Geography of Lesotho

Continent| Africa
Region| Southern Africa
Coordinates| 29°30′S 28°30′E﻿ / ﻿29.500°S 28.500°E﻿ / -29.500; 28.500
Area| Ranked 141st
• Total| 30,355 km2 (11,720 sq mi)
• Land| 100%
• Water| 0%
Coastline| 0 km (0 mi)
Borders| Total land borders:
909 km (565 mi)
South Africa:
909 km (565 mi)
Highest point| Thabana Ntlenyana
3,482 m (11,424 ft)
Lowest point| Junction of the Orange and Makhaleng Rivers
1,400 m (4,593.2 ft)

Lesotho is a mountainous, landlocked country located in Southern Africa. It is an enclave, surrounded by South Africa. The total length of the country's borders is 909 kilometres (565 mi). Lesotho covers an area of around 30,355 square kilometres (11,720 sq mi), of which a negligible percentage is covered with water.

The most popular geographic fact about Lesotho, apart from its status as an enclave, is that it is the only independent state in the world that lies entirely above 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) in elevation.[1] Its lowest point is at 1,400 metres (4,593 ft), the highest low point of any country.[2] Because of its elevation, the country's climate is cooler than in most other regions at the same latitude. Its climate zone can be classified as continental.

## Location

[edit]

Lesotho is a country in Southern Africa, located at around 29°30' south latitude and 28°30' east longitude. It is the 141st largest country in the world, with a total land area of 30,355 square kilometres (11,720 sq mi), of which a negligible percentage is covered with water.[1] Lesotho is completely surrounded by South Africa, making it one of only three countries in the world that are enclaved within another country; the other two are San Marino and Vatican City, both located within Italy.[3] The total length of the South African border is 909 kilometres (565 mi).[1] Lesotho's status as an enclave also means that it is landlocked and largely dependent on South Africa. The nearest major shipping port is Durban.[4]

## Physical geography

[edit]

Further information: Lesotho Highlands

Malealea village in the highlands of Lesotho

Lesotho can be roughly divided into three geographic regions: the lowlands, following the southern banks of the Caledon River, and in the Senqu river valley; the highlands formed by the Drakensberg and Maloti mountain ranges in the east and central parts of the country; and the foothills that form a divide between the lowlands and the highlands.[5] The lowest elevation in the country is at the junction of the Makhaleng and Orange (Senqu) rivers (at the South African border), which at 1,400 metres (4,593 ft) is the highest lowest point of any country.[2] Lesotho is the only independent state in the world that lies entirely above 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) in elevation.[6] The highest point is the peak of the Thabana Ntlenyana mountain, which reaches an elevation of 3,482 metres (11,424 ft).[1] Over 80% of Lesotho lies above 1,800 metres (5,906 ft).[1]

Even though very little of Lesotho is covered in water, the rivers that run across the country are an important part of Lesotho's economy. Much of the country's export income comes from water, and much of its power comes from hydroelectricity.[7] The Orange River rises in the Drakensberg mountains in northeastern Lesotho and flows across the entire length of the country before exiting to South Africa at the Mohale's Hoek District in the southwest. The Caledon River marks the northwestern part of the border with South Africa. Other rivers include the Malibamatso, Matsoku and Senqunyane.

The bedrock of Lesotho belongs to the Karoo Supergroup, consisting mostly of shale and sandstone.[8] Peatlands can be found in the highlands of Lesotho, most extensively in the mountainous escarpment near the country's eastern border. The summit of Thabana Ntlenyana is partially encircled by bogs.[9]

Solifluction deposits, blockfields, blockstreams and stone garlands can be found across the higher portions of the Lesotho Highlands. These features were formed in connection to the periglacial conditions that prevailed during the last glacial period in the area.[10][11]

## Political geography

[edit]

Districts and Cities of Lesotho

Main article: Districts of Lesotho

Lesotho is divided into 10 administrative districts, each with its own capital, called a camptown.[12] The districts are further subdivided into 80 constituencies, which consist of 129 local community councils.[13] The distribution of population in Lesotho overlaps with the country's varied ecological conditions; poverty too is linked to ecological conditions.[14]

Districts (in alphabetical order):

* Berea
* Butha-Buthe
* Leribe
* Mafeteng
* Maseru
* Mohale's Hoek
* Mokhotlong
* Qacha's Nek
* Quthing
* Thaba-Tseka

## Climate

[edit]

See also: Climate Change in Lesotho

Snow on the Lesotho Moteng pass

Because of its altitude, the country remains cooler throughout the year than most other regions at the same latitude. Lesotho has a temperate climate,[15] with hot summers and cold winters. Maseru and its surrounding lowlands often reach 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer.[16] Winters can be cold with the lowlands getting down to −7 °C (19.4 °F) and the highlands to −20 °C (−4.0 °F) at times.[16]

The yearly precipitation varies from around 600 millimetres (23.6 in) in the lowland valleys to around 1,200 millimetres (47.2 in) in areas of the northern and eastern escarpment bordering South Africa.[7][17] Most of the rain falls as summer thunderstorms: 85% of the annual precipitation falls between the months of October and April.[17] The winters—between May and September are usually very dry.[17] Snow is common in the deserts and low valleys between May and September; the higher peaks can experience occasional significant snowfall year-round.[6] Annual variance in rainfall is quite erratic, which leads to periodic droughts in the dry season (May to September) and flooding, which can be severe in the rainy season (October–April).

Climate data for Maseru (1931–1960)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 28
(82)  | 27
(81)  | 25
(77)  | 21
(70)  | 18
(64)  | 15
(59)  | 16
(61)  | 19
(66)  | 23
(73)  | 24
(75)  | 26
(79)  | 28
(82)  | 23
(72)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 14
(57)  | 14
(57)  | 12
(54)  | 8
(46)  | 3
(37)  | 0
(32)  | −1
(30)  | 2
(36)  | 6
(43)  | 9
(48)  | 12
(54)  | 13
(55)  | 8
(46)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 114
(4.5)  | 89
(3.5)  | 96
(3.8)  | 67
(2.6)  | 29
(1.1)  | 12
(0.5)  | 14
(0.6)  | 15
(0.6)  | 19
(0.7)  | 63
(2.5)  | 80
(3.1)  | 93
(3.7)  | 691
(27.2)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 13  | 10  | 11  | 8  | 6  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 3  | 8  | 10  | 10  | 88
Average relative humidity (%)  | 37  | 42  | 43  | 42  | 38  | 35  | 32  | 27  | 24  | 30  | 34  | 35  | 35
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 287  | 263  | 259  | 241  | 247  | 232  | 254  | 279  | 278  | 276  | 279  | 307  | 3,202
Source: Danish Meteorological Institute[18]

Climate data for Letšeng-la-Terae

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 14.8
(58.6)  | 14.5
(58.1)  | 12.2
(54.0)  | 10.6
(51.1)  | 7.7
(45.9)  | 5.4
(41.7)  | 5.4
(41.7)  | 6.8
(44.2)  | 9.9
(49.8)  | 11.2
(52.2)  | 12.6
(54.7)  | 13.7
(56.7)  | 10.4
(50.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 9.8
(49.6)  | 9.7
(49.5)  | 7.7
(45.9)  | 5.1
(41.2)  | 2.0
(35.6)  | −0.1
(31.8)  | 0.0
(32.0)  | 1.5
(34.7)  | 4.6
(40.3)  | 6.0
(42.8)  | 7.5
(45.5)  | 8.9
(48.0)  | 5.2
(41.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 4.8
(40.6)  | 4.9
(40.8)  | 3.3
(37.9)  | −0.3
(31.5)  | −3.6
(25.5)  | −5.5
(22.1)  | −5.3
(22.5)  | −3.8
(25.2)  | −0.6
(30.9)  | 0.8
(33.4)  | 2.5
(36.5)  | 4.1
(39.4)  | 0.1
(32.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 133
(5.2)  | 119
(4.7)  | 120
(4.7)  | 67
(2.6)  | 20
(0.8)  | 10
(0.4)  | 8
(0.3)  | 24
(0.9)  | 57
(2.2)  | 89
(3.5)  | 115
(4.5)  | 119
(4.7)  | 881
(34.5)
Source: Climate-data.org[19]

## Natural resources

[edit]

Map of Lesotho

Lesotho is poor in natural resources.[20] Economically the most important resource is water. The Lesotho Highlands Water Project allows exporting water from the Malibamatso, Matsoku, Senqu and Senqunyane rivers to South Africa, while also generating hydroelectric power for Lesotho's needs. As of April 2008, the first phase of the project has been completed.[7] The project already accounts for an estimated five percent of Lesotho's GDP, and when fully completed, it could account for as much as 20 percent.[21]

The main mineral resource is diamonds from the Letseng diamond mine in the Maluti mountain range. The mine produces very few stones, but has the highest dollar ratio per carat of any diamond mine in the world.[22] Other mineral resources include coal, galena, quartz, agate and uranium deposits, but their exploitation is not considered commercially viable.[23] Clay deposits can be found in the country, and are used for producing tiles, bricks and other ceramics.[23]

Much of the population engages in subsistence farming,[24] even though only 10.71% of the country's surface is classified as arable land and 0.13% has permanent crops.[1] Much of the land has been ruined by soil erosion.[25] The most fertile farmlands are in the northern and central lowlands, and in the foothills between the lowlands and the mountains.[17] Large tracts of the fertile farmland to the north of the country—in the Free State region of South Africa—were lost to European colonists in wars during the 19th century.

## Extreme points

[edit]

This is a list of the extreme points of Lesotho, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.

* Northernmost point - unnamed location on the border with Golden Gate National Park in South Africa immediately north-west of the village of Monontsa, In Butha-Buthe District
* Easternmost point - unnamed location on the border with South Africa immediately west of the South African mountain Giant's Castle, Mokhotlong District
* Southernmost point - Gairntoul mountain, Quthing District
* Westernmost point - unnamed location in the Caledon River on the border with South Africa, Mafeteng District

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f CIA. "CIA - The World Factbook - Lesotho". Archived from the original on 2021-07-02. Retrieved 2008-04-15.
2. ^ a b Alan Murphy (2007). Southern Africa. Lonely Planet. p. 140\. ISBN 978-1-74059-745-6.
3. ^ Kishor Uprety (2005). Transit Regime for Landlocked States : International Law and Development Perspectives. The World Bank. p. 5\. ISBN 0-8213-6299-2.
4. ^ Uprety 2005, p. 9
5. ^ "Lesotho travel guide". The Africa Guide. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
6. ^ a b European Space Agency. "Earth from Space: Winter in southern Africa". Archived from the original on 2012-10-20. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
7. ^ a b c "Project Overview". Lesotho Highlands Water Project. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
8. ^ W. M. Adams; A. S. Goudie; A. R. Orme (1999). The Physical Geography of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 152\. ISBN 0-19-823406-6.
9. ^ Adams, Goudie, Orme, p. 245
10. ^ Sumner, P.D. (2004). "Geomorphic and climatic implications of relict openwork block accumulations near Thabana-Ntlenyana, Lesotho". Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography. 86 (3): 289–302. doi:10.1111/j.0435-3676.2004.00232.x. S2CID 128774864.
11. ^ Mills, S.C.; Barrows, T.T.; Telfer, M.W.; Fifield, L.K. (2017). "The cold climate geomorphology of the Eastern Cape Drakensberg: A reevaluation of past climatic conditions during the last glacial cycle in Southern Africa". Geomorphology. 278 (278): 184–194. Bibcode:2017Geomo.278..184M. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.11.011. hdl:10026.1/8086.
12. ^ Commonwealth Secretariat (2004). Commonwealth Yearbook. London: The Stationery Office for the Commonwealth Secretariat. p. 180\. ISBN 0-11-703227-1.
13. ^ "Lesotho Councils". Statoids. Archived from the original on 2018-09-26. Retrieved 2008-04-15.
14. ^ Anand, Aanchal (2024). "Territorial development: An innovative approach for Lesotho".
15. ^ "The World Factbook". Archived from the original on 2021-07-02. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
16. ^ a b Walden Publishing Ltd (2006). Lesotho Profile (2006/April). World of Information.
17. ^ a b c d "Climate of Lesotho". Lesotho Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 2007-12-24. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
18. ^ Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens. "Lesotho - Maseru" (PDF). Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931-1960) (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 166\. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2013. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
19. ^ "Climate: Letšeng-la-Terae". Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
20. ^ "Country Information: Lesotho (page 3)". worldinformation.com. Retrieved 2008-04-19. [dead link]
21. ^ World Report Limited. "White gold powers economic cooperation". Archived from the original on 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
22. ^ "South African Diamond Mines". khulsey.com. Archived from the original on 2008-04-13. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
23. ^ a b The Economist Intelligence Unit (2004-02-20). "Lesotho: Mining". `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
24. ^ "Lesotho Economy". Lesotho Ministry of Communications, Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 2008-04-19. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
25. ^ "LESOTHO: "The land is blowing away"". IRIN. Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2008-04-21.

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