Eastern Catholic canon law

Canon law for the Eastern Catholic churches

This article is about the canon law traditions of the 23 sui juris Eastern Catholic Churches. For an overview of the canon law tradition of the entire Catholic Church, both Eastern and Latin, see Canon law of the Catholic Church. For the law of the Eastern Orthodox Churches, see Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Part of a series on the
Canon law of the
Catholic Church

Ius vigens (current law)

* 1983 Code of Canon Law
* Omnium in mentem
* Magnum principium
* Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
* Ad tuendam fidem
* Ex corde Ecclesiae
* Indulgentiarum Doctrina
* Praedicate evangelium
* Veritatis gaudium
* Custom
* Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis
* Documents of the Second Vatican Council
* Christus Dominus
* Lumen gentium
* Optatam totius
* Orientalium ecclesiarum
* Presbyterorum ordinis
* Sacrosanctum concilium
* Precepts of the Church

Legal history

Jus antiquum (c. 33-1140)

* Ancient Church Orders
* Didache
* The Apostolic Constitutions
* Canons of the Apostles
* Collections of ancient canons
* Collectiones canonum Dionysianae
* Collectio canonum quadripartita
* Collectio canonum Quesnelliana
* Collectio canonum Wigorniensis
* Gelasian Decree
* Symmachian forgeries
* Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals
* Donation of Constantine
* Gregorian Reform
* Lay investiture controversy
* Dictatus papae
* Libertas ecclesiae
* Plenitudo potestatis

Jus novum (c. 1140-1563)

* Corpus Juris Canonici
* Decretum Gratiani
* Decretist
* Canon Episcopi
* Margaritae
* Jus commune
* Decretals of Gregory IX
* Decretalist
* Regulæ Juris
* Extravagantes
* Liber Septimus

Jus novissimum (c. 1563-1918)

* Council of Trent
* Benedictus Deus
* Tametsi
* Apostolicae Sedis moderationi

Jus codicis (1918-present)

* 1917 Code of Canon Law
* Ecclesiae Sanctae
* 1983 Code of Canon Law

Other

* Contractum trinius
* Papal judge-delegate
* Right of option

Eastern law

* Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
* Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII
* Nomocanon
* Eparchy
* Exarchate
* Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful
* Protosyncellus

Liturgical law

Latin Church

* General Roman Calendar
* Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite
* General Instruction of the Roman Missal
* Code of Rubrics
* Sacrosanctum Concilium
* Mysterii Paschalis
* Musicam sacram
* Scripturarum thesaurus
* Liturgiam authenticam
* Quattuor abhinc annos
* Ecclesia Dei
* Summorum Pontificum
* Magnum principium
* Traditionis custodes
* Red Mass
* Holy day of obligation

Sacramental law

* Communicatio in sacris
* Ex opere operato
* Omnium in mentem
* Validity and liceity

Sacraments

* Holy Orders
* Impediment (Catholic canon law)
* Abstemius
* Defect of birth
* Obligation of celibacy
* Nullity of Sacred Ordination
* Apostolicae curae
* Dimissorial letters
* Episcopal consecrators
* Approbation (Catholic canon law)
* Confession
* Penitential canons
* Paenitentiale Theodori
* Seal of the Confessional
* Internal and external forum
* Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal
* Apostolic Penitentiary
* Canon penitentiary
* Complicit absolution
* Sacramentum Poenitentiae
* Eucharist
* Eucharistic discipline
* Canon 915
* Celebret
* Mass stipend

Sacramentals

* Indulgence
* Indulgentiarum doctrina

Sacred places

* Altars
* Major basilica
* Minor basilica
* Oratory (chapel)

Sacred times

* Feast days
* Fast days and abstinence
* Paenitemini
* Holy day of obligation

Matrimonial law

* Canonical form (Latin Church)
* Tametsi
* Ne Temere
* Banns of marriage
* Declaration of Nullity
* Dignitas connubii
* Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis
* Vetitum
* Defender of the Bond
* Impediments to Marriage
* Affinity
* Clandestinity
* Impediment of crime
* Disparity of cult
* Ligamen
* Public propriety
* Matrimonial dispensation
* Ratum sed non consummatum
* Sanatio in radice
* Natural marriage
* Pauline privilege
* Petrine privilege

Supreme authority, particular
churches, and canonical structures

Supreme authority of the Church

* Roman Pontiff
* College of Bishops

Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures

* College of Cardinals

* Conference of bishops
* Synod of Bishops

Particular churches

* Churches sui juris
* Latin Church
* Eastern Catholic Churches
* Local particular churches
* Appointment of bishops
* Abbacy nullius
* Apostolic vicariate
* Apostolic vicar
* Apostolic administration
* Apostolic administrator
* Diocese/Archdiocese
* Aeque principaliter
* Cathedraticum
* In persona episcopi
* Diocesan Curia
* Moderator of the Curia
* Chancery
* Deanery
* Vicar forane
* Eparchy
* Eparchal curia
* Military ordinariate
* Mission sui juris
* Personal ordinariate
* Anglicanorum Coetibus

Juridic persons

* Parish
* Team of priests in solidum
* Collegiate church
* Parish register
* Lay trusteeism
* Roman Curia
* Dicastery
* Congregation
* Pontifical council
* Personal prelature
* Types of membership of Opus Dei
* Association of the Christian faithful
* Vicar general
* Quinquennial visit ad limina

Jurisprudence

* Canonical coronation
* Canonically crowned images
* Computation of time
* Custom
* Delegata potestas non potest delegari
* Derogation
* Dispensation
* Taxa Innocentiana
* Faculty
* Indult
* Impediment
* Donation
* Interpretation
* Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts
* Jurisdiction
* Peritus
* Obreption & subreption
* Obrogation
* Promulgation
* Resignation of the Roman Pontiff
* Sede vacante
* Simony
* Vacatio legis
* Validity and liceity
* Visitation
* Apostolic visitor

Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law

* Theology
* Ecclesiology
* Treatise on Law
* Determinatio

Temporal goods (property)

* Benefice
* Cathedraticum
* Contract law
* Mass stipend
* Stole fee
* Temporalities

Law of persons

* Person (Catholic canon law)
* Formal act of defection from the Catholic Church
* Canonical age
* Emancipation
* Exemption
* Heresy

Clerics

* Secular clergy
* Regular clergy
* Obligation of celibacy
* Clerics and public office
* Incardination and excardination
* Laicization (dispensation)
* Canonical faculties

Office

* Canonical provision
* Canonical election

Juridic and physical persons

* Jus patronatus

Associations of the faithful

Consecrated life

Canonical documents

* Acta Apostolicae Sedis
* Acta Sanctae Sedis
* Censor librorum
* Imprimatur
* Imprimi potest
* Notary
* Protonotary apostolic
* Apostolic constitution
* Canon
* Concordat
* Decree
* Decretal
* Encyclical
* Motu proprio
* Ordinance
* Papal brief
* Papal bull
* Penitential
* Positive law
* Rescript
* Parish register
* Ecclesiastical Latin

Penal law

* Canon 1324
* Canon 1397 §2
* Censure (Catholic canon law)
* De delictis gravioribus
* Complicit absolution
* Crimen sollicitationis
* Excommunication
* List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church
* List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church
* List of cardinals excommunicated by the Catholic Church
* Interdict
* Laicization (penal)
* Latae sententiae and ferendae sententiae
* Lifetime of prayer and penance
* Canonical admonitions
* Ecclesiastical prison

Procedural law

Pars statica (tribunals & ministers/parties)

* Tribunals
* Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura
* Tribunal of the Roman Rota
* Apostolic Penitentiary
* Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
* Ministers of Justice
* Judicial Vicar/Officialis
* Auditor
* Parties
* Defender of the Bond
* Procurator

Pars dynamica (trial procedure)

* Dignitas connubii (matrimonial causes)
* Appeal as from an abuse
* Presumption
* Penal procedure
* Vos estis lux mundi

Canonization

* Congregation for the Causes of Saints
* Maiorem hac dilectionem
* Advocatus Diaboli
* Oblatio vitae
* Positio
* Beatification and canonization process in 1914

Election of the Roman Pontiff

* Current law
* Universi Dominici gregis
* Papal renunciation
* Reforms of Pope Benedict XVI
* Historical
* Cum proxime
* Jus exclusivae
* Papal appointment
* Aeterni Patris Filius
* Romano Pontifici eligendo
* Ingravescentem aetatem
* Ubi periculum
* Quia propter

Legal practice and scholarship

* List of legal abbreviations

Academic degrees

* Licentiate of Canon Law
* Doctor of Canon Law
* Doctor of both laws

Journals and Professional Societies

* Canon Law Society of America
* The Jurist

Faculties of canon law

* School of Canon Law

Canonists

* Medieval
* Gratian
* Hostiensis
* Jean Lemoine
* Raymond of Penyafort
* Rufinus
* Johannes Teutonicus
* Geoffrey of Trani
* Burchard of Worms
* Brocard
* Modern & Contemporary
* Eugenio Corecco
* John D. Faris
* Pietro Gasparri
* Ladislas Orsy
* Edward N. Peters

Law of consecrated life

* Solemn vow
* Exclaustration
* Manifestation of Conscience
* Canonical erection of a house of religious
* Pontifical right
* Diocesan right
* Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life

Institute of consecrated life

* Religious institute
* Congregation
* Order
* Monasticism
* Canons regular
* Mendicant orders
* Clerics regular
* Secular institute
* Cum Sanctissimus
* Primo Feliciter
* Provida Mater Ecclesia

Society of apostolic life

* Decretum laudis

Catholicism portal

* v
* t
* e

The Eastern Catholic canon law is the law of the 23 Catholic sui juris (autonomous) particular churches of the Eastern Catholic tradition. Eastern Catholic canon law includes both the common tradition among all Eastern Catholic Churches, now chiefly contained in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, as well as the particular law proper to each individual sui juris particular Eastern Catholic Church. Oriental canon law is distinguished from Latin canon law, which developed along a separate line in the remnants of the Western Roman Empire, and is now chiefly codified in the 1983 Code of Canon Law.

## History

[edit]

### Nomocanons

[edit]

Main article: Nomocanon

A nomocanon is a collection of ecclesiastical law, consisting of the elements from both the civil law and the canon law. Collections of this kind were found only in Eastern law. The Greek Church has two principal nomocanonical collections.

The first nomocanon is the "Nomocanon of John Scholasticus" of the sixth century. He had drawn up (about 550) a purely canonical compilation in 50 titles, and later composed an extract from Justinian's Novellae Constitutiones in 87 chapters[a] that relate the ecclesiastical matters. To each of the 50 titles was added the texts of the imperial laws on the same subject, with 21 additional chapters, nearly all borrowed from John's 87 chapters.[1]

The second nomocanon dates from the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641). It was made by fusion of the Collectio tripartita (collection of Justinian's imperial law) and "Canonic syntagma" (ecclesiastical canons). Afterwards, this collection would be known as "Nomocanon in 14 titles". This nomocanon was long held in esteem and passed into the Russian Church, but it was by degrees supplanted by "Nomocanon of Photios" in 883.

> The great systematic compiler of the Eastern Church, who occupies a similar position to that of Gratian in the West, was Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople in the 9th century. His collection in two parts—a chronologically ordered compilation of synodical canons and a revision of the Nomocanon—formed and still forms the classic source of ancient Church Law for the Greek Church.[2]

Basically it was nomocanon in 14 titles with the addition of 102 canons of Trullan Council (see Canon law), 17 canons of the Council of Constantinople held in 861,[3] and 3 canons substituted by Photios for those of the Council of Constantinople in 869. Nomocanon in 14 titles was completed with the more recent imperial laws.

Nomocanon of Photios was retained in the law of the Greek Church and it was included in a collection called Syntagma, published by Rallis and Potlis (Athens, 1852–1859). Even though called Syntagma, the collection of ecclesiastical law of Matthew Blastares in 1335 is the real nomocanon, in which the texts of the laws and the canons are arranged in alphabetical order.[4]

### Leo XIII

[edit]

Following the example of the famous council of Lebanon for the Maronites held in 1730, and that of Zamosc for the Ruthenians in 1720, the Eastern Churches, at the suggestion of Leo XIII, drew up in plenary assembly their own local law: the Syrians at Sciarfa in 1888; the Ruthenians at Leopol in 1891; and a little later, the Copts.[5]

### Benedict XV founds the Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Church

[edit]

Until 1917, the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith had a division for the "Affairs of the Oriental Rite", which ceased to exist on 30 November 1917. Benedict XV founded the Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Church by the motu proprio Dei Providentis.[6]

The Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Church was presided over by the Supreme Pontiff himself and included several cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, one of which functioned in the capacity of Secretary. There were also Councillors, chosen from among the more distinguished clergy and those experienced in things oriental.[7]

### Pius XI

[edit]

A commission was established in 1929 by Pius XI to draw up a schema for an Oriental Catholic canon code,[8][9] the Commissionem Cardinalitiam pro Studiis Praeparatoriis Codificationis Orientalis.[10] In 1935, the same pope established another commission with the same goal, the Pontificia Commissio ad redigendum Codicem iuris canonici orientalis, to replace the former.[11]

### Reforms of Pius XII

[edit]

Main article: Eastern canonical reforms of Pius XII

With his concern for the Eastern Catholic Churches and their combined ten million members, Pope Pius continued the initiatives of his predecessors, especially Pope Leo XIII and Pope Pius XI. These Churches, not unlike the Latin Church before the Code of 1917, had their own ancient laws, which were not codified. The reform of Oriental Church laws, the CIC Orientalis for the Oriental Churches, was completed during the pontificate of Pius XII. The new, very comprehensive Church laws governed matrimonial law,[12] Church trials,[13] administration of Church properties and religious orders,[14] and individual rights.[15]

## Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches

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Main article: Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches

The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (CCEO) is the 1990 codification of the common portions of the Canon Law for the 23 of the 24 sui iuris Churches in the Catholic Church. It is divided into 30 titles and has a total of 1540 canons,[16] with an introductory section of preliminary canons. Pope John Paul II promulgated the CCEO on 18 October 1990 by the document Sacri Canones,[17] and the CCEO came into force on 1 October 1991.[18] The 23 sui iuris Churches which collectively make up the Eastern Catholic Churches have been invited by the Catholic Church to codify their own particular laws and submit them to the pope so that all canon law within Catholicism may be fully and completely codified. The Latin Church is guided by its own particular canons found in the 1983 Code of Canon Law.

## Congregation for the Oriental Churches

[edit]

Part of a series on the
Roman Curia

Secretariat of State

* Section for Relations with States

Dicasteries

* Evangelization
* Doctrine of the Faith
* Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors
* International Theological Commission
* Pontifical Biblical Commission
* Service of Charity
* Eastern Churches
* Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments
* Causes of Saints
* Bishops
* Pontifical Commission for Latin America
* Clergy
* Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life
* Laity, Family and Life
* Promoting Christian Unity
* Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews
* Interreligious Dialogue
* Commission for Religious Relations with Muslims
* Culture and Education
* Promoting Integral Human Development
* Legislative Texts
* Communication
* Vatican Press
* L'Osservatore Romano
* Press Office of the Holy See

Institutions of justice

* Apostolic Penitentiary
* Apostolic Signatura
* Roman Rota

Institutions of finance

* Council for the Economy
* Secretariat for the Economy
* Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See
* Office of the Auditor General
* Commission for Confidential Matters
* Committee for Investments

Offices

* Prefecture of the Papal Household
* Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff
* Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church

Institutes

* Labour Office of the Apostolic See
* Vatican Apostolic Archives
* Vatican Apostolic Library
* Fabric of Saint Peter
* Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology
* Pontifical academies
* AVEPRO
* Supervisory and Financial Information Authority
* Domus Vaticanae

Interdicasterial commissions

* Particular Churches
* Church in Eastern Europe
* Consecrated Religious
* Candidates to Sacred Order
* Revision of the General Regulations of the Roman Curia

Commissions and committees

* International Eucharistic Congresses
* Historical Sciences
* Advocates
* Swiss Guards
* Disciplinary
* Financial Security
* Institute for Works of Religion
* Healthcare Sector
* Verification and Application of Mitis Iudex in the Churches of Italy

History

* Immensa Aeterni Dei
* Reform by Pius X
* Reform by Paul VI
* Reform by John Paul II
* Reform by Francis
* Roman Inquisition

Former dicasteries

* Congregation of Bishops and Regulars
* Congregation for Borders
* Congregation of Ceremonies
* Sacred Congregation of the Index
* Congregation for Indulgences and Sacred Relics
* Congregation of the Vatican Press
* Sacred Congregation of the Consulta
* Sacred Congregation of Rites
* Apostolic Chancery
* Apostolic Dataria
* Secretariate of Briefs to Princes and of Latin Letters
* Special Administration of the Holy See
* Pontifical Commission for the Cultural Heritage of the Church
* Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei
* Pontifical Council for Social Communications
* Pontifical Council for the Family
* Pontifical Council for the Laity
* Cor Unum
* Justice and Peace
* Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People
* Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers
* Evangelization of Peoples
* Promoting the New Evangelization
* Catholic Education
* Culture
* Apostolic Camera

Related topics

* Pontifical commission
* Dicastery
* Acta Apostolicae Sedis
* Advocates of Roman congregations
* Archive of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

Catholicism portal

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Main article: Congregation for the Oriental Churches

The Congregation for the Oriental Churches is a dicastery of the Roman Curia and the curial congregation responsible for contact with the Eastern Catholic Churches for the sake of assisting their development, protecting their rights and also maintaining whole and entire in the one Catholic Church, alongside the liturgical, disciplinary and spiritual patrimony of the Latin Church, the heritage of the various Oriental Christian traditions. It "considers those matters, whether concerning persons or things, affecting the Catholic Oriental Churches"[19] and was founded by the motu proprio Dei Providentis of Pope Benedict XV as the "Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Church" on 1 May 1917.

Patriarchs and Major Archbishops of the Oriental Churches, and the president of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, are members of this Congregation by virtue of the law itself.[20] The consultors and officials are selected in such a way that reflects as far as possible the diversity of rites.[21]

This congregation has authority over

1. all matters which relate to the Oriental Churches referred to the Holy See (structure and organisation of the Churches; exercise of the offices of teaching, sanctifying and ruling; status, rights and obligations of persons) and
2. the ad limina visits of Eastern bishops.[22]

This congregation's competence does not include the exclusive competence of the Congregations for the Doctrine of the Faith and for the Causes of Saints, of the Apostolic Penitentiary, the Signatura, and the Rota (including what pertains to dispensations for a marriage ratum sed non consummatum.[b] In matters which affect the Eastern as well as the Latin Churches, the Congregation operates, if the matter is important enough, in consultation with the Dicastery that has competence in the matter for the Latin Church.[23]

The Congregation pays special attention to communities of Eastern Catholic faithful who live in the territory of the Latin Church and attends to their spiritual needs by providing visitors and even their own hierarchs, so far as possible and where numbers and circumstances require, in consultation with the Congregation competent to establish Particular Churches in the region.[25]

## See also

[edit]

* Eastern Catholic liturgy

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ For the canonical collection see Voellus and Henri Justel, "Bibliotheca juris canonici", Paris, 1661, II, 449 sqq.; for the 87 chapters, Pitra, "Juris ecclesiastici Græcorum historia et monumenta", Rome, 1864, II, 385.
2. ^ This is according to Pastor Bonus article 58 §2.[23] However, in 2011, Pope Benedict XVI amended Pastor Bonus with the motu proprio Quaerit Semper, thereby transferring jurisdiction over ratified and non-consummated marriage from the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments to a special Office of the Tribunal of the Roman Rota. The law obrogated the provision stating the 'exclusive competence' of the Congregation for Divine Worship regarding these marriages, for this provision was not expressly abrogated and the Office at the Roman Rota now oversees dispensations from such marriages.[24]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Voellus and Justellus, op. cit., II, 603.
2. ^ Taylor 1990, p. 61.
3. ^ Herbermann 1908.
4. ^ P. G., loc. cit.; Beveridge, "Synodicon", Oxford, 1672.
5. ^ 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, "Canon Law"
6. ^ Benedict XV 1917, n. 1.
7. ^ Benedict XV 1917, n. 2.
8. ^ Korolevsky, Cirillo (1938). "La méthode d'élaboration du code de droit canonique oriental". Revue des sciences religieuses. 18 (3): 293–318. doi:10.3406/rscir.1938.1763.
9. ^ Agostino, Marc (1991). "Le Pape Pie XI et l'opinion (1922-1939)". Publications de l'École Française de Rome. 150 (1). Persée - Portail des revues scientifiques en SHS.
10. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis, vol. 21, p. 669
11. ^ "Catholic Church. Pontificia Commissio ad redigendum Codicem iuris canonici orientalis - Social Networks and Archival Context". snaccooperative.org. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
12. ^ Pius XII 1949.
13. ^ Pius XII 1950.
14. ^ Pius XII 1952.
15. ^ Pius XII 1957.
16. ^ Vere & Trueman 2007, p. 123.
17. ^ John Paul II 1990.
18. ^ Kuzhinapurath 2008, p. 79.
19. ^ John Paul II 1988, art. 56.
20. ^ John Paul II 1988, art. 57 §1.
21. ^ John Paul II 1988, art. 57 §2.
22. ^ John Paul II 1988, art. 58 §1.
23. ^ a b John Paul II 1988, art. 58 §2.
24. ^ Benedict XVI 2011.
25. ^ John Paul II 1988, art. 59.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1908). "Photian Synods of Constantinople (861, 867, 879)". Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4\. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Walter George Frank Phillimore (1911). "Canon Law". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
* Benedict XV, Pope (1917-05-01). "Dei providentis". vatican.va (in Latin).
* Benedict XVI, Pope (2011-08-30). "Quaerit semper". vatican.va.
* John Paul II, Pope (1988-06-28). "Pastor Bonus". vatican.va.
* John Paul II, Pope (1990). "Sacri Canones" (PDF). Acta Apostolicae Sedis (in Latin). 82: 1033–1063.
* Kuzhinapurath, Thomas (2008). Salvific law: salvific character of CCEO, an historical overview. Trivandrum, Kerala, India: Malankara Seminary Publications. OCLC 249139827.
* Pius XII, Pope (1949-02-22). "Crebrae allatae" (PDF). Acta Apostolicae Sedis (in Latin). 41: 89–119.
* Pius XII, Pope (1950-01-06). "De iudiciis pro Ecclesia Orientali" (PDF). Acta Apostolicae Sedis (in Latin). 42: 5–120.
* Pius XII, Pope (1952-02-09). "Postquam Apostolicis Litteris" (PDF). Acta Apostolicae Sedis (in Latin). 44: 65–152.
* Pius XII, Pope (1957-06-02). "Cleri sanctitati" (PDF). Acta Apostolicae Sedis (in Latin). 49: 433–603.
* Taylor, Justin (1990). "Canon Law in the Age of the Fathers". In Hite, Jordan; Ward, Daniel J. (eds.). Readings, cases, materials in Canon Law: a textbook for ministerial students (Revised ed.). Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814610817.
* Vere, Pete; Trueman, Michael (2007). Surprised by Canon Law. Vol. 2\. Cincinnati, Ohio: Servant Books. ISBN 9780867167498.

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