | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
faux  | а | δ | в | ī | ɡ | ђ | е | ж | з | и | — | ј | к | л | љ | м | н | њ | о | ū | р | с | ш̄ | ћ | у | ф | х | ц | ч | џ | ш̱ | — | — | — | — | — | — | —

Notes: Depending on fonts available, the Serbian row may appear identical to the Russian row. Unicode approximations are used in the faux row to ensure it can be rendered properly across all systems.

In the Bulgarian alphabet, many lowercase letterforms may more closely resemble the cursive forms on the one hand and Latin glyphs on the other hand, e.g. by having an ascender or descender or by using rounded arcs instead of sharp corners.[39] Sometimes, uppercase letters may have a different shape as well, e.g. more triangular, Д and Л, like Greek delta Δ and lambda Λ.

Differences between Russian and Bulgarian glyphs of upright Cyrillic lowercase letters; Bulgarian glyphs significantly different from their Russian analogues or different from their italic form are highlighted  default  | а | б | в | г | д | е | ж | з | и | й | к | л | м | н | о | п | р | с | т | у | ф | х | ц | ч | ш | щ | ъ | ь | ю | я

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Bulgarian  | а | б | в | г | д | е | ж | з | и | й | к | л | м | н | о | п | р | с | т | у | ф | х | ц | ч | ш | щ | ъ | ь | ю | я
faux  | а | б | ϐ | ƨ | ɡ | е | жl | ȝ | u | ŭ | k | ʌ | м | н | o | n | р | с | m | у | ɸ | х | u̡ | ч | ɯ | ɯ̡ | ъ | ƅ | lo | я

Notes: Depending on fonts available, the Bulgarian row may appear identical to the Russian row. Unicode approximations are used in the faux row to ensure it can be rendered properly across all systems; in some cases, such as ж with k-like ascender, no such approximation exists.

### Accessing variant forms[edit]

Computer fonts typically default to the Central/Eastern, Russian letterforms, and require the use of OpenType Layout (OTL) features to display the Western, Bulgarian or Southern, Serbian/Macedonian forms. Depending on the choices made by the (computer) font designer, they may either be automatically activated by the local variant `locl` feature for text tagged with an appropriate language code, or the author needs to opt-in by activating a stylistic set `ss##` or character variant `cv##` feature. These solutions only enjoy partial support and may render with default glyphs in certain software configurations, and the reader may not see the same result as the author intended.[40]

## Cyrillic alphabets[edit]

Main article: Cyrillic alphabets

Among others, Cyrillic is the standard script for writing the following languages:

Slavic languages:

* Belarusian
* Bulgarian
* Macedonian
* Russian

* Rusyn
* Serbo-Croatian (Standard Serbian and Montenegrin)
* Ukrainian

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Non-Slavic languages of Russia:

* Abaza
* Adyghe
* Avar
* Azerbaijani (in Dagestan)
* Bashkir
* Buryat
* Chechen
* Chuvash
* Erzya
* Ingush
* Kabardian
* Kalmyk
* Karachay-Balkar

* Kildin Sami
* Komi
* Mari
* Moksha
* Nogai
* Ossetian (in North Ossetia–Alania)
* Romani
* Sakha/Yakut
* Tatar
* Tuvan
* Udmurt
* Yuit (Yupik)

|

Non-Slavic languages in other countries:

* Abkhaz
* Aleut (now mostly in church texts)
* Dungan
* Kazakh (to be replaced by Latin script by 2025[41]),
* Kyrgyz

* Mongolian (to also be written with traditional Mongolian script by 2025[42])
* Tajik
* Tlingit (now only in church texts)
* Turkmen (officially replaced by Latin script)
* Uzbek (also officially replaced by Latin script, but still in wide use)
* Yupik (in Alaska)[citation needed]

|

The Cyrillic script has also been used for languages of Alaska,[43] Slavic Europe (except for Western Slavic and some Southern Slavic), the Caucasus, the languages of Idel-Ural, Siberia, and the Russian Far East.

The first alphabet derived from Cyrillic was Abur, used for the Komi language.[44] Other Cyrillic alphabets include the Molodtsov alphabet for the Komi language and various alphabets for Caucasian languages.[45]

## Usage of Cyrillic versus other scripts[edit]

Cyrillic Script Monument in Antarctica near the Bulgarian base St. Kliment Ohridski

### Latin script[edit]

A number of languages written in a Cyrillic alphabet have also been written in a Latin alphabet, such as Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Serbian, and Romanian (in the Republic of Moldova until 1989 and in the Danubian Principalities throughout the 19th century). After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, some of the former republics officially shifted from Cyrillic to Latin. The transition is complete in most of Moldova (except the breakaway region of Transnistria, where Moldovan Cyrillic is official), Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan. Uzbekistan still uses both systems, and Kazakhstan has officially begun a transition from Cyrillic to Latin (scheduled to be complete by 2025). The Russian government has mandated that Cyrillic must be used for all public communications in all federal subjects of Russia, to promote closer ties across the federation. This act was controversial for speakers of many Slavic languages; for others, such as Chechen and Ingush speakers, the law had political ramifications. For example, the separatist Chechen government mandated a Latin script which is still used by many Chechens.[citation needed]

Countries with widespread use of the Cyrillic script:

Sole official script

Co-official with another script (either because the official language is biscriptal, or the state is bilingual)

Being replaced with Latin, but is still in official use

Legacy script for the official language, or large minority use

Cyrillic is not widely used

Cyrillic Script in Europe

Standard Serbian uses both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts. Cyrillic is nominally the official script of Serbia's administration according to the Serbian constitution;[46] however, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language, or standard language itself by any means. In practice the scripts are equal, with Latin being used more often in a less official capacity.[47]

The Zhuang alphabet, used between the 1950s and 1980s in portions of the People's Republic of China, used a mixture of Latin, phonetic, numeral-based, and Cyrillic letters. The non-Latin letters, including Cyrillic, were removed from the alphabet in 1982 and replaced with Latin letters that closely resembled the letters they replaced.[48]

### Romanization[edit]

Main article: Romanization of Cyrillic

There are various systems for romanization of Cyrillic text, including transliteration to convey Cyrillic spelling in Latin letters, and transcription to convey pronunciation.

Standard Cyrillic-to-Latin transliteration systems include:

* Scientific transliteration, used in linguistics, is based on the Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet.
* The Working Group on Romanization Systems[49] of the United Nations recommends different systems for specific languages. These are the most commonly used around the world.
* ISO 9:1995, from the International Organization for Standardization.
* American Library Association and Library of Congress Romanization tables for Slavic alphabets (ALA-LC Romanization), used in North American libraries.
* BGN/PCGN Romanization (1947), United States Board on Geographic Names & Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use).
* GOST 16876, a now defunct Soviet transliteration standard. Replaced by GOST 7.79-2000, which is based on ISO 9.
* Various informal romanizations of Cyrillic, which adapt the Cyrillic script to Latin and sometimes Greek glyphs for compatibility with small character sets.

See also Romanization of Belarusian, Bulgarian, Kyrgyz, Russian, Macedonian and Ukrainian.

### Cyrillization[edit]

Representing other writing systems with Cyrillic letters is called Cyrillization.

## Summary table[edit]

Cyrillic letter

The Cyrillic script

Slavic letters
| А| А̀| А̂| А̄| Ӓ| Б| В| Г

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Ґ| Д| Ђ| Ѓ| Е| Ѐ| Е̄| Е̂
Ё| Є| Ж| З| З́| Ѕ| И| І
Ї| Ꙇ| Ѝ| И̂| Ӣ| Й| Ј| К
Л| Љ| М| Н| Њ| О| О̀| О̂
Ō| Ӧ| П| Р| С| С́| Т| Ћ
Ќ| У| У̀| У̂| Ӯ| Ў| Ӱ| Ф
Х| Ц| Ч| Џ| Ш| Щ| Ꙏ| Ъ
Ъ̀| Ы| Ь| Ѣ| Э| Ю| Ю̀| Я
Я̀| | | | | | |
Non-Slavic letters
| Ӑ| А̊| А̃| Ӓ̄| Ӕ| Ә| Ә́| Ә̃

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Ӛ| В̌| Ԝ| Г̑| Г̇| Г̣| Г̌| Г̂
Г̆| Г̈| г̊| Ҕ| Ғ| | Ӻ| Ғ̌
ғ̊| Ӷ| | Д́| Д̌| Д̈| Д̣| Д̆
Ӗ| Е̃| Ё̄| Є̈| Ԑ| Ԑ̈| Җ| Ӝ
Ӂ| Ж̣| Ҙ| Ӟ| З̌| З̣| З̆| Ӡ
И̃| Ӥ| Ҋ| Қ| Ӄ| Ҡ| Ҟ| Ҝ
К̣| к̊| қ̊| Ԛ| ᴫ| Л́| Ӆ| Ԯ
Ԓ| Л̈| Ӎ| ᵸ| Н́| Ӊ| Ң| Ԩ
Ӈ| Ҥ| О̆| О̃| Ӧ̄| Ө| Ө̄| Ө́
Ө̆| Ӫ| Ԥ| П̈| Ҏ| Р̌| С̌| Ҫ
С̣| С̱| Т́| Т̈| Т̌| Т̇| Т̣| Ҭ
| У̃| Ӳ| У̊| Ӱ̄| Ұ| Ү| Ү́
Х̣| Х̱| Х̮| Х̑| Х̌| Ҳ| Ӽ| х̊
Ӿ| ӿ̊| Һ| Һ̈| Ԧ| Ц̌| Ц̈| Ҵ
Ҷ| Ҷ̣| Ӵ| Ӌ| | Ҹ| Ч̇| Ч̣
Ҽ| Ҿ| Ш̣| ꚜ| Ы̆| Ы̄| Ӹ| ꚝ
Ҍ| Ҩ| Э̆| Э̄| Э̇| Ӭ| Ӭ́| Ӭ̄
Ю̆| Ю̈| Ю̄| Я̆| Я̄| Я̈| Ӏ| ʼ
ˮ| | | | | | |
Archaic or unused letters
| | А̨| Б̀| Б̣| Б̱| В̀| Г̀| Г̧

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Г̄| Г̓| Г̆| Ҕ̀| Ҕ̆| | Ԁ| Д̓
Д̀| Д̨| | Ԃ| Ꚁ| Ꙣ| Е̇| Е̨
Ж̀| Ж̑| | | Ꙃ| Ꙅ| | Џ̆
Ꚅ| Ꚅ̆| Ꙁ| З̀| З̑| Ԅ| Ԇ| Ꚉ
Ԫ| Ꚃ| Ꚕ| | | І̂| І̣| І̨
| Ј̵| Ј̃| Ꙉ| К̓| К̀| К̆| Ӄ̆
К̑| К̇| К̈| К̄| Ԟ| К̂| |
Л̀| Ԡ| Ꙥ| Ԉ| Л̑| Л̇| Ԕ|
| | М̀| М̃| Ꙧ| Н̀| Н̄| Н̧
Н̃| Ԋ| Ԣ| Н̡| Ѻ| Ꙩ| Ꙫ| Ꙭ
ꙮ| Ꚙ| Ꚛ| | | | П̓| П̀
П́| Ҧ| П̧| П̑| Ҁ| Ԛ̆| | Р́
Р̀| Р̃| | Ԗ| С̀| С̈| Ԍ| Ҫ̓
| Т̓| Т̀| Ԏ| Т̑| Ꚋ| Т̧| Ꚍ
Ꚍ̆| | | | ОУ| Ꙋ| | У̇
У̨| ꙋ́| Ф̑| Ф̓| Х́| Х̀| Х̆| Х̇
Х̧| Х̾| Х̓| | һ̱| Ѡ| Ꙍ| Ѽ
Ѿ| Ꙡ| Ц̀| Ц́| Ц̓| | Ꚏ| Ꚏ̆
| | Ꚑ| Ч́| Ч̀| Ч̆| Ч̑| Ч̓
| | Ԭ| Ꚓ| Ꚇ| Ꚇ̆| Ҽ̆| Ш̀
Ш̆| Ш̑| Щ̆| Ꚗ| Ꚗ̆| | Ъ̄| Ъ̈
Ъ̈̄| Ꙑ| Ы̂| Ы̃| | Ѣ́| Ѣ̈| Ѣ̆
Ꙓ| Э̨| Э̂| Ꙕ| Ю̂| | | Ꙗ
Я̈| Я̂| Я̨| Ԙ| Ѥ| Ѧ| Ꙙ| Ѫ
Ꙛ| Ѩ| Ꙝ| Ѭ| Ѯ| Ѱ| Ѳ| Ѵ
Ѷ| Ꙟ| | | | | |

* List of Cyrillic letters
* List of Cyrillic multigraphs

* v
* t
* e

Cyrillic alphabets comparison table  Early scripts

Church Slavonic  | А  |  | Б  | В  | Г  |  | Д  |  | (Ѕ)  | Е  |  |  | Ж  |  | Ѕ/З  |  | И  | І  |  |  |  | К  |  | Л  |  | М  |  | Н  |  |  | О  |  | П  |  | Р  |  | С  |  | Т  |  | Оу  |  | (Ѡ)  | Ф  | Х  |  | Ц  |  | Ч  |  | Ш  | Щ  | Ъ  | Ы  | Ѣ  | Ь  |  |  | Ю  | Ꙗ  |  |  | Ѥ  | Ѧ  | Ѩ  | Ѫ  | Ѭ  | Ѯ | Ѱ  | Ѳ  | Ѵ  | Ҁ
Most common shared letters
Common | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  |  | Ж |  | З  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  | Ш | Щ |  |  |  | Ь |  |  | Ю | Я
South Slavic languages
Bulgarian  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  | Дз | Е |  |  | Ж |  | З  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч | Дж | Ш | Щ | Ъ |  |  | Ь |  |  | Ю | Я
Macedonian  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д | Ѓ | Ѕ | Е |  |  | Ж |  | З  |  | И |  | Ј |  |  | К |  | Л | Љ | М |  | Н | Њ |  | О |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т | Ќ | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч | Џ | Ш
Serbian  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д | Ђ |  | Е |  |  | Ж |  | З  |  | И |  | Ј |  |  | К |  | Л | Љ | М |  | Н | Њ |  | О |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т | Ћ | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч | Џ | Ш
Montenegrin  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д | Ђ |  | Е |  |  | Ж |  | З  | З́ | И |  | Ј |  |  | К |  | Л | Љ | М |  | Н | Њ |  | О |  | П |  | Р |  | С | С́ | Т | Ћ | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч | Џ | Ш
East Slavic languages
Russian  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы |  | Ь | Э |  | Ю | Я |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Belarusian  | А |  | Б | В | Г | Ґ | Д | Дж | Дз | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  |  | І |  |  | Й  | К |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У | Ў |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  | Ш |  | ’ | Ы |  | Ь | Э |  | Ю | Я
Ukrainian  | А |  | Б | В | Г | Ґ | Д |  |  | Е | Є | Йо | Ж |  | З  |  | И | І |  | Ї | Й  | К |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  | Ш | Щ | ’ |  |  | Ь |  |  | Ю | Я
Rusyn  | А |  | Б | В | Г | Ґ | Д |  |  | Е | Є | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  | И | І |  | Ї | Й  | К |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ѣ | Ь |  |  | Ю | Я
Iranian languages
Kurdish  | А |  | Б | В | Г | Г' | Д |  |  | Е | Ә | Ә' | Ж |  | З  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К | К' | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О | Ö | П | П'  | Р | Р' | С |  | Т | Т' | У |  |  | Ф | Х | Һ  | Һ' |  | Ч | Ч' | Ш | Щ |  |  |  | Ь | Э |  |  |  | Ԛ | Ԝ  |
Ossetian  | А | Ӕ | Б | В | Г | Гъ | Д | Дж | Дз | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К | Къ | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  | П | Пъ | Р |  | С |  | Т | Тъ | У |  |  | Ф | Х | Хъ | Ц | Цъ | Ч | Чъ | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы |  | Ь | Э |  | Ю | Я
Tajik  | А |  | Б | В | Г | Ғ | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  | И |  | Ӣ |  | Й  | К | Қ | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У | Ӯ |  | Ф | Х | Ҳ  |  |  | Ч | Ҷ | Ш |  | Ъ |  |  |  | Э |  | Ю | Я
Romance languages
Moldovan
(Romanian) | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  |  | Ж | Ӂ | З  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  | Ш |  |  | Ы |  | Ь | Э |  | Ю | Я
Uralic languages
Komi-Permyak  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  | И | І |  |  | Й  | К |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О | Ӧ | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы |  | Ь | Э |  | Ю | Я
Meadow Mari  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  | Л |  | М |  | Н | Ҥ |  | О | Ӧ | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У | Ӱ |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы |  | Ь | Э |  | Ю | Я
Hill Mari  | А | Ӓ | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О | Ӧ | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У | Ӱ |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ӹ | Ь | Э |  | Ю | Я
Kildin Sami  | А | Ӓ | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  | И |  | Й | Ҋ | Ј  | К |  | Л | Ӆ | М | Ӎ | Н | Ӊ | Ӈ | О |  | П |  | Р | Ҏ | С |  | Т |  | У |  |  | Ф | Х | Һ  | Ц |  | Ч |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Ҍ | Э | Ӭ | Ю | Я
Udmurt  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж | Ӝ | З | Ӟ | И | Ӥ | Й |  |  | К | (К̈) | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О | Ӧ | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч | Ӵ | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы |  | Ь | Э |  | Ю | Я
Turkic languages
Azerbaijani  | А |  | Б | В | Г | Ғ | Д |  |  | Е | Ә | Ё | Ж |  | З | Ы | И | Ј |  |  | Й | К | Ҝ | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О | Ө | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  | Ү | Ф | Х | Һ | Ц |  | Ч | Ҹ | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы |  | Ь | Э |  | Ю | Я
Bashkir  | А | Ә | Б | В | Г | Ғ | Д |  | Ҙ | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К | Ҡ | Л |  | М |  | Н | Ң |  | О | Ө | П |  | Р |  | С | Ҫ | Т |  | У |  | Ү | Ф | Х | Һ  | Ц |  | Ч |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы |  | Ь | Э | Ә | Ю | Я
Chuvash  | А | Ӑ | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е | Ё | Ӗ | Ж |  | З  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  | П |  | Р |  | С | Ҫ | Т |  | У | Ӳ |  | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы |  | Ь | Э |  | Ю | Я
Kazakh  | А | Ә | Б | В | Г | Ғ | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  | И | І |  |  | Й  | К | Қ | Л |  | М |  | Н | Ң |  | О | Ө | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У | Ұ | Ү | Ф | Х | Һ  | Ц |  | Ч |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы |  | Ь | Э |  | Ю | Я
Kyrgyz  | А |  | Б |  | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  | Л |  | М |  | Н | Ң |  | О | Ө | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  | Ү |  | Х |  |  |  | Ч |  | Ш |  |  | Ы |  |  | Э |  | Ю | Я
Tatar  | А | Ә | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж | Җ | З  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  | Л |  | М |  | Н | Ң |  | О | Ө | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  | Ү | Ф | Х | Һ  | Ц |  | Ч |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы |  | Ь | Э |  | Ю | Я
Uzbek  | А |  | Б | В | Г | Ғ | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К | Қ | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У | Ў |  | Ф | Х | Ҳ  |  |  | Ч |  | Ш |  | Ъ |  |  |  | Э |  | Ю | Я
Mongolian languages
Buryat  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  |  |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О | Ө | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  | Ү |  | Х | Һ  | Ц |  | Ч |  | Ш |  |  | Ы |  | Ь | Э |  | Ю | Я
Khalkha  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж |  | З  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О | Ө | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  | Ү | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы |  | Ь | Э |  | Ю | Я
Kalmyk  | А | Ә | Б | В | Г | Һ | Д |  |  | Е |  |  | Ж | Җ | З  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  | Л |  | М |  | Н | Ң |  | О | Ө | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У |  | Ү |  | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  | Ш |  |  |  |  | Ь | Э |  | Ю | Я
Caucasian languages
Abkhaz  | А |  | Б | В | Г | Ҕ | Д | Дә | Џ | Е | Ҽ | Ҿ | Ж | Жә | З  | Ӡ Ӡә | И |  |  | Й | К | Қ | Ҟ  | Л |  | М |  | Н |  |  | О | Ҩ | П | Ҧ  | Р |  | С |  | Т Тә | Ҭ Ҭә | У |  |  | Ф | Х | Ҳ Ҳә | Ц Цә | Ҵ Ҵә | Ч | Ҷ | Ш Шә | Щ |  | Ы
Sino-Tibetan languages
Dungan  | А |  | Б | В | Г |  | Д |  |  | Е |  | Ё | Ж | Җ | З  |  | И |  |  |  | Й  | К |  | Л |  | М |  | Н | Ң | Ә | О |  | П |  | Р |  | С |  | Т |  | У | Ў | Ү | Ф | Х |  | Ц |  | Ч |  | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы |  | Ь | Э |  | Ю | Я

* Ё in Russian is usually spelled as Е; Ё is typically printed in texts for learners and in dictionaries, and in word pairs which are differentiated only by that letter (все – всё).[50]

## Computer encoding[edit]

### Unicode[edit]

Main article: Cyrillic script in Unicode

As of Unicode version 15.1, Cyrillic letters, including national and historical alphabets, are encoded across several blocks:

* Cyrillic: U+0400–U+04FF
* Cyrillic Supplement: U+0500–U+052F
* Cyrillic Extended-A: U+2DE0–U+2DFF
* Cyrillic Extended-B: U+A640–U+A69F
* Cyrillic Extended-C: U+1C80–U+1C8F
* Cyrillic Extended-D: U+1E030–U+1E08F
* Phonetic Extensions: U+1D2B, U+1D78
* Combining Half Marks: U+FE2E–U+FE2F

The characters in the range U+0400 to U+045F are essentially the characters from ISO 8859-5 moved upward by 864 positions. The characters in the range U+0460 to U+0489 are historic letters, not used now. The characters in the range U+048A to U+052F are additional letters for various languages that are written with Cyrillic script.

Unicode as a general rule does not include accented Cyrillic letters. A few exceptions include:

* combinations that are considered as separate letters of respective alphabets, like Й, Ў, Ё, Ї, Ѓ, Ќ (as well as many letters of non-Slavic alphabets);
* two most frequent combinations orthographically required to distinguish homonyms in Bulgarian and Macedonian: Ѐ, Ѝ;
* a few Old and New Church Slavonic combinations: Ѷ, Ѿ, Ѽ.

To indicate stressed or long vowels, combining diacritical marks can be used after the respective letter (for example, U+0301 ◌́ COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT: е́ у́ э́ etc.).

Some languages, including Church Slavonic, are still not fully supported.[citation needed]

Unicode 5.1, released on 4 April 2008, introduces major changes to the Cyrillic blocks. Revisions to the existing Cyrillic blocks, and the addition of Cyrillic Extended A (2DE0 ... 2DFF) and Cyrillic Extended B (A640 ... A69F), significantly improve support for the early Cyrillic alphabet, Abkhaz, Aleut, Chuvash, Kurdish, and Moksha.[51]

### Other[edit]

Other character encoding systems for Cyrillic:

* CP866 - 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use in MS-DOS also known as GOST-alternative. Cyrillic characters go in their native order, with a "window" for pseudographic characters.
* ISO/IEC 8859-5 - 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by International Organization for Standardization
* KOI8-R - 8-bit native Russian character encoding. Invented in the USSR for use on Soviet clones of American IBM and DEC computers. The Cyrillic characters go in the order of their Latin counterparts, which allowed the text to remain readable after transmission via a 7-bit line that removed the most significant bit from each byte - the result became a very rough, but readable, Latin transliteration of Cyrillic. Standard encoding of early 1990s for Unix systems and the first Russian Internet encoding.
* KOI8-U - KOI8-R with addition of Ukrainian letters.
* MIK - 8-bit native Bulgarian character encoding for use in Microsoft DOS.
* Windows-1251 - 8-bit Cyrillic character encoding established by Microsoft for use in Microsoft Windows. The simplest 8-bit Cyrillic encoding - 32 capital chars in native order at 0xc0–0xdf, 32 usual chars at 0xe0–0xff, with rarely used "YO" characters somewhere else. No pseudographics. Former standard encoding in some Linux distributions for Belarusian and Bulgarian, but currently displaced by UTF-8.
* GOST-main.
* GB 2312 - Principally simplified Chinese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case).
* JIS and Shift JIS - Principally Japanese encodings, but there are also the basic 33 Russian Cyrillic letters (in upper- and lower-case).

### Keyboard layouts[edit]

See also: Keyboard layouts for non-Latin alphabetic scripts

Each language has its own standard keyboard layout, adopted from traditional national typewriters. With the flexibility of computer input methods, there are also transliterating or phonetic/homophonic keyboard layouts made for typists who are more familiar with other layouts, like the common English QWERTY keyboard. When practical Cyrillic keyboard layouts are unavailable, computer users sometimes use transliteration (translit) or look-alike (volapuk encoding) to type in languages that are normally written with the Cyrillic alphabet. Potentially, these proxy versions could be transformed programmatically into Cyrillic at a later date.

## See also[edit]

* Writing portal
* Languages portal

* Cyrillic Alphabet Day
* Cyrillic digraphs
* Cyrillic script in Unicode
* Faux Cyrillic, real or fake Cyrillic letters used to give Latin-alphabet text a Soviet or Russian feel
* List of Cyrillic digraphs and trigraphs
* Russian Braille
* Russian cursive
* Russian manual alphabet
* Bulgarian Braille
* Vladislav the Grammarian
* Yugoslav Braille
* Yugoslav manual alphabet

### Internet top-level domains in Cyrillic[edit]

* gTLDs
* .мон
* .бг
* .қаз
* .рф
* .срб
* .укр
* .мкд
* .бел

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ North Macedonia has two official languages, Macedonian, which is written in Cyrillic, and Albanian, written in Latin.
2. ^ Bosnia and Herzegovina has three official languages, Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian, which are used with both Latin and Cyrillic, except for Bosnian and Croatian which are exclusively in Latin.
3. ^ Albanian is written in Latin script in Kosovo, but Serbian in Cyrillic.
4. ^ Kazakh language will be transitioned to a Latin script from 2023 to 2031. Russian, the co-official language in Kazakhstan, will continue to be written in Cyrillic.
5. ^ Cyrillic is the de facto script used alongside Latin. It is used in business, government, and other official documents. It is also widely spread throughout Uzbekistan.
6. ^ Cyrillic is used co-officially alongside the Mongolian script.
7. ^ The Montenegrin language, the official language of Montenegro, is written in Latin and Cyrillic.
8. ^ Serbian language is in Serbia and Montenegro.
9. ^ Turkmenistan has one official language, Turkmen, which is written in Latin. The daily official newspaper is published in both Turkmen (Türkmenistan)[2] and Russian (Нейтральный Туркменистан).[3]
10. ^ The Russian name ital'yanskiy shrift (Italian type) refers to a particular typeface family, whereas rimskiy shrift (roman type) is just a synonym for Latin type, Latin alphabet.

## Footnotes[edit]

1. ^ Auty, R. Handbook of Old Church Slavonic, Part II: Texts and Glossary. 1977.
2. ^ "Gazetler | TDNG". metbugat.gov.tm. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
3. ^ "Gazetler | TDNG". metbugat.gov.tm. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
4. ^ Oldest alphabet found in Egypt. BBC. 1999-11-15. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
5. ^ "Bdinski Zbornik[manuscript]". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
6. ^ List of countries by population
7. ^ Orban, Leonard (24 May 2007). "Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European" (PDF). European Union. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
8. ^ Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.
9. ^ Dvornik, Francis (1956). The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization. Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. 179. "The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or "modernized" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian churches and it was in this school that the Glagolitic script was replaced by the so-called Cyrillic writing, which was more akin to the Greek uncial, simplified matters considerably and is still used by the Orthodox Slavs."
10. ^ a b Curta (2006), pp. 221–222.
11. ^ Hussey, J. M.; Louth, Andrew (2010). "The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire". Oxford History of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 100\. ISBN 978-0-19-161488-0.
12. ^ Bidwell, Charles Everett (1967). Alphabets of the Modern Slavic Languages. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh. p. 4\. "Cyrillic was apparently adopted by the followers of Cyril and Methodius ..."
13. ^ MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2020). A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years. London: The Folio Society. "Cyrillic ... in reference to the monastic name he adopted right at the end of his life, Cyril. That was an adroit piece of homage ..."
14. ^ "Провежда се международна конференция в гр. Опака за св. Антоний от Крепчанския манастир" [An international conference is being held in the town of Opaka for St. Anthony of the Krepchan Monastery]. 15 October 2021. "Another inscription found by Popkonstantinov during the survey of the monastery speaks of the time of its creation. It consists of nine lines and has come down to us much damaged. 59 letters are saved. The first three lines are readable. What is preserved of him reads: "In the year 921, in the month of October, the servant of God Anton died...""
15. ^ a b Paul Cubberley (1996) "The Slavic Alphabets". In Daniels and Bright, eds. The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
16. ^ Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June, 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V. Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.
17. ^ The Columbia Encyclopaedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, O.Ed. Saints Cyril and Methodius "Cyril and Methodius, Saints) 869 and 884, respectively, "Greek missionaries, brothers, called Apostles to the Slavs and fathers of Slavonic literature."
18. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Major alphabets of the world, Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets, 2008, O.Ed. "The two early Slavic alphabets, the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic, were invented by St. Cyril, or Constantine (c. 827–869), and St. Methodii (c. 825–884). These men from Thessaloniki who became apostles to the southern Slavs, whom they converted to Christianity."
19. ^ Hollingsworth, P. A. (1991). "Constantine the Philosopher". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 507\. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. "Constantine (Cyril) and his brother Methodius were the sons of the droungarios Leo and Maria, who may have been a Slav."
20. ^ Lunt, Horace G. (January 1987). "On the relationship of old Church Slavonic to the written language of early Rus". Russian Linguistics. 11 (2): 133–162. doi:10.1007/BF00242073. S2CID 166319427.
21. ^ Schenker, Alexander (1995). The Dawn of Slavic. Yale University Press. pp. 185–186, 189–190.
22. ^ Lunt, Horace (2001). Old Church Slavonic Grammar. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9783110162844.
23. ^ Wien, Lysaght (1983). Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian)-Middle Greek-Modern English dictionary. Verlag Bruder Hollinek.
24. ^ Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, p. 374.
25. ^ Balić, Smail (1978). Die Kultur der Bosniaken, Supplement I: Inventar des bosnischen literarischen Erbes in orientalischen Sprachen. Vienna: Adolf Holzhausens, Vienna. pp. 49–50, 111.
26. ^ Algar, Hamid (1995). The Literature of the Bosnian Muslims: a Quadrilingual Heritage. Kuala Lumpur: Nadwah Ketakwaan Melalui Kreativiti. pp. 254–268.
27. ^ "Srećko M. Džaja vs. Ivan Lovrenović – polemika o kulturnom identitetu BiH Ivan Lovrenović". ivanlovrenovic.com (in Croatian). Polemics appeared between Srećko M. Džaja & Ivan Lovrenović in Zagreb's biweekly "Vijenac", later in whole published in Journal of Franciscan theology in Sarajevo, "Bosna franciscana" No.42. 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
28. ^ Iliev, Ivan G. "Short history of the Cyrillic alphabet – Ivan G. Iliev". International Journal of Russian Studies. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
29. ^ Yefimov, Vladimir (2002). "Civil Type and Kis Cyrillic". In Berry, John D. (ed.). Language Culture Type: International Type Design in the Age of Unicode. New York City: Graphis Press. ISBN 978-1932026016. Archived from the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
30. ^ А. Н. Стеценко. Хрестоматия по Старославянскому Языку, 1984.
31. ^ Cubberley, Paul. The Slavic Alphabets, 1996.
32. ^ Variant form: S.
33. ^ Variant form: Ꙋ.
34. ^ Variant form: ЪИ.
35. ^ Lunt, Horace G. Old Church Slavonic Grammar, Seventh Edition, 2001.
36. ^ Bringhurst (2002) writes: "in Cyrillic, the difference between normal lower case and small caps is more subtle than it is in the Latin or Greek alphabets" (p. 32) and "in most Cyrillic faces, the lower case is close in color and shape to Latin small caps" (p. 107).
37. ^ Pravopis na makedonskiot jazik (PDF). Skopje: Institut za makedonski jazik Krste Misirkov. 2017. p. 3\. ISBN 978-608-220-042-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
38. ^ Peshikan, Mitar; Jerković, Jovan; Pižurica, Mato (1994). Pravopis srpskoga jezika. Beograd: Matica Srpska. p. 42\. ISBN 978-86-363-0296-5.
39. ^ "Cyrillicsly: Two Cyrillics: a critical history I".
40. ^ "Cyrillic script variations and the importance of localisation - Fontshare.com". 24 September 2020.
41. ^ "Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters". The Guardian. Reuters. 26 October 2017. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
42. ^ The Times (20 March 2020). "Mongolia to restore traditional alphabet by 2025". News.MN. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
43. ^ "Alaskan Orthodox texts". All Saints of North America Orthodox Church. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
44. ^ Iliev, Ivan G. "SHORT History of the Cyrillic ALPHABET". International Journal of Russian Studies. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
45. ^ "Komi language and alphabet". omniglot.com. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
46. ^ "Serbian constitution".
47. ^ "Serbian signs of the times are not in Cyrillic". Christian Science Monitor. 29 May 2008.
48. ^ Grey, Alexandra (14 December 2021), "8 How Standard Zhuang has Met with Market Forces", Language Standardisation and Language Variation in Multilingual Contexts, Multilingual Matters, pp. 163–182, doi:10.21832/9781800411562-011, hdl:10453/150285, ISBN 978-1-80041-156-2, S2CID 245301540.
49. ^ "UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems".
50. ^ Лопатин, В. В., ed. (2009). "Употребление буквы ё в текстах разного назначения" [Rules of Russian orthography and punctuation online. Usage of the letter ё in texts of varied purposes]. Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации онлайн (in Russian). Retrieved 4 September 2023.
51. ^ "IOS Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2012.

## References[edit]

* Bringhurst, Robert (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style. 2.5. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. pp. 262–264. ISBN 0-88179-133-4.
* Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.

## Further reading[edit]

* Isailović, Neven G.; Krstić, Aleksandar R. (2015). "Serbian Language and Cyrillic Script as a Means of Diplomatic Literacy in South Eastern Europe in 15th and 16th Centuries". Literacy Experiences concerning Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania. Cluj-Napoca: George Bariţiu Institute of History. pp. 185–195.
* Nezirović, M. (1992). Jevrejsko-španjolska književnost [Jewish-Spanish literature]. Sarajevo: Svjetlost. [cited in Šmid, 2002]
* Prostov, Eugene Victor (1931). "Origins of Russian Printing". Library Quarterly. 1 (1 (January)): 255–77. doi:10.1086/612949. S2CID 144864717.[when?]
* Šmid, Katja (2002). "Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí" [The problems of studying the Sephardic language] (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2008. in Verba Hispanica. Vol. X. Liubliana: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Liubliana. ISSN 0353-9660..
* 'The Lives of St. Tsurho and St. Strahota', Bohemia, 1495, Vatican Library
* Ammon, Philipp (2016). "Tractatus slavonicus (in: Sjani (Thoughts) )" (PDF). Georgian Scientific Journal of Literary Theory and Comparative Literature (17): 248–256.

## External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyrillic alphabet.

Look up Appendix:Cyrillic script in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

* The Cyrillic Charset Soup overview and history of Cyrillic charsets.
* Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts, a collection of writing systems and transliteration tables
* History and development of the Cyrillic alphabet
* Cyrillic Alphabets of Slavic Languages review of Cyrillic charsets in Slavic Languages.
* data entry in Old Cyrillic / Стара Кирилица (archived 22 February 2014)
* Cyrillic and its Long Journey East – NamepediA Blog, article about the Cyrillic script
* Vladimir M. Alpatov (24 January 2013). "Latin Alphabet for the Russian Language". Soundcloud (Podcast). The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
* Unicode collation charts—including Cyrillic letters, sorted by shape

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|

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Braille ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑

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Braille scripts|

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* Azerbaijani
* Cantonese
* Catalan
* Chinese (mainland Mandarin) (largely reassigned)
* Czech
* Dutch
* English (Unified English)
* Esperanto
* French
* German
* Ghanaian
* Guarani
* Hawaiian
* Hungarian
* Iñupiaq
* IPA
* Irish
* Italian
* Latvian
* Lithuanian
* Luxembourgish (extended to 8-dot)
* Maltese
* Māori
* Navajo
* Nigerian
* Philippine
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Romanian
* Samoan
* Slovak
* South African
* Spanish
* Taiwanese Mandarin (largely reassigned)
* Turkish
* Vietnamese
* Welsh
* Yugoslav
* Zambian

| Nordic family|

* Estonian
* Faroese
* Icelandic
* Scandinavian
* Danish
* Finnish
* Greenlandic
* Northern Sámi
* Norwegian
* Swedish

|

Russian lineage family
i.e. Cyrillic-mediated scripts|

* Belarusian
* Bulgarian
* Kazakh
* Kyrgyz
* Mongolian
* Russian
* Tatar
* Ukrainian

Egyptian lineage family
i.e. Arabic-mediated scripts|

* Arabic
* Persian
* Urdu (Pakistan)

Indian lineage family
i.e. Bharati Braille|

* Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
* Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
* Gujarati
* Kannada
* Malayalam
* Odia
* Punjabi
* Sinhala
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Urdu (India)

Other scripts|

* Amharic
* Armenian
* Burmese
* Dzongkha (Bhutanese)
* Georgian
* Greek
* Hebrew
* Inuktitut (reassigned vowels)
* Khmer
* Thai and Lao (Japanese vowels)
* Tibetan

Reordered|

* Algerian Braille (obsolete)

Frequency-based|

* American Braille (obsolete)

Independent|

* Chinese semi-syllabaries
* Cantonese
* Mainland Chinese Mandarin
* Taiwanese Mandarin
* Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
* Japanese
* Korean

Eight-dot|

* Luxembourgish
* Kanji
* Gardner–Salinas braille codes (GS8)

Symbols in braille|

* Braille music
* Canadian currency marks
* Computer Braille Code
* Gardner–Salinas braille codes (science; GS8/GS6)
* International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
* Nemeth braille code

Braille technology|

* Braille e-book
* Braille embosser
* Braille translator
* Braille watch
* Mountbatten Brailler
* Optical braille recognition
* Perforation
* Perkins Brailler
* Refreshable braille display
* Slate and stylus
* Braigo

People|

* Louis Braille
* Charles Barbier
* Róża Czacka
* Valentin Haüy
* Harris Mowbray
* Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
* Sabriye Tenberken
* William Bell Wait

Organisations|

* Braille Institute of America
* Braille Without Borders
* Japan Braille Library
* National Braille Association
* Blindness organizations
* Schools for the blind
* American Printing House for the Blind

Other tactile alphabets|

* Decapoint
* Moon type
* New York Point
* Night writing
* Vibratese

Related topics|

* Accessible publishing
* Braille literacy
* RoboBraille

* v
* t
* e

Transliteration and transcription into Cyrillic

Existing systems|

* Arabic
* Chinese
* French
* German
* Greek
* Japanese (Polivanov system)
* Korean
* Kurdish
* Moldovan Romanian
* Polish
* Uyghur

Standards|

* Alphabet comparison
* Cyrillic script
* International Phonetic Alphabet
* Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Slavic languages

History|

* Proto-Balto-Slavic
* Up to Proto-Slavic
* Proto-Slavic (Accent)
* Old Church Slavonic
* Modern languages
* Cyril and Methodius
* Cyrillic script
* Glagolitic script

East Slavic|

* Belarusian
* Simple speech
* Old East Slavic
* Old Novgorodian
* Russian
* dialects
* Alaskan Russian
* Doukhobor Russian
* Ruthenian
* Rusyn
* Ukrainian
* dialects
* Canadian Ukrainian
* Simple speech

South Slavic|

| Eastern|

* Bulgarian
* Church Slavonic
* Macedonian

|

Transitional|

* Torlakian

Western [ru]|

* Alpine Slavic
* Serbo-Croatian
* Bosnian
* Croatian
* Montenegrin
* Serbian
* Slovene

West Slavic|

| Czech–Slovak|

* Czech
* Biblical Czech
* Czechoslovak
* Knaanic
* Moravian
* Slovak
* Camaldolese Slovak
* Eastern Slovak
* Pannonian Rusyn

|

Lechitic|

* East Lechitic
* Silesian
* Polish
* dialects
* Old Polish
* Middle Polish
* Pomeranian/Middle Lechitic
* Kashubian
* Slovincian
* West Lechitic
* Marcho-Magdeburgian
* Mecklenburgian
* Rani
* Polabian

Sorbian|

* Upper Sorbian
* Lower Sorbian
* Schleifer

Microlanguages
and dialects|

| East Slavic|

* Carpathian Rusyn
* Lemko
* Podlachian
* West Polesian

|

South Slavic|

* Banat Bulgarian
* Chakavian
* Burgenland Croatian
* Kajkavian
* Pomak
* Prekmurje Slovene
* Resian
* Shtokavian
* Slavomolisano
* Bunjevac
* Slavic dialects of Greece

West Slavic|

* Eastern Slovak
* Lach
* Masurian
* Pannonian Rusyn
* Podhale
* Silesian
* Cieszyn Silesian

Mixed languages|

* Balachka
* 20th century Bohemian Romani
* Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin
* Mednyj Aleut
* Ponaschemu
* Quelia
* Romano-Serbian
* Runglish
* Russenorsk
* Solombala English
* Surzhyk
* Taimyr Pidgin Russian
* Trasianka

Constructed
languages|

* Pan-Slavic language
* Interslavic
* Lydnevi
* Army Slavic
* Iazychie
* Slavonic-Serbian

Historical
phonology|

* Slavic first palatalization
* Slavic second palatalization
* Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony
* Monophthongization
* Dybo's law
* Havlík's law
* Hirt's law
* Illič-Svityč's law
* Ivšić's law
* Meillet's law
* Pedersen's law
* Ruki sound law
* Van Wijk's law
* Winter's law

Italics indicate extinct languages.

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Russia

Federal language|

* Russian

State languages
of federal subjects|

* Abaza
* Adyghe
* Aghul
* Altai
* Northern Altai
* Southern Altai
* Avar
* Azerbaijani
* Bashkir
* Buryat
* Chechen
* Chuvash
* Crimean Tatar
* Dargwa
* Ingush
* Kabardian
* Kalmyk
* Karachay-Balkar
* Khakas
* Komi
* Kumyk
* Lak
* Lezgin
* Mari
* Hill
* Meadow
* Mordvin
* Erzya
* Moksha
* Nogai
* Ossetian
* Rutul
* Yakut/Sakha
* Tabasaran
* Tat
* Tatar
* Tsakhur
* Tuvan
* Udmurt
* Ukrainian

Languages with official status|

* Chukchi
* Dolgan
* Even
* Evenki
* Finnish
* Karelian
* Kazakh
* Khanty
* Komi-Permyak
* Mansi
* Nenets
* Selkup
* Veps
* Yukaghir
* Northern Yukaghir
* Southern Yukaghir

Scripts|

* Cyrillic1
* Cyrillic Braille
* Latin script2
* Mongolian script (Buryat script, Kalmyk script)2

1 In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. 2 For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required.

* Languages of Russia
* Wikipedia in languages of Russia
* Mass media by language of Russia

* v
* t
* e

Russian dialects

Regional|

* Central (Lake Peipus, Moscow)
* Northern (Siberian)
* Southern (Astrakhan)

Ethnic|

* Don Cossack
* Goryun
* Kuban Cossack
* Pomor

Colonial|

* Alaskan
* Doukhobor

Mixed|

* Dagestani
* Trasianka
* Surzhyk
* Runglish
* Russenorsk

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Belarus

Official languages|

* Belarusian
* Russian

* Belarus portal

Minority languages|

* Armenian
* Lithuanian
* Polish
* Simple speech
* Trasianka
* Ukrainian
* West Polesian
* Baltic Romani

Sign language|

* Russian Sign Language

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Kazakhstan

Official languages|

* Kazakh
* Russian

Minority languages|

* German
* Tajiki
* Tatar
* Turkish
* Ukrainian
* Uyghur
* Uzbek

Sign languages|

* Russian Sign Language

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Kyrgyzstan

Official language|

* Kyrgyz
* Russian

Minority languages|

* Dungan
* Koryo-mar
* Sart Kalmyk
* Tajik
* Uyghur
* Uzbek

Sign languages|

* Russian Sign Language

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Israel

Official|

* Hebrew

Special status|

* Arabic
* Palestinian
* Bedouin

Non-official|

* Amharic
* Domari
* English
* French
* German
* Ladino
* Kurdish
* Romanian
* Russian
* Yiddish
* others

Sign languages|

* Abu Kaf
* Al-Atrash
* Al-Sayyid
* El-Naim
* Ein Mahel
* Ghardaian
* Israeli
* Kafr Qasem
* Levantine Arabic
* Russian

See also: Jewish languages

* v
* t
* e

Russia articles

History|

| Timeline|

* Proto-Indo-Europeans
* Scythians
* Sarmatians
* Early Slavs
* East Slavs
* Kievan Rus'
* Mongol invasion
* Feudal Rus'
* Novgorod
* Vladimir
* Moscow
* Expansion (1500-1800)
* Tsardom of Russia
* Army
* Russian Empire
* February Revolution
* Russian Republic
* October Revolution
* Civil war
* Russian state
* Russian SFSR
* Soviet Union
* Great Patriotic War
* Eastern Bloc
* Dissolution
* Russian Federation
* Union State

|

By topic|

* Economy
* Journalism
* Judaism
* Internet
* Judicial system of the Russian Empire
* LGBT
* Military
* Outline
* Postal
* Historical cities

Geography|

* Borders
* Cities and towns
* Climate
* Earthquakes
* Environment
* Environmental issues
* Extreme points
* European Russia
* Central Russian Upland
* Northwest Russia
* Meshchera Lowlands
* Oka–Don Lowland
* Smolensk Upland
* Fjords
* Geology
* Glaciers
* Great Russian Regions
* Highest points
* Islands
* Lakes
* Caspian Sea
* Mountains
* Caucasus
* Urals
* Volcanoes
* North Asia
* Siberia
* West Siberian Plain
* Russian Far East
* North Caucasus
* Rivers
* Protected areas
* Wildlife
* Far North

Politics|

* Anarchism
* Capital punishment
* Civil Service
* Conscription
* Constitution
* Criminal code
* Elections
* Far-right politics
* Federal budget
* Foreign relations (Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine)
* Freedom of assembly
* Government (Apparatus)
* Judiciary
* Law
* Law enforcement (Prisons)
* Political abuse of psychiatry
* Political divisions
* Propaganda
* Liberalism
* Conservatism
* Nationalism
* Martial law
* Monarchism
* Media freedom
* Neo-Nazism
* Military
* Intelligence agencies
* Opposition
* Political parties
* President of Russia
* Prime Minister of Russia
* Commonwealth of Independent States
* Collective Security Treaty Organization
* State of emergency
* Civil defense
* Urban planning
* Mass surveillance
* Separatism
* Terrorism

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Aircraft industry
* Banking
* Droughts and famines
* Car industry
* Central Bank
* Defence industry
* Economic regions
* Energy
* Fishing industry
* Forestry
* Financial districts
* Gambling
* Homelessness
* Mining
* Petroleum industry
* Russian oligarchs
* Ruble (currency)
* Science and technology
* Academy of Sciences
* Shipbuilding
* Social security system
* Space industry
* Taxation
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Trade unions
* Transport
* Waste
* Water supply and sanitation

Society|

* Abortion
* Alcohol
* Anti-American sentiment
* Cannabis
* Censorship
* Citizens
* Corruption
* Crime
* Deafness
* Demographics
* Domestic violence
* Doping
* Education
* Ethnic groups
* Feminism
* Forced public apologies
* Funerals
* Gun control
* Health
* Healthcare
* HIV/AIDS
* Mental health
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Immigration
* Illegal
* Labour
* Languages
* Life expectancy
* Open access
* Orphans
* Polygamy
* Prostitution
* Racism
* Religion
* Slavery
* Social entrepreneurship
* Sociology
* Smoking
* Suicide
* Wedding
* Witch trials
* Women

Culture|

* Architecture
* Armorial
* Arts
* Ballet
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Wine
* Fashion
* Fairy tales
* Fashion
* Festivals
* Folklore
* Traditions and superstitions
* Forms of addressing
* Graffiti
* Heraldry
* Internet
* Inventions
* Literature
* Martial arts
* Mass media
* Music
* Names
* Nobility
* National symbols
* Anthem
* Coat of arms
* Flag
* Russian tsars regalia
* Opera
* Personification
* Playing cards
* Philosophy
* Political jokes
* Public holidays
* Russian language
* tea culture
* Television
* Seven Wonders
* Sports
* World Heritage sites

* Outline

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Soviet Union topics

History|

* Index of Soviet Union–related articles
* Russian Revolution
* February
* October
* Russian Civil War
* Russian SFSR
* Creation treaty
* New Economic Policy
* Stalinism
* Great Purge
* Great Patriotic War (World War II)
* The Holocaust
* Cold War
* Khrushchev Thaw
* Sino-Soviet split
* Soviet space program
* 1965 economic reform
* Stagnation
* Soviet–Afghan War
* Perestroika
* Glasnost
* Revolutions of 1989
* Dissolution
* Post-Soviet states
* Nostalgia

Geography|

| Subdivisions|

* Republics
* Autonomous
* Krais
* Oblasts
* Autonomous
* Autonomous okrugs
* Closed city

|

Regions|

* Caspian Sea
* Caucasus Mountains
* European Russia
* North Caucasus
* Siberia
* Ural Mountains
* West Siberian Plain

Politics|

| General|

* Constitution
* 1936
* 1977
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Brezhnev Doctrine
* Gun control
* Government
* List
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Law
* Capital punishment
* Leaders
* Collective leadership
* Passport system
* Propiska
* Political parties
* State ideology
* Marxism–Leninism
* Leninism
* Stalinism
* Soviet anti-Zionism

|

Bodies|

* Communist Party
* organisation
* Central Committee
* Presidium/Politburo
* Secretariat
* Congress
* General Secretary
* Congress of Soviets (1922–1936)
* Supreme Soviet (1938–1991)
* Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991)
* Supreme Court
* Military Collegium

Offices|

* Heads of state
* President
* Premier
* Deputy Premier
* First Deputy Premier

Security services|

* Cheka
* GPU
* NKVD
* Destruction battalions
* MVD
* Militsiya
* MGB
* KGB
* Chairmen
* Soviet Border Troops
* Soviet Armed Forces
* Soviet Army/Spetsnaz GRU • Soviet Navy • Soviet Air Forces/Soviet Airborne Forces

Political repression|

* Red Terror
* Collectivization
* Great Purge
* Population transfer
* Forced labor
* Gulag
* List
* Holodomor
* Political abuse of psychiatry

Ideological repression|

* Religion
* Science
* Censorship
* Censorship of images

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Central Bank
* Economic planning
* Energy policy
* Five-year plans
* Internet domain
* Inventions
* Net material product
* OGAS
* Science and technology
* Rouble (currency)
* Transport
* Railway system
* Rail transport
* List of metro systems

Science|

* Communist Academy
* Cybernetics in the Soviet Union
* Academy of Sciences
* Academy of Medical Sciences
* Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
* Sharashkas
* Naukograds
* List

Society|

* Antisemitism
* Crime
* Demographics
* Soviet people
* Working class
* 1989 census
* Drug policy
* Family
* Languages
* Linguistics
* Prohibition

Culture|

* Ballet
* Cinema
* Fashion
* Literature
* Music
* Opera
* Propaganda
* Sports
* Stalinist architecture

Opposition|

* Soviet dissidents and their groups
* List

Symbols|

* Anthem
* Republics
* Emblem
* Republics
* Flag
* Republics
* Hammer and sickle

* Soviet Union portal
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Serbia

Official language|

* Serbian

Minority languages|

* Albanian
* Bosnian
* Bulgarian
* Croatian
* Hungarian
* Macedonian
* Slovak
* Romani
* Romanian
* Rusyn

Sign languages|

* Yugoslav Sign Language

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Official languages|

* Bosnian
* Croatian
* Serbian

Minority languages|

* Albanian
* Czech
* German
* Hungarian
* Italian
* Ladino
* Macedonian
* Montenegrin
* Polish
* Romanian
* Rusyn
* Slovak
* Slovene
* Turkish
* Ukrainian
* Yiddish

Sign languages|

* Yugoslav Sign Language

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Kosovo

Official languages|

* Albanian
* Serbian

Minority languages|

* Bosnian
* Gorani
* Romani
* Turkish

Sign languages|

* Albanian Sign Language

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Montenegro

Official language|

* Montenegrin

Minority languages|

* Albanian
* Bosnian
* Croatian
* Serbian
* Romani

Sign languages|

* Yugoslav Sign Language

See Also: Minority languages of Montenegro

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Bulgaria

Official language|

* Bulgarian

Minority languages|

* Romani
* Russian
* Serbian
* Turkish
* Tatar

Sign languages|

* Bulgarian Sign Language

* v
* t
* e

Dialects of the Bulgarian language

Eastern [ru]|

| Moesian|

* Shumen

|

Balkan|

* Central Balkan
* Kotel-Elena-Dryanovo
* Panagyurishte
* Pirdop
* Teteven
* Erkech
* Subbalkan

Rup|

* Strandzha
* Thracian
* Smolyan
* Pomak
* Hvoyna
* Chepino
* Paulician
* Zlatograd
* Babyak
* Razlog
* Serres-Nevrokop1

Western [ru]|

| Northwestern|

* Byala Slatina-Pleven
* Vidin-Lom
* Sofia

|

Southwestern|

* Botevgrad
* Vratsa
* Ihtiman
* Elin Pelin
* Samokov
* Dupnitsa
* Kyustendil
* Maleshevo-Pirin1
* Solun-Kukush1

Transitional|

* Tran
* Breznik
* Belogradchik

Diaspora|

* Banat Bulgarian
* Wallachian
* Transylvanian
* Former USSR
* Anatolian

1 Also considered a dialect of Macedonian.

* v
* t
* e

Bulgaria articles

History|

* Odrysian kingdom
* Old Great Bulgaria
* First Bulgarian Empire
* Second Bulgarian Empire
* Ottoman period
* Principality
* Tsardom
* People's Republic
* Bulgaria since 1990

Geography|

* Balkan Mountains
* Balkan Peninsula
* Black Sea coast
* Cities and towns
* Earthquakes
* Islands
* Provinces
* Pirin
* Rila
* Rivers
* Rhodope Mountains
* Sredna Gora
* Villages

Politics|

* Constitution
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Government
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Law
* enforcement
* Armed Forces
* Chief of the Defence
* National Assembly
* Chairperson
* Political parties
* President
* Prime Minister

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Economic statistics
* Energy
* Industry
* Lev (currency)
* National bank
* Science and technology
* Stock Exchange
* Tourism
* Transport

Society|

* Crime
* Education
* Health
* Languages
* People
* Demographics
* Religion

Culture|

* Media
* Cinema
* Coat of arms
* Cuisine
* wine
* Customs
* Dances
* Language
* Literature
* Music
* Public holidays
* Sports
* World Heritage Sites

* Outline

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Languages of North Macedonia

Official language|

* Macedonian
* Albanian

Minority languages|

* Aromanian
* Bosnian
* Megleno-Romanian
* Romani
* Serbian
* Turkish

Sign languages|

* Macedonian Sign Language

* v
* t
* e

Dialects of Macedonian

Western|

| Central|

* Prilep-Bitola
* Kičevo-Poreče
* Skopje-Veles

|

Western and
northwestern|

* Gostivar (Upper Polog)
* Debar
* Drimkol-Golo Brdo
* Galičnik (Small Reka)
* Reka
* Vevčani-Radožda
* Struga
* Ohrid
* Upper Prespa
* Lower Prespa

Northern|

| Eastern|

* Kumanovo2
* Kratovo2
* Kriva Palanka2
* Ovče Pole

|

Western|

* Skopska Crna Gora
* Tetovo (Lower Polog)2
* Gora2

Southeastern|

| Eastern|

* Štip-Kočani
* Strumica
* Tikveš-Mariovo
* Maleševo-Pirin1

|

Southeastern|

* Solun-Voden1
* Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop1
* Nestram-Kostenar
* Kostur
* Korča

1 Also considered a dialect of Bulgarian. 2 Considered to be a part of the transitional Torlak dialect and as a subdialect of Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Serbo-Croatian.

* v
* t
* e

North Macedonia articles

History|

| Ancient|

* Paeonia
* Pelagonia
* Kingdom of Macedon
* Upper Macedonia
* Kingdom of Dardania
* Roman Province
* Macedonia Salutaris
* Roman Diocese

|

Medieval|

* Bulgarian Empire
* First
* Second
* Byzantine Empire
* Theme of Bulgaria
* Serbian Empire
* Kingdom of Prilep

Ottoman|

* Ottoman Empire
* Karposh's rebellion
* Macedonian awakening
* Ilinden Uprising
* Kruševo Republic
* Kruševo Manifesto
* Balkan Wars
* Treaty of Bucharest

Yugoslavia|

* World War I
* Bulgarian occupation
* South Serbia
* Vardar Banovina
* World War II
* War in Yugoslav Macedonia
* Independent Macedonia (1944)
* Anti-Fascist Assembly (ASNOM)
* National Liberation Front
* Refugees of the Greek Civil War
* Socialist Republic
* 1963 Skopje earthquake

Republic|

* 2001 insurgency
* Ohrid Agreement
* 2012 inter-ethnic violence
* 2014 Macedonian government building attack
* 2015 Kumanovo clashes
* 2015 Macedonian protests
* 2016 Macedonian protests-Colorful Revolution
* 2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament
* 2018 Prespa agreement
* 2022 North Macedonia protests

Geography|

* Balkans
* Cities
* Environmental issues
* Geology
* Lakes
* Mountains
* Rivers
* Wildlife

Politics|

* Constitution
* Elections
* Parliament
* Political parties
* President
* Prime Minister

* Administrative divisions
* Municipalities
* Statistical regions

* Foreign relations
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Law enforcement
* Military
* Naming dispute

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Central bank
* Currency
* Energy
* Stock exchange
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Transport

Society|

* Demographics
* Education
* Ethnic groups
* Macedonians
* Albanians
* Romani
* Health
* Languages
* Religion
* Women

Culture|

* Anthem
* Architecture
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Embroidery
* Flag
* Literature
* Media
* Music
* Mythology
* National emblem
* National symbols
* Public holidays
* Radio stations
* Television
* World Heritage Sites

* Outline

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Albania

Official language|

* Albanian (Tosk \- Gheg)

Minority languages|

* Aromanian
* Bulgarian
* Greek
* Himariote
* Macedonian
* Vlax Romani
* Serbo-Croatian

Sign languages|

* Albanian Sign Language

Authority control databases

National|

* France
* BnF data
* Israel
* United States
* Japan
* Czech Republic

Other|

* Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine

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