Energy in England

England is one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy, and is home to some of the largest wind farms in the world.[1]

Energy in England mostly came from gas (38.5%), wind (26.8%) and nuclear (15.5%) in 2023.[2] England is home to a number of large energy companies, including two of the oil and gas "supermajors" – BP and Shell.[3] Successive governments have outlined numerous commitments to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. England is one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy, and wind power production is its fastest growing supply.[4][5] The current energy policy is the responsibility of the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero.[6]

The total of all renewable electricity sources provided 38.9 per cent of the electricity generated in the UK in the third quarter of 2019, producing 28.8 TWh of electricity.[7] England is home to many of the largest wind farms in the world, including Hornsea 2, the largest offshore wind farm in the world, situated in waters roughly 89 kilometres off the coast of Yorkshire.[8][9]

The Climate Change Act 2008 was passed in Parliament with an overwhelming majority across political parties. It sets out emission reduction targets that the UK must comply with legally. It represents the first global legally binding climate change mitigation target set by a country.[10] In June 2017, renewables plus nuclear generated more power in England than gas and coal together for the first time. Offshore wind power became cheaper than new nuclear power for the first time.[11]

Government energy policy aims to play a key role in limiting greenhouse gas emissions, whilst meeting energy demand.[12] Shifting availabilities of resources and development of technologies also change the country's energy mix through changes in costs.[13] United Kingdom is ranked 2 out of 180 countries in the Environmental Performance Index.[14] A law has been passed that greenhouse gas emissions will be net zero by 2050 in England. The Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit (ECIU) has said it would be affordable.[15][16] The target for 2030 is a 68% reduction compared with 1990 levels.[17]

## Energy sources[edit]

### Renewables[edit]

England and the wider United Kingdom is a world leader in renewable and green energy.[18][19][20] The total of all renewable electricity sources provided 38.9 per cent of the electricity generated in the third quarter of 2019, producing 28.8 TWh of electricity.[7] England is home to many of the largest wind farms (offshore and onshore) in the world.[21] In June 2017, renewables plus nuclear generated more power in England than gas and coal together for the first time. New offshore wind power became cheaper than new nuclear power for the first time in history.[22]

### Wind power[edit]

Walney Offshore Wind Farm is the world's second largest offshore wind farm

In December 2007, the government announced plans for a massive expansion of wind energy production, by conducting a Strategic Environmental Assessment of up to 25 GW worth of wind farm offshore sites in preparation for a new round of development. These proposed sites were in addition to the 8 GW worth of sites already awarded in the two earlier rounds of site allocations, Round 1 in 2001 and Round 2 in 2003. It was estimated that this would result in the construction of over 7,000 offshore wind turbines.[23] Wind power delivers a growing fraction of the energy in England.[24] The United Kingdom overall is the best location for wind power in Europe, and one of the best in the world.[25][26] The combination of long coastline, shallow water and strong winds make offshore wind unusually effective.[27]

By 2023, the UK had over 11 thousand wind turbines with a total installed capacity of 30 gigawatts (GW): 15 GW onshore and 15 GW offshore,[28] the fourth largest capacity of any country.[29] Wind power is the largest source of renewable energy in England.[30] The government has committed to a major expansion of offshore capacity to 50 GW by 2030,[31][32] with 5GW from floating wind to improve energy security.[33]

### Oil[edit]

In 2008, the United Kingdom was the 14th largest oil and gas producer in the world (10th largest gas producer and 19th largest oil producer).[34] In Europe, the UK is second only to Norway in oil and gas production. Oil and gas production from the English sector of the North Sea peaked in the late 90s, but remains a substantial producer today. Over the last four decades, 39 billion BOE have been extracted on the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS).[35] In 2008, the combined production of oil and gas was 1 billion BOE (549 million barrels (87,300,000 m3) of oil and 68 billion cubic metres of gas). This represented a fall of 5% compared with 2007 (6% oil and 3% gas), a slight improvement on the decline rate in 2002-2007 which averaged 7.5% per annum.[36]

### Natural gas[edit]

The Wytch Farm in the south of England is Europe's largest onshore oil field, although it has a significant offshore extension.[37]

The United Kingdom produced 60% of its consumed natural gas in 2010. In five years the United Kingdom moved from almost gas self-sufficient to 40% gas import in 2010. Gas was almost 40% of the total primary energy supply (TPES) and electricity was more than 45% in 2010. Underground storage was about 5% of annual demand and more than 10% of net imports. There is an alternative fuel obligation in known as the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation.[38]

Large gas and oil fields in England include Amethyst gasfield, Easington Catchment Area, Kimmeridge, Wytch Farm (the largest onshore oil field in Europe) and East Knapton.

### Coal[edit]

Coal power in England has reduced substantially in the beginning of the twenty-first century compared to its peak during the Industrial Revolution. The many power stations designed by Hinton Heavies closed, such as Calder Hall, the world's first large-scale commercial nuclear power station. Coal is rarely used for power generation today.[39] Electricity production from coal in 2018 was less than any time since the Industrial Revolution, with the first "coal free day" in 2017 and the first coal-free week in 2019.[40] Coal supplied 5.4% of UK electricity in 2018, down from 7% in 2017, 9% in 2016, 23% in 2015 and 30% in 2014.[41]

### Nuclear[edit]

England's fleet of operational reactors consists of 10 advanced gas-cooled reactors at four discrete sites and one PWR unit at Sizewell B. The total installed nuclear capacity is about 6.8 GW.[42] England established the world's first civil nuclear programme,[43] opening a nuclear power station, Calder Hall at Windscale in 1956. At the peak in 1997, 26% of the nation's electricity was generated from nuclear power. Since then several reactors have closed and by 2012 the share had declined to 19%.[44] In light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the government announced a renewed commitment to nuclear power, using the EPR and potentially other PWR designs as well as small modular reactors in a push towards energy independence and decarbonisation while replacing the ageing AGR reactors and phasing out gas and coal for electricity generation.

EDF Energy owns and manages the five currently operating and two de-fuelling reactor sites.[45] Four new plants are proposed to be built in the next few decades. All nuclear installations in the UK are overseen by the Office for Nuclear Regulation. Great British Nuclear was resurrected in July 2023 under the trading name, to coordinate the nuclear industry to help achieve government net zero targets.[46][47]

### Solar[edit]

A solar farm in Somerset

Solar power represented a very small part of electricity production in England until the 2010s when it increased rapidly, thanks to feed-in tariff (FIT) subsidies and the falling cost of photovoltaic (PV) panels.[48] As of 2023[update] over 14.4 gigawatt (GW) had been installed, a third of which was rooftop solar.[49] Annual generation was 14 TWh in 2022 (4.3% of overall UK electricity consumption) and peak generation was more than 10 GW.[50]

2023 saw a big increase in domestic installations with over 130,000 installations added in the 10kW or less range, to take the total number of these small-scale installations to 1,179,495. Total capacity as of February 2023 stood at 14,432MW, with an average of 72MW added each month.[51] On 13 July 2011, construction of the largest solar park in the United Kingdom was completed in Nottinghamshire. The first large solar farm in the United Kingdom, a 32 MW solar farm, began construction in November 2012 in Leicestershire.[52]

### Hydroelectricity[edit]

In 2023, hydroelectric power stations in the United Kingdom accounted for 1.87 GW of installed electrical generating capacity, being 2.2% of the UK's total generating capacity and 4.2% of the UK's renewable energy generating capacity. This includes four conventional hydroelectric power stations and run-of-river schemes for which annual electricity production is approximately 5,000 GWh, being about 1.3% of the UK's total electricity production.[53] There are also four pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations providing a further 2.8 GW of installed electrical generating capacity, and contributing up to 4,075 GWh of peak demand electricity annually.[54] The potential for further practical and viable hydroelectricity power stations in the UK is estimated to be in the region of 146 to 248 MW for England.[55]

### Electricity generation[edit]

In 2023, total electricity production stood at 312 TWh (down from a peak of 385 TWh in 2005) in England, generated from the following sources:[56]

In the first three months of 2023, Britain's wind turbines generated more electricity (32.4%) than gas-fired power stations (31.7%) for the first time.[57]

* Gas: 35.7% (was 0.05% in 1990)
* Nuclear: 16.1% (19% in 1990)
* Wind: 24.2% (0% in 1990), of which:

* Onshore Wind: 11.1%
* Offshore Wind: 13%

* Coal: 1.8% (67% in 1991)
* Bio-energy: 12.6% (0% in 1990)
* Solar: 4.2% (0% in 1990)
* Hydroelectric: 2.2% (2.6% in 1990)
* Oil and other: 3.3% (12% in 1990)

### National Grid[edit]

See also: National Grid plc

The National Grid is the high-voltage electric power transmission network serving England and the rest of Great Britain, connecting power stations and major substations, and ensuring that electricity generated anywhere on the grid can be used to satisfy demand elsewhere. The network serves the majority of Great Britain and some of the surrounding islands. There are undersea interconnectors to the Isle of Man, Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Norway.

Power lines and wind turbines, East Sussex.

The National Grid has a stretch target to be carbon neutral or negative by 2033, well ahead of the national target to achieve this by 2050. It also aims to have the capability to be 'zero carbon' as early as 2025, meaning that if energy suppliers are able to produce sufficient green power, the grid could theoretically run without any greenhouse gas emissions at all..[58] In 2020 about 40% of the grid's energy came from burning natural gas. There has been a sustained progress towards carbon neutrality, with carbon intensity falling by 53% in the five years to 2020. The phase out of coal is progressing rapidly with only 1.6% of the UK's electricity coming from coal in 2020, compared with about 25% in 2015.[59][60]

The English arts of the National Grid are controlled from the National Grid Control Centre which is located in St Catherine's Lodge, Sindlesham, Wokingham in Berkshire.[61] The world’s longest land and subsea interconnectorfrom, between Denmark and England, was completed in 2023.[62] A further 500 MW link with the Republic of Ireland (Greenlink) is scheduled for 2024.[63] Further potential schemes include links with Germany (NeuConnect, 1.4 GW); Iceland (Icelink, around 1 GW)[64] and Morocco (3.6 GW from new battery-backed solar generation).[65]

## Research[edit]

The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) funds an energy programme spanning energy and climate change research. It aims to "develop, embrace and exploit sustainable, low carbon and/or energy-efficient technologies and systems" to enable the United Kingdom "to meet the government’s energy and environmental targets". Its research includes renewable, conventional, nuclear and fusion electricity supply as well as energy efficiency, fuel poverty and other topics.[66]

The UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC) carries out interdisciplinary research into sustainable future energy systems. Its whole systems research programme addresses the challenges and opportunities presented by the transition to a net zero energy system and economy. The centre is funded by the UK Research and Innovation Energy Programme. UKERC is a distributed centre with researchers at over 20 different institutions throughout England, its headquarters are based at University College London.[67]

The Energy Institute (EI) is a professional organization for engineers and other professionals in energy-related fields. The EI was formed in 2003 by the merger of the Institute of Petroleum (dating back to 1913) and the Institute of Energy (dating back to 1925). It has an international membership of about 20,000 people and 200 companies. Its main office is at 61 New Cavendish Street, London. EI is a registered charity with a royal charter.[68]

## Statutory bodies[edit]

A number of regulatory bodies have been established to regulate and supervise specific aspects of energy policy and operation.[69][70] The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is the public body responsible for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare, and for research into occupational risks in Great Britain.[71]

The Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem), supporting the Gas and Electricity Markets Authority (GEMA), is the government regulator for the electricity and downstream natural gas markets in Great Britain.[72] The Offshore Petroleum Regulator for Environment & Decommissioning is responsible for regulating environmental and decommissioning activity for offshore oil and gas operations, including carbon capture and storage operations, on UK Continental Shelf (UKCSf).[73]

The North Sea Transition Authority (NSTA) is a private company limited by shares wholly owned by the Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero.[74][75] It is responsible for maximising the economic recovery of oil from the North Sea.[76][77] It is empowered to license and regulate activity in relation to oil and gas, including oil and gas exploration, carbon capture and storage, and offshore gas storage.[78]

The Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) is a non-departmental public body of the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero formed by the Energy Act 2004. It evolved from the Coal and Nuclear Liabilities Unit of the Department of Trade and Industry. It came into existence during late 2004, and took on its main functions on 1 April 2005. Its purpose is to deliver the decommissioning and clean-up of England's civil nuclear legacy in a safe and cost-effective manner, and where possible to accelerate programmes of work that reduce hazard.[79]

The Coal Authority is a non-departmental public body cosponsored by the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero. It owns the vast majority of unworked coal in Great Britain, as well as former coal mines, and undertakes a range of functions including licensing coal mining operations; matters with respect to coal mining subsidence damage outside the areas of responsibility of coal mining licensees; dealing with property and historical liability issues; for example environmental projects, mine water treatment schemes and surface hazards relating to past coal mining; providing public access to information held by the Coal Authority on coal mining.[80]

## See also[edit]

* Energy portal
* England portal

* A Green New Deal
* Energy policy of the United Kingdom
* Energy conservation in the United Kingdom
* Institution of Diesel and Gas Turbine Engineers
* Great British Insulation Scheme

## References[edit]

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* v
* t
* e

Energy in the United Kingdom

Companies

| Coal|

* Anglo American
* Asia Energy
* BHP
* ENRC
* Glencore
* Rio Tinto
* UK Coal

|

Oil and
gas|

| Integrated|

* BP
* Shell

|

Exploration
& production|

* Afren
* BHP
* Cairn Energy
* Centrica
* Dana Petroleum
* Desire Petroleum
* Emerald Energy
* EnQuest
* Essar Energy
* Harbour Energy
* Hardy Oil and Gas
* JKX Oil & Gas
* Melrose Resources
* Ophir Energy
* Perenco
* Regal Petroleum
* Rockhopper Exploration
* SOCO International
* Star Energy
* Tullow Oil

Supply|

* Greenergy
* Murco Petroleum

Support|

* Abbot Group
* Amec Foster Wheeler
* Expro
* Hunting
* Petrofac
* Qserv
* Weir Group
* WesternGeco1
* Wood Group

Utilities|

| Integrated|

* Centrica
* EDF Energy1
* E.ON UK1
* Npower1
* Scottish Power1
* SSE

|

Generation
& supply|

| Generation|

* Drax Group
* Engie Energy International
* Falck Renewables
* Horizon Nuclear Power1
* Vattenfall United Kingdom1
* Vedanta Resources

|

Supply|

* 100Green
* Bristol Energy
* Co-op Energy
* Ecotricity
* ESB International
* Firmus Energy
* Good Energy
* Octopus Energy
* Opus Energy
* Outfox the Market
* OVO Energy
* Phoenix Natural Gas
* Shell Energy
* TotalEnergies Gas & Power
* Utilita Energy
* Utility Warehouse

Distribution|

| Electricity|

* Electricity North West1
* Northern Powergrid1
* SP Energy Networks1
* SSE Power Distribution
* UK Power Networks1
* Western Power Distribution1

|

Gas|

* Cadent Gas
* Firmus Energy
* Northern Gas Networks
* Phoenix Natural Gas
* SGN
* Wales & West Utilities1

Transmission|

| Electricity|

* National Grid2
* Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission
* SP Energy Networks1

|

Gas|

* National Grid

Other|

* Aggreko
* APX Group
* Aquamarine Power
* EnServe
* Geothermal Engineering
* Hi-Gen Power
* Mark Group
* Wavegen

Companies with headquarters and/or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in italics 1Ultimate parent company is not UK-based 2Integrated in the United States, no generation or supply activities in the UK

Energy sources

| Coal|

* Coal Authority
* Coal-fired power stations
* Coal mines
* Coal mining regions
* Confederation of UK Coal Producers
* Greenhouse gas emissions
* History
* miners' strike
* National Coal Board
* Open-pit coal mining

|

Electricity|

* Association of Electricity Producers
* BritNed
* East–West Interconnector
* Energy switching services
* Economy 7
* Economy 10
* Electricity billing
* Green electricity
* Gridlink Interconnector
* Grid Trade Master Agreement
* HVDC Cross-Channel
* HVDC Moyle
* HVDC Norway–UK
* Isle of Man to England Interconnector
* National Grid
* Control
* Reserve Service
* New Electricity Trading Arrangements
* Power stations
* Timeline of the electricity supply industry

Nuclear|

* Advanced gas-cooled reactor
* Franco–British Nuclear Forum
* Magnox
* National Nuclear Laboratory
* Nuclear Decommissioning Authority
* Nuclear Liabilities Fund
* Nuclear power stations
* Office for Nuclear Regulation
* Sellafield
* United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority

Oil and gas|

* BBL Pipeline
* Dash for Gas
* Forties pipeline system
* Fuel protests
* Gas infrastructure
* Greenhouse gas emissions
* Hydrocarbon Oil Duty
* Oil and Gas Authority
* National Transmission System
* Natural gas fields
* Natural gas-fired power stations
* North Sea oil
* Oil & Gas UK
* Oil fields
* Oil-fired power stations
* Oil infrastructure
* Oil refineries
* Petroleum revenue tax

Renewables|

| Biofuels|

* Biodiesel
* Biofuel power stations
* National Non-Food Crops Centre
* Renewable Fuels Agency
* Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation

|

Geothermal|

* Geothermal power stations

Hydroelectricity|

* Hydroelectric power stations
* Severn Barrage
* Mersey Barrage
* Wave farms

Solar power|

Wind power|

* Offshore wind power in the United Kingdom
* List of offshore wind farms
* List of onshore wind farms
* North Sea Offshore Grid
* Wind power in Scotland

Government and regulation

| Organisations|

* Carbon Trust
* Cenex
* Committee on Climate Change
* Department for Energy Security and Net Zero
* Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
* Energy Saving Trust
* Environment Agency
* Office of Gas and Electricity Markets

|

Legislation and
initiatives|

* Carbon Emission Reduction Target
* Climate Change Act 2008
* Climate Change Agreement
* Climate Change Levy
* Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006
* CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme
* Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform
* Display Energy Certificate
* Energy Act 2013
* Energy Performance Certificate
* Fossil Fuel Levy
* Low Carbon Building Programme
* National Industrial Symbiosis Programme
* Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation
* Planning Act 2008
* Renewable Heat Incentive
* Renewables Obligation
* United Kingdom Climate Change Programme

Non-governmental organisations

| Charities and
pressure groups|

* Ashden Award
* BioRegional
* Campaign against Climate Change
* Centre for Alternative Technology
* National Energy Action
* Stop Climate Chaos
* Tyndall Centre

|

Industry bodies|

* Combined Heat and Power Association
* Energy Institute
* Energy Networks Association
* Energy Retail Association
* Green Power Forum
* RenewableUK
* Utilities Intermediaries Association

Research|

* Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology
* Energy Technologies Institute
* Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research
* Narec
* Oil Depletion Analysis Centre
* Sunbury Research Centre
* UK Energy Research Centre

Energy conservation

* Association for the Conservation of Energy
* British Energy Efficiency Federation
* Close the Door campaign
* Code for Sustainable Homes
* Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme
* EcoHomes
* Energy efficiency in British housing
* Energy Saving Trust
* Energy Saving Trust Recommended
* Greenhouse gas emissions
* HTB
* National Home Energy Rating

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Energy in Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

Other entities|

* European Union

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