Demographics of Israel

Demographics of Israel (including Israelis in West Bank)

Population pyramid of Israel, 2023 (numbers by age group)

Population| 9,842,000 (ca. 95th)
• Year| December 2023
• Source| Israeli CBS[1]
Density| 431/km2 (6th)
Growth rate| 1.9%
Birth rate| 21.5 births/1,000 (101st)
Death rate| 5.2 deaths/1,000 population (174th)
Life expectancy| 82.7 years (8th)
• male| 80.7 years
• female| 84.6 years
Fertility rate| 3.01 children born/woman (59th)
Infant mortality rate| 4.03 deaths/1,000 live births (25th)
Age structure
0–14 years| 28%
15–64 years| 60%
65 and over| 12%
Sex ratio
Total| 1.01 males/female
At birth| 1.05 males/female
Under 15| 1.05 males/female
15–64 years| 1.03 males/female
65 and over| 0.78 males/female
Nationality
Nationality| Israelis
Major ethnic| Jews (7,208,000, 73.6%)[1]
Minor ethnic| Arabs (2,080,000, 21.1%)
Other (non-Jewish, non-Arab) 554,000 (5.7%)[1]
Language
Official| Hebrew
Spoken| Arabic, Russian, Yiddish

The demographics of Israel, monitored by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, encompass various attributes that define the nation's populace. Since its establishment in 1948, Israel has witnessed significant changes in its demographics. Formed as a homeland for the Jewish people, Israel has attracted Jewish immigrants from Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

The Israel Central Bureau of Statistics defines the population of Israel as including Jews living in all of the West Bank and Palestinians in East Jerusalem but excluding Palestinians anywhere in the rest of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and foreign workers anywhere in Israel. As of December 2023, this calculation stands at approximately 9,842,000 of whom:

* 73.2% (about 7,208,000 people) are Jews, including about 503,000 living outside the self-defined borders of the State of Israel in the West Bank
* 21.1% (around 2,080,000 people) are Israeli citizens classified as Arab, some identifying as Palestinian, and including Druze, Circassians, all other Muslims, Christian Arabs, Armenians (which Israel considers "Arab")[2]
* An additional 5.7% (roughly 554,000 people) are classified as "others". This diverse group comprises those with Jewish ancestry but not recognized as Jewish by religious law, non-Jewish family members of Jewish immigrants, Christians other than Arabs and Armenians, and residents without a distinct ethnic or religious categorization.[2][1]

Israel's annual population growth rate stood at 2.0% in 2015, more than three times faster than the OECD average of around 0.6%.[3] With an average of three children per woman, Israel also has the highest fertility rate in the OECD by a considerable margin and much higher than the OECD average of 1.7.[4]

## Definitions

[edit]

The definition of what constitutes the population of Israel varies depending on which territories are counted and which population groups are counted in each territory.

The Israel Central Bureau of Statistics ("CBS") definition of the Area of the State of Israel:[5]

* includes East Jerusalem since 1967, which Israel unilaterally annexed
* includes the Golan Heights since 1982, which Israel unilaterally annexed
* excludes the West Bank other than East Jerusalem

The CBS' definition of the Population of Israel, however:[6]

* includes non-Israeli Palestinians (as well as Israeli Arabs/Palestinians) in East Jerusalem who have permission to live there
* includes Israeli settlers and others with Israeli residency permits living in the Area C of West Bank
* excludes Palestinian/Arab/other residents of Area C and East Jerusalem who do not have Israeli citizenship or residence
* excludes persons who are not registered (from 2008 on) and/or entered illegally, and foreign workers.

## Population

[edit]

Israeli population growth since 1949 Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1950 | 1,370,100| —
1960 | 2,150,400| +4.61%
1970 | 3,022,100| +3.46%
1980 | 3,921,700| +2.64%
1990 | 4,821,700| +2.09%
2000 | 6,369,300| +2.82%
2010 | 7,695,100| +1.91%
2019 | 9,098,700| +1.88%
2023| 9,727,000| +1.68%
Source: [7][8][9] (2019 data)[10]

### Total population

[edit]

9,941,180[11] (most current update from the Israeli Central Bureau for Statistics, via live feed)

Note: includes over 200,000 Israelis and 250,000 Arabs in East Jerusalem, about 421,400 Jewish settlers on the West Bank, and about 42,000 in the Golan Heights (July 2007 estimate). Does not include Arab populations in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Does not include 222,000 foreigners living in the country.[12]

Demographics of Israel and its Occupied Territories  Region &
Status  | By nationality  | Total
Population  | Year
Source | By ethnoreligious group  | Area (km2)

|
|
|
|
|

Israeli citizen  | Total Israelis (including PCI*)  | Year
Source | Palestinian
non-Israeli-
citizen  | Year  | Jewish  | Palestinian  | Other
Jews and Other | Palestinian/
Arab
Green Line

De facto 1949–1967 borders[13]

| 6,976,761 | 1,689,018 | 8,665,779 | 2019/
-21/-3
[14] | 0  |  | 8,660,209 | 2019/
-21/-3
[13] | 6,422,761
74% | 1,689,018
20% | 554,000
6% | 20,582
[13]
Golan Heights

Per Israel: annexed
Per UN: Occupied Syria[15][16][17][18]

| 27,000 | 26,000 | 53,000
Jews 27,000
Druze 24,000
Alawite 2,000 | 2021
[19] | 0  | 2021
[19] | 53,000  | 2021
[19] | 27,000 | 26,000 | 0 | 1,154
East Jerusalem

Per Israel: Annexed
Per UN: Occupied
[15][16][17]

| 240,832 | ~18,982 | 259,814  | 2021
[20] | 351,570  | 2021
[20] | 611,384  | 2021
[20] | 240,832 | 370,552
of which
PCI ~18,982 | 0 | 336
[21]
Area of the State of Israel as per CBS definition | 22,072
Seam Zone (Occupied)[22] Israelis  | 517,407  | 0  | 517,407  | 1/2024
[23][24] | not counted in population of Israel | 2019
[25][26] | 517,407 | 2019/
1/1/24
[27] | 517,407 | not counted in population of Israel | 0 | 200
[21]
West Bank Area C (Full Israeli control) Israelis  | 3,378
[28]
Population of Israel as per CBS definition | 7,762,000  | 1,734,000  | 9,496,000 |  | ~351,570
East Jerusalem Palestinians |  | 9,842,000 | 2023
[1] | 7,208,000 | 2,080,000
PCI 1,734,000
Non-PCI ~346,000 | 554,000 | 25,650
Others (Palestinians) in Area C incl. Seam Zone plus other regions that Israeli government includes on official maps of Israel:[29][30][31]
Seam Zone and Area C Palestinians  | counted in row above | 0  | counted in row above |  | 300,000  | 2019
[25]⁠[26] | 300,000 |  |  | 300,000 | 0 |
West Bank Areas A & B

(Some Palestinian control)

|  |  | 0  |  | 2,464,566  | 2023
[32] | 2,464,566  | 2023
[32] | 0 | 2,464,566 | 0 | 2,808
[28]
Gaza Strip

(Some Palestinian control)

|  |  | 0  |  | 2,226,544  | mid-
2023
[32] | 2,226,544  | mid-
2023
[32] | 0 | 2,226,544 | 0 | 365
Total area shown on Israeli government maps of Israel
a.k.a. Region of Palestine plus Golan Heights;
a.k.a. "Greater Israel", "Eretz Israel", "Land of Israel"  |  |  | 14,833,110 | Sum | 7,208,000
48.6% | 7,071,000
47.7%
PCI: 1,734,000 11.7%,
Non⁠-⁠Israeli⁠-⁠citizen:
5,337,110 36.0% | 554,000
3.7% | 28,823

&#ast;Palestinian citizens of Israel

### Density

[edit]

Population density per square kilometer, by district, sub-district and geographical area

Geographic deployment, as of 2018:

* Central District: 24.5% (2,196,100)
* Tel Aviv District: 15.9% (1,427,200)
* Northern District: 16.2% (1,448,100)
* Southern District: 14.5% (1,302,000)
* Haifa District: 11.5% (1,032,800)
* Jerusalem District: 12.6% (1,133,700)
* Judea and Samaria Area (West Bank) (Israelis only): 4.8% (427,800)

### Population growth rate

[edit]

* 2.0% (2016)

During the 1990s, the Jewish population growth rate was about 3% per year, as a result of massive immigration to Israel, primarily from the republics of the former Soviet Union. There is also a very high population growth rate among certain Jewish groups, especially adherents of Orthodox Judaism. The growth rate of the Arab population in Israel is 2.2%, while the growth rate of the Jewish population in Israel is 1.8%. The growth rate of the Arab population has slowed from 3.8% in 1999 to 2.2% in 2013, and for the Jewish population, the growth rate declined from 2.7% to its lowest rate of 1.4% in 2005. Due to a rise in fertility of the Jewish population since 1995 and immigration, the growth rate has since risen to 1.8%.[33]

### Fertility

[edit]

The total fertility rate (TFR) of a population is the average number of children that an average woman would have, in her lifetime.

* 3.01 children born/woman (2019)

Jewish total fertility rate increased by 10.2% during 1998–2009, and was recorded at 2.90 during 2009. During the same time period, Arab TFR decreased by 20.5%. Muslim TFR was measured at 3.73 for 2009, and 2.9 for 2022.[34]

In 2000, the Jewish and Arab TFRs in Jerusalem were 3.79 and 4.43 respectively. By 2009, the Jewish TFR in Jerusalem was measured higher than the Arab TFR (2010: 4.26 vs 3.85, 2009: 4.16 vs 3.87). As of 2021, the Jewish and Arab TFRs in Jerusalem were 4.4 and 3.1 respectively.[35] TFR for Arab residents in the West Bank was measured at 2.91 in 2013,[36] while that for the Jewish residents was reported at 5.10 children per woman.[37]

The ethnic group with highest recorded TFR is the Bedouin of Negev. Their TFR was reported at 10.06 in 1998, and 5.73 in 2009. TFR is also very high among Haredi Jews. For Ashkenazi Haredim, the TFR rose from 6.91 in 1980 to 8.51 in 1996. The figure for 2008 is estimated to be even higher. TFR for Sephardi/Mizrahi Haredim rose from 4.57 in 1980 to 6.57 in 1996.[38] In 2020 the overall Jewish TFR in Israel (3.00) was for the first time measured higher than Arab Muslim TFR (2.99).

As of 2022, the fertility rates in Israeli cities dominated by specific demographic groups were: Haredi 6.1, Bedouin 4.4, Jewish non-Haredi 2.4, Arab 2.2, Druze 1.8.[34]

Year | Jews | Muslims | Christians | Druze | Others | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|

2000 | 2.66 | 4.74 | 2.55 | 3.07 |  | 2.95
2001 | 2.59 | 4.71 | 2.46 | 3.02 |  | 2.89
2002 | 2.64 | 4.58 | 2.29 | 2.77 |  | 2.89
2003 | 2.73 | 4.50 | 2.31 | 2.85 |  | 2.95
2004 | 2.71 | 4.36 | 2.13 | 2.66 | 1.47 | 2.90
2005 | 2.69 | 4.03 | 2.15 | 2.59 | 1.49 | 2.84
2006 | 2.75 | 3.97 | 2.14 | 2.64 | 1.55 | 2.88
2007 | 2.80 | 3.90 | 2.13 | 2.49 | 1.49 | 2.90
2008 | 2.88 | 3.84 | 2.11 | 2.49 | 1.57 | 2.96
2009 | 2.90 | 3.73 | 2.15 | 2.49 | 1.56 | 2.96
2010 | 2.97 | 3.75 | 2.14 | 2.48 | 1.64 | 3.03
2011 | 2.98 | 3.51 | 2.19 | 2.33 | 1.75 | 3.00
2012 | 3.04 | 3.54 | 2.17 | 2.26 | 1.68 | 3.05
2013 | 3.05 | 3.35 | 2.13 | 2.21 | 1.68 | 3.03
2014 | 3.11 | 3.35 | 2.27 | 2.20 | 1.72 | 3.08
2015 | 3.13 | 3.32 | 2.12 | 2.19 | 1.72 | 3.09
2016 | 3.16 | 3.29 | 2.05 | 2.21 | 1.64 | 3.11
2017 | 3.16 | 3.37 | 1.93 | 2.10 | 1.58 | 3.11
2018 | 3.17 | 3.20 | 2.06 | 2.16 | 1.54 | 3.09
2019 | 3.09 | 3.16 | 1.80 | 2.02 | 1.45 | 3.01
2020 | 3.00 | 2.99 | 1.85 | 1.94 | 1.35 | 2.90
2021 | 3.13 | 3.01 | 1.77 | 2.00 | 1.39 | 3.00
2022 | 3.03 | 2.91 | 1.68 | 1.85 | 1.26 | 2.89
Year | Jews | Muslims | Christians | Druze | Others | Total

#### Birth rate

[edit]

TFR of Israel to 2016

2021 :

* Total: 19.7 births/1,000 population
* Jews and others: 19.1 births/1,000 population
* Muslims: 23.4 births/1,000 population
* Christians: 13.3 births/1,000 population
* Druze: 15.8 births/1,000 population

Births, in absolute numbers, by mother's religion[39]

Birth rates of various Israeli peoples[40] Year  | Jewish  | Muslim  | Christian  | Druze  | others  | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|

# | %  | # | %  | # | %  | # | %  | # | %
1996  | 83,710 |

69.0%

| 30,802 |

25.4%

| 2,678 |

2.2%

| 2,682 |

2.2%

| 1,461 |

1.2%

| 121,333
2000  | 91,936 |

67.4%

| 35,740 |

26.2%

| 2,789 |

2.0%

| 2,708 |

2.0%

| 3,217 |

2.4%

| 136,390
2005  | 100,657 |

69.9%

| 34,217 |

23.8%

| 2,487 |

1.7%

| 2,533 |

1.8%

| 4,019 |

2.8%

| 143,913
2006  | 104,513 |

70.5%

| 34,337 |

23.2%

| 2,500 |

1.7%

| 2,601 |

1.8%

| 4,219 |

2.9%

| 148,170
2007  | 107,986 |

71.2%

| 34,572 |

22.8%

| 2,521 |

1.7%

| 2,510 |

1.7%

| 4,090 |

2.7%

| 151,679
2008  | 112,803 |

71.9%

| 34,860 |

22.2%

| 2,511 |

1.6%

| 2,534 |

1.6%

| 4,215 |

2.7%

| 156,923
2009  | 116,599 |

72.4%

| 35,253 |

21.9%

| 2,514 |

1.6%

| 2,517 |

1.6%

| 4,159 |

2.6%

| 161,042
2010  | 120,673 |

72.58%

| 36,221 |

21.79%

| 2,511 |

1.51%

| 2,535 |

1.52%

| 4,306 |

2.59%

| 166,255
2011  | 121,520 |

73.07%

| 35,247 |

21.19%

| 2,596 |

1.56%

| 2,469 |

1.48%

| 4,457 |

2.68%

| 166,296
2012  | 125,409 |

73.36%

| 36,041 |

21.08%

| 2,610 |

1.53%

| 2,371 |

1.39%

| 4,492 |

2.63%

| 170,940
2013  | 126,999 |

74.07%

| 34,927 |

20.37%

| 2,602 |

1.52%

| 2,350 |

1.37%

| 4,561 |

2.66%

| 171,444
2014  | 130,576 |

74.01%

| 35,965 |

20.38%

| 2,814 |

1.59%

| 2,366 |

1.34%

| 4,697 |

2.66%

| 176,427
2015  | 132,220 |

73.98%

| 36,659 |

20.51%

| 2,669 |

1.49%

| 2,376 |

1.33%

| 4,792 |

2.68%

| 178,723
2016  | 134,100 |

73.92%

| 37,592 |

20.72%

| 2,613 |

1.44%

| 2,446 |

1.35%

| 4,652 |

2.56%

| 181,405
2017  | 134,630 |

73.31%

| 39,550 |

21.53%

| 2,504 |

1.36%

| 2,350 |

1.28%

| 4,609 |

2.51%

| 183,648
2018  | 135,809 |

73.66%

| 38,757 |

21.02%

| 2,721 |

1.47%

| 2,434 |

1.32%

| 4,639 |

2.52%

| 184,370
2019  | 133,243 |

73.20%

| 39,525 |

21.71%

| 2,409 |

1.32%

| 2,298 |

1.26%

| 4,532 |

2.49%

| 182,016
2020  | 129,884 |

73.25%

| 38,388 |

21.65%

| 2,497 |

1.41%

| 2,239 |

1.26%

| 4,290 |

2.42%

| 177,307
2021  | 136,120 |

73.56%

| 39,703 |

21.46%

| 2,434 |

1.32%

| 2,339 |

1.26%

| 4,432 |

2.39%

| 185,040
2022  | 132,771 |

73.24%

| 39,717 |

21.91%

| 2,331 |

1.29%

| 2,186 |

1.21%

| 4,257 |

2.35%

| 181,269
2023  | 131,024 |

73.42%

| 39,114 |

21.92%

| 2,189 |

1.23%

| 2,088 |

1.17%

| 4,032 |

2.25%

| 178,454
Births by mother's religion in January–May  | Jewish  | Muslim  | Christian  | Druze  | others  | total

|
|
|
|
|
|

# | %  | # | %  | # | %  | # | %  | # | %
2023  | 53,695 |

73.95%

| 15,533 |

21.39%

| 866 |

1.19%

| 861 |

1.19%

| 1,656 |

2.28%

| 72,613
2024  | 54,706 |

75.34%

| 14,889 |

20.50%

| 824 |

1.13%

| 794 |

1.09%

| 1,428 |

1.97%

| 72,644

Between the mid-1980s and 2000, the fertility rate in the Muslim sector was stable at 4.6–4.7 children per woman; after 2001, a gradual decline became evident, reaching 3.51 children per woman in 2011. By point of comparison, in 2011, there was a rising fertility rate of 2.98 children among the Jewish population.

### Life expectancy

[edit]

Life expectancy in Israel since 1950 Life expectancy in Israel since 1961 by gender

As of 2019:

* Total population: 82.8 years
* Male: 81 years
* Female: 84.7 years[41]

Average life expectancy at age 0 of the total population.[42] Period  | Life expectancy  | Period  | Life expectancy

|
|
|

1950–1955  | 68.9  | 1985–1990  | 75.9
1955–1960  | 70.0  | 1990–1995  | 77.2
1960–1965  | 71.0  | 1995–2000  | 78.3
1965–1970  | 71.8  | 2000–2005  | 79.6
1970–1975  | 72.6  | 2005–2010  | 80.9
1975–1980  | 73.5  | 2010–2015  | 81.9
1980–1985  | 74.6  |  |

#### Infant mortality rate

[edit]

* Total: 4.03 deaths/1,000 live births
* Male: 4.20 deaths/1,000 live births
* Female: 3.84 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

### Age structure

[edit]

The table shows population estimates by sex and age group, as of July 1, 2019. It includes data for East Jerusalem and Israeli residents in certain other territories under occupation by Israeli military forces since June 1967. Data refer to Israeli citizens and permanent residents who are listed in the Population Register.[43]

Age Group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | %

|
|
|
|

Total  | 4,494,051  | 4,559,975  | 9,054,026  |

100%

0–4  | 469 807  | 444 266  | 914 073  |

10.10%

5–9  | 441 977  | 419 861  | 861 838  |

9.52%

10–14  | 396 165  | 376 914  | 773 079  |

8.54%

15–19  | 365 754  | 349 118  | 714 872  |

7.90%

20–24  | 331 474  | 319 040  | 650 514  |

7.18%

25–29  | 312 165  | 304 844  | 617 009  |

6.81%

30–34  | 299 747  | 298 768  | 598 515  |

6.61%

35–39  | 289 123  | 292 026  | 581 149  |

6.42%

40–44  | 277 424  | 282 277  | 559 701  |

6.18%

45–49  | 251 526  | 257 539  | 509 065  |

5.62%

50–54  | 210 803  | 217 399  | 428 202  |

4.73%

55–59  | 191 364  | 204 826  | 396 191  |

4.38%

60–64  | 178 062  | 196 878  | 374 940  |

4.14%

65–69  | 166 374  | 188 225  | 354 598  |

3.92%

70–74  | 131 622  | 154 117  | 285 739  |

3.16%

75–79  | 73 046  | 91 752  | 164 798  |

1.82%

80–84  | 58 830  | 81 606  | 140 436  |

1.55%

85–89  | 31 038  | 48 194  | 79 233  |

0.88%

90–94  | 12 882  | 23 779  | 36 661  |

0.40%

95–99  | 3 434  | 6 783  | 10 216  |

0.11%

100+  | 1 432  | 1 765  | 3 197  |

0.04%

Age group  | Male  | Female  | Total  | Percent
0–14  | 1,307,949  | 1,241,041  | 2,548,990  |

28.15%

15–64  | 2,707,444  | 2,722,713  | 5,430,157  |

59.98%

65+  | 478 658  | 596 221  | 1,074,879  |

11.87%

Population by Age Group (2010 est.)  Group  | 0–14 years  | 15–64 years  | 65+ years

|
|
|

Total  |

28.0%

62.1%

9.9%

Jews  |

25.5%

63.1%

11.4%

Palestinian citizens of Israel |

37.5%

58.6%

3.9%

#### Median age

[edit]

Overall  | Jewish  | Palestinian citizens of Israel

|
|

29.7  | 31.6  | 21.1

The Jewish median age in Jerusalem district and the West Bank are 24.9 and 19.7, respectively, and both account for 16% of the Jewish population, but 24% of 0- to 4-year-olds. The lowest median age in Israel, and one of the lowest in the world, is found in two of the West Bank's biggest Jewish cities: Modi'in Illit (11), Beitar Illit (11)[44] followed by Bedouin towns in the Negev (15.2).[45]

### Cities

[edit]

Main article: List of cities in Israel

Within Israel's system of local government, an urban municipality can be granted a city council by the Israeli Interior Ministry when its population exceeds 20,000.[46] The term "city" does not generally refer to local councils or urban agglomerations, even though a defined city often contains only a small portion of an urban area or metropolitan area's population.

* v
* t
* e

Largest cities in Israel

Israel Central Bureau of Statistics[47]

| Rank | Name | District |  Pop. | Rank | Name | District |  Pop. |

Jerusalem

Tel Aviv | 1 | Jerusalem | Jerusalem | 981,711a | 11 | Ramat Gan | Tel Aviv | 172,486  |
Haifa

Rishon LeZion
2 | Tel Aviv | Tel Aviv | 474,530 | 12 | Beit Shemesh | Jerusalem | 154,694
3 | Haifa | Haifa | 290,306 | 13 | Ashkelon | Southern | 153,138
4 | Rishon LeZion | Central | 260,453 | 14 | Rehovot | Central | 150,748
5 | Petah Tikva | Central | 255,387 | 15 | Bat Yam | Tel Aviv | 128,465
6 | Netanya | Central | 233,104 | 16 | Herzliya | Tel Aviv | 106,741
7 | Ashdod | Southern | 226,827 | 17 | Hadera | Haifa | 103,041
8 | Bnei Brak | Tel Aviv | 218,357 | 18 | Kfar Saba | Central | 101,556
9 | Beersheba | Southern | 214,162 | 19 | Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut | Central | 99,171
10 | Holon | Tel Aviv | 197,957 | 20 | Lod | Central | 85,351

^a This number includes East Jerusalem and West Bank areas, which had a total population of 573,330 inhabitants in 2019.[48] Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.

## Ethnic and religious groups

[edit]

Further information: Israelis and Religion in Israel

See also: Doms in Israel

### Statistics

[edit]

Ethnic map of Israel and Palestine, with the Golan Heights Population pyramid of Israel by ethnic group in 2021 Population demography (2023)[49] Group  | Population  | Proportion of total  | Areas included

|
|
|

Green
Line
Israel  | Golan
Heights  | East
Jerusalem  | Rest of
West
Bank  | Gaza
Strip
Jews | 7,181,000  |

73%

| yes  | yes  | yes  | yes  | n/a
Arabs | 2,065,000  |

21%

| yes  | yes  | yes  | no  | no
Other | 549,000  |

| yes  | yes  | yes  | n/a  | n/a
Total | 9,795,000 |

100%

| all | all | all | Jews only | no
Population of Arabs and Jews and Others, by natural region (2018)
including Jews only in the occupied West Bank[50] Natural region  | Total population  | Jews and Others  | Arabs

|
|
|

# | %  | # | %
Judean Mountains | 991,503  | 629,659 |

63.5%

| 361,844 |

36.5%

Judean Foothills | 142,152  | 141,704 |

99.7%

| 448 |

0.3%

Hula Valley | 41,076  | 40,173 |

97.8%

| 903 |

2.2%

Eastern Upper Galilee | 54,327  | 48,364 |

89%

| 5,963 |

11%

Hazor Region | 24,097  | 17,362 |

72.1%

| 6,735 |

27.9%

Central Lower Galilee | 1,716  | 1,715 |

99.9%

| 1 |

0.1%

Kinerot | 61,247  | 58,783 |

96%

| 2,464 |

Eastern Lower Galilee | 51,660  | 19,600 |

37.9%

| 32,060 |

62.1%

Bet She'an Valley | 31,641  | 31,467 |

99.4%

| 174 |

0.5%

Harod Valley | 11,741  | 9,835 |

83.8%

| 1,906 |

16.2%

Kokhav Plateau | 13,765  | 3,511 |

25.5%

| 10,254 |

74.5%

Yizre'el Valley | 83,632  | 75,771 |

90.6%

| 7,861 |

9.4%

Yoqne'am Region | 36,964  | 36,936 |

99.9%

| 28 |

0.1%

Menashe Plateau | 5,998  | 5,994 |

99.9%

| 4 |

0.1%

Nazareth-Tir'an Mountains | 336,405  | 75,033 |

22.3%

| 261,372 |

77.7%

Shefar'am Region | 221,921  | 12,247 |

5.5%

| 209,674 |

94.5%

Karmi'el Region | 119,002  | 50,840 |

42.7%

| 68,162 |

57.3%

Yehi'am Region | 101,383  | 34,352 |

33.9%

| 67,031 |

66.1%

Elon Region | 20,616  | 9,357 |

45.4%

| 11,259 |

54.6%

Nahariyya Region | 104,177  | 74,904 |

71.9%

| 29,273 |

28.1%

Akko Region | 76,186  | 39,736 |

52.2%

| 36,450 |

47.8%

Hermon Region | 13,239  | 131 |

| 13,108 |

99%

Northern Golan | 16,520  | 3,735 |

22.6%

| 12,785 |

77.4%

Middle Golan | 11,167  | 11,089 |

99.3%

| 78 |

0.7%

Southern Golan | 9,636  | 9,627 |

99.9%

| 9 |

0.1%

Haifa Region | 583,443  | 516,228 |

88.5%

| 67,215 |

11.5%

Karmel Coast | 32,356  | 19,061 |

58.9%

| 13,295 |

41.1%

Zikhron Ya'aqov Region | 28,488  | 28,071 |

98.5%

| 417 |

1.5%

Alexander Mountain | 139,820  | 13,163 |

9.4%

| 126,657 |

90.6%

Hadera Region | 248,666  | 191,627 |

77.1%

| 57,039 |

22.9%

Western Sharon | 362,045  | 360,729 |

99.6%

| 1,316 |

0.4%

Eastern Sharon | 115,401  | 16,552 |

14.3%

| 98,849 |

85.7%

Southern Sharon | 283,513  | 273,306 |

96.4%

| 10,207 |

3.6%

Petah Tiqwa Region | 470,779  | 443,527 |

94.2%

| 27,252 |

5.8%

Modi'in Region | 102,151  | 102,124 |

100%

| 27 |

Ramla Region | 249,540  | 208,404 |

83.5%

| 41,136 |

16.5%

Rehovot Region | 304,397  | 303,638 |

99.8%

| 759 |

0.2%

Rishon LeZiyyon Region | 308,234  | 307,989 |

99.9%

| 245 |

0.1%

Tel Aviv Region | 595,797  | 575,204 |

96.5%

| 20,593 |

3.5%

Ramat Gan Region | 495,084  | 494,432 |

99.9%

| 652 |

0.1%

Holon Region | 336,286  | 335,175 |

99.7%

| 1,111 |

0.3%

Mal'akhi Region | 62,064  | 61,800 |

99.6%

| 264 |

0.4%

Lakhish Region | 71,416  | 71,345 |

99.9%

| 71 |

0.1%

Ashdod Region | 224,629  | 224,328 |

99.9%

| 301 |

0.1%

Ashqelon Region | 193,136  | 192,594 |

99.7%

| 542 |

0.3%

Gerar Region | 56,110  | 56,065 |

99.9%

| 45 |

0.1%

Besor Region | 52,014  | 51,737 |

99.5%

| 277 |

0.5%

Be'er Sheva Region | 518,798  | 258,777 |

49.9%

| 260,021 |

50.1%

Dead Sea Region | 1,283  | 1,254 |

97.7%

| 29 |

2.3%

Arava Region | 58,916  | 56,543 |

96%

| 2,373 |

Northern Negev Mountain | 62,673  | 55,710 |

88.9%

| 6,963 |

11.1%

Southern Negev Mountain | 937  | 920 |

98.1%

| 17 |

1.8%

Judea and Samaria Area (non-Israeli Arabs not included)  | 427,847  | 426,925 |

99.8%

| 922 |

0.2%

The most prominent ethnic and religious groups that live in Israel at present and that are Israeli citizens or nationals are as follows:

### Jews

[edit]

Main article: Israeli Jews

According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, in 2008, of Israel's 7.3 million people, 75.6 percent were Jews of any background.[51] Among them, 70.3 percent were Sabras (born in Israel), mostly second- or third-generation Israelis, and the rest are olim (Jewish immigrants to Israel)—20.5 percent from Europe and the Americas, and 9.2 percent from Asia and Africa, including the Arab countries.[52]

According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, in April 2023, of Israel's 9.7 million people, 73.5 percent, or 7.145 million, were Jews of any background.[53]

There are no government statistics categorizing Israeli Jews as "Ashkenazi", "Mizrahi", etc, but studies and estimates have been conducted.[54][55] In a 2019 study, in a sample meant to be representative of the Israeli Jewish population, about 44.9% percent of Israel's Jewish population were categorized as Mizrahi (defined as having grandparents born in North Africa or Asia), 31.8% were categorized as Ashkenazi (defined as having grandparents born in Europe, the Americas, Oceania and South Africa), 12.4% as "Soviet" (defined as having progenitors who came from the ex-USSR in 1989 or later), about 3% as Beta Israel (Ethiopia) and 7.9% as a mix of these, or other Jewish groups.[56] Note that this methodology isn't exact: See, for example, Bulgarian or Greek Jews, who would be categorized as Ashkenazi according to this definition, although they are overwhelmingly Sephardic.

The paternal lineage of the Jewish population of Israel as of 2015 is as follows:

Recent paternal ancestral background of Israeli Jews  Countries of Origin  | Population  | Percentage

|
|

Share  | 2015[57] | 2008[52] | Share  | 2015  | 2008
Total  |

| 6,276,800  | 5,523,700  |

100%

100%

From Israel by paternal country of origin:  |

| 2,765,500  | 2,043,800  |

44.06%

37%

From Europe by own or paternal country of origin:  |

| 1,648,000  | 1,662,800  |

26.26%

30.1%

Russia and former USSR |

| 891,700  | 923,600  |

14.21%

16.83%

Romania |

| 199,400  | 213,100  |

3.18%

3.86%

Poland |

| 185,400  | 198,500  |

2.95%

3.59%

France |

| 87,500  | 63,200  |

1.39%

1.14%

Germany and Austria |

| 70,800  | 49,700  |

1.13%

0.9%

Hungary, Czech Republic, and Slovakia |

| 59,800  | 64,900  |

0.95%

1.17%

United Kingdom |

| 46,000  | 39,800  |

0.73%

0.72%

Bulgaria and Greece |

| 45,500  | 48,900  |

0.72%

0.89%

Other European |

| 61,900  | 61,100  |

0.99%

1.11%

From Africa by own or paternal country of origin:  |

| 897,300  | 859,100  |

14.3%

15.53%

Morocco |

| 484,500  | 486,600  |

7.72%

8.81%

Algeria and Tunisia |

| 133,500  | 120,600  |

2.13%

2.18%

Ethiopia |

| 133,200  | 106,900  |

2.12%

1.94%

Libya |

| 66,800  | 67,400  |

1.06%

1.22%

Egypt |

| 54,600  | 55,800  |

0.87%

1.01%

Other African |

| 24,700  | 17,200  |

0.39%

0.31%

From Asia by own or paternal country of origin:  |

| 674,500  | 681,400  |

10.75%

12.33%

Iraq |

| 225,800  | 233,500  |

3.6%

4.23%

Iran (Persia)  |

| 140,100  | 134,700  |

2.23%

2.44%

Yemen |

| 134,100  | 138,300  |

2.14%

2.5%

Turkey |

| 74,600  | 76,900  |

1.19%

1.39%

India and Pakistan |

| 47,600  | 45,600  |

0.76%

0.83%

Syria and Lebanon |

| 34,500  | 35,300  |

0.55%

0.64%

Other Asian  |

| 18,000  | 17,200  |

0.29%

0.31%

From the Americas and Oceania by own or paternal country of origin:  |

| 291,500  | 249,800  |

4.64%

4.52%

United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand |

| 181,000  | 149,200  |

2.88%

2.7%

Argentina |

| 62,600  | 59,400  |

1.08%

Other Latin American |

| 47,900  | 41,200  |

0.76%

0.75%

### Arabs

[edit]

Main article: Arab citizens of Israel

Arabs in Israel, by natural region, 2018

Arab citizens of Israel are those Arab residents of Mandatory Palestine that remained within Israel's borders following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and the establishment of the State of Israel. It is including those born within the state borders subsequent to this time, as well as those who had left during the establishment of the state (or their descendants), who have since re-entered by means accepted as lawful residence by the Israeli state (primarily family reunifications).

In 2019, the official number of Arab residents in Israel was 1,890,000 people, representing 21% of Israel's population.[58] This figure includes 209,000 Arabs (14% of the Israeli Arab population) in East Jerusalem, also counted in the Palestinian statistics, although 98 percent of East Jerusalem Palestinians have either Israeli residency or Israeli citizenship.[59]

Arab Muslims

Most Arab citizens of Israel are Muslim, particularly of the Sunni branch of Islam. A small minority are Ahmadiyya sect and there are also some Alawites (affiliated with Shia Islam) in the northernmost village of Ghajar with Israeli citizenship. As of 2019, Arab citizens of Israel composed 21 percent of the country's total population.[58] About 82 percent of the Arab population in Israel are Sunni Muslims, a very small minority are Shia Muslims, another 9 percent are Druze, and around 9 percent are Christian (mostly Eastern Orthodox and Catholic denominations).

Bedouin

Main articles: Negev Bedouin and Galilee Bedouin

The Arab Muslim citizens of Israel include also the Bedouins, who are divided into two main groups: the Bedouin in the north of Israel, who live in villages and towns for the most part, and the Bedouin in the Negev, who include half-nomadic and inhabitants of towns and Unrecognized villages. According to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as of 1999, 110,000 Bedouins live in the Negev, 50,000 in the Galilee and 10,000 in the central region of Israel.[60] The vast majority of Arab Bedouins of Israel practice Sunni Islam.

Ahmadiyya

The Ahmadiyya community was first established in the region in the 1920s, in what was then Mandatory Palestine. There is a large community in Kababir, a neighborhood on Mount Carmel in Haifa.[61][62] It is unknown how many Israeli Ahmadis there are, although it is estimated there are about 2,200 Ahmadis in Kababir alone.[63]

Arab Christians

As of December 2013, about 161,000 Israeli citizens practiced Christianity, together comprising about 2% of the total population.[64] The largest group consists of Melkites (about 60% of Israel's Christians), followed by the Greek Orthodox (about 30%), with the remaining ca. 10% spread between the Roman Catholic (Latin), Maronite, Anglican, Lutheran, Armenian, Syriac, Ethiopian, Coptic and other denominations.[64]

Druze

Main article: Druze in Israel

The Arab citizens of Israel include also the Druze, who numbered at an estimated 143,000 in April 2019.[65] All of the Druze living in what was then British Mandate Palestine became Israeli citizens after the declaration of the State of Israel. Druze serve prominently in the Israel Defense Forces, and are represented in mainstream Israeli politics and business as well, unlike Muslim or Christian Arabs who are not required to and generally choose not to serve in the Israeli army. Though a few individuals identify themselves as "Palestinian Druze",[66] the vast majority of Druze do not consider themselves to be 'Palestinian', and consider their Israeli identity stronger than their Arab identity. A 2017 Pew Research Center poll reported that the majority of the Israeli Druze identified as ethnically Arab.[67]

### Syriac Christians

[edit]

Arameans

Main articles: Arameans in Israel and Maronites in Israel

In 2014, Israel decided to recognize the Aramaic community within its borders as a national minority, allowing some of the Christians in Israel to be registered as "Aramean" instead of "Arab".[68] As of October 2014, some 600 Israelis requested to be registered as Arameans, with several thousand eligible for the status – mostly members of the Maronite community.

The Maronite Christian community in Israel of around 7,000 resides mostly in the Galilee, with a presence in Haifa, Nazareth and Jerusalem. It is largely composed of families that lived in Upper Galilee in villages such as Jish long before the establishment of Israel in 1948. In the year 2000, the community was joined by a group of Lebanese SLA militia members and their families, who fled Lebanon after 2000 withdrawal of IDF from South Lebanon.

Assyrians

Main article: Assyrians in Israel

There are around 1,000 Assyrians living in Israel, mostly in Jerusalem and Nazareth. Assyrians are an Aramaic speaking, Eastern Rite Christian minority who are descended from the ancient Mesopotamians. The old Syriac Orthodox monastery of Saint Mark lies in Jerusalem. Other than followers of the Syriac Orthodox Church, there are also followers of the Assyrian Church of the East and the Chaldean Catholic Church living in Israel.

### Other citizens

[edit]

Copts

Some 1,000 Israeli citizens belong to the Coptic community, originating in Egypt.

Samaritans

Main article: Samaritans

The Samaritans are an ethnoreligious group of the Levant. Ancestrally, they claim descent from a group of Israelite inhabitants who have connections to ancient Samaria from the beginning of the Babylonian Exile up to the beginning of the Common Era. 2007 population estimates show that 712 Samaritans live half in Holon, Israel and half at Mount Gerizim in the West Bank. The Holon community holds Israeli citizenship, while the Gerizim community resides at an Israeli-controlled enclave, holding dual Israeli-Palestinian citizenship.

Armenians

Main article: Armenians in Israel

About 4,000 Armenians reside in Israel mostly in Jerusalem (including in the Armenian Quarter), but also in Tel Aviv, Haifa and Jaffa. Armenians have a Patriarchate in Jerusalem and churches in Jerusalem, Haifa and Jaffa. Although Armenians of Old Jerusalem have Israeli identity cards, they are officially holders of Jordanian passports.[69]

Circassians

Main article: Circassians in Israel

Circassians in Kfar Kama

In Israel, there are also a few thousand Circassians, living mostly in Kfar Kama (2,000) and Reyhaniye (1,000).[70] These two villages were a part of a greater group of Circassian villages around the Golan Heights. The Circassians in Israel enjoy, like Druzes, a status aparte. Male Circassians (at their leader's request) are mandated for military service, while females are not.

People from post-Soviet states

Russophone shop in Haifa

Ethnic Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians, immigrants from the former Soviet Union, who were eligible to emigrate due to having, or being married to somebody who has, at least one Jewish grandparent and thus qualified for Israeli citizenship under the revised Law of Return. A number of these immigrants also belong to various ethnic groups from the Former Soviet Union such as Armenians, Georgians, Azeris, Uzbeks, Moldovans, Tatars, among others. Some of them, having a Jewish father or grandfather, identify as Jews, but being non-Jewish by Orthodox Halakha (religious law), they are not recognized formally as Jews by the state. Most of them are in the mainstream of Israel culture and are called "expanded Jewish population". In addition, a certain number of former Soviet citizens, primarily women of Russian and Ukrainian ethnicity, emigrated to Israel, after marrying Muslim or Christian Arab citizens of Israel, who went to study in the former Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s. 1,557,698 people from the current Russia and Ukraine live in Israel.[71]

Finns

Although most people of Finnish origin in Israel are Finnish Jews who immigrated to Israel, and their descendants, a small number of Finnish Christians moved to Israel in the 1940s before independence and gained citizenship following independence. For the most part, many of the original Finnish settlers intermarried with the other communities in the country, and therefore remain very small in number. A Moshav shitufi near Jerusalem named Yad HaShmona, meaning the "Memorial for the Eight", was established in 1971 by a group of Finnish Christian-Israelis, although today, most members are Israeli, and are predominantly Hebrew speakers, and the moshav has become a center of Messianic Jews.[72][73]

Baháʼís

The population of followers of the Baháʼí Faith in Israel is almost entirely made up of volunteers serving at the Baháʼí World Centre. Bahá'u'lláh (1817–1892), the Faith's founder, was banished to Akka and died nearby where his shrine is located. During his lifetime he instructed his followers not to teach or convert those living in the area, and the Baháʼís descending from those original immigrants were later asked to leave and teach elsewhere. For nearly a century there has been a policy by Baháʼí leaders to not accept converts living in Israel. The 650 or so foreign national Baháʼís living in Israel are almost all on temporary duty serving at the shrines and administrative offices.[74][75][76]

Vietnamese

The number of Vietnamese people in Israel and their descendants is estimated at 150 to 200.[77] Most of them came to Israel in between 1976 and 1979, after prime minister Menachem Begin authorized their admission to Israel and granted them political asylum. The Vietnamese people living in Israel are Israeli citizens who also serve in the Israel Defense Forces. Today, the majority of the community lives in the Gush Dan area in the center of Tel Aviv, but also a few dozen Vietnamese-Israelis or Israelis of Vietnamese origin live in Haifa, Jerusalem, and Ofakim.

African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem

Main article: African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem

The African Hebrew Israelite Nation of Jerusalem is a religious sect[78] of Black Americans, founded in 1960 by Ben Carter[79][80] a metal worker in Chicago. The members of this sect believe they are descended from the tribes of Judah driven from the Holy Land by the Romans during the First Jewish War (70 AD), and who reportedly emigrated to West Africa before being taken as slaves to the United States.[79][81] With a population of over 5,000, most members live in their own community in Dimona, Israel, with additional families in Arad, Mitzpe Ramon, and the Tiberias area. The group believes that the ancient Israelites are the ancestors of Black Americans and that the actual Jews are "impostors".[82] Some scholarship does consider them to be of subsaharan African origin, rather than Levantine.[83] Their ancestors were Black Americans who, after being expelled from Liberia, illegally immigrated to Israel in the late 1960s using tourist visas, requesting that Israel provide them legal citizenship status. Israel granted their requests.[84] The African Hebrew Israelites, like the Haredim and most Israeli Arabs, are not required to serve in the military; however, some do.

Naturalized foreign workers

Some naturalized foreign workers and their children born in Israel, predominantly from the Philippines, Nepal, Nigeria, Senegal, Romania, China, Cyprus, Thailand, and South America (mainly Colombia).

### Non-citizens

[edit]

African migrants

Further information: Sudanese refugees in Israel and African immigration to Israel

Meeting between Sudanese refugees and Israeli students, 2007.

The number and status of African migrants in Israel is disputed and controversial, but it is estimated that at least 70,000 refugees mainly from Eritrea, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, and the Ivory Coast reside and work in Israel. A count in late 2011 published in Ynet pointed out the number only in Tel Aviv is 40,000, which represents 10 percent of the city's population. The vast majority live in the southern parts of the city. There is a significant population in the southern Israeli cities of Eilat, Arad, and Beersheba.

Foreign workers

Further information: Filipinos in Israel, Chinese people in Israel, and Palestinian workers in Israel

There are around 300,000 foreign workers, residing in Israel under temporary work visas, including Palestinians. Most of those foreign workers engage in agriculture and construction. The main groups of those foreign workers include the Chinese, Thai, Filipinos,[85] Nigerians, Romanians, and Latin Americans.

Other refugees

Approximately 100–200 refugees from Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraqi Kurdistan, and North Korea were absorbed in Israel as refugees. Most of them were also given Israeli resident status, and currently reside in Israel.[86] As of 2006, some 200 ethnic Kurdish refugees from Turkey resided in Israel as illegal immigrants, fleeing the Kurdish–Turkish conflict.[87]

## Languages

[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Main article: Languages of Israel

Due to its immigrant nature, Israel is one of the most multicultural and multilingual societies in the world. Hebrew is the official language of the country, and Arabic is given special status, while English and Russian are the two most widely spoken non-official languages. A certain degree of English is spoken widely, and is the language of choice for many Israeli businesses. Hebrew and English language are mandatory subjects in the Israeli school system, and most schools offer either Arabic, French, Spanish, German, Italian, or Russian.

## Religion

[edit]

Main article: Religion in Israel

Religion in Israel

* v
* t
* e

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

|

Jewish,  Muslim,  Christian,  Druze,  Other.
Until 1995, figures for Christians also included Others.[88]

According to a 2010 Israel Central Bureau of Statistics study[89] of Israelis aged over 18:

Israeli Jews define themselves as:

Haredim (or ultra-Orthodox) (8%)

"religious" (non-Haredi Orthodox, also known as: dati leumi/national-religious or religious Zionist) (12%)

"religious-traditionalists" (mostly adhering to Jewish Halakha) (13%)

"non-religious traditionalists" (only partly respecting the Jewish Halakha) (25%)

"secular" (43%)

While the ultra-Orthodox, or Haredim, represented only 5% of Israel's population in 1990,[90] they are expected to represent more than one-fifth of Israel's Jewish population by 2028.[91] By 2022, Haredim were 13.3% of the population and enumerated 1,280,000.[92][93]

Religious makeup, 2019[94][95][58] Group | Population | %

|
|

Jews  | 6,697,000  |

74.2%

Muslims  | 1,605,700  |

17.8%

Christians  | 180,400  |

2.0%

Druze  | 143,000  |

1.6%

Other/unknown  | 394,900  |

4.4%

## Education

[edit]

Main article: Education in Israel

Education between ages 5 and 15 is compulsory. It is not free, but it is subsidized by the government, individual organizations (such as the Beit Yaakov System), or a combination. Parents are expected to participate in courses as well. The school system is organized into kindergartens, 6-year primary schools, and either 6-year secondary schools or 3-year junior secondary schools + 3-year senior secondary schools (depending on region), after which a comprehensive examination is offered for university admissions.

### Literacy

[edit]

Age 15 and over can read and write (2011 estimate):[96]

* Total population: 97.8%
* Male: 98.7%
* Female: 96.8%

## Policy

[edit]

See also: Demographic threat § Israel

Israel is the thirtieth-most-densely-crowded country in the world. In an academic article, Jewish National Fund Board member Daniel Orenstein, argues that, as elsewhere, overpopulation is a stressor on the environment in Israel; he shows that environmentalists have conspicuously failed to consider the impact of population on the environment, and argues that overpopulation in Israel has not been appropriately addressed for ideological reasons.[97][98]

### Citizenship and Entry Law

[edit]

Main article: Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law

This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2012)

|

The Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law (Temporary Order) 5763 was first passed on 31 July 2003, and has since been extended until 31 July 2008. The law places age restrictions for the automatic granting of Israeli citizenship and residency permits to spouses of Israeli citizens, such that spouses who are inhabitants of the West Bank and Gaza Strip are ineligible. On 8 May 2005, the Israeli ministerial committee for issues of legislation once again amended the Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law, to restrict citizenship and residence in Israel only to Palestinian men over the age of 35, and Palestinian women over the age of 25. Those in favor of the law say the law not only limits the possibility of the entrance of terrorists into Israel, but, as Ze'ev Boim asserts, allows Israel "to maintain the state's democratic nature, but also its Jewish nature" (i. e., its Jewish demographic majority).[99] Critics, including the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination,[100] say the law disproportionately affects Arab citizens of Israel, since Arabs in Israel are far more likely to have spouses from the West Bank and Gaza Strip than other Israeli citizens.[101]

In the constitutional challenges to the Citizenship and Entry to Israel Law, the state, represented by the Attorney General, insisted that security was the only objective behind the law. The state also added that even if the law was intended to achieve demographic objectives, it is still in conformity with Israel's Jewish and democratic definition, and thus constitutional. In a 2012 ruling by the Supreme Court on the issue, some of the judges on the panel discussed demography, and were inclined to accept that demography is a legitimate consideration in devising family reunification policies that violate the right to family life.[102]

## Vital statistics

[edit]

Birth and death rates in Israel[103][104][105][106] Year  | Population  | Live births  | Deaths  | Natural increase  | Crude birth rate  | Crude death rate  | Rate of natural increase  | Crude migration rate  | TFR

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1950  | 1,370,000  | 43,431  | 8,700  | 34,731  | 34.1  | 6.8  | 27.3  |  |
1951  | 1,578,000  | 50,542  | 9,866  | 40,676  | 34.3  | 6.7  | 27.6  | 104.2  |
1952  | 1,630,000  | 52,556  | 11,666  | 40,890  | 32.8  | 7.3  | 25.5  | 6.4  |
1953  | 1,669,000  | 52,552  | 10,916  | 41,636  | 31.9  | 6.6  | 25.3  | -1.9  |
1954  | 1,718,000  | 48,951  | 11,328  | 37,623  | 28.9  | 6.7  | 22.2  | 6.3  |
1955  | 1,789,000  | 50,686  | 10,532  | 40,154  | 28.9  | 6.0  | 22.9  | 16.8  | 4.03
1956  | 1,872,000  | 52,287  | 12,025  | 40,262  | 28.6  | 6.6  | 22.0  | 22.3  |
1957  | 1,976,000  | 53,940  | 12,487  | 41,453  | 28.0  | 6.5  | 21.5  | 31.1  |
1958  | 2,032,000  | 52,649  | 11,615  | 41,034  | 26.3  | 5.8  | 20.5  | 7.8  |
1959  | 2,089,000  | 54,604  | 12,056  | 42,548  | 26.5  | 5.9  | 20.6  | 6.7  |
1960  | 2,150,000  | 56,002  | 12,053  | 43,949  | 26.4  | 5.7  | 20.7  | 7.7  |
1961  | 2,234,000  | 54,869  | 12,663  | 42,206  | 25.0  | 5.8  | 19.2  | 18.4  |
1962  | 2,332,000  | 56,356  | 13,701  | 42,655  | 24.7  | 6.0  | 18.7  | 23.3  |
1963  | 2,430,000  | 59,491  | 14,425  | 45,066  | 25.0  | 6.1  | 18.9  | 21.3  |
1964  | 2,526,000  | 63,544  | 15,491  | 48,053  | 25.6  | 6.3  | 19.3  | 18.7  |
1965  | 2,598,000  | 66,146  | 16,261  | 49,885  | 25.8  | 6.3  | 19.5  | 8.2  | 3.99
1966  | 2,657,000  | 67,148  | 16,582  | 50,566  | 25.6  | 6.3  | 19.3  | 2.9  |
1967  | 2,776,000  | 64,980  | 17,463  | 47,517  | 23.9  | 6.4  | 17.5  | 25.4  |
1968  | 2,841,000  | 69,911  | 18,689  | 51,222  | 24.9  | 6.7  | 18.2  | 4.7  |
1969  | 2,930,000  | 73,666  | 19,767  | 53,899  | 25.5  | 6.9  | 18.6  | 11.8  |
1970  | 3,022,000  | 80,843  | 21,234  | 59,609  | 27.2  | 7.1  | 20.1  | 10.3  |
1971  | 3,121,000  | 85,899  | 21,415  | 64,484  | 28.0  | 7.0  | 21.0  | 10.7  |
1972  | 3,225,000  | 85,544  | 22,719  | 62,825  | 27.0  | 7.2  | 19.8  | 12.4  |
1973  | 3,338,000  | 88,545  | 23,054  | 65,491  | 27.0  | 7.0  | 20.0  | 13.9  |
1974  | 3,422,000  | 93,166  | 24,135  | 69,031  | 27.6  | 7.1  | 20.5  | 4.0  |
1975  | 3,493,000  | 95,628  | 24,600  | 71,028  | 27.7  | 7.1  | 20.6  | -0.3  | 3.68
1976  | 3,575,000  | 98,763  | 24,012  | 74,751  | 27.9  | 6.8  | 21.1  | 1.8  |
1977  | 3,653,000  | 95,315  | 24,951  | 70,364  | 26.4  | 6.9  | 19.5  | 1.9  |
1978  | 3,738,000  | 92,602  | 25,153  | 67,449  | 25.1  | 6.8  | 18.3  | 4.4  | 3.28
1979  | 3,836,000  | 93,710  | 25,700  | 68,010  | 24.7  | 6.8  | 17.9  | 7.6  | 3.21
1980  | 3,922,000  | 94,321  | 26,364  | 67,957  | 24.3  | 6.8  | 17.5  | 4.4  | 3.14
1981  | 3,978,000  | 93,308  | 26,085  | 67,223  | 23.6  | 6.6  | 17.0  | -2.9  | 3.06
1982  | 4,064,000  | 96,695  | 27,780  | 68,915  | 24.0  | 6.9  | 17.1  | 4.1  | 3.12
1983  | 4,119,000  | 98,724  | 27,731  | 70,993  | 24.0  | 6.7  | 17.3  | -3.9  | 3.14
1984  | 4,200,000  | 98,478  | 27,805  | 70,673  | 23.3  | 6.6  | 16.7  | 2.6  | 3.13
1985  | 4,266,000  | 99,376  | 28,093  | 71,283  | 23.1  | 6.5  | 16.6  | -1.1  | 3.12
1986  | 4,331,000  | 99,341  | 29,415  | 69,926  | 22.7  | 6.7  | 16.0  | -1.0  | 3.09
1987  | 4,407,000  | 99,022  | 29,244  | 69,778  | 22.2  | 6.6  | 15.6  | 1.6  | 3.05
1988  | 4,477,000  | 100,454  | 29,176  | 71,278  | 22.2  | 6.4  | 15.8  | -0.2  | 3.06
1989  | 4,560,000  | 100,757  | 28,580  | 72,177  | 22.1  | 6.3  | 15.8  | 2.4  | 3.03
1990  | 4,822,000  | 103,349  | 28,734  | 74,615  | 22.0  | 6.1  | 15.9  | 38.4  | 3.02
1991  | 5,059,000  | 105,725  | 31,266  | 74,459  | 21.4  | 6.3  | 15.1  | 31.7  | 2.91
1992  | 5,196,000  | 110,062  | 33,327  | 76,735  | 21.5  | 6.5  | 15.0  | 11.4  | 2.93
1993  | 5,328,000  | 112,330  | 33,000  | 79,330  | 21.3  | 6.3  | 15.0  | 9.8  | 2.92
1994  | 5,472,000  | 114,543  | 33,535  | 81,008  | 21.2  | 6.2  | 15.0  | 11.3  | 2.90
1995  | 5,612,000  | 116,886  | 35,348  | 81,538  | 21.1  | 6.4  | 14.7  | 10.2  | 2.88
1996  | 5,758,000  | 121,333  | 34,664  | 86,669  | 21.3  | 6.1  | 15.2  | 10.2  | 2.94
1997  | 5,900,000  | 124,478  | 36,124  | 88,354  | 21.4  | 6.2  | 15.2  | 8.9  | 2.93
1998  | 6,041,000  | 130,080  | 36,955  | 93,125  | 21.8  | 6.2  | 15.6  | 7.7  | 2.98
1999  | 6,209,000  | 131,936  | 37,291  | 94,645  | 21.6  | 6.1  | 15.5  | 11.6  | 2.94
2000  | 6,369,000  | 136,390  | 37,688  | 98,702  | 21.7  | 6.0  | 15.7  | 9.4  | 2.95
2001  | 6,509,000  | 136,636  | 37,186  | 99,450  | 21.2  | 5.8  | 15.4  | 6.1  | 2.89
2002  | 6,631,000  | 139,535  | 38,415  | 101,120  | 21.2  | 5.8  | 15.4  | 3.0  | 2.89
2003  | 6,748,000  | 144,936  | 38,499  | 106,437  | 21.7  | 5.8  | 15.9  | 1.4  | 2.95
2004  | 6,870,000  | 145,207  | 37,938  | 107,269  | 21.3  | 5.6  | 15.7  | 2.1  | 2.90
2005  | 6,991,000  | 143,913  | 39,038  | 104,875  | 20.8  | 5.6  | 15.2  | 2.1  | 2.84
2006  | 7,117,000  | 148,170  | 38,765  | 109,405  | 21.0  | 5.5  | 15.5  | 2.2  | 2.88
2007  | 7,244,000  | 151,679  | 40,081  | 111,598  | 21.1  | 5.5  | 15.6  | 1.9  | 2.90
2008  | 7,419,000  | 156,923  | 39,484  | 117,439  | 21.5  | 5.4  | 16.1  | 7.5  | 2.96
2009  | 7,552,000  | 161,042  | 38,812  | 122,230  | 21.5  | 5.2  | 16.3  | 1.3  | 2.96
2010  | 7,695,000  | 166,255  | 39,613  | 126,642  | 21.8  | 5.2  | 16.6  | 2.0  | 3.03
2011  | 7,837,000  | 166,296  | 40,889  | 125,407  | 21.4  | 5.3  | 16.1  | 2.0  | 3.00
2012  | 7,984,000  | 170,940  | 42,100  | 128,840  | 21.6  | 5.3  | 16.3  | 2.1  | 3.05
2013  | 8,134,000  | 171,444  | 41,683  | 129,761  | 21.3  | 5.2  | 16.1  | 2.3  | 3.03
2014  | 8,297,000  | 176,427  | 42,457  | 133,970  | 21.5  | 5.2  | 16.3  | 3.3  | 3.08
2015  | 8,463,000  | 178,723  | 44,507  | 134,216  | 21.3  | 5.3  | 16.0  | 3.6  | 3.09
2016  | 8,629,000  | 181,405  | 44,244  | 137,161  | 21.2  | 5.2  | 16.0  | 3.2  | 3.11
2017  | 8,798,000  | 183,648  | 44,923  | 138,725  | 21.1  | 5.2  | 15.9  | 3.3  | 3.11
2018  | 8,883,000  | 184,370  | 44,850  | 139,520  | 20.8  | 5.0  | 15.7  | -6.1  | 3.09
2019  | 9,054,000  | 182,016  | 46,328  | 135,688  | 20.1  | 5.1  | 15.0  | 3.9  | 3.01
2020  | 9,215,000  | 177,307  | 49,006  | 128,301  | 19.2  | 5.3  | 13.9  | 3.6  | 2.90
2021  | 9,400,000  | 185,040  | 50,984  | 134,056  | 19.7  | 5.4  | 14.3  | 5.4  | 3.00
2022  | 9,661,400  | 181,193  | 52,054  | 129,139  | 19.0  | 5.4  | 13.6  | 13.5  | 2.89
2023  |  | 178,724  | 49,910  | 128,814  | 18.3  | 5.1  | 13.2  |  |

### Current vital statistics

[edit]

[107]

Period  | Live births  | Deaths  | Natural increase

|
|
|

January - May 2023 | 72,613  | 21,671  | +50,942
January - May 2024 | 72,644  | 22,730  | +49,914
Difference |  +31 (+0.04%)  |  +1,059 (+4.89%)  |  -1,028

## Migration

[edit]

### Immigration

[edit]

In 2013 Israel had an estimated net migration rate of 1.81 migrant(s) per 1,000 population.[citation needed]

Immigrants by last country of residence in recent years (according to CBS and the Jewish Agency):[108][109][110]

Country | 2019 | 2020 | 2021

|
|
|

Russia | 15,821 | 6,644 | 7,500
Ukraine | 6,190 | 2,937 | 3,000
France | 2,227 | 2,407 | 3,500
United States | 2,481 | 2,296 | 4,000
Ethiopia |  |  | 1,636
Argentina | 411 | 551 | 900
Brazil | 589 | 512 | 550
United Kingdom | 498 | 459 | 650
South Africa | 343 | 269 | 550
Canada | 217 | 236 | 400
Mexico | 127 |  | 290
Belarus | 924 | 625 |
Georgia |  | 229 |
Venezuela |  | 174 |
Uzbekistan |  | 147 |
Kazakhstan |  | 139 |
Moldova |  | 130 |
Others |  | 1,921 |
Total | 33,247 | 21,820 | 27,050

#### Immigration from the USSR

[edit]

Further information: 1970s Soviet Union aliyah and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah

During the 1970s about 163,000 people of Jewish descent immigrated to Israel from the USSR.

Later Ariel Sharon, in his capacity as Minister of Housing & Construction and member of the Ministerial Committee for Immigration & Absorption, launched an unprecedented large-scale construction effort to accommodate the new Russian population in Israel so as to facilitate their smooth integration and encourage further Jewish immigration as an ongoing means of increasing the Jewish population of Israel.[111] Between 1989 and 2006, about 979,000 Jews emigrated from the former Soviet Union to Israel.

### Emigration

[edit]

For many years definitive data on Israeli emigration was unavailable.[112] In The Israeli Diaspora sociologist Stephen J. Gold maintains that calculation of Jewish emigration has been a contentious issue, explaining, "Since Zionism, the philosophy that underlies the existence of the Jewish state, calls for return home of the world's Jews, the opposite movement—Israelis leaving the Jewish state to reside elsewhere—clearly presents an ideological and demographic problem."[113]

In the past several decades, emigration (yerida) has seen a considerable increase. From 1990 to 2005, 230,000 Israelis left the country; a large proportion of these departures included people who initially immigrated to Israel and then reversed their course (48% of all post-1990 departures and even 60% of 2003 and 2004 departures were former immigrants to Israel). 8% of Jewish immigrants in the post-1990 period left Israel, while 15% of non-Jewish immigrants did. In 2005 alone, 21,500 Israelis left the country and had not yet returned at the end of 2006; among them 73% were Jews, 5% Arabs, and 22% "Others" (mostly non-Jewish immigrants, with Jewish ancestry, from USSR). At the same time, 10,500 Israelis came back to Israel after over one year abroad; 84% were Jews, 9% Others, and 7% Arabs.[114]

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, as of 2005, 650,000 Israelis had left the country for over one year and not returned. Of them, 530,000 are still alive today. This number does not include the children born overseas. It should also be noted that Israeli law grants citizenship only to the first generation of children born to Israeli emigrants.

## Health

[edit]

### HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate

[edit]

* 0.2% (2009 est.)

### Obesity – adult prevalence rate

[edit]

* 26% of women and 40% of men are overweight. In both genders, obesity rate is 15% (as of 2011).[115]

Graph of Total Fertility Rate vs. GDP (PPP) per capita of each country, including Israel.[116][117]

## Future projections

[edit]

In June 2013, the Central Bureau of Statistics released a demographic report, projecting that Israel's population would grow to 11.4 million by 2035, with the Jewish population numbering 8.3 million, or 73% of the population, and the Arab population at 2.6 million, or 23%. This includes some 2.3 million Muslims (20% of the population), 185,000 Druze, and 152,000 Christians. The report predicts that the Israeli population growth rate will decline to 1.4% annually, with growth in the Muslim population remaining higher than the Jewish population until 2035, at which point the Jewish population will begin growing the fastest.[118]

In 2017, the Central Bureau of Statistics projected that Israel's population would rise to about 18 million by 2059, including 14.4 million Jews and 3.6 million Arabs. Of the Jewish population, about 5.25 million would be Haredi. Overall, the forecast projected that 49% of the population would be either Haredi Jews (29%) or Arabs (20%).[119] It also projected a population of 20 million in 2065.[120] Jews and other non-Arabs are expected to compose 81% of the population in 2065, and Arabs 19%. About 32% of the population is expected to be Haredi.[121]

Other forecasts project that Israel could have a population as high as 23 million, or even 36 million, by 2050.[122]

## See also

[edit]

* Aliyah
* Crime in Israel
* Culture of Israel
* Demographic history of Palestine (region)
* Demographics of the Middle East
* Demographics of the State of Palestine
* Health care in Israel
* Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
* Jewish population by country
* Standard of living in Israel
* Women in Israel

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[edit]

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## Further reading

[edit]

* DellaPergola, Sergio (2001). Demography in Israel/Palestine: Trends, Prospects, Policy Implications (PDF). The Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
* Goldscheider, Calvin (2002). Israel's Changing Society: Population, Ethnicity & Development. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-3917-7.
* Tal, Alon (February 2017). "The Land Is Full: Addressing Overpopulation in Israel". Foreign Affairs. Book review by John Waterbury.
* Videos of academic lectures posted on the official YouTube VOD (video on demand) channel of Tel Aviv University:
* Rabinowitz, Dan (18 November 2012). "The Sacred Cow of Israel: The Environmental Implications of Zionism's Population Policy". Archived from the original on 11 December 2021 - via YouTube. (28 min)
* Dayan, Tamar (18 November 2012). "Population Increase and the Impact on Biodiversity in Israel". Archived from the original on 11 December 2021 - via YouTube. (16 min)
* Ehrlich, Paul; Rabinowitz, Dan; Dayan, Tamar (18 November 2012). "Questions & Answers Panel". Archived from the original on 11 December 2021 - via YouTube. (31 min)

## External links

[edit]

* Official website of the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
* Population of Israel by the Tourism Ministry
* Israel. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
* Issues in Israeli Society Archived 21 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine at the Jewish Agency for Israel
* Israel: Society and Culture at Curlie

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