Federal subjects of Russia

Federal constituent entities of Russia

This article is about the federal constituent units. For the grouping of regions by a Presidential Decree, see Federal districts of Russia.

"Provinces of Russia" redirects here. For the historical administrative division, see Provinces of the Russian Empire.

Federal subjects
Субъекты федерации (Russian)

Republics

Krais (territories)

Oblasts (regions)

Federal cities

Autonomous oblast (autonomous region)

Autonomous okrugs (autonomous areas with a substantial ethnic minority)

Diagonal stripes indicate territory internationally recognized as part of Ukraine.

Category| Federal semi-presidential constitutional republic
Location|  Russian Federation
Created|

* 12 December 1993

Number| 83
Populations| 41,431 (Nenets Autonomous Okrug) – 13,010,112 (Moscow)
Areas| 864 km2 (334 sq mi) (Sevastopol) – 3,103,200 km2 (1,198,200 sq mi) (Sakha Republic)
Government|

* Regional government, federal government

Subdivisions|

* District

Politics of Russia

Law

* Constitution
* Russian Criminal Code
* Tax Code
* Mental Health Law

Presidency

President
Vladimir Putin (list)

* * *

* Presidential Administration
* Security Council
* State Council

Executive

Prime Minister
Mikhail Mishustin (list)

* * *

* Government
* Cabinet (57th)

Legislature

Federal Assembly

* * *

* Federation Council
* Members
* Chairwoman: Valentina Matviyenko

* * *

* State Duma
* Members (8th convocation)
* Chairman: Vyacheslav Volodin

Judiciary

* Constitutional Court
* Supreme Court
* Prosecutor General
* Legal system
* Law enforcement

Elections

* Central Election Commission

* * *

* Presidential elections
* Legislative elections
* Gubernatorial elections
* Regional elections
* Local elections

* * *

* Electoral geography
* Political parties

Federalism

* Federal subjects
* Heads of federal subjects
* Regional parliaments
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Foreign relations

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* Minister: Sergey Lavrov

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of / in Russia

* * *

* Nationality law
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* Visa policy (history)

* * *

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United Nations Security Council

* * *

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* * *

* United States
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The federal subjects of Russia, also referred to as the subjects of the Russian Federation (Russian: субъекты Российской Федерации, romanized: subyekty Rossiyskoy Federatsii) or simply as the subjects of the federation (Russian: субъекты федерации, romanized: subyekty federatsii), are the constituent entities of Russia, its top-level political divisions.[1] According to the Constitution of Russia, the federation consists of republics, krais, oblasts, cities of federal importance, an autonomous oblast, and autonomous okrugs, all of which are equal subjects of the federation.[1]

Every federal subject has its own head, a parliament, and a constitutional court. Each subject has its own constitution or charter and legislation, although the authority of these organs differ. Subjects have equal rights in relations with federal government bodies.[1] The subjects have equal representation – two delegates each – in the Federation Council, the upper house of the Federal Assembly. They differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy; republics are offered more autonomy.

Post-Soviet Russia formed during the history of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic within the USSR and did not change at the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. In 1992, during the so-called "parade of sovereignties", separatist sentiments and the War of Laws within Russia, the Russian regions signed the Federation Treaty (Russian: Федеративный договор, romanized: Federativnyy dogovor),[2] establishing and regulating the current inner composition of Russia, based on the division of authorities and powers among Russian government bodies and government bodies of constituent entities. The Federation Treaty was included in the text of the 1978 Constitution of the Russian SFSR. The current Constitution of Russia, adopted by federal referendum on 12 December 1993, came into force on 25 December 1993 and abolished the model of the Soviet system of government introduced in 1918 by Vladimir Lenin and based on the right to secede from the country and on unlimited sovereignty of federal subjects (in practice secession was never allowed), which conflicts with the country's integrity and federal laws. The new constitution eliminated a number of legal conflicts, reserved the rights of the regions, introduced local self-government and did not grant the Soviet-era right to secede from the country. In the late 1990s and early 2000s the political system became de jure closer to other modern federal states with a republican form of government. In the 2000s, following the policies of Vladimir Putin and of the ruling United Russia party, the Russian parliament changed the distribution of tax revenues, reduced the number of elections in the regions and gave more power to the federal authorities.

The Russian Federation was composed of 89 federal subjects in 1993. Mergers reduced the number to 83 by 2008. Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine in 2014, with the Russian government claiming Sevastopol and the Republic of Crimea to be the 84th and 85th federal subjects of Russia, a move that is not recognized internationally.[3][4] During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, four Ukrainian oblasts were annexed by Russia, though they remain internationally recognized as part of Ukraine and are only partially occupied by Russia.[5]

## Terminology

[edit]

An official government translation of the Constitution of Russia from Russian to English uses the term "constituent entities of the Russian Federation". For example, Article 5 reads: "The Russian Federation shall consist of republics, krais, oblasts, cities of federal significance, an autonomous oblast, and autonomous okrugs, which shall have equal rights as constituent entities of the Russian Federation."[1] A translation provided by Garant-Internet instead uses the term "subjects of the Russian Federation".[6]

Tom Fennell, a translator, told the 2008 American Translators Association conference that "constituent entity of the Russian Federation" is a better translation than "subject".[7] This was supported by Tamara Nekrasova, Head of Translation Department at Goltsblat BLP, who said in a 2011 presentation at a translators conference that "constituent entity of the Russian Federation is more appropriate than subject of the Russian Federation (subject would be OK for a monarchy)".[8]

Rank (as given in constitution and ISO)  | Russian  | English translations of the constitution  | ISO 3166-2:RU (ISO 3166-2 Newsletter II-2 (2010-06-30))

|
|
|

(Cyrillic)  | (Latin)  | Official[1] | Unofficial[6]
—  | субъект Российской Федерации | sub'yekt Rossiyskoy Federatsii  | constituent entity of the Russian Federation  | subject of the Russian Federation  | (not mentioned)
1  | республика | respublika  |

republic

2  | край |

kray

| territory  | administrative territory
3  | область | oblastʹ  | oblast  | region  | administrative region
город федерального значения | gorod federalʹnogo znacheniya  | city of federal significance  | city of federal importance  | autonomous city
(the Russian term used in ISO 3166-2 is автономный город avtonomnyy gorod)
5  | автономная область | avtonomnaya oblastʹ  | autonomous oblast  | autonomous region  | autonomous region
6  | автономный округ | avtonomnyy okrug  | autonomous okrug  | autonomous area  | autonomous district

## Types

[edit]

Murmansk

Karelia

Leningrad

Saint
Petersburg

Kaliningrad

Pskov

Novgorod

Vologda

Arkhangelsk

Nenets

Komi

Tver

Yaroslavl

Kostroma

Smolensk

Moscow

Moscow

Vladimir

Ivanovo

Bryansk

Kaluga

Tula

Oryol

Kursk

Belgorod

Ryazan

Lipetsk

Tambov

Voronezh

Volgograd

Rostov

Kalmykia

Astrakhan

Krasnodar

Adygea

Stavropol

Karachay-
Cherkessia

Kabardino-
Balkaria

North Ossetia

Ingushetia

Chechnya

Dagestan

Nizhny
Novgorod

Kirov

Perm

Mordovia

Chuvashia

Mari El

Tatarstan

Udmurtia

Bashkortostan

Penza

Ulyanovsk

Samara

Saratov

Orenburg

Chelyabinsk

Kurgan

Sverdlovsk

Tyumen

Khanty-Mansi

Yamalo-Nenets

Omsk

Tomsk

Novosibirsk

Kemerovo

Altai

Altai

Khakassia

Tuva

Krasnoyarsk

Irkutsk

Buryatia

Zabaykalsky

Sakha

Amur

Jewish

Khabarovsk

Primorsky

Sakhalin

Magadan

Chukotka

Kamchatka

Crimea

Sevastopol

Luhansk

Donetsk

Zapo

Zaporizhzhia

Kherson

Each federal subject belongs to one of the following types:

Legend[9] | Description

|

21 republics

3 unrecognized

| Nominally autonomous,[10][11] each with its own constitution, language, and legislature, but represented by the federal government in international affairs. Most are designated as the home to a specific ethnic minority as their titular nation or nations.
Donetsk and Luhansk Oblast are internationally recognized as parts of Ukraine, but were partially occupied by Russian and Russian-controlled forces in 2014, and declared annexed by Russia as the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics in 2022. The Autonomous Republic of Crimea is internationally recognized as part of Ukraine, but was occupied and annexed by Russia as the Republic of Crimea in 2014.

9 krais

| For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. The title "krai" ("frontier" or "territory") is historic, related to geographic (frontier) position in a certain period of history. The current krais are not related to frontiers.

46 oblasts

2 unrecognized

| The most common type, with a governor and locally elected legislature. Commonly named after their administrative centres. Kaliningrad Oblast is geographically separated from all the rest of Russia by other countries.
Kherson and Zaporizhzhia Oblast are internationally recognized as parts of Ukraine, but were partially occupied by Russian forces and declared annexed in 2022.

2 federal cities

1 unrecognized

| Major cities that function as separate regions and include other cities and towns (Zelenograd, Troitsk, Kronstadt, Kolpino, etc.) – keeping older structures of postal addresses.
Sevastopol is internationally recognized as part of Ukraine, but was occupied and annexed by Russia in 2014.

1 autonomous oblast

| An Autonomous Oblast has increased powers compared to traditional oblasts, but not enough to be considered a Republic. The only one remaining is the Jewish Autonomous Oblast; Russia previously had 4 other Autonomous Oblasts that were changed into Republics on 3 July 1991.

4 autonomous okrugs

| Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area" or "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority designated as its titular nation. With the exception of Chukotka, each of the autonomous okrugs is part of another oblast (Arkhangelsk or Tyumen), as well as functioning as a federal subject by itself.

## List

[edit]

Federal subjects of the Russian Federation

Code  | Name  | Capital/
Administrative centre[a] | Flag  | Coat
of arms  | Type  |  | Head of subject  | Federal district | Economic region | Area
(km2)[12] | Population[13] | Est.
Titular nation  | Total  | density (km2)
01  | Adygea | Maykop |  |  | republic | Circassians | Murat Kumpilov (UR)  | Southern | North Caucasus | 7,792  | 496,934  | 63.77  | 1922
02  | Bashkortostan | Ufa |  |  | Bashkirs | Radiy Khabirov (UR)  | Volga | Ural | 142,947  | 4,091,423  | 28.62  | 1919
03  | Buryatia | Ulan-Ude |  |  | Buryats | Alexey Tsydenov (UR)  | Far Eastern | East Siberian | 351,334  | 978,588  | 2.79  | 1923
04  | Altai Republic | Gorno-Altaysk |  |  | Altai | Oleg Khorokhordin (Ind.)  | Siberian | West Siberian | 92,903  | 210,924  | 2.27  | 1922
05  | Dagestan | Makhachkala |  |  | Aghuls, Avars, Azerbaijanis, Chechens, Dargins, Kumyks, Laks, Lezgins, Nogais, Rutuls, Tabasarans, Tats, Tsakhurs | Sergey Melikov (Ind.)  | North Caucasian | North Caucasus | 50,270  | 3,182,054  | 63.30  | 1921
06  | Ingushetia | Magas
(Largest city: Nazran)  |  |  | Ingush | Mahmud-Ali Kalimatov (UR)  | North Caucasian | North Caucasus | 3,628  | 509,541  | 163.16  | 1992
07  | Kabardino-Balkaria | Nalchik |  |  | Balkars, Kabardians | Kazbek Kokov (UR)  | North Caucasian | North Caucasus | 12,470  | 904,200  | 72.51  | 1936
08  | Kalmykia | Elista |  |  | Kalmyks | Batu Khasikov (UR)  | Southern | Volga | 74,731  | 267,133  | 3.57  | 1957
09  | Karachay-Cherkessia | Cherkessk |  |  | Abazins, Kabardians, Karachays, Nogais | Rashid Temrezov (UR)  | North Caucasian | North Caucasus | 14,277  | 469,865  | 32.91  | 1957
10  | Karelia | Petrozavodsk |  |  | Karelians | Artur Parfenchikov (UR)  | Northwestern | Northern | 180,520  | 533,121  | 2.95  | 1956
11  | Komi Republic | Syktyvkar |  |  | Komi | Vladimir Uyba (UR)  | Northwestern | Northern | 416,774  | 737,853  | 1.77  | 1921
12  | Mari El | Yoshkar-Ola |  |  | Mari | Yury Zaitsev (UR, acting)  | Volga | Volga-Vyatka | 23,375  | 677,097  | 28.97  | 1920
13  | Mordovia | Saransk |  |  | Mordvins | Artyom Zdunov (UR)  | Volga | Volga-Vyatka | 26,128  | 783,552  | 29.99  | 1930
14  | Sakha (Yakutia) | Yakutsk |  |  | Yakuts | Aysen Nikolayev (UR)  | Far Eastern | Far Eastern | 3,083,523  | 995,686  | 0.32  | 1922
15  | North Ossetia–Alania | Vladikavkaz |  |  | Ossetians | Sergey Menyaylo (UR)  | North Caucasian | North Caucasus | 7,987  | 687,357  | 86.06  | 1924
16  | Tatarstan | Kazan |  |  | Tatars | Rustam Minnikhanov (UR)  | Volga | Volga | 67,847  | 4,004,809  | 59.03  | 1920
17  | Tuva | Kyzyl |  |  | Tuvans | Vladislav Khovalyg (UR)  | Siberian | East Siberian | 168,604  | 336,651  | 2.00  | 1944
18  | Udmurtia | Izhevsk |  |  | Udmurts | Aleksandr Brechalov (UR)  | Volga | Ural | 42,061  | 1,452,914  | 34.54  | 1920
19  | Khakassia | Abakan |  |  | Khakas | Valentin Konovalov (CPRF)  | Siberian | East Siberian | 61,569  | 534,795  | 8.69  | 1930
20[e] | Chechnya | Grozny |  |  | Chechens | Ramzan Kadyrov (UR)  | North Caucasian | North Caucasus | 16,165  | 1,510,824  | 93.43  | 1991
21  | Chuvashia | Cheboksary |  |  | Chuvash | Oleg Nikolayev (SRZP)  | Volga | Volga-Vyatka | 18,343  | 1,186,909  | 64.71  | 1920
22  | Altai Krai | Barnaul |  |  | krai |  | Viktor Tomenko (UR)  | Siberian | West Siberian | 167,996  | 2,163,693  | 12.88  | 1937
23  | Krasnodar Krai | Krasnodar |  |  |  | Veniamin Kondratyev (UR)  | Southern | North Caucasus | 75,485  | 5,838,273  | 77.34  | 1937
24  | Krasnoyarsk Krai | Krasnoyarsk |  |  |  | Aleksandr Uss (UR)  | Siberian | East Siberian | 2,366,797  | 2,856,971  | 1.21  | 1934
25  | Primorsky Krai | Vladivostok |  |  |  | Oleg Kozhemyako (UR)  | Far Eastern | Far Eastern | 164,673  | 1,845,165  | 11.21  | 1938
26  | Stavropol Krai | Stavropol |  |  |  | Vladimir Vladimirov (UR)  | North Caucasian | North Caucasus | 66,160  | 2,907,593  | 43.95  | 1934
27  | Khabarovsk Krai | Khabarovsk |  |  |  | Mikhail Degtyarev (LDPR)  | Far Eastern | Far Eastern | 787,633  | 1,292,944  | 1.64  | 1938
28  | Amur Oblast | Blagoveshchensk |  |  | oblast |  | Vasily Orlov (UR)  | Far Eastern | Far Eastern | 361,908  | 766,912  | 2.12  | 1932
29  | Arkhangelsk Oblast | Arkhangelsk |  |  |  | Alexander Tsybulsky (UR)  | Northwestern | Northern | 413,103  | 978,873  | 2.37  | 1937
30  | Astrakhan Oblast | Astrakhan |  |  |  | Igor Babushkin (Ind.)  | Southern | Volga | 49,024  | 960,142  | 19.59  | 1943
31  | Belgorod Oblast | Belgorod |  |  |  | Vyacheslav Gladkov (UR)  | Central | Central Black Earth | 27,134  | 1,540,486  | 56.77  | 1954
32  | Bryansk Oblast | Bryansk |  |  |  | Alexander Bogomaz (UR)  | Central | Central | 34,857  | 1,169,161  | 33.54  | 1944
33  | Vladimir Oblast | Vladimir |  |  |  | Aleksandr Avdeyev (UR, acting)  | Central | Central | 29,084  | 1,348,134  | 46.35  | 1944
34  | Volgograd Oblast | Volgograd |  |  |  | Andrey Bocharov (Ind.)  | Southern | Volga | 112,877  | 2,500,781  | 22.15  | 1937
35  | Vologda Oblast | Vologda
(Largest city: Cherepovets)  |  |  |  | Oleg Kuvshinnikov (UR)  | Northwestern | Northern | 144,527  | 1,142,827  | 7.91  | 1937
36  | Voronezh Oblast | Voronezh |  |  |  | Aleksandr Gusev (UR)  | Central | Central Black Earth | 52,216  | 2,308,792  | 44.22  | 1934
37  | Ivanovo Oblast | Ivanovo |  |  |  | Stanislav Voskresensky (Ind.)  | Central | Central | 21,437  | 927,828  | 43.28  | 1936
38  | Irkutsk Oblast | Irkutsk |  |  |  | Igor Kobzev (Ind.)  | Siberian | East Siberian | 774,846  | 2,370,102  | 3.06  | 1937
39  | Kaliningrad Oblast | Kaliningrad |  |  |  | Anton Alikhanov (UR)  | Northwestern | Kaliningrad | 15,125  | 1,029,966  | 68.10  | 1946
40  | Kaluga Oblast | Kaluga |  |  |  | Vladislav Shapsha (UR)  | Central | Central | 29,777  | 1,069,904  | 35.93  | 1944
41  | Kamchatka Krai | Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky |  |  | krai |  | Vladimir Solodov (Ind.)  | Far Eastern | Far Eastern | 464,275  | 291,705  | 0.63  | 2007
42  | Kemerovo Oblast | Kemerovo |  |  | oblast |  | Sergey Tsivilyov (UR)  | Siberian | West Siberian | 95,725  | 2,600,923  | 27.17  | 1943
43  | Kirov Oblast | Kirov |  |  |  | Aleksandr Sokolov (UR, acting)  | Volga | Volga-Vyatka | 120,374  | 1,153,680  | 9.58  | 1934
44  | Kostroma Oblast | Kostroma |  |  |  | Sergey Sitnikov (Ind.)  | Central | Central | 60,211  | 580,976  | 9.65  | 1944
45  | Kurgan Oblast | Kurgan |  |  |  | Vadim Shumkov (Ind.)  | Ural | Ural | 71,488  | 776,661  | 10.86  | 1943
46  | Kursk Oblast | Kursk |  |  |  | Roman Starovoyt (UR)  | Central | Central Black Earth | 29,997  | 1,082,458  | 36.09  | 1934
47  | Leningrad Oblast | Largest city: Gatchina[b] |  |  |  | Aleksandr Drozdenko (UR)  | Northwestern | Northwestern | 83,908  | 2,000,997  | 23.85  | 1927
48  | Lipetsk Oblast | Lipetsk |  |  |  | Igor Artamonov (UR)  | Central | Central Black Earth | 24,047  | 1,143,224  | 47.54  | 1954
49  | Magadan Oblast | Magadan |  |  |  | Sergey Nosov (UR)  | Far Eastern | Far Eastern | 462,464  | 136,085  | 0.29  | 1953
50  | Moscow Oblast | Largest city: Balashikha[c] |  |  |  | Andrey Vorobyov (UR)  | Central | Central | 44,329  | 8,524,665  | 192.30  | 1929
51  | Murmansk Oblast | Murmansk |  |  |  | Andrey Chibis (UR)  | Northwestern | Northern | 144,902  | 667,744  | 4.61  | 1938
52  | Nizhny Novgorod Oblast | Nizhny Novgorod |  |  |  | Gleb Nikitin (UR)  | Volga | Volga-Vyatka | 76,624  | 3,119,115  | 40.71  | 1936
53  | Novgorod Oblast | Veliky Novgorod |  |  |  | Andrey Nikitin (UR)  | Northwestern | Northwestern | 54,501  | 583,387  | 10.70  | 1944
54  | Novosibirsk Oblast | Novosibirsk |  |  |  | Andrey Travnikov (UR)  | Siberian | West Siberian | 177,756  | 2,797,176  | 15.74  | 1937
55  | Omsk Oblast | Omsk |  |  |  | Alexander Burkov (SRZP)  | Siberian | West Siberian | 141,140  | 1,858,798  | 13.17  | 1934
56  | Orenburg Oblast | Orenburg |  |  |  | Denis Pasler (UR)  | Volga | Ural | 123,702  | 1,862,767  | 15.06  | 1934
57  | Oryol Oblast | Oryol |  |  |  | Andrey Klychkov (CPRF)  | Central | Central | 24,652  | 713,374  | 28.94  | 1937
58  | Penza Oblast | Penza |  |  |  | Oleg Melnichenko (UR)  | Volga | Volga | 43,352  | 1,266,348  | 29.21  | 1939
59  | Perm Krai | Perm |  |  | krai |  | Dmitry Makhonin (Ind.)  | Volga | Ural | 160,236  | 2,532,405  | 15.80  | 2005
60  | Pskov Oblast | Pskov |  |  | oblast |  | Mikhail Vedernikov (UR)  | Northwestern | Northwestern | 55,399  | 599,084  | 10.81  | 1944
61  | Rostov Oblast | Rostov-on-Don |  |  |  | Vasily Golubev (UR)  | Southern | North Caucasus | 100,967  | 4,200,729  | 41.60  | 1937
62  | Ryazan Oblast | Ryazan |  |  |  | Pavel Malkov (Ind.)  | Central | Central | 39,605  | 1,102,810  | 27.85  | 1937
63  | Samara Oblast | Samara |  |  |  | Dmitry Azarov (UR)  | Volga | Volga | 53,565  | 3,172,925  | 59.24  | 1928
64  | Saratov Oblast | Saratov |  |  |  | Roman Busargin (UR)  | Volga | Volga | 101,240  | 2,442,575  | 24.13  | 1936
65  | Sakhalin Oblast | Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk |  |  |  | Valery Limarenko (UR)  | Far Eastern | Far Eastern | 87,101  | 466,609  | 5.36  | 1947
66  | Sverdlovsk Oblast | Yekaterinburg |  |  |  | Yevgeny Kuyvashev (UR)  | Ural | Ural | 194,307  | 4,268,998  | 21.97  | 1935
67  | Smolensk Oblast | Smolensk |  |  |  | Alexey Ostrovsky (LDPR)  | Central | Central | 49,779  | 888,421  | 17.85  | 1937
68  | Tambov Oblast | Tambov |  |  |  | Maksim Yegorov (UR, acting)  | Central | Central Black Earth | 34,462  | 982,991  | 28.52  | 1937
69  | Tver Oblast | Tver |  |  |  | Igor Rudenya (UR)  | Central | Central | 84,201  | 1,230,171  | 14.61  | 1935
70  | Tomsk Oblast | Tomsk |  |  |  | Vladimir Mazur (UR, acting)  | Siberian | West Siberian | 314,391  | 1,062,666  | 3.38  | 1944
71  | Tula Oblast | Tula |  |  |  | Aleksey Dyumin (UR)  | Central | Central | 25,679  | 1,501,214  | 58.46  | 1937
72  | Tyumen Oblast | Tyumen |  |  |  | Aleksandr Moor (UR)  | Ural | West Siberian | 160,122  | 1,601,940  | 10.00  | 1944
73  | Ulyanovsk Oblast | Ulyanovsk |  |  |  | Aleksey Russkikh (CPRF)  | Volga | Volga | 37,181  | 1,196,745  | 32.19  | 1943
74  | Chelyabinsk Oblast | Chelyabinsk |  |  |  | Aleksey Teksler (UR)  | Ural | Ural | 88,529  | 3,431,224  | 38.76  | 1934
75  | Zabaykalsky Krai | Chita |  |  | krai |  | Aleksandr Osipov (Ind.)  | Far Eastern | East Siberian | 431,892  | 1,004,125  | 2.32  | 2008
76  | Yaroslavl Oblast | Yaroslavl |  |  | oblast |  | Mikhail Yevrayev (Ind.)  | Central | Central | 36,177  | 1,209,811  | 33.44  | 1936
77  | Moscow |  |  | federal city |  | Sergey Sobyanin (UR)  | Central | Central | 2,561  | 13,010,112  | 5,080.09  | 1147
78  | Saint Petersburg |  |  |  | Alexander Beglov (UR)  | Northwestern | Northwestern | 1,403  | 5,601,911  | 3,992.81  | 1703
79  | Jewish Autonomous Oblast | Birobidzhan |  |  | autonomous oblast | Jews | Rostislav Goldstein (UR)  | Far Eastern | Far Eastern | 36,271  | 150,453  | 4.15  | 1934
80  | Nenets Autonomous Okrug | Naryan-Mar |  |  | autonomous okrug | Nenets | Yury Bezdudny (UR)  | Northwestern | Northern | 176,810  | 41,434  | 0.23  | 1929
81  | Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra | Khanty-Mansiysk
(Largest city: Surgut)  |  |  | Khanty, Mansi | Natalya Komarova (UR)  | Ural | West Siberian | 534,801  | 1,711,480  | 3.20  | 1930
82  | Chukotka Autonomous Okrug | Anadyr |  |  | Chukchi | Roman Kopin (UR)  | Far Eastern | Far Eastern | 721,481  | 47,490  | 0.07  | 1930
83  | Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug | Salekhard
(Largest city: Novy Urengoy)  |  |  | Nenets | Dmitry Artyukhov (UR)  | Ural | West Siberian | 769,250  | 510,490  | 0.66  | 1930
Contested territories situated within the internationally recognised borders of Ukraine
84  | Republic of Crimea[d] | Simferopol |  |  | republic |  | Sergey Aksyonov (UR)  | Southern[14][15] | North Caucasus | 26,081  | 1,934,630  | 74.18  | 2014
85  | Sevastopol[d] |  |  | federal city |  | Mikhail Razvozhayev (UR)  | Southern[14][15] | North Caucasus | 864  | 547,820  | 634.05  | 2014
86  | Donetsk People's Republic[d][f] | Donetsk |  |  | republic |  | Denis Pushilin (UR/ODDR)  |  |  | 26,517[g] | 4,100,280[16][g] | 154.63[g] | 2022
87  | Luhansk People's Republic[d][f] | Luhansk |  |  |  | Leonid Pasechnik (UR/ML)  |  |  | 26,684[g] | 2,121,322[16][g] | 79.50[g] | 2022
88  | Zaporozhye Oblast[d][f] | Melitopol (de facto)
Zaporizhzhia (claimed) |  |  | oblast |  | Yevgeny Balitsky (UR)  |  |  | 27,183[g] | 1,666,515[16][g] | 61.31[g] | 2022
89  | Kherson Oblast[d][f] | Henichesk (de facto)
Kherson (claimed)
(Largest city: Kherson)  |  |  |  | Vladimir Saldo (Ind.)  |  |  | 28,461[g] | 1,016,707[16][g] | 35.72[g] | 2022

### Notes

[edit]

a. ^ The largest city is also listed when it is different from the capital/administrative centre.

b. ^ According to Article 13 of the Charter of Leningrad Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Saint Petersburg. However, Saint Petersburg is not officially the administrative centre of the oblast.

c. ^ According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially the administrative centre of the oblast.

d. ^ Internationally recognized as part of Ukraine.

e. ^ In February 2000, the former code of 20 for the Chechen Republic was cancelled and replaced with code 95. License plate production was suspended due to the Chechen Wars, causing numerous issues, which in turn forced the region to use a new code.

f. ^ Claimed, but only partially controlled by Russia.

g. ^ As Russia only partially controls the region, this is a claimed figure.

## Statistics of federal subjects

[edit]

* List of federal subjects of Russia by GRP
* Armorial of Russia (Coat of arms of Russian federal subjects)
* List of federal subjects of Russia by incidence of substance abuse
* List of federal subjects of Russia by GDP per capita
* List of federal subjects of Russia by murder rate
* List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy
* List of federal subjects of Russia by population
* List of federal subjects of Russia by total fertility rate
* List of federal subjects of Russia by Human Development Index
* List of federal subjects of Russia by unemployment rate
* Regional parliaments of Russia
* List of current heads of federal subjects of Russia
* Forest cover by federal subject in Russia
* ISO 3166-2:RU

## Mergers, splits and internal territorial changes

[edit]

Map of the federal subjects of Russia highlighting those that merged in the first decade of the 21st century (in yellow), and those whose merger has been discussed in the same decade (in orange)

Starting in 2005, some of the federal subjects were merged into larger territories. In this process, six very sparsely populated subjects (comprising in total 0.3% of the population of Russia) were integrated into more populated subjects, with the hope that the economic development of those territories would benefit from the much larger means of their neighbours. The merging process was finished on 1 March 2008. No new mergers have been planned since March 2008. The six territories became "administrative-territorial regions with special status". They have large proportions of minorities, with Russians being a majority only in three of them. Four of those territories have a second official language in addition to Russian: Buryat (in two of the merged territories), Komi-Permian, Koryak. This is an exception: all the other official languages of Russia (other than Russian) are set by the Constitutions of its constituent Republics (Mordovia, Chechnya, Dagestan etc.). The status of the "administrative-territorial regions with special status" has been a subject of criticism because it does not appear in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Date of referendum  | Date of merger  | Original entities  | Original codes  | New code  | Original entities  | New entity

|
|
|
|
|
|

2003-12-07  | 2005-12-01  | 1, 1a  | 59 (1), 81 (1a)  | 90  | Perm Oblast (1) + Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug (1a)  | Perm Krai
2005-04-17  | 2007-01-01  | 2, 2a, 2b  | 24 (2), 88 (2a), 84 (2b)  | 24  | Krasnoyarsk Krai (2) + Evenk Autonomous Okrug (2a) + Taymyr Autonomous Okrug (2b)  | Krasnoyarsk Krai
2005-10-23  | 2007-07-01  | 3, 3a  | 41 (3), 82 (3a)  | 91  | Kamchatka Oblast (3) + Koryak Autonomous Okrug (3a)  | Kamchatka Krai
2006-04-16  | 2008-01-01  | 4, 4a  | 38 (4), 85 (4a)  | 38  | Irkutsk Oblast (4) + Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug (4a)  | Irkutsk Oblast
2007-03-11  | 2008-03-01  | 5, 5a  | 75 (5), 80 (5a)  | 92  | Chita Oblast (5) + Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (5a)  | Zabaykalsky Krai

In addition to those six territories that entirely ceased to be subjects of the Russian Federation and were downgraded to territories with special status, another three subjects have a status of subject but are simultaneously part of a more populated subject:

* Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2010 population of 42090) has been a subject since 1993, but is also, according to its Constitution, part of Arkhangelsk Oblast
* Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug obtained autonomy in 1977, but is also part of Tyumen Oblast
* Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug obtained the status of subject in 1992 (after obtaining autonomy in 1977), but is also part of Tyumen Oblast.

With an estimated population of 49348 as of 2018, Chukotka is currently the least populated subject of Russia that is not part of a more populated subject. It was separated from Magadan Oblast in 1993. Chukotka is one of the richest subjects of Russia (with a Gross Regional Product [GRP] per capita equivalent to that of Australia) and therefore does not fit in the pattern of merging a subject to benefit from the economic dynamism of the neighbour.

In 1992, Ingushetia separated from Chechnya, both to stay away from the growing violence in Chechnya and as a bid to obtain the Eastern part of Northern Ossetia (it did not work: the Chechen conflict spread violence to Ingushetia, and North Ossetia retained its Prigorodny District). Those two Muslim republics, populated in vast majority (95%+) by closely related Vainakh people, speaking Vainakhish languages, remain the two poorest subjects of Russia, with the GRP per capita of Ingushetia being equivalent to that of Iraq. According to 2016 statistics, however, they are also the safest regions of Russia, and also have the lowest alcohol consumption, with alcohol poisoning at least 40 times lower than the federal average.[17][18][19]

Until 1994, Sokolsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast was part of Ivanovo Oblast.

In 2011–2012, the territory of Moscow increased by 140% (to 2,511 km2 (970 sq mi)) by acquiring part of Moscow Oblast.

On 13 May 2020, the governors of Arkhangelsk Oblast and Nenets Autonomous Okrug announced their plan to merge following the collapse of oil prices stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic.[20][21] The process was scrapped on 2 July due to its unpopularity among the population.[22]

## See also

[edit]

* Subdivisions of Russia
* Federal districts of Russia
* Economic regions of Russia
* History of the administrative division of Russia
* Armorial of Russia
* Republics of the Soviet Union
* Flags of the Soviet Republics
* Flags of the federal subjects of Russia
* List of federal subjects of Russia by population
* List of heads of federal subjects of Russia
* Russian volunteer battalions

## References

[edit]

### Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e "Constitution of the Russian Federation". Government of the Russian Federation. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
2. ^ This treaty consisted of three treaties, see also Concluding and Transitional Provisions: [1] [2]
3. ^ Heaney, Dominic, ed. (2023). "The Government of the Russian Federation". The Territories of the Russian Federation 2023 (24th ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 43–51. ISBN 9781032469744.
4. ^ Steve Gutterman and Pavel Polityuk (March 18, 2014). "Putin signs Crimea treaty as Ukraine serviceman dies in attack". Reuters. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
5. ^ "Putin to annex seized Ukrainian land, U.N. Warns of 'dangerous escalation'". Reuters. September 29, 2022.
6. ^ a b "The Constitution of the Russian Federation". Garant-Internet. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
7. ^ Knizhnik, Irina (2009). "On legal terminology, the jury is still out" (PDF). SlavFile. 18 (1). Slavic Languages Division, American Translators Association: 20. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
8. ^ Nekrasova, Tamara (2011). "Traps & Mishaps in Legal Translation" (PDF). Eulita. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
9. ^ Heaney, Dominic, ed. (2022). "Territorial Surveys". The Territories of the Russian Federation 2022 (23rd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 9781032249698.
10. ^ The Territories of the Russian Federation 2012. Taylor & Francis. 2012. p. 5\. ISBN 978-1-135-09584-0. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
11. ^ Saunders, R.A. (2019). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation. Historical Dictionaries of Europe. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 232\. ISBN 978-1-5381-2048-4. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
12. ^ "Таблица 5. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, городских округов, муниципальных районов, муниципальных округов, городских и сельских поселений, городских населенных пунктов, сельских населенных пунктов с населением 3000 человек и более". Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
13. ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
14. ^ a b "Crimea becomes part of vast Southern federal district of Russia". Retrieved July 29, 2016.
15. ^ a b "В России создан Крымский федеральный округ". RBC. March 21, 2014. Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
16. ^ a b c d Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1 "Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2021" (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2021.
17. ^ "БГД - Регионы России. Социально-экономические показатели - 2017 г." rosstat.gov.ru.
18. ^ "Число умерших по основным классам и отдельным причинам смерти в расчете на 100000 населения за год". ЕМИСС. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018.
19. ^ ""Рейтинг трезвости-2017": кто в России меньше всех пьет". Вести.Ru (in Russian). November 27, 2017. Archived from the original on July 2, 2023.
20. ^ Quinn, Eilís (May 14, 2020). ""Catastrophic" economic situation prompts merger talks for Nenets AO and Arkhangelsk Oblast". The Barents Observer. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
21. ^ "Russian Regions to Become Single Federal Subject in Decade-First". The Moscow Times. May 13, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
22. ^ Antonova, Elizaveta (July 2, 2020). "The head of the Nenets Autonomous District declared refusal to unite with the Arkhangelsk region". RBC (in Russian). Retrieved July 6, 2020.

### Sources

[edit]

* 12 декабря 1993 г. «Конституция Российской Федерации», в ред. Федерального конституционного закона №7-ФКЗ от 30 декабря 2008 г. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская газета", №237, 25 декабря 1993 г. (December 12, 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation, as amended by the Federal Constitutional Law #7-FKZ of December 30, 2008. Effective as of the official publication date.).

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Subdivisions of Russia

Federal subjects

Oblasts (48)|

* Amur
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Krais (9)|

* Altai
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* Khabarovsk
* Krasnodar
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* Perm
* Primorsky
* Stavropol
* Zabaykalsky

Autonomous okrugs (4)|

* Chukotka
* Khanty-Mansi2
* Nenets3
* Yamalo-Nenets2

Federal cities (3)|

* Moscow
* Saint Petersburg
* Sevastopol1

Autonomous oblast (1)|

* Jewish

* 1Considered by most of the international community to be part of Ukraine.

* 2Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast.

* 3Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast.

Non-constitutional official divisions by various institutions

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Table of administrative divisions by country

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States with limited
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Table of administrative divisions by country

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