Geography of Singapore

Geography of a Southeast Asian country

Geography of Singapore

Continent| Asia
Region| Southeast Asia
Coordinates| 1°17′N 103°50′E﻿ / ﻿1.283°N 103.833°E﻿ / 1.283; 103.833
Area| Ranked 175th
• Total| 750 km2 (290 sq mi)
• Land| 98.57%
• Water| 1.43%
Coastline| 193 km (120 mi)
Borders| Land border crossings namely Woodlands Checkpoint and Tuas Checkpoint, various coastal and air checkpoints linking Malaysia and Indonesia, as well as international destinations.
Highest point| Bukit Timah Hill 164 m (538 ft)
Lowest point| Indian Ocean, South China Sea 0 m (0 ft)
Longest river| Kallang River 10 km (6 mi)
Largest lake| None
Exclusive economic zone| 1,300 km2 (500 sq mi)

Singapore is a city-state and island country in maritime Southeast Asia, located at the end of the Malayan Peninsula between Malaysia and Indonesia as well as the Straits of Malacca and the South China Sea. It is heavily compact and urbanised. As of 2023, Singapore has a total land area of approximately 750 square kilometres (290 sq mi).[1] Singapore is separated from Indonesia by the Singapore Strait and from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor.

Geographically, Singapore comprises its mainland and other islands. The mainland of Singapore measures 50 kilometres (31 mi) from east to west and 27 kilometres (17 mi) from north to south with 193 kilometres (120 mi) of coastline. These figures are based on 2.515 metres (8 ft 3.0 in) High Water Mark cadastral survey boundaries.[2] It has an exclusive economic zone of 1,067 km2 (412 sq mi).

## Topography

[edit]

See also: List of islands of Singapore and Extreme points of Singapore

Upper Seletar Reservoir

Singapore's main territory looks like a diamond-shaped island, although its territory includes surrounding smaller islands. The farthest outlying island is Pedra Branca. Of Singapore's dozens of smaller islands, Jurong Island, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin and Sentosa are the larger ones. Most of Singapore is no more than 15 meters above sea level.

The highest point of Singapore is Bukit Timah Hill, with a height from the ground of 165 m (538 ft) and made up of igneous rock, granite. Hills and valleys of sedimentary rock dominate the northwest, while the eastern region consists of sandy and flatter land. Singapore has no natural lakes, but reservoirs and water catchment areas have been constructed to store fresh water for Singapore's water supply.

Singapore has reclaimed land with earth obtained from its own hills, the seabed, and neighboring countries. As a result, Singapore's land area has grown from 581.5 km2 in the 1960s to 725.7 km2 today, and will increase slightly more due to the construction of sea polder and barrage to deal with the ever-rising sea level.

## Climate

[edit]

See also: Peninsular Malaysian rain forests

Afternoon thunderstorms are a frequent occurrence in Singapore, which has an equatorial climate.

Singapore is one-and-a-half degrees north of the equator, lying entirely between the 1st and 2nd parallels. Singapore's climate is classified as tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af), with no true distinct seasons. Owing to its geographical location and maritime exposure, its climate is characterised by uniform temperature and pressure, high humidity and abundant rainfall. Therefore, it is almost always warm and wet. The average annual rainfall is around 2,340 mm (92.1 in). The highest 24-hour rainfall figures ever recorded in history were 512.4 mm (20.2 in) (2 December 1978) at Paya Lebar, 467 mm (18.4 in) (1969) and 366 mm (14.4 in) (19 December 2006).[3]

The temperature hovers around a diurnal range of a minimum of 25 °C (77.0 °F) and a maximum of 33 °C (91.4 °F). May is the hottest month of the year in Singapore, followed by June. This is due to light winds and strong sunshine during those months.[4] The highest recorded temperature is 37.0 °C (98.6 °F), which was recorded twice on 17 April 1983 and 13 May 2023.[5] The lowest recorded temperature was 19.0 °C (66.2 °F) on 14 February 1989 at Paya Lebar, although there is an unofficial record low of 18.4 °C (65.1 °F) on an unspecified date.[6][7] At the climate station in Changi however, extremes have ranged from 36.0 °C (96.8 °F) on 30 March 1998 to 19.4 °C (66.9 °F) on January 30 and 31 1934.[8] Temperature often goes above 33.2 °C (91.8 °F) and can reach 35 °C (95 °F) at times.[9]

Relative humidity has a diurnal range in the high 90s in the early morning to around 60% in the mid-afternoon, but does go below 50% at times. During prolonged heavy rain, relative humidity often reaches 100%. Generally, there is much more rainfall on the western side of the island than on the eastern portion of Singapore, owing to a rain shadow effect.

Thus, the eastern side of Singapore is much drier and slightly hotter than western Singapore. This can cause slight weather disparities from one side of the island to the other. This is significant to note because even a small hill such as Bukit Timah Hill can cause this phenomenon. Despite Singapore's small size, there may be sunshine on one side while there is rain on the other.

Further contrasts that prevent true all-year uniformity are the monsoon seasons which happen twice each year. The first one is the Northeast Monsoon which occurs from mid-November to early March. The second is the Southwest Monsoon season which occurs from June to September. Periods between monsoon seasons receive less rain and wind. During the Northeast Monsoon, northeast winds prevail, sometimes reach 20 km/h (12 mph). There are cloudy conditions in December and January with frequent afternoon showers.

Spells of widespread moderate to heavy rain occur lasting from 1 to 3 days at a stretch. It is relatively dry in February till early March although rainfall still exceeds 120mm. It is also generally windy with wind speeds sometimes reaching 30 to 50 km/h (19 to 31 mph) in the months of January and February. During the Southwest Monsoon season, southeast winds prevail. Isolated to scattered showers occur in the late morning and early afternoon. Early morning "Sumatras" – squall lines that originate over nearby Sumatra – are common.

Climate data for Singapore (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1929–1941 and 1948–present)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 35.2
(95.4)  | 35.2
(95.4)  | 36.0
(96.8)  | 35.8
(96.4)  | 36.5
(97.7)  | 35.0
(95.0)  | 34.0
(93.2)  | 34.2
(93.6)  | 34.4
(93.9)  | 34.6
(94.3)  | 34.6
(94.3)  | 33.8
(92.8)  | 36.0
(96.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 30.6
(87.1)  | 31.5
(88.7)  | 32.2
(90.0)  | 32.4
(90.3)  | 32.3
(90.1)  | 31.9
(89.4)  | 31.4
(88.5)  | 31.4
(88.5)  | 31.6
(88.9)  | 31.8
(89.2)  | 31.2
(88.2)  | 30.5
(86.9)  | 31.6
(88.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 26.8
(80.2)  | 27.3
(81.1)  | 27.8
(82.0)  | 28.2
(82.8)  | 28.6
(83.5)  | 28.5
(83.3)  | 28.2
(82.8)  | 28.1
(82.6)  | 28.0
(82.4)  | 27.9
(82.2)  | 27.2
(81.0)  | 26.8
(80.2)  | 27.8
(82.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 24.3
(75.7)  | 24.6
(76.3)  | 24.9
(76.8)  | 25.3
(77.5)  | 25.7
(78.3)  | 25.7
(78.3)  | 25.4
(77.7)  | 25.3
(77.5)  | 25.2
(77.4)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 24.6
(76.3)  | 24.3
(75.7)  | 25.0
(77.0)
Record low °C (°F)  | 19.4
(66.9)  | 19.7
(67.5)  | 20.2
(68.4)  | 20.7
(69.3)  | 21.2
(70.2)  | 20.8
(69.4)  | 19.7
(67.5)  | 20.2
(68.4)  | 20.7
(69.3)  | 20.6
(69.1)  | 21.1
(70.0)  | 20.6
(69.1)  | 19.4
(66.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 221.6
(8.72)  | 105.1
(4.14)  | 151.7
(5.97)  | 164.3
(6.47)  | 164.3
(6.47)  | 135.3
(5.33)  | 146.6
(5.77)  | 146.9
(5.78)  | 124.9
(4.92)  | 168.3
(6.63)  | 252.3
(9.93)  | 331.9
(13.07)  | 2,113.2
(83.20)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 13  | 9  | 12  | 15  | 15  | 13  | 14  | 14  | 13  | 15  | 19  | 19  | 171
Average relative humidity (%)  | 83.5  | 81.2  | 81.7  | 82.6  | 82.3  | 80.9  | 80.9  | 80.7  | 80.7  | 81.5  | 84.9  | 85.5  | 82.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 180.4  | 198.6  | 196.6  | 182.4  | 184.8  | 175.4  | 188.5  | 184.6  | 161.4  | 155.0  | 133.2  | 133.1  | 2,074
Source 1: National Environment Agency[10][11]
Source 2: NOAA (sun only, 1991–2020)[12]

Singapore

Climate chart (explanation)

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230

137

168

179

172

245

157

176

159

194

297

348

█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NEA[13]
| Imperial conversion

J| F| M| A| M| J| J| A| S| O| N| D

5.4

6.6

6.8

9.7

6.2

6.9

6.2

7.6

█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

|

See or edit raw graph data.

### Climate change initiatives

[edit]

See also: Climate change in Singapore

Singapore recognises that climate change in the decades ahead will have major implications for the island-nation. It has taken a three-prong approach to the issue - researching how the nation will be affected in specific details, implementing mitigation measures and adapting to the coming changes. For the research, a Centre for Climate Research Singapore (CCRS) has been established.[14]

The government estimates that $100 billion will need to be spent over a 100-year time frame to address the issue. In the 2020 budget, it has set aside an initial $5 billion towards a Coastline and Flood Protection Fund. [15] For the population, it will provide incentives for owners to convert to electric vehicles (EVs), like rebates on the Additional Registration fees and expanding the EV charging network. By 2040, it expects to phase out petrol and diesel (internal combustion engine) vehicles. The country's transport policy continues to focus on a "car-lite" future with most commuters using public transportation (MRT trains, buses, taxis) instead. [16]

Singapore is the first country in Southeast Asia to levy a carbon tax, at $5 per ton, applicable for its largest carbon-emitting corporations that produce more than 25,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year.[17] To reduce the country's dependence on fossil fuels, it is building one of the world's largest floating solar farms at Tengeh Reservoir in Tuas, with a capacity of 60MW.[18]

## Time zone

[edit]

Although Singapore does not observe daylight saving time (DST), it follows the UTC+8 time zone, one hour ahead of the typical zone for its geographical location.

Daylight

February | July | November
07:14 – 19:19 | 07:04 – 19:16 | 06:47 - 18:50

## Geology

[edit]

Main article: Geology of Singapore

Igneous rocks are found in Bukit Timah and Woodlands and Pulau Ubin island. Granite makes up the bulk of the igneous rock. Gabbro is also found in the area and is found in an area called Little Guilin named for its resemblance to Guilin in Southern China. This area is in Bukit Gombak. Sedimentary rocks are found on the western part of Singapore and is mainly made of sandstone and mudstones. It also includes the southwestern area. Metamorphic rocks are found in the northeastern part of Singapore and also on Pulau Tekong off the east coast of Singapore. The rocks are mainly made up of quartzite and also make up the Sajahat Formation.

### Seismic activity

[edit]

Singapore is relatively safe from seismic activity in the region, as the nearest major active faults (Sumatran fault and Sunda megathrust fault) are hundreds of kilometres away in Indonesia. However, the population and buildings are prone to being only very slightly affected by any activity as tremors, which is not uncommon, but generally does not do any harm and is limited to small amounts of swaying or vibration of objects.

In late 2004, several parts of Asia and Africa were struck by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the resulting tsunami. Singapore was fortunate as it was protected by the Sumatra landmass, which bore the brunt of the tsunami; the effect on Singapore was limited to tremors felt in some of the common high-rise buildings there.

## Political and human geography

[edit]

Main articles: Administrative divisions of Singapore and List of places in Singapore

See also: Regions of Singapore, Planning Areas of Singapore, and New towns of Singapore

Singapore's urban geography is often characterised by extensive use of HDB flats, which the majority of citizens reside in. Enlargeable, detailed map of Singapore

When Singapore was first colonised by the British, the City of Singapore was situated on the southern coast, around the mouth of the Singapore River. This area remains the Central Area of Singapore. The rest of the island was farmland and primary rainforest. However, since the 1960s the government has constructed many new towns in other areas, so that today the island is nearly entirely built-up and urbanised, with only a few exceptions, such as the district of Lim Chu Kang or reclaimed land in the process of being developed.

The country has several subdivisions, mostly used for administrative or statistical purposes. Politically, Singapore is divided into five administrative districts, these are then further subdivided into town councils which usually consists of one or more political constituencies. However, unlike other countries where local government subdivisions are used to cite locations, the same practice is often uncommon in Singapore. Political boundaries fluctuate with every general election and thus, the areas they cover do not necessarily correspond to the local perception of a place. Most geographical regions, districts and neighbourhoods within the city-state are usually overlapping and can sometimes be arbitrarily defined. Planning and census boundaries, called planning areas, have been used by the Urban Redevelopment Authority to define certain districts and neighbourhoods,[19] although these boundaries may not necessarily correspond with the common perception of a certain place. While boundaries for new towns do exist,[20] there have been instances where certain neighbourhoods can be identified separately from the town it is located in. Tiong Bahru for example, is often identified separately from the HDB town it is a part of, Bukit Merah.

As the main government agency responsible for the urban planning of Singapore, the Urban Redevelopment Authority seeks to implement efficient land use and minimise pollution while maintaining convenient transport, which are Singapore's largest concerns because of its situation as a city-state. A Development Guide Plan for each of the 55 planning areas has been released in the process.

In order to reduce traffic congestion, Electronic road pricing (ERP) has been enacted around entrances into the Central Area. The other parts of Singapore are less dense and busy, and are often filled with housing estates such as from the Housing and Development Board (HDB) or condominiums, and commercial districts are less concentrated. However, to reduce strain on the Central Area, several regional centres have been developed, each containing a concentrated commercial district.

Light industry tends to be distributed around the island as industrial estates and located in flats, similar to the HDB, and only allow tenants which produce close to nil pollution, whereas heavy industry tends to be located around Jurong and Jurong Island. A list of such estates can be found here.

There are two connections to the state of Johor, Malaysia. In the north there is a causeway for both rail and road traffic, which connects to the city of Johor Bahru. In the west there is a road bridge (Tuas Second Link), which connects to Johor, for road traffic only. The connections are an important economic link to Malaysia, which can be seen as a hinterland.

The causeway (1,038 m in length) was designed by Coode, Fizmaurice, Wilson and Mitchell of Westminster and constructed by Topham, Jones & Railton Ltd of London. It was started in 1909 as a railway link by Johor State Railway to connect Johor Bahru to Singapore, then the administrative headquarters of British interests in Southeast Asia. Construction of the road section started in 1919 and completed in 1923.

The causeway has caused ecological problems, most notably accumulation of silt in the Johore Strait. This has led to disagreements with Malaysia. Singapore has rejected Malaysia's proposal to replace the causeway with a bridge, and Malaysia has since proposed the idea of what became known as "the crooked half-bridge", descending halfway to link up with the low-level causeway.

Since Singapore lacks natural freshwater rivers and lakes, the primary source of domestic water is rainfall. Demand for fresh water is approximately twice that supplied by rainfall, so Singapore imports much of its fresh water from Malaysia and Indonesia. To lessen its reliance on imports, Singapore has built reservoirs to collect rainwater from both forest catchment and urban catchment run-offs and from recycled water facilities. In addition, Singapore has built three desalination plants on the western coast of Tuas with two more under construction. They are expected to at least meet 30% of Singapore's water demands in 2060. Recent plans to produce NEWater-recycled water from treatment by filtration via reverse osmosis have been very successful as the government has opened up three plants around the island to help meet the demand.

There are more than 300 parks and 4 nature reserves in Singapore. There are also many trees planted, and almost fifty per cent of the country is covered by greenery. Because of this, Singapore is also commonly known as the 'Garden City'.[21]

Singapore remains highly vulnerable to the impact of climate change; in particular, the rising sea levels may pose a major threat to the very survival of the country in the long-term perspective.[22]

* v
* t
* e

Largest towns and planning areas in Singapore

Singapore Department of Statistics population report for June 2023

| Rank | Name | Region |  Pop. | Rank | Name | Region |  Pop. |

Bedok

Tampines | 1 | Bedok | East | 279,510 | 11 | Ang Mo Kio | North-East | 161,180  |
Jurong West

Sengkang
2 | Tampines | East | 274,360 | 12 | Bukit Merah | Central | 149,530
3 | Jurong West | West | 259,740 | 13 | Pasir Ris | East | 146,930
4 | Sengkang | North-East | 257,190 | 14 | Bukit Panjang | West | 138,940
5 | Woodlands | North | 255,390 | 15 | Toa Payoh | Central | 134,610
6 | Hougang | North-East | 227,610 | 16 | Serangoon | North-East | 118,780
7 | Yishun | North | 228,910 | 17 | Geylang | Central | 114,750
8 | Choa Chu Kang | West | 191,480 | 18 | Sembawang | North | 109,120
9 | Punggol | North-East | 194,750 | 19 | Kallang | Central | 100,870
10 | Bukit Batok | West | 168,560 | 20 | Queenstown | Central | 99,690

Jurong Industrial Estate, Singapore, with Jurong Island in the background

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Environment - Latest Data". Singapore Department of Statistics. 31 January 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
2. ^ "Yearbook of Statistics Singapore 2017". Department of Statistics Singapore. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
3. ^ Singapore Government Weather System
4. ^ Meteorological Services Division, National Environmental Agency http://www.nea.gov.sg
5. ^ "Historical Extremes | Temperature |".
6. ^ Peterson, P (September 1981). "ROYAL OBSERVATORY, HONG KONG TECHNICAL NOTE (LOCAL) NO. 22 EXTREME TEMPERATURES IN HONG KONG" (PDF). Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 5 December 2024. `{{cite web}}`: line feed character in `|title=` at position 59 (help)
7. ^ "Extreme Temperatures Around the World". www.mherrera.org. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
8. ^ "Records of Climate Station Extreme". Weather Statistics. National Environment Agency.
9. ^ "More warm days, drier weather in May with highs of 35 °C". CNA. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
10. ^ "Records of Climate Station Means (Climatological Reference Period: 1991-2020)". National Environment Agency (Singapore). Retrieved 5 August 2021.
11. ^ "Historical Extremes". National Environment Agency (Singapore). Retrieved 5 August 2021.
12. ^ "Singapore/Changi Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
13. ^ "Records of Climate Station Extreme". Weather Statistics. National Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
14. ^ "National Day Rally 2019: Three-pronged approach for Singapore to tackle climate change". The Straits Times. Singapore. 18 August 2019.[permanent dead link‍]
15. ^ Tanscience, Audrey (18 February 2020). "Singapore Budget 2020: New coastal and flood protection fund to protect". The Straits Times. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
16. ^ "Singapore Budget 2020: Push to promote electric vehicles in move to phase out petrol and diesel vehicles". The Straits Times. 18 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
17. ^ "Singapore Budget 2018: Carbon tax of $5 per tonne of greenhouse gas emissions to be levied". The Straits Times. Singapore. 19 February 2018.
18. ^ "One of world's largest floating solar farms coming up in Tuas". The Straits Times. Singapore. 19 August 2020.
19. ^ "Planning Boundaries – Region, Planning Area and Subzone". Urban Redevelopment Authority. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
20. ^ HDB Key Statistics FY 2014/2015 Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
21. ^ "Interesting facts of our Garden City". National Parks Board. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
22. ^ Overland, Indra et al. (2017) Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS).

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of Singapore.

Library resources about
Geography of Singapore

* * *

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

* Meteorological Services Singapore
* Singapore Weather Forecast
* Climatology of Singapore – National Environment Agency
* CNN.com – Weather – Singapore
* Maps:
* http://www.worldexecutive.com/cityguides/singapore/maps.html
* http://www.urbanrail.net/as/sing/singapore.htm
* http://go.hrw.com/atlas/norm_htm/singapor.htm

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Places in Singapore by region

Listed by planning areas

Central|

* Central Area (City centre)
* Bishan
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East|

* Bedok
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North|

* Central Water Catchment
* Lim Chu Kang
* Mandai
* Sembawang
* Simpang
* Sungei Kadut
* Woodlands
* Yishun

North-East|

* Ang Mo Kio
* Hougang
* North-Eastern Islands
* Punggol
* Seletar
* Sengkang
* Serangoon

West|

* Boon Lay
* Bukit Batok
* Bukit Panjang
* Choa Chu Kang
* Clementi
* Jurong East
* Jurong West
* Pioneer
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* Tuas
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* Western Water Catchment

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Singapore articles

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Climate of Asia

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