East Asia

Subregion of the Asian continent

For other uses, see East Asia (disambiguation).

East Asia

Area| 11,840,000 km2 (4,570,000 sq mi) (3rd)
Population| 1.6 billion (2023; 2nd)
Population density| 141.9 km2 (54.8 sq mi)
GDP (PPP)| $47.6 trillion (2024)[1]
GDP (nominal)| $25.7 trillion (2024)[1]
GDP per capita| $16,000 (nominal)[1]
Demonym| East Asian
Countries|

6 countries[2][3][4]

* China
* Japan
* Mongolia
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Taiwan

Dependencies|

Two special administrative regions of China

* Hong Kong
* Macau

Languages|

* Chinese
* Japanese
* Korean
* Mongolian
* Tibetan
* Others

Time zones| UTC+7, UTC+8 & UTC+9
Largest cities| List of urban areas:

* Beijing
* Busan
* Chengdu
* Daegu
* Guangzhou
* Hangzhou
* Hong Kong
* Kaohsiung
* Macau
* Nagoya
* Nanjing
* Osaka
* Seoul
* Shanghai
* Shenzhen
* Taipei
* Tokyo
* Yokohama

UN M49 code| `030` – Eastern Asia
`142` – Asia
`001` – World
East Asia

Chinese name
Simplified Chinese| 东亚/东亚细亚
Traditional Chinese| 東亞/東亞細亞
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Dōngyǎ/Dōngyà or Dōng Yǎxìyǎ/Dōng Yàxìyà
Wade–Giles| Tung1-ya3

Romanization| ton平 ia去
Gan
Romanization| Tung1 nga3
Hakka
Romanization| dung24 a31
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping| dung1 aa3
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ| Tang-a
Tibetan name
Tibetan| ཨེ་ཤ་ཡ་ཤར་མ་
Korean name
Hangul| 동아시아/동아세아/동아
Hanja| 東아시아/東亞細亞/東亞
| Transcriptions

Revised Romanization| Dong Asia/Dong Asea/Dong A
Mongolian name
Mongolian Cyrillic| Зүүн Ази
ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠽᠢ
| Transcriptions

SASM/GNC| Dzuun Azi
Japanese name
Kana| ひがしアジア/とうあ
Kyūjitai| 東亞細亞/東亞
Shinjitai| 東亜細亜（東アジア）/東亜
| Transcriptions

Revised Hepburn| Higashi Ajia/Tō-A
Kunrei-shiki| Higasi Azia/Tou-A
Uyghur name
Uyghur| شەرقىي ئاسىي
| Transcriptions

Latin Yëziqi| sherqiy asiy

East Asia is a geographical and cultural region of Asia including the countries of China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.[2][3] Additionally, Hong Kong and Macau are the two special administrative regions of China. The economies of China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan are among the world's largest and most prosperous. East Asia borders North Asia to the north, Southeast Asia to the south, South Asia to the southwest, and Central Asia to the west. To its east is the Pacific Ocean.

East Asia has long been a crossroads of civilizations, as the region's prominence has facilitated the transmission of ideas, cultural exchanges, commercial trade, scientific and technological cooperation, and migration, as its position and proximity to both the Pacific Ocean and the Continental Asian landmass makes it strategically significant for facilitating international maritime trade and transportation. The contemporary economic, technological, political, and social integration of East Asia coupled with its rich history of diversity, division, and divergent development have all contributed to its enduring complexity, scientific and technological advancement, cultural richness, economic prosperity, and geopolitical significance on the world stage. With the region having been home to various influential empires, kingdoms, and dynasties throughout history, each leaving its mark on the region and transforming the region's geopolitical landscape ranging from distinct dynastic kingdoms to colonial possessions to independent modern nation-states.

East Asia, especially Chinese civilization, is regarded as one of the earliest cradles of civilization. Other ancient civilizations in East Asia that still exist as independent countries in the present day include the Japanese, Korean, and Mongolian civilizations. Various other civilizations existed as independent polities in East Asia in the past but have since been absorbed into neighbouring civilizations in the present day, such as Tibet, Manchuria, and Ryukyu (Okinawa), among many others. Taiwan has a relatively young history in the region after the prehistoric era; originally, it was a major site of Austronesian civilisation prior to colonisation by European colonial powers and China from the 17th century onward. For thousands of years, China was the leading civilization in the region, exerting influence on its neighbours.[5][6][7] Historically, societies in East Asia have fallen within the Chinese sphere of influence, and East Asian vocabularies and scripts are often derived from Classical Chinese and Chinese script. The Chinese calendar serves as the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived.

Major religions in East Asia include Buddhism (mostly Mahayana),[8] Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism, Taoism,[9] ancestral worship, and Chinese folk religion in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, Shinto in Japan, and Christianity and Musok in Korea.[10][11][12] Tengerism and Tibetan Buddhism are prevalent among Mongols and Tibetans while other religions such as Shamanism are widespread among the indigenous populations of northeastern China such as the Manchus.[13] The major languages in East Asia include Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. The major ethnic groups of East Asia include the Han in China and Taiwan, Yamato in Japan, and Koreans in North and South Korea. and Mongols in Mongolia. There are 76 officially-recognized minority or indigenous ethnic groups in East Asia; 55 native to mainland China (including Hui, Manchus, Chinese Mongols, Tibetans, Uyghurs, and Zhuang in the frontier regions), 16 native to the island of Taiwan (collectively known as Taiwanese indigenous peoples), one native to the major Japanese island of Hokkaido (the Ainu) and four native to Mongolia (Turkic peoples). The Ryukyuan people are an unrecognized ethnic group indigenous to the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan, which stretch from Kyushu to Taiwan. There are also several unrecognized indigenous ethnic groups in mainland China and Taiwan.

East Asians comprise around 1.7 billion people, making up about 33% of the population in Continental Asia and 20% of the global population.[14][needs update] The region is home to major world metropolises such as Beijing–Tianjin, Busan–Daegu–Ulsan–Changwon, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Osaka–Kyoto–Kobe, Seoul, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Taipei, and Tokyo. Although the coastal and riparian areas of the region form one of the world's most populated places, the population in Mongolia and Western China, both landlocked areas, is very sparsely distributed, with Mongolia having the lowest population density of a sovereign state. The overall population density of the region is 133 inhabitants per square kilometre (340/sq mi), about three times the world average of 45/km2 (120/sq mi).[when?][citation needed]

## History

[edit]

Main article: History of East Asia

### Ancient era

[edit]

China was the first region settled in East Asia and was undoubtedly the core of East Asian civilization from where other parts of East Asia were formed. The various other regions in East Asia were selective in the Chinese influences they adopted into their local customs. Historian Ping-ti Ho referred to China as the cradle of Eastern civilization, in parallel with the cradle of Middle Eastern civilization along the Fertile Crescent encompassing Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt[15] as well as the cradle of Western civilization encompassing Ancient Greece.

Chinese civilization emerged early, and prefigured other East Asian civilisations. Throughout history, imperial China would exert cultural, economic, technological, and political influence on its neighbours.[16][17][18] Succeeding Chinese dynasties exerted enormous influence across East Asia culturally, economically, politically and militarily for over two millennia.[18][19][20] The tributary system of China shaped much of East Asia's history for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural influence over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.[21][22][17] Imperial China's cultural preeminence not only led the country to become East Asia's first literate nation in the entire region, it also supplied Japan and Korea with Chinese loanwords and linguistic influences rooted in their writing systems.[23]

Under Emperor Wu of Han, the Han dynasty made China the regional powerhouse in East Asia, projecting much of its imperial influence onto its neighbours.[18][24] Han China hosted the largest unified population in East Asia, the most literate and urbanised as well as being the most economically developed, as well as the most technologically and culturally advanced civilization in the region at the time.[25][26] Cultural and religious interaction between the Chinese and other regional East Asian dynasties and kingdoms occurred. China's impact and influence on Korea began with the Han dynasty's northeastern expansion in 108 BC when the Han Chinese conquered the northern part of the Korean peninsula and established a province called Lelang. Chinese influences were transmitted and soon took root in Korea through the inclusion of the Chinese writing system, monetary system, rice culture, philosophical schools of thought, and Confucian political institutions.[27] Jomon society in ancient Japan incorporated wet-rice cultivation and metallurgy through its contact with Korea. Starting in the fourth century AD, Japan adopted Chinese characters, which remain integral to the Japanese writing system. Utilizing the Chinese writing system allowed the Japanese to conduct their daily activities, maintain historical records and give form to various ideas, thoughts, and philosophies.

### Medieval era

[edit]

Map showing the boundary of the 13th-century Mongol Empire compared to today's Mongols

During the Tang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.[28] The establishment of the medieval Tang dynasty rekindled the impetus of Chinese expansionism across the geopolitical confines of East Asia. Similar to its Han predecessor, Tang China reasserted itself as the center of East Asian geopolitical influence during the early medieval period which spearheaded and marked another golden age in Chinese history. During the Tang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.[28][29] In addition, Tang China also managed to maintain control over northern Vietnam and northern Korea.[30]

As full-fledged medieval East Asian states were established, Korea by the fourth century AD and Japan by the seventh century AD, Japan and Korea actively began to incorporate Chinese influences such as Confucianism, the use of Chinese characters, architecture, state institutions, political philosophies, religion, urban planning, and various scientific and technological methods into their culture and society through direct contacts with Tang China and succeeding Chinese dynasties.[28][29][31] Drawing inspiration from the Tang political system, Prince Naka no oe launched the Taika Reform in 645 AD where he radically transformed Japan's political bureaucracy into a more centralised bureaucratic empire.[32] The Japanese also adopted Mahayana Buddhism, Chinese style architecture, and the imperial court's rituals and ceremonies, including the orchestral music and state dances had Tang influences. Written Chinese gained prestige and aspects of Tang culture such as poetry, calligraphy, and landscape painting became widespread.[32] During the Nara period, Japan began to aggressively import Chinese culture and styles of government which included Confucian protocol that served as a foundation for Japanese culture as well as political and social philosophy.[33][34] The Japanese also created laws adopted from the Chinese legal system that was used to govern in addition to the kimono, which was inspired from Chinese hanfu during the eighth century.

### Modern era

[edit]

The 17th century Qing conquest of the Ming and expansion of the empire

For many centuries, most notably from the 7th to the 14th centuries, China stood as East Asia's most advanced civilization and foremost military and economic power, exerting its influence as the transmission of advanced Chinese cultural practices and ways of thinking greatly shaped the region up until the nineteenth century.[35][36][37]

As East Asia's connections with Europe and the Western world strengthened during the late nineteenth century, China's power began to decline.[16][38] By the mid-nineteenth century, the weakening Qing dynasty became fraught with political corruption, obstacles and stagnation that was incapable of rejuvenating itself as a world power in contrast to the industrializing Imperial European colonial powers and a rapidly modernizing Japan.[39][40] The United States Commodore Matthew C. Perry would open Japan to Western influence, and the country would expand in earnest after the 1860s.[41][42][43] Around the same time, the Meiji Restoration in Japan sparked rapid societal transformation from an isolated feudal state into East Asia's first industrialised nation.[44][42] The modern and militarily powerful Japan would galvanise its position in the Orient as East Asia's greatest power with a global mission poised to advance to lead the entire world.[44][45] By the early 1900s, the Empire of Japan succeeded in asserting itself as East Asia's most dominant geopolitical force.[45]

Colonies and spheres of influence in East Asia and Oceania, circa 1914

With its newly found international status, Japan would begin to challenge the European colonial powers and inextricably took on a more active role within the East Asian geopolitical order and world affairs at large.[46] Flexing its nascent political and military might, Japan soundly defeated the stagnant Qing dynasty during the First Sino-Japanese War as well as defeating Russia in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905; the first major military victory in the modern era of an East Asian power over a European one.[47][48][49][41] Its hegemony was the heart of an empire that would include Taiwan and Korea.[44] During World War II, Japanese expansionism with its imperialist aspirations through the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere would incorporate Korea, Taiwan, much of eastern China and Manchuria, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia under its control establishing itself as a maritime colonial power in East Asia.[50]

### Contemporary era

[edit]

See also: Pacific Century

After a century of exploitation by the European and Japanese colonialists, post-colonial East Asia saw the defeat and occupation of Japan by the victorious Allies as well as the division of China and Korea during the Cold War. The Korean peninsula became independent but then it was divided into two rival states, while Taiwan became the main territory of de facto state Republic of China after the latter lost Mainland China to the People's Republic of China in the Chinese Civil War. During the latter half of the twentieth century, the region would see the post war economic miracle of Japan, which ushered in three decades of unprecedented growth, only to experience an economic slowdown during the 1990s, but nonetheless Japan continues to remain a global economic power. East Asia would also see the economic rise of Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan, in addition to the respective handovers of Hong Kong and Macau near the end of the twentieth century.

The onset of the 21st-century in East Asia led to the integration of Mainland China into the global economy through its entry in the World Trade Organization while also enhancing its emerging international status as a potential world power reinforced with its aim of restoring its historical established significance and enduring international prominence in the world economy.[2][51][52][53][54][55][56][57]

As of at least 2022, the region is more peaceful, integrated, wealthy, and stable than any time in the previous 150 years.[58]: 183

## Definitions

[edit]

Three sets of possible boundaries for the Central Asia region that overlap with conceptions of East Asia

In common usage, the term "East Asia" typically refers to a region including Greater China, Japan, Korea and Mongolia.[52][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]

China, Japan, and Korea represent the three core countries and civilizations of traditional East Asia, as they once had a shared written language, a shared culture, and a shared Confucian societal value system (involving shared Confucian philosophical tenets) once instituted by Imperial China.[66][67][68][69][70] Other usages define China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan as countries that constitute East Asia based on their geographic proximity as well as historical and modern cultural and economic ties, particularly with Japan and Korea in having retained strong cultural influences that originated from China.[66][70][71][72][73] Some scholars include Vietnam as part of East Asia as it has been considered part of the greater Chinese cultural sphere. Though Confucianism continues to play an important role in Vietnamese culture, Chinese characters are no longer used in its written language and many scholarly organizations classify Vietnam as a Southeast Asian country.[74][75][76] Mongolia is geographically north of Mainland China yet Confucianism and the Chinese writing system and culture had limited impact on Mongolian society. Thus, Mongolia is sometimes grouped with Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.[74][75] Xinjiang and Tibet are sometimes seen as part of Central Asia (see also Greater Central Asia).[77][78][79]

Broader and looser definitions by international agencies and organisations such as the World Bank refer to East Asia as the "three major Northeast Asian economies, i.e. mainland China, Japan, and South Korea", as well as Mongolia, North Korea, the Russian Far East, and Siberia.[80] The Council on Foreign Relations includes the Russia Far East, Mongolia, and Nepal.[81] The World Bank also acknowledges the roles of Chinese special administrative regions Hong Kong and Macau, as well as Taiwan, a country with limited recognition. The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia defines the region as "China, Japan, the Koreas, Nepal, Mongolia, and eastern regions of the Russian Federation".[82]

The countries of East Asia also form the core of Northeast Asia, which itself is a broader region. The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) geoscheme for Asia works with subregions defined in terms of UN political geography statistics.[83] The UNSD geoscheme is based on statistic convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:[84]

North Asia

Central Asia

Western Asia

South Asia

East Asia

Southeast Asia

The UNSD definition of East Asia is based on statistical convenience,[84] but others commonly use the same definition of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan.[85][86]

Certain Japanese islands are associated with Oceania due to non-continental geology, distance from mainland Asia or biogeographical similarities with Micronesia.[87][88] Some groups, such as the World Health Organization, categorize China, Japan and Korea with Australia and the rest of Oceania. The World Health Organization label this region the "Western Pacific", with East Asia not being used in their concept of major world regions. Their definition of this region further includes Mongolia and the adjacent area of Cambodia, as well as the countries of the South East Asia Archipelago (excluding East Timor and Indonesia).[89]

### Alternative definitions

[edit]

See also: Pacific Asia

In the context of business and economics, "East Asia" is sometimes used to refer to the geographical area covering ten Southeast Asian countries in ASEAN, Greater China, Japan, and Korea. However, in this context, the term "Far East" is used by the Europeans to cover ASEAN countries and the countries in East Asia. On rare occasions, the term is also sometimes taken to include India and other South Asian countries that are not situated within the bounds of the Asia-Pacific, although the term Indo-Pacific is more commonly used for such a definition.[90]

Observers preferring a broader definition of "East Asia" often use the term Northeast Asia to refer to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, with the region of Southeast Asia covering the ten ASEAN countries. This usage, which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions, is at odds with the historical meanings of both "East Asia" and "Northeast Asia".[91][92][93] The Council on Foreign Relations of the United States defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea.[81]

## Climate

[edit]

East Asia map of Köppen climate classification.

East Asia is home to many climatic zones. It also has unique weather patterns such as the East Asian rainy season and the East Asian Monsoon.[94]

### Climate change

[edit]

Main article: Climate change in Asia

Climate change is expected to exacerbate heat stress over at the North China Plain, which is particularly vulnerable as widespread irrigation results in very moist air. There is a risk that agricultural labourers will be physically unable to work outdoors on hot summer days at the end of the century, particularly under the scenario of greatest emissions and warming.[95]

Like the rest of the world, East Asia has been getting warmer due to climate change, and there had been a measurable increase in the frequency and severity of heatwaves.[96]: 1464 The region is also expected to see the intensification of its monsoon, leading to more flooding.[96]: 1459 China has notably embarked on the sponge cities program, where cities are designed to increase the area of urban green spaces and permeable pavings in order to help deal with flash floods caused by greater precipitation extremes.[96]: 1504 Under high-warming scenarios, "critical health thresholds" for heat stress during the 21st century will be at times breached,[96]: 1465 in areas like the North China Plain.[95]

China, Japan and the Republic of Korea are expected to see some of the largest economic losses caused by sea level rise.[96] The city of Guangzhou is projected to experience the single largest annual economic losses from sea level rise in the world, potentially reaching US$254 million by 2050. Under the highest climate change scenario and in the absence of adaptation, cumulative economic losses caused by sea level rise in Guangzhou would exceed US$1 trillion by 2100.[96] Shanghai is also expected to experience annual losses of around 1% of the local GDP in the absence of adaptation.[96] The Yangtze River basin is a sensitive and biodiverse ecosystem, yet around 20% of its species may be lost throughout the century under 2 °C (3.6 °F) and ~43% under 4.5 °C (8.1 °F).[96]: 1476

## Economy

[edit]

Main article: Economy of East Asia

Customs territory | GDP nominal
billions of USD (2024)[1] | GDP nominal per capita
USD (2024)[1] | GDP PPP
billions of USD (2024)[1] | GDP PPP per capita
USD (2024)[1]

|
|
|
|

People's Republic of China | 18,532,633  | 13,136  | 35,291,015  | 25,015
Hong Kong[a] | 406,775  | 53,606  | 570,082  | 75,128
Macau[b] | 54,677  | 78,962  | 92,885  | 125,510
Japan | 4,110,452  | 33,138  | 6,720,962  | 54,184
Mongolia | 21,943  | 6,182  | 58,580  | 16,504
North Korea | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
South Korea | 1,760,947  | 34,165  | 3,057,995  | 59,330
Taiwan[c] | 802,958  | 34,432  | 1,792,349  | 76,858
East Asia  | $25,690,385  | $15,612  | $47,583,868  | $28,916

## Territorial and regional data

[edit]

China, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan are all unrecognised by at least one other East Asian state because of severe ongoing political tensions in the region, specifically the division of Korea and the political status of Taiwan.

### Etymology

[edit]

Flag | Common Name | Official name | ISO 3166 Country Codes[97]

|
|
|

Exonym | Endonym | Exonym | Endonym | ISO Short Name | Alpha-2 Code | Alpha-3 Code | Numeric
| China | 中国 | People's Republic of China | 中华人民共和国 | China | CN | CHN | 156
| Hong Kong | 香港 | Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
of the People's Republic of China | 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區 | Hong Kong | HK | HKG | 344
| Macau | 澳門 | Macao Special Administrative Region
of the People's Republic of China | 中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區 | Macao | MO | MAC | 446
| Japan | 日本 | Japan | 日本国 | Japan | JP | JPN | 392
| Mongolia | Монгол улс / ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ | Mongolia | Монгол Улс (ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ) | Mongolia | MN | MNG | 496
| North Korea | 조선 | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | 조선민주주의인민공화국 | Korea (the Democratic People's Republic of) | KP | PRK | 408
| South Korea | 한국 | Republic of Korea | 대한민국 | Korea (the Republic of) | KR | KOR | 410
| Taiwan | 臺灣 / 台灣 | Republic of China | 中華民國 | Taiwan[97] | TW | TWN | 158

## Demographics

[edit]

Population pyramid of East Asia in 2023 Historical distribution map of linguistic groups in China State/Territory  | Area km2 | Population in

thousands (2023)[98][99]

| % of East Asia  | % of World  | Population density
per km2 | HDI[100] | Capital/Administrative Centre

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

China | 9,640,011[d] | 1,425,671[e] | 85.76%  | 17.72%  | 138  | 0.788  | Beijing
Hong Kong | 1,104  | 7,492  | 0.45%  | 0.093%  | 6,390  | 0.956  | Hong Kong
Macau | 30  | 704  | 0.042%  | 0.0087%  | 18,662  | 0.925  | Macao
Japan | 377,930  | 123,295  | 7.42%  | 1.53%  | 337  | 0.920  | Tokyo
Mongolia | 1,564,100  | 3,447  | 0.2%  | 0.042%  | 2  | 0.741  | Ulaanbaatar
North Korea | 120,538  | 26,161  | 1.57%  | 0.33%  | 198  | 0.733[citation needed] | Pyongyang
South Korea | 100,210  | 51,784  | 3.11%  | 0.64%  | 500  | 0.929  | Seoul
Taiwan | 36,197  | 23,923  | 1.44%  | 0.297%  | 639  | 0.926  | Taipei
East Asia  | 11,840,000  | 1,662,477  | 100% | 20.66% | 141  | 0.865(very high)

### Ethnic groups

[edit]

Main articles: East Asians and Ethnic groups of East Asia

Ethnicity  | Native name  | Population  | Language(s)  | Writing system(s)  | Major states/territories*  | Traditional attire

|
|
|
|
|
|

Han/Chinese | 漢族 or 汉族 | 1,313,345,856[101] | Chinese (Mandarin, Min, Wu, Yue, Jin, Gan, Hakka, Xiang, Huizhou, Pinghua, etc.)  | Simplified Han characters, Traditional Han characters | ( )  |
Yamato/Japanese | 大和民族 | 125,117,000[102] | Japanese | Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana  |  |
Korean | 조선민족 (朝鮮民族)
한민족 (韓民族) | 84,790,105[103][104][105] | Korean | Hangul, Han characters (Hanja)  |  |
Bai | 白族 | 2,091,543[106] | Bai, Southwestern Mandarin | Simplified characters, Latin script  |  |
Hui | 回族 | 11,377,914[106] | Northwestern Mandarin, other Chinese Dialects, Huihui language, etc.  | Simplified characters  |  |
Mongols | Монголчууд ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ
Монгол/ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ | 8,942,528  | Mongolian | Mongol script, Cyrillic script |  |
Zhuang | 壮族/Bouxcuengh | 19,568,546[106] | Zhuang, Southwestern Mandarin, etc.  | Simplified Han characters, Latin script |  |
Uyghurs | 维吾尔族/ئۇيغۇر  | 11,774,538[106] | Uyghur | Arabic alphabet, Latin script |  |
Manchus | 满族/ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ | 10,423,303[106] | Northeastern Mandarin, Manchu language | Simplified Han characters, Mongol script  |  |
Hmong/Miao | 苗族/Ghaob Xongb/Hmub/Mongb  | 11,067,929[106] | Hmong/Miao, Southwestern Mandarin | Latin script, Simplified Han characters  |  |
Tibetans | 藏族/བོད་པ་ | 7,060,731[106] | Tibetan, Rgyal Rong, Rgu, etc.  | Tibetan script |  |
Yi | 彝族/ꆈꌠ | 9,830,327[106] | Various Loloish, Southwestern Mandarin  | Yi script, Simplified Han characters  |  |
Tujia | 土家族 | 9,587,732[106] | Northern Tujia, Southern Tujia  | Simplified Han characters  |  |
Kam | 侗族/Gaeml  | 3,495,993[106] | Gaeml | Simplified Han characters, Latin script  |  |
Tu | 土族/Monguor  | 289,565  | Tu, Northwestern Mandarin  | Simplified Han characters  |  |
Daur | 达斡尔族/ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ | 131,992  | Daur, Northeastern Mandarin  | Mongol script, Simplified Han characters  |  |
Indigenous Taiwanese | 臺灣原住民/ 高山族/ Yincomin/ Kasetaivang/ Inanuwayan | 533,600  | Austronesian languages (Amis, Yami), etc.  | Latin script, Traditional Han characters  |  |

Ryukyuan | 琉球民族 | 1,900,000  | Japanese
Ryukyuan | Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana  |  |
Ainu | アイヌ/ Aynu/ Айну | 200,000  | Japanese
Ainu[107] | Ainu uses both the Katakana and Latin scripts[108] |  |

* Note: The order of states/territories follows the population ranking of each ethnicity, within East Asia only.

## Culture

[edit]

Main category: Culture of East Asia

### Overview

[edit]

The culture of East Asia has been deeply influenced by China, as it was the civilization that had the most dominant influence in the region throughout the ages that ultimately laid the foundation for East Asian civilization. The vast knowledge and ingenuity of Chinese civilization and the classics of Chinese literature and culture were seen as the foundations for a civilized life in East Asia. Imperial China served as a vehicle through which the adoption of Confucian ethical philosophy, Chinese calendar system, political and legal systems, architectural style, diet, terminology, institutions, religious beliefs, imperial examinations that emphasised a knowledge of Chinese classics, political philosophy and cultural value systems, as well as historically sharing a common writing system reflected in the histories of Japan and Korea.[109][18][110][111][112][70]

The Imperial Chinese tributary system was the bedrock of network of trade and foreign relations between China and its East Asian tributaries, which helped to shape much of East Asian affairs during the ancient and medieval eras. Through the tributary system, the various dynasties of Imperial China facilitated frequent economic and cultural exchange that influenced the cultures of Japan and Korea and drew them into a Chinese international order.[113] The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia's foreign policy and trade for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural dominance over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.[22][113] The relationship between China and its cultural influence on East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of Greco-Roman civilization on classical Western civilisation.[112][113][109]

### Religion

[edit]

Main article: East Asian religions

<div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;

Religion in East Asia (2020)[114]

Folk Religion (52.10%)

Buddhism (19.65%)

No Religion (19.62%)

Christianity (5.56%)

Islam (1.57%)

Other (1.44%)

Religion  | Native name  | Creator/Current Leader  | Founded Time  | Main Denomination  | Major book  | Type  | Est. Followers  | Ethnic groups  | States/territories

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Chinese folk religion | 中國民間信仰 or 中国民间信仰 | Spontaneous formation  | Prehistoric period  | Salvationist, Wuism, Nuo | Chinese classics, Huangdi Sijing, precious scrolls, etc.  | Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism  | ~900,000,000[115][116] | Han, Hmong, Qiang, Tujia (worship of the same ancestor-gods)  |  ( )
Taoism | 道教 | Zhang Daoling, Wang Chongyang (Quanzhen School)  | 125 AD Eastern Han dynasty[citation needed] | Zhengyi, Quanzhen | Tao Te Ching | Pantheism, polytheism  | ~20,000,000[116] | Han, Zhuang, Hmong, Yao, Qiang, Tujia  |  ( )
East Asian Buddhism/Chinese Buddhism | 漢傳佛教 or 汉传佛教 | Emperor Ming of Han (introduced to China), Mālānanda (introduced to Baekje), King Seong of Baekje (introduced to Japan)  | 67 AD Eastern Han dynasty | Mahayana  | Diamond Sutra | Non-God, Dualism.  | ~300,000,000  | Han, Koreans, Yamato  |  ( )
Tibetan Buddhism | 藏傳佛教 or 藏传佛教/བོད་བརྒྱུད་ནང་བསྟན། | Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche | 1800 years ago  | Mahayana, Bon | Anuttarayoga Tantra | Non-God  | ~10,000,000  | Tibetans, Manchus, Mongols  |
Shamanism | 薩滿教 or Бөө мөргөл | Spontaneous formation  | Prehistoric period  |  | N/A  | Prehistoric, polytheism, and pantheism  | N/A  | Manchus, Mongols, Oroqens  |
Shinto | 神道 | Spontaneous formation  | Yayoi period[117] | Shinto sects | Kojiki, Nihon Shoki | Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism  | N/A  | Yamato  |
Musok/Muism | 신도 or 무교 | Spontaneous formation  | 900 years ago[citation needed] | Musok sects  | N/A  | Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism  | N/A  | Koreans  |
Ryukyuan religion | 琉球神道 or ニライカナイ信仰 | Spontaneous formation  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism  | N/A  | Ryukyuans  |  ()

### Festivals

[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Festival  | Native Name  | Other name  | Calendar  | Date  | Gregorian date  | Activity  | Religious practices  | Food  | Major ethnicities  | Major states/territories

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Chinese New Year | 農曆新年/农历新年 or 春節/春节 | Spring Festival  | Chinese | Month 1 Day 1  | 21 Jan–20 Feb  | Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks  | Worship the King of Gods  | Nian gao | Han, Manchus etc.  |  ( )
Korean New Year | 설날 or 설 | Seollal  | Korean | Month 1 Day 1  | 21 Jan–20 Feb  | Ancestors Worship, Family Reunion, Tomb Sweeping  | N/A  | Tteokguk | Koreans  |
Losar or Tsagaan Sar | 藏历新年/ལོ་གསར་ or 查干萨日/Цагаан сар | White Moon  | Tibetan, Mongolian | Month 1 Day 1  | 25 Jan – 2 Mar  | Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks  | N/A  | Chhaang or Buuz | Tibetans, Mongols, Tu etc.  |
New Year | 元旦 | Yuan Dan  | Gregorian  | 1 Jan  | 1 Jan  | Fireworks  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  |  ( )
Lantern Festival | 元宵節 or 元宵节 | Upper Yuan Festival (上元节)  | Chinese  | Month 1 Day 15  | 4 Feb – 6 Mar  | Lanterns Expo, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping  | Birthdate of the God of Sky-officer  | Yuanxiao  | Han  |  ( )
Daeboreum | 대보름 or 정월 대보름 | Great Full Moon  | Korean | Month 1 Day 15  | 4 Feb – 6 Mar  | Greeting of the moon, kite-flying, Jwibulnori, eating nuts (Bureom)  | Bonfires (daljip taeugi)  | Ogok-bap, namul, nuts  | Korean  |
Hanshi Festival | 寒食節 or 寒食节 | Cold Food Festival  | Solar term | Traditionally, on the 105th day after the Winter solstice. Revised to 1 day before the Qingming Festival by Johann Adam Schall von Bell (Chinese: 汤若望) during the Qing dynasty.  | April 3–5  | Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, No cooking hot meal/setting fire, Cold food only. Cuju, etc. (People used to mix this one with the Qingming Festival due to their close dates)  | In Memory of a loyal Ancient named Jie Zhitui (Chinese: 介子推), ordered by the Monarch of the Jin (Chinese state), Duke Wen of Jin (Chinese: 重耳)  | Cold Food, e.g. Qingtuan | Han, Koreans, Mongols  |  ( )
Qingming Festival | 清明節 or 清明节 or Ханш нээх  | Tomb Sweeping Day  | Solar term | 15th day after the Vernal Equinox. Just 1 day after the Hanshi Festival, but in much higher repute.  | April 4-6th  | Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Excursion, Planting trees, Flying kites, Tug of war, Cuju, etc. (Almost the same with the Hanshi Festival's, due to their close dates)  | Burning Hell money for deceased family members. Planting willow branches to keep ghosts away from houses.  | Boiled eggs  | Han, Koreans, Mongols  |  ( )
Dragon Boat Festival | 端午節 or 端午节 or 단오 | Duanwu Festival / Dano (Surit-nal) | Chinese / Korean | Month 5 Day 5  |  | Driving poisons & plague away. (China: Dragon Boat Race, Wearing coloured lines, Hanging felon herb on the front door.) / (Korea: Washing hair with iris water, ssireum)  | Worship various Gods  | Zongzi / Surichwitteok (rice cake with herbs)  | Han, Koreans, Yamato  |  ( )
Ghost Festival | 中元節 or 中元节 or 백중 | Mid Yuan Festival  | Chinese  | Month 7 Day 15  |  | Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping  | Birthdate of the God of Earth-officer  |  | Han, Koreans, Yamato  |  ( )
Mid-Autumn Festival | 中秋節 or 中秋节 | 中秋祭 | Chinese  | Month 8 Day 15  |  | Family Reunion, Enjoying Moon view  | Worship the Moon Goddess  | Mooncake | Han  |  ( )
Chuseok | 추석 or 한가위 | Hangawi  | Korean | Month 8 Day 15  |  | Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Enjoying Moon view  | N/A  | Songpyeon, Torantang (Taro soup)  | Koreans  |
Tsukimi | 月見 or お月見 | Tsukimi or Otsukimi  | Gregorian | Month 8 Day 15  |  | Family Reunion, Enjoying Moon view  | Worship the Moon  | Tsukimi Dango, Sweet Potato | Yamato  |  *
Double Ninth Festival  | 重陽節 or 重阳节 | Double Positive Festival  | Chinese  | Month 9 Day 09  |  | Climbing Mountain, Taking care of elderly, Wearing Cornus.  | Worship various Gods  |  | Han, Korean, Yamato  |  ( )  *
Lower Yuan Festival  | 下元節 or 下元节 | N/A  | Chinese  | Month 10 Day 15  |  | Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping  | Birthdate of the God of Water-officer  | Ciba  | Han  |  ( )
Dongzhi Festival  | 冬至 or 동지 or 冬至 | N/A  | Gregorian  | Between Dec 21 and Dec 23  | Between Dec 21 and Dec 23  | Ancestors Worship, Rites to dispel bad spirits  | N/A  | Tangyuan, Patjuk, Zenzai, Kabocha | Han, Koreans, Yamato  |  ( )
Small New Year  | 小年 | Jizao (祭灶)  | Chinese  | Month 12 Day 23  |  | Cleaning Houses  | Worship the God of Hearth  | tanggua | Han, Mongols  |  ( )

*Japan switched the date to the Gregorian calendar after the Meiji Restoration.
*Not always on that Gregorian date, sometimes April 4.

### Sport

[edit]

Baseball is one of the main sports in East Asia, having been introduced through mid-19th century American contact and further spread by the Japanese Empire.[118] The game has gained millions of fans in China since the 2010s.[119]

#### East Asian Youth Games

[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Main article: East Asian Youth Games

Formerly the East Asian Games, it is a multi-sport event organized by the East Asian Games Association (EAGA) and held every four years since 2019 among athletes from East Asian countries and territories of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), as well as the Pacific island of Guam, which is a member of the Oceania National Olympic Committees.

It is one of five Regional Games of the OCA. The others are the Central Asian Games, the Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games), the South Asian Games and the West Asian Games.

## Collaboration

[edit]

### Free trade agreements

[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Name of agreement  | Parties  | Leaders at the time  | Negotiation begins  | Signing date  | Starting time  | Current status

|
|
|
|
|
|

China–South Korea FTA  |  | Xi Jinping, Park Geun-hye | May, 2012  | Jun 01, 2015  | Dec 30, 2015  | Enforced
China–Japan–South Korea FTA  |  | Xi Jinping, Shinzō Abe, Park Geun-hye | Mar 26, 2013  | N/A  | N/A  | 10 round negotiation
Japan-Mongolia EPA  |  | Shinzō Abe, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj | \-  | Feb 10, 2015  | \-  | Enforced
China-Mongolia FTA  |  | Xi Jinping, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | Officially proposed
China-HK CEPA  |  | Jiang Zemin, Tung Chee-hwa | \-  | Jun 29, 2003  | \-  | Enforced
China-Macau CEPA  |  | Jiang Zemin, Edmund Ho Hau-wah | \-  | Oct 18, 2003  | \-  | Enforced
Hong Kong-Macau CEPA  |  | Carrie Lam, Fernando Chui | Oct 09, 2015  | N/A  | N/A  | Negotiating
ECFA |  | Hu Jintao, Ma Ying-jeou | Jan 26, 2010  | Jun 29, 2010  | Aug 17, 2010  | Enforced
CSSTA (Based on ECFA)  |  | Xi Jinping, Ma Ying-jeou | Mar, 2011  | Jun 21, 2013  | N/A  | Abolished
CSGTA (Based on ECFA)  |  | Hu Jintao, Ma Ying-jeou | Feb 22, 2011  | N/A  | N/A  | Suspended

### Military alliances

[edit]

Name  | Parties within the region

|

Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty |
Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan |
Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea |

## Major cities

[edit]

Main article: Cities of East Asia

Largest population centres of East Asia

[120][121]

| Rank  | City name  | Country | Pop.

Tokyo

Seoul

| 1 | Tokyo | Japan | 38,140,000
2 | Seoul | South Korea | 25,520,000
3 | Shanghai | China | 24,484,000
4 | Beijing | China | 21,240,000
5 | Osaka | Japan | 20,337,000
6 | Chongqing | China | 13,744,000
7 | Guangzhou | China | 13,070,000
8 | Tianjin | China | 11,558,000
9 | Shenzhen | China | 10,828,000
10 | Chengdu | China | 10,104,000

* Tokyo is the capital of Japan and the world's largest city, both in metropolitan population and economy.

* Beijing is the capital of China. It has a history of over 3300 years.

* Seoul is the capital of South Korea.

* Osaka is the second-largest metropolitan area in Japan.

* Guangzhou is one of the most important economic centers in southern China.

* Nagoya is the third-largest metropolitan area in Japan. Nagoya is a major port city and the location of Lexus headquarters.

* Kyoto was the imperial capital of Japan for eleven centuries.

* Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia, with a population of 1.6 million as of 2021.

* Taipei City is the capital of Taiwan, with a population of 2.6 million.

* Hong Kong is one of the global financial centres and is known as a cosmopolitan metropolis.

* Busan is second largest city in South Korea and financial centre along with Seoul

* Pyongyang is the capital of North Korea, and a major city on the Korean Peninsula.

* Xi'an or Chang'an is the oldest of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China.

* Pass of the ISS over Mongolia, looking out west towards the Pacific Ocean, China, and Japan. As the video progresses, major cities along the Chinese coast and the Japanese islands on the Philippine Sea are visible. The island of Guam can be seen further down the pass into the Philippine Sea, and the pass ends just to the east of New Zealand.

## See also

[edit]

* Geography portal
* Asia portal
* China portal
* Hong Kong portal
* Japan portal
* North Korea portal
* South Korea portal
* Taiwan portal

* East Asia–United States relations
* East Asian Community
* China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
* East Asia Summit
* East Asian studies

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Listed as "Hong Kong SAR" by IMF
2. ^ Listed as "Macao SAR" by IMF
3. ^ Listed as "Taiwan, Province of China" by IMF
4. ^ Includes all area which under PRC's government control (excluding "South Tibet" and disputed islands).[citation needed]
5. ^ A note by the United Nations: "For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include Hong Kong and Macao, Special Administrative Regions (SAR) of China, and Taiwan Province of China."[98][99]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: April 2024". imf.org. International Monetary Fund.
2. ^ a b c Kort, Michael (2005). The Handbook Of East Asia. Lerner. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-761-32672-4.
3. ^ a b "East Asia". rand.org. RAND Corporation. Archived from the original on 2011-01-02. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
4. ^ "Countries of Asia". nationsonline.org. Nations Online. Archived from the original on 2001-07-01. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
5. ^ Zaharna, R. S.; Arsenault, Amelia; Fisher, Ali (2013). Relational, Networked and Collaborative Approaches to Public Diplomacy: The Connective Mindshift. Routledge. p. 93\. ISBN 978-0-415-63607-0.
6. ^ Holcombe, Charles (2017). A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 13\. ISBN 978-1-107-54489-5.
7. ^ Szonyi, Michael (2017). A Companion to Chinese History. Wiley–Blackwell. p. 90\. ISBN 978-1-118-62460-9.
8. ^ Selin, Helaine (2010). Nature Across Cultures: Views of Nature and the Environment in Non-Western Cultures. Springer. p. 350\. ISBN 978-9-048-16271-0.
9. ^ Laozi; Mair, Victor H. (1998). Tao Te Ching: The Classic Book of Integrity and the Way. New York: Quality Paperback Book Club. pp. x. ISBN 978-0-965-06475-0.
10. ^ Salkind, Neil J. (2008). Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology. Sage Publications. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-412-91688-2.
11. ^ Kim, Chongho (2003). Korean Shamanism: The Cultural Paradox. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-754-63185-9.
12. ^ Andreas Anangguru Yewangoe, "Theologia crucis in Asia", 1987 Rodopi
13. ^ Heissig, Walther (2000). The Religions of Mongolia. Translated by Samuel, Geoffrey. Kegan Paul International. p. 46\. ISBN 978-0-710-30685-2.
14. ^ Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng; Chung, Yeun-Jun; Xu, Shuhua (2018). "Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations". Hereditas. 155: 19. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5. PMC 5889524. PMID 29636655.
15. ^ Holcombe, Charles (2017). A History of East Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-11873-7.
16. ^ a b Ball, Desmond (2005). The Transformation of Security in the Asia/Pacific Region. Routledge. p. 104\. ISBN 978-0-714-64661-9.
17. ^ a b Chua, Amy; Rubenfeld, Jed (2014). The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America. Penguin. p. 121\. ISBN 978-1-594-20546-0.
18. ^ a b c d Kang, David C. (2012). East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute. Columbia University Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-2-311-5319-5.
19. ^ Goucher, Candice; Walton, Linda (2012). World History: Journeys from Past to Present. Routledge. p. 232\. ISBN 978-0-415-67002-9.
20. ^ Smolnikov, Sergey (2018). Great Power Conduct and Credibility in World Politics. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-71885-9.
21. ^ Lone, Stewart (2007). Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War. Greenwood. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-313-33684-3.
22. ^ a b Cohen, Warren I. (2000). East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10108-2.
23. ^ Norman, Jerry (1988). Chinese. Cambridge University Press. p. 17\. ISBN 978-0-521-29653-3.
24. ^ Cohen 2000, p. 60.
25. ^ Chua, Amy (2009). Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance—and Why They Fall. Anchor. p. 62\. ISBN 978-1-400-07741-0.
26. ^ Leibo, Steve (2012). East and Southeast Asia 2012. Stryker-Post. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-610-48885-3.
27. ^ Tsai, Henry (2009). Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West. Routledge. p. 3\. ISBN 978-0-765-62328-7.
28. ^ a b c Lockard, Craig (1999). "Tang Civilization and the Chinese Centuries" (PDF). Encarta Historical Essays: 2–3, 7.
29. ^ a b Lockard 1999, p. 7
30. ^ Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (2014). Korean History in Maps. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-09846-6 - via Google Books.
31. ^ Fagan, Brian M. (1999). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Oxford University Press. p. 362\. ISBN 978-0-195-07618-9.
32. ^ a b Lockard 1999, p. 8
33. ^ Lockard, Craig A. (2009). Societies Networks And Transitions: Volume B From 600 To 1750. Wadsworth. pp. 290–291. ISBN 978-1-439-08540-0.
34. ^ Embree, Ainslie; Gluck, Carol (1997). Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching. M. E. Sharpe. p. 352. ISBN 978-1-563-24265-6.
35. ^ Lind, Jennifer (February 13, 2018). "Life in China's Asia: What Regional Hegemony Would Look Like". Foreign Affairs. Vol. 97, no. March/April 2018.
36. ^ Lockard 1999
37. ^ Ellington, Lucien (2009). Japan. Nations in Focus. Bloomsbury. p. 21\. ISBN 978-1-598-84163-3.
38. ^ Roberts, John M. (1997). A Short History of the World. Oxford University Press. p. 272\. ISBN 0-195-11504-X.
39. ^ Hayes, Louis D. (2009). Political Systems of East Asia: China, Korea, and Japan. Greenlight. p. xi. ISBN 978-0-765-61786-6.
40. ^ Hayes 2009, p. 15
41. ^ a b Tindall, George Brown; Shi, David E. (2009). America: A Narrative History. W. W. Norton. p. 926\. ISBN 978-0-393-934083.
42. ^ a b April, K.; Shockley, M. (2007). Diversity: New Realities in a Changing World. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 163. ISBN 978-0-230-00133-6.
43. ^ Cohen 2000, p. 3
44. ^ a b c Batty, David (2005-01-17). Japan's War in Colour (documentary). TWI.
45. ^ a b Goldman, Merie; Gordon, Andrew (2000). Diversity: New Realities in a Changing World. Harvard University Press. p. 3\. ISBN 978-0-674-00097-1.
46. ^ Cohen 2000, p. 273.
47. ^ Hua, Shiping; Hu, Amelia (2014). East Asian Development Model: Twenty-first century perspectives. Routledge. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-415-73727-2.
48. ^ Lee, Yong Wook; Key, Young Son (2014). China's Rise and Regional Integration in East Asia: Hegemony or community?. Routledge. p. 45\. ISBN 978-0-313-35082-5.
49. ^ "Sino-Japanese War (1894–95)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
50. ^ Tindall & Shi 2009, p. 1147
51. ^ Northrup, Cynthia Clark; Bentley, Jerry H.; Eckes, Alfred E. Jr. (2004). Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present. Routledge. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-765-68058-7.
52. ^ a b Paul, Erik (2012). Neoliberal Australia and US Imperialism in East Asia. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 114\. ISBN 978-1-137-27277-5.
53. ^ Maddison, Angus (2007). Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History. Oxford University Press. p. 379\. ISBN 978-0-191-64758-1.
54. ^ Dahlman, Carl J; Aubert, Jean-Eric. "China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st Century. WBI Development Studies". Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
55. ^ "Angus Maddison. Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run. Development Centre Studies" (PDF). p. 29\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
56. ^ Dahlman, Carl J; Aubert, Jean-Eric. China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st Century. WBI Development Studies. World Bank publications. Accessed January 30, 2008.
57. ^ Angus Maddison. Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run Archived 2014-10-15 at the Wayback Machine. Development Centre Studies. Accessed 2007. p.29 See the "Table 1.3. Levels of Chinese and European GDP Per Capita, 1–1700 AD" in page 29, Chinese GDP Per Capita was 450 and European GDP Per Capital was 422 in 960AD. Chinese GDP Per Capita was 600 while European was 576. During this time, Chinese per capita income rose by about a third.
58. ^ Ma, Xinru; Kang, David C. (2024). Beyond Power Transitions: The Lessons of East Asian History and the Future of U.S.-China Relations. Columbia Studies in International Order and Politics. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-55597-5.
59. ^ "Introducing East Asian Peoples" (PDF). International Mission Board. September 10, 2016.
60. ^ Gilbet Rozman (2004), Northeast Asia's stunted regionalism: bilateral distrust in the shadow of globalization. Cambridge University Press, pp. 3-4
61. ^ "Northeast Asia dominates patent filing growth." Retrieved on August 8, 2001.
62. ^ "Paper: Economic Integration in Northeast Asia."[dead link] Retrieved on August 8, 2011.
63. ^ Hua & Hu 2014, p. 3.
64. ^ Ness, Immanuel; Bellwood, Peter (2014). The Global Prehistory of Human Migration. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 217\. ISBN 978-1-118-97059-1.
65. ^ Kort 2005, pp. 7–9
66. ^ a b Prescott, Anne (2015). East Asia in the World: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 3\. ISBN 978-0765643223.
67. ^ Ikeo, Aiko (1996). Economic Development in Twentieth-Century East Asia: The International Context. Routledge. p. 1\. ISBN 978-0-415-14900-6.
68. ^ Yoshimatsu, H. (2014). Comparing Institution-Building in East Asia: Power Politics, Governance, and Critical Junctures. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1\. ISBN 978-1-137-37054-9.
69. ^ Kim, Mikyoung (2015). Routledge Handbook of Memory and Reconciliation in East Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-83513-8.
70. ^ a b c Hazen, Dan; Spohrer, James H. (2005). Building Area Studies Collections. Otto Harrassowitz. p. 130\. ISBN 978-3-447-05512-3.
71. ^ Grabowski, Richard; Self, Sharmistha; Shields, William (2012). Economic Development: A Regional, Institutional, and Historical Approach (2nd ed.). Routledge (published September 25, 2012). p. 59\. ISBN 978-0-765-63353-8.
72. ^ Currie, Lorenzo (2013). Through the Eyes of the Pack. Xlibris Corp. p. 163\. ISBN 978-1-493-14517-1.
73. ^ Asato, Noriko (2013). Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools. Libraries Unlimited. p. 1\. ISBN 978-1-598-84842-7.
74. ^ a b Prescott 2015, p. 6
75. ^ a b Miller, David Y. (2007). Modern East Asia: An Introductory History. Routledge. p. xi. ISBN 978-0-765-61822-1.
76. ^ "Central Themes for a Unit on China r Educators". afe.easia.columbia.edu. Columbia University. Retrieved 2018-12-01. "Within the Pacific region, China is potentially a major economic and political force. Its relations with Japan, Korea, and its Southeast Asian neighbours, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines, will be determined by how they perceive this power will be used."
77. ^ Cummings, Sally N. (2013). Understanding Central Asia: Politics and Contested Transformations. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43319-3.
78. ^ Saez, Lawrence (2012). The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): An emerging collaboration architecture. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-67108-1.
79. ^ Cornell, Svante E. Modernization and Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: A New Spring? (PDF). Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies.
80. ^ Aminian, Nathalie; Fung, K. C.; Ng, Francis. "Integration of Markets vs. Integration by Agreements" (PDF). Policy Research Working Paper. World Bank.
81. ^ a b "Northeast Asia". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
82. ^ Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia (1999). Japan and Russia in Northeast Asia: Partners in the 21st Century. Greenwood. p. 248.
83. ^ "UNSD — Methodology". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
84. ^ a b "United Nations Statistics Division – Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)". United Nations Statistics Division. 2015-05-06. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
85. ^ "East Asia". Encarta. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2009-11-09. Retrieved 2008-01-12. "the countries and regions of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Mongolia, South Korea, North Korea and Japan."
86. ^ "Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings". United Nations Statistics Division. 11 February 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
87. ^ Todd, Ian (1974). Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama. Angus & Robertson. p. 190\. ISBN 978-0-207-127618-.
88. ^ Udvardy, Miklos D. F. "A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World" (PDF). UNESCO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
89. ^ "IMAGE: Countries and areas in WHO's Western Pacific Region" - via ResearchGate.
90. ^ "Forget Asia-Pacific, it's Indo-Pacific now. Where is that?". 15 September 2021.
91. ^ Dent, Christopher M. (2008). East Asian regionalism. Routledge. pp. 1–8.
92. ^ Harvie, Charles; Fukunari, Kimura; Lee, Hyun-Hoon (2005). New East Asian regionalism. Edward Elgar. pp. 3–6.
93. ^ Katzenstein, Peter J.; Takashi, Shiraishi (2006). Beyond Japan: the dynamics of East Asian regionalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 1–33.
94. ^ An, Z (April 2000). "Asynchronous Holocene optimum of the East Asian monsoon". Quaternary Science Reviews. 19 (8): 743–762. Bibcode:2000QSRv...19..743A. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00031-1.
95. ^ a b Kang, Suchul; Eltahir, Elfatih A. B. (31 July 2018). "North China Plain threatened by deadly heatwaves due to climate change and irrigation". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3528. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.3528K. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38906-7. PMC 10319847. PMID 37402712.
96. ^ a b c d e f g h Shaw, R., Y. Luo, T. S. Cheong, S. Abdul Halim, S. Chaturvedi, M. Hashizume, G. E. Insarov, Y. Ishikawa, M. Jafari, A. Kitoh, J. Pulhin, C. Singh, K. Vasant, and Z. Zhang, 2022: Chapter 10: Asia. In Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability [H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012.
97. ^ a b "Country codes". iso.org.
98. ^ a b "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
99. ^ a b "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
100. ^ "Human Development Reports". www.hdr.undp.org. January 2018. Retrieved 2018-10-14.
101. ^ "CIA Factbook". Archived from the original on 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
102. ^ 人口推計 – 平成 28年 12月 報 (PDF). stat.go.jp.
103. ^ 주민등록 인구통계
104. ^ "Korea North". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
105. ^ 재외동포현황 [Total number of overseas Koreans]. South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
106. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "China Statistical Yearbook 2021".
107. ^ Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.). Dallas: SIL International. ISBN 978-1-55671-159-6. OCLC 224749653.
108. ^ "Ainu language and alphabet".
109. ^ a b Goscha, Christopher (2016). The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam: A History. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-1-846-143106.
110. ^ Chua & Rubenfeld 2014, p. 122
111. ^ Lewis, Mark Edward (2012). China's Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty. Belknap. p. 156\. ISBN 978-0-674-06401-0.
112. ^ a b Reischauer, Edwin O. (1974). "The Sinic World in Perspective". Foreign Affairs. 52 (2): 341–348. doi:10.2307/20038053. JSTOR 20038053.
113. ^ a b c Chua & Rubenfeld 2014, p. 121–122
114. ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". Pew. 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 2019-12-21. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
115. ^ Wenzel-Teuber, Katharina (2012). "People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011" (PDF). Religions & Christianity in Today's China. II (3): 29–54. ISSN 2192-9289. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2017.
116. ^ a b Wenzel-Teuber, Katharina (2017). "Statistics on Religions and Churches in the People's Republic of China – Update for the Year 2016" (PDF). Religions & Christianity in Today's China. VII (2): 26–53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2017.
117. ^ Hardacre, Helen (2017). Shinto: a history. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 18\. ISBN 978-0-190-62171-1.
118. ^ Cho, Younghan (2016). "Double binding of Japanese colonialism: trajectories of baseball in Japan, Taiwan, and Korea". Cultural Studies. 30 (6): 926–948. doi:10.1080/09502386.2015.1094498. ISSN 0950-2386.
119. ^ 杜娟. "MLB's China operation knocking it out the ball park". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2024-10-22.
120. ^ United Nations (March 12, 2017). "The World's Cities in 2016" (PDF). United Nations.
121. ^ 통계표명 : 주민등록 인구통계 (in Korean). Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2015.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Church, Peter. A short history of South-East Asia (John Wiley & Sons, 2017).
* Chung, Eunbin. Pride, Not Prejudice: National Identity as a Pacifying Force in East Asia (University of Michigan Press, 2022) online reviews by six scholars
* Clyde, Paul H., and Burton F. Beers. The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830–1975 (1975) online 3rd edition 1958
* Crofts, Alfred. A history of the Far East (1958) online free to borrow
* Dennett, Tyler. Americans in Eastern Asia (1922) online free
* Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, and Anne Walthall. East Asia: A cultural, social, and political history (Cengage Learning, 2013).
* Embree, Ainslie T., ed. Encyclopedia of Asian history (1988)
* vol. 1 online; vol 2 online; vol 3 online; vol 4 online
* Fairbank, John K., Edwin Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig. East Asia: The great tradition and East Asia: The modern transformation (1960) [2 vol 1960] online free to borrow, famous textbook.
* Flynn, Matthew J. China Contested: Western Powers in East Asia (2006), for secondary schools
* Gelber, Harry. The dragon and the foreign devils: China and the world, 1100 BC to the present (2011).
* Green, Michael J. By more than providence: grand strategy and American power in the Asia Pacific since 1783 (2017) a major scholarly survey excerpt
* Hall, D.G.E. History of South East Asia (Macmillan International Higher Education, 1981).
* Holcombe, Charles. A History of East Asia (2d ed. Cambridge UP, 2017). excerpt
* Iriye, Akira. After Imperialism; The Search for a New Order in the Far East 1921–1931. (1965).
* Jensen, Richard, Jon Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds. Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century (Praeger, 2003), 304 pp online review
* Keay, John. Empire's End: A History of the Far East from High Colonialism to Hong Kong (Scribner, 1997). online free to borrow
* Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen, eds. Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. (6 vol. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002).
* Mackerras, Colin. Eastern Asia: an introductory history (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1992).
* Macnair, Harley F. & Donald Lach. Modern Far Eastern International Relations. (2nd ed 1955) 1950 edition online free, 780pp; focus on 1900–1950.
* Miller, David Y. Modern East Asia: An Introductory History (Routledge, 2007)
* Murphey, Rhoads. East Asia: A New History (1996)
* Norman, Henry. The Peoples and Politics of the Far East: Travels and studies in the British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya (1904) online
* Paine, S. C. M. The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949 (2014) excerpt
* Prescott, Anne. East Asia in the World: An Introduction (Routledge, 2015)
* Ring, George C. Religions of the Far East: Their History to the Present Day (Kessinger Publishing, 2006).
* Szpilman, Christopher W. A., Sven Saaler. "Japan and Asia" in Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese History (2017) online
* Steiger, G. Nye. A history of the Far East (1936).
* Vinacke, Harold M. A History of the Far East in Modern Times (1964) online free
* Vogel, Ezra. China and Japan: Facing History (2019) excerpt
* Woodcock, George. The British in the Far East (1969) online

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eastern Asia.

Look up east asia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for East Asia.

* v
* t
* e

Asia articles

History|

| Chronology|

* Indian Ocean trade
* Silk Road
* Imperialism
* Decolonisation
* Cold War

|

By topic|

* Military conflicts
* Sovereignty

Geography|

* Cities
* metropolitan areas
* tallest buildings
* urban agglomerations
* Countries and territories
* by population
* Extreme points
* Islands
* Lakes
* Mountains
* Rivers

Geopolitical|

| Transcontinental regions|

* Asia–Pacific
* Caucasus
* EMEA
* Mediterranean world
* MENASA
* Greater Middle East/Middle East and North Africa
* Middle East/Near East
* Indo-Mediterranean
* Indo-Pacific
* Indian Ocean world
* Pacific Rim
* Pacific Asia

|

Intracontinental regions|

* Anatolia/Asia Minor
* Arabia
* South Arabia
* Far East/Pacific Asia
* Greater China
* China proper
* Taiwan
* Tibet
* Xinjiang
* Indochina
* Malay world
* Manchuria
* Northeast China
* Outer Manchuria
* Greater Mongolia
* Inner Mongolia
* Mongolia
* Japan
* Korea
* Russian Far East
* Inner Asia
* Greater Central Asia
* Greater Iran
* Greater Khorasan
* Global Southeast
* Greater India
* Levant/Syria
* Southern Levant
* Mesopotamia
* Siberia
* South Caucasus
* Turkestan
* Afghan Turkestan
* Chinese Turkestan
* Russian Turkestan

Continental subregions|

* Central Asia
* Soviet Central Asia
* East Asia
* Northeast Asia
* North Asia
* South Asia
* Subregions
* Southeast Asia
* Mainland Southeast Asia
* Maritime Southeast Asia
* West Asia

Cultural|

* Austronesia
* Indosphere
* Sinosphere
* Nanyang
* Northern and southern China

Physical|

| Supercontinents|

* Afro-Eurasia
* Afro-Asia
* Eurasia

|

Subcontinents|

* Arabian subcontinent
* Indian subcontinent

Plateaus|

* Anatolian plateau
* Deccan Plateau
* Iranian plateau
* Mongolian Plateau
* Tibetan Plateau

Peninsulas|

* Anatolian Peninsula
* Arabian Peninsula
* Indian Peninsula
* Indochinese Peninsula
* Malay Peninsula
* Korean Peninsula
* Leizhou Peninsula
* Liaodong Peninsula
* Shandong Peninsula

Archipelagos|

* Japanese Archipelago
* Ryukyu Islands
* Malay Archipelago
* Indonesian Archipelago
* Maluku Islands
* Sunda Islands
* Greater Sunda Islands
* Lesser Sunda Islands
* Philippine Archipelago
* Visayan Islands
* Mergui Archipelago

Biogeographic|

* Eastern Asia
* Indo-Pacific
* Malesia
* Tropical Asia

Politics|

* Heads of government
* Heads of state
* Elections
* political parties
* Democracy
* Human rights
* Law
* Military
* Pan-Asianism

Intergovernmental|

* Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
* Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
* Bay of Bengal Initiative (BIMSTEC)
* Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
* Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)
* Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
* Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
* Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCASG / GCC)
* Mekong–Ganga Cooperation (MGC)
* Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
* South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

Economy|

* Countries by average wage
* Countries by GDP (PPP)
* Countries by HDI
* Currencies
* Stock exchanges
* Technology
* renewable energy
* Transport
* airports
* high-speed rail

Markets|

* Property markets

Society|

* Demographics
* Education
* Etiquette
* Health
* Languages
* Life expectancy
* People
* ethnic groups

Culture|

* Art
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Literature
* Music
* Philosophy
* Religion
* Sport

Future|

* Asian Century
* Chinese Century
* Indian Century
* Pacific Century

* Outline
* Index

* Category
* Portal
* Maps

* v
* t
* e

East Asia

Countries and regions|

* China
* Hong Kong
* Macau
* Mainland
* Japan
* Ryukyu
* Mongolia
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Jeju
* Taiwan

Ethnic groups|

* Ainu
* Han Chinese
* subgroups
* Hui
* Japanese
* Yamato
* Koreans
* in China
* in Japan
* in Sakhalin
* Manchu
* Miao
* Mongolic
* Mongols
* in China
* Khalkha in Mongolia
* Qiang
* Ryukyuans
* Indigenous Taiwanese
* Tibetans
* Tujia
* Uyghurs
* Yi
* Zhuang
* other ethnic groups in China
* unrecognized
* historical

Culture|

* Age reckoning
* Architecture‎
* Art
* Chinese
* Japanese
* Korean
* Taiwanese
* Blepharoplasty
* Buddhism
* Calligraphy
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Sinosphere
* Dance
* Chinese knotting
* Chinese dragon
* Festivals
* Gardens
* Chinese characters
* Hip-and-gable roof
* Languages
* Literature
* Mādhyamaka
* Music
* Mythology
* Philosophy
* Religion
* Scripts
* Seal
* Sino-Xenic pronunciations
* Surnames
* Television
* Typography
* Yogācāra
* Chinese zodiac

Environment|

* East Asia Climate Partnership
* Monsoon
* Rainy season
* Flora

Economy and Politics|

* China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
* Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
* Capitalism
* East Asia Summit
* East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
* East Asian Community
* Four Asian Tigers
* Human rights in East Asia
* Ports
* Stock exchanges

History|

* Archaeology
* Archaeological cultures
* Bronze Age
* Iron Age
* Former countries

Sports|

* China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting
* East Asian Football Federation
* East Asian Games
* East Asian Judo Championships
* East Asian martial arts
* East Asian Youth Games
* EAFF E-1 Football Championship

Education|

* Association of East Asian Research Universities
* CrossAsia
* East Asian Economic Review
* East Asia Image Collection
* East Asia Law Review
* East Asian studies
* Journal of East Asian Studies
* Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute

Military|

* Horses in East Asian warfare
* Bansenshūkai
* Miyamoto Musashi
* Sun Tzu
* The Art of War
* The Book of Five Rings
* Yi Sun-sin

Science and technology|

* Needham Research Institute
* Printing
* Swords
* Traditional medicine

* v
* t
* e

Places adjacent to East Asia

| North Asia
Central Asia | North Asia | North Asia
Pacific Ocean

|
|

|  |
Central Asia |

East Asia

| Pacific Ocean
|  |
South Asia | South Asia
Southeast Asia | South China Sea

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Korea
* Israel

Other|

* NARA

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template