Hungarian cuisine

Culinary traditions of Hungary

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Pörkölt which means stew in English. Hortobágyi palacsinta, a savoury crêpe filled with meat. Chicken paprikash (csirkepaprikás) simmered in thick creamy paprika sauce with homemade pasta called nokedli. Gundel palacsinta filled with nuts and chocolate sauce.

Hungarian or Magyar cuisine (Hungarian: Magyar konyha) is the cuisine characteristic of the nation of Hungary, and its primary ethnic group, the Magyars. Hungarian cuisine has been described as being the spiciest cuisine in Europe[1][2] This can largely be attributed to the use of their piquant native spice, Hungarian paprika, in many of their dishes. A mild version of the spice, Hungarian sweet paprika, is commonly used as an alternative.[3] Traditional Hungarian dishes are primarily based on meats, seasonal vegetables, fruits, bread, and dairy products.

## General features[edit]

Hungarian cuisine is mostly continental Central European, with some elements from Eastern Europe such as the use of poppy, and the popularity of kefir and quark. Paprika is often associated with Hungary and is used prominently in several dishes. Traditional Hungarian paprika is characterised by its bright colour and distinct heat, differentiating it from milder variations of paprika popular elsewhere in the world.[4] Other herbs and spices commonly used in Hungarian cuisine include garlic, marjoram, caraway seeds, celery seeds and dill seeds.[5] Typical Hungarian food is heavy on dairy and meats, similar to that of neighboring Czech and Slovak cuisines. Chicken, pork and beef are common, while turkey, duck, lamb, fish and game meats are mostly eaten on special occasions. Hungary is also known for relatively inexpensive salamis and sausages it produces primarily from pork, but also poultry, beef and others.

Bread is perhaps the most important and basic part of the Hungarian diet. It is eaten at all meals, accompanying main dishes. Before the fall of communism in 1990, white bread was a staple food. Numerous other types of baked goods, such as buns and pastries both salty and sweet, often creatively filled, have proliferated in recent years.

Main dishes may "require" a side dish (köret) or not. It is unusual to violate this convention. The side dish is most commonly potato in various styles, but rice or steamed vegetables are also popular. Some foods have a customary side dish (e.g., csirkepaprikás 'paprika chicken' is almost always eaten with small dumplings similar to gnocchi (nokedli), while others may take any side dish (e.g., rántott sajt 'fried cheese'). Some dishes also have toppings or bread on the side considered almost mandatory, for example, the sour cream and bread with töltött káposzta 'stuffed cabbage'.

Recently, Hungarian chefs have become more creative, so Hungarian dishes prepared for tourists may seem unusual to Hungarians who are familiar with more traditional preparations.

Goulash is a famous Hungarian dish. Other famous Hungarian meat stews include paprikás, a thicker stew with meat simmered in thick, creamy, paprika-flavored gravy, and pörkölt, a stew with boneless meat (usually beef or pork), onion, and sweet paprika powder, both served with nokedli or galuska (small dumplings). In some old-fashioned dishes, fruits such as plums and apricots are cooked with meat or in piquant sauces/stuffings for game, roasts and other cuts. Various kinds of noodles, dumplings, potatoes, and rice are commonly served as a side dish. Hungarian dry sausages (kolbász) and winter salami are also widely eaten.

Other characteristics of Hungarian cuisine are the soups, casseroles, desserts, and pastries and stuffed crêpes (palacsinta), with fierce rivalries between regional variations on the same dish (such as the Hungarian hot fish soup called fisherman's soup or halászlé, cooked differently on the banks of Hungary's two main rivers: the Danube and the Tisza), palacsinta (pancakes served flambéed in dark chocolate sauce filled with ground walnuts) and Dobos Cake (layered sponge cake, with chocolate buttercream filling and topped with a thin layer of crunchy caramel).

Two elements of Hungarian cuisine that impress foreigners are the various vegetable stews called főzelék as well as cold fruit soups, such as cold sour cherry soup (Hungarian: hideg meggyleves).

Hungarian cuisine uses a large variety of cheeses, but the most common are túró (a type of crumbly quark), cream cheeses, picante ewe-cheese (juhtúró), the most common Hungarian cheeses like Karaván, Pannonia cheese [hu], Pálpusztai, Emmentaler, Edam and Trappista.

There are many smoked pork products. Many dishes get their character from the smoky taste of one or more of these ingredients. A variety of Hungarian smoked sausages, smoked ham, and smoked lard are also consumed without further preparation. These are accompanied with bread and fresh vegetables, are often called 'cold dish', and mainly consumed for breakfast or dinner, but sometimes offered as starter in restaurants.

Pickled (fermented) vegetables are often used. The most common is savanyú káposzta (lit: sour-cabbage, sauerkraut) and soured peppers, gherkins, but a mix of cauliflower, green tomatoes, baby water melon, and other vegetables is also frequent. These are traditionally consumed in the winter and often were the main source of vitamin-C throughout the cold months of winter. Some seasonal, hearty dishes such as töltött káposzta, húsos káposzta and korhelyleves are based on savanyú káposzta. Classic Hungarian restaurants often offer some variations as side dish, a refreshing complement to heavy dishes.

## Seasonings[edit]

Paprika Csaba sausage (Csabai kolbász)

Hungarian food uses selected spices judiciously to add flavor, especially paprika, a spice made of ground red pepper.

Paprika being the most important spice, there are many traditional variations and styles ranging from sweet to extremely spicy. The sweet and more mild paprika tend to be more common, but the spicy varieties are still very popular. Hot chilis are also often given as a garnish in traditional Hungarian cuisine, but when not, dried hot chilis or hot chili paste are typically given on the side.

Hungarians are known for loving spicy foods and eat everything with paprika and Piros Arany(a popular Hungarian paprika cream, meaning 'Red Gold'). They also put the Hungarian chili sauce Erős Pista, in their Fisherman's soup and paprikash.

After paprika, garlic and onion bulbs are some of the most popular aromatics, either or both being used in most every savoury dish.

Herbs are also a key component of Hungarian cuisine, with dill, bay leaf, marjoram, and parsley being the most common. Tarragon, savoury, horseradish, and lovage are also quite common, but less so than the previous. Even herbs such as thyme, patience dock, mint and chives can also be component of some dishes, although considerably less frequently than those mentioned before.

The savoury side of Hungarian cuisine makes use of many spices, most notably paprika. However, Magyar cuisine uses many other spices as well with black pepper, caraway, dill seed, and poppy seed being some of the most common for savoury dishes. Though juniper berries and coriander are also frequently used, but generally only for specific dishes. Mustard seed is uncommon as an ingredient itself, but prepared mustards are used often. Hungarian mustards are often likened to a Dijon-style mustard, though they are not typically made with wine and generally use seeds of the white mustard plant; it is also not uncommon for them to include herbs, particularly tarragon and parsley.

Sweet dishes are typically spiced with different seasonings. Cinnamon, nutmeg, anise, cloves, lemon peel, and vanilla are the most common. Allspice, while traditionally relegated to sweet dishes in western cuisines, is used in both sweet and savoury applications in Hungarian cuisine.

While not really a seasoning, the use of a thick sour cream called tejföl as a topping is another common feature in many dishes.

When products use Hungarian-style as a variation, the flavour is usually pepper, onion or bacon.

## History[edit]

Goulash (gulyásleves) in a traditional cauldron (bogrács). Stuffed cabbage (töltött káposzta) served with dill, sour cream, and sonka (ham). Töltött káposzta is frequently also served in a tomato sauce with sauerkraut and kolbász. Bogrács[citation needed]

The historical Hungarian cuisine has influenced the history of the Magyar people, and vice versa. The importance of livestock and the nomadic lifestyle of the Magyar people, as well as a hearkening to their steppe past, is apparent in the prominence of meat in Hungarian food and may be reflected in traditional meat dishes cooked over the fire like goulash (in Hungarian "gulyás", lit. "cattleman's (meal)"),[6] pörkölt stew and the spicy fisherman's soup called halászlé are all traditionally cooked over the open fire in a bogrács (or cauldron). In the 15th century, King Matthias Corvinus[7][8] and his Neapolitan wife Beatrice, influenced by Renaissance culture, introduced new ingredients such as sweet chestnut and spices such as garlic, ginger, mace, saffron and nutmeg,[9] onion and the use of fruits in stuffings or cooked with meat.[10] Some of these spices such as ginger and saffron are no longer used in modern Hungarian cuisine.[11] At that time and later, considerable numbers of Saxons (a German ethnic group), Armenians, Italians, Jews, Poles, Czechs and Slovaks settled in the Hungarian basin and in Transylvania, also contributing with different new dishes. Hungarian cuisine was influenced by Austrian cuisine under the Austro-Hungarian Empire; dishes and methods of food preparation have often been borrowed from Austrian cuisine, and vice versa. Some cakes and sweets in Hungary show a strong German-Austrian influence. All told, modern Hungarian cuisine is a synthesis of ancient Uralic components mixed with West Slavic, Balkan, Austrian, and German. The food of Hungary can be considered a melting pot of the continent, with a culinary base formed from its own, original Magyar cuisine.

Although Hungary is a major source of paprika,[12] and it is the spice most closely associated with Hungary,[13] peppers, the raw material in paprika production, originated from North America was only later introduced to the Old World, to Spain in the 16th century, as part of the Columbian exchange.[14][15] The spice was first used in Hungarian cuisine in the early 19th century.[13]

Historically Magyar cuisine had a decisive role in the gastronomy of the Carpathian basin. Because of the Habsburg ruling class making it difficult for the kingdom to do industrial work, the country's small producer markets became prominent, and were therefore also called the monarchy's larder. Hungarian cuisine is famously rich in flavours and has also played a major role in the cuisine of neighbouring peoples.

## Hungarian meals[edit]

Hungarian lunch starts with soup. This is veal meat soup (borjúhúsleves). Winter salami is made from cured pork and spices, smoked slowly. During the process a special noble-mold is formed on the surface.

In Hungary, people usually have a large breakfast. Hungarian breakfast generally is an open sandwich with bread or toast, butter, cheese or different cream cheeses, túró cheese, tejföl or körözött (Liptauer cheese spread), cold cuts such as ham, liver pâté (called májkrém or kenőmájas), bacon, salami, mortadella, sausages such as kabanos, beerwurst or different Hungarian sausages or kolbász.[6]: 34 Traditionally fresh tomatoes and green peppers (sometimes scallion, radish and cucumber) are served with these when they are in season. Eggs (fried, scrambled or boiled) may also be part of breakfast.

Some types of meat that were commonly eaten in the past (such as beef tongue, disznósajt (head cheese) or véres hurka (similar to black pudding) are now more associated with the countryside.

Meals are often eaten with savanyúság and millet.

csalamádé

Contemporary Hungarians do not always eat this typical breakfast. For many, breakfast is a cup of milk, tea or coffee with pastries, a bun, a kifli or a strudel[6] with jam or honey, or cereal, such as muesli and perhaps fruit. Children can have rice pudding (tejberizs) or semolina cream (tejbegríz) for breakfast topped with cocoa powder and sugar or with fruit syrup. Hot drinks are preferred for breakfast.

Villásreggeli or brunch (literally 'breakfast with fork') is a more luxurious big breakfast given on special occasions or holidays. Often guests are invited. Deviled eggs, cold steak, cold salads, salmon omelettes, pancakes, a spicy cheese spread made with sheep milk cheese called körözött, caviar, foie gras, fruit salads, compote, fruit yogurts, fruit juices, champagne and pastries, cakes and cookies may be served.

Lunch is the major meal of the day, traditionally with several courses, but often just one course in modern times. Cold or hot appetizers[6] may be served sometimes (for example, fish, egg or liver), then soup. Soup is followed by a main dish. The main dish is a dish including meat, side dishes and salad (or pickled vegetables \- paprika, cucumber, sauerkraut, etc.), which precedes the dessert. Fruit may follow. In Hungary, pancakes (or rather, crepes) may be served as a main dish or as a dessert but not for breakfast. Salad is typically served with meat dishes, made of lettuce with tomatoes, cucumbers and onions, or some pickled variant of them.[6] A simple thin sliced cucumber or tomato salad in vinaigrette is also typical. Salads such as Salade Olivier or potato salad are made of boiled potatoes, vegetables, hard-boiled eggs, mushrooms, fried or boiled meat or fish, in vinaigrette, aspic or mayonnaise. These salads are eaten as appetizers or even as a main course.

Some people and children eat a light meal in the afternoon, called uzsonna, usually an open sandwich, pastry, slice of cake or fruit.

Dinner is typically less important than lunch, and there is no typical Hungarian dinner. It may either be a lunch-type meal, with multiple courses and the same foods one would serve for lunch, or it could be the same as a traditional Hungarian breakfast, with bread, cold cuts, cheeses, tomatoes and peppers as described above. When dinner is an important occasion it will be prepared the same way and with the same courses a full lunch would be. When it's not an important occasion, it's a good time to eat leftovers.

Hungarian meal times are somewhat flexible. Typical times are as follows: Breakfast 6-9 am; Lunch 12 noon-2 pm; Dinner 6-9 pm.

## Special occasions[edit]

Pörkölt with nokedli.

For Christmas, Hungarians have a fish soup called halászlé. Other dishes may be served, such as roast goose, roast turkey or roast duck,[16] cabbage rolls (töltött káposzta). Pastry roll filled with walnut or poppy seed called (bejgli) is a usual Christmas food, and candies and sweets used to decorate the Christmas tree, such as szaloncukor are eaten during all Christmas, when everybody picks them and eats them directly from the tree. In some households, Lentil stew, also known as 'Lencse Fozelek', is consumed to bring good luck and health in the upcoming years.

Pozsonyi kifli in a baskat

Other traditional foods such as Pozsonyi kifli, a type of Bejgli is also commonly eaten in Christmas dinners (Pozsony being the original name of Bratislava), next to regular Bejglies and Strudels(rétes).

On New Year's Eve (Szilveszter), Hungarians traditionally celebrate with virsli (Vienna sausage) and lentil soup. On New Year's Day, it is common to eat either lentil soup or korhelyleves, a meaty sauerkraut soup said to cure hangovers.[17]

Hungarian pogácsa often made with pork rind, cheese or sugar sprinkled on top. It can have bread, meize, smetana and potato dough.

There is also a lot of superstition attached to New Year's food: on New Year's Eve, a coin is baked into the pogácsa. Whoever finds the lucky coin will have a lucky and prosperous New Year. But all the scones have to be gone before midnight, otherwise everything goes the other way.

It was tradition to bake rétes (strudels) as long as possible, because then you would be that much richer the following year.

It is also tradition for girls to put small pieces of paper with a man's name in the middle of dumplings or other raw dough. At exactly midnight, they threw them into the boiling water, the first male name that came up revealing the name of their future husband.

Easter is considered a huge event (Húsvét) and is celebrated all over Hungary. The families and their friends have the Mom and daughter prepare meals such as Smoked Ham with boiled eggs and small sandwiches and drinks quite commonly to have palinka on the table and then wait for Fathers and sons to arrive and say a poem (Husvéti Vers) and then spray on their hair with a perfume. Once the Father and son water the Mom and daughters known as Locsolkodás. They have a meal a drink then they go to the next family member until they visited all. In Szabolcs County make a special sweet yellow cheese, Sárgatúró, made with quark (túró) and eggs.[18][19] The kalács eaten then is often called pászkakalács.

## Typical Hungarian dishes[edit]

### Soups[edit]

Name  | Image  | Description

|
|

Gulyásleves |  | Goulash soup; it is possible to cook gulyás like a stew as well (e.g. Székelygulyás).
Halászlé |  | Famous hot and spicy fish soup with hot paprika. It is always made with the locally available freshwater fish selection (wider selection used, better the taste). There are some distinct recipes by which it is cooked slightly different, depending on the region of Hungary in which one makes it, and generally categorised based on the closest large body of water (river or large lake). The most famous versions are Szegedi, Bajai which are often part of the argument over this soup.
Húsleves |  | By the classic recipe it is made of strong beef or hen, often with bones, but many popular version use chicken or veal. Some other type meat is also possible such as wild duck, pheasant, or pigeon. This is a slow cooked broth like soup with a selection of vegetables. The cooking time depends on the type of meat, it can take up to 2–3 hours. Often served with different levesbetét (additional noodles), small pasta dumplings called csipetke, csigatészta, angel-hair noodles, but grízgombóc (semolina dumplings) or a light májgombóc (chicken liver dumplings) also popular.
Gyümölcsleves |  | A chilled, sweet soup with redcurrants, blackberries, sour cherries, apple, pear, quince or other seasonal fruit mix. It is fast cooked with cream or whole milk, some spices often accompanied with fruits, like cloves and cinnamon and sugar. This soup is often thickened with crème fraîche and flour mixture. It is served sometimes hot, but mainly cold from the refrigerator. It is very common throughout the summer with seasonal fruits, but the winter version can be made with oranges, clementines, or any sweet fruits available as either fresh or frozen.
Meggyleves |  | A popular variant on the fruit soup, which is made only with sour cherries.
Jókai bean soup |  | A rich bean soup, with many vegetables, smoked pork hock pieces and noodles. It is often made to be spicy or some sort of hot chili offered with it. Despite its richness it's served with and Hungarian sour cream on top and white bread, and in fact this soup is a lunch or dinner itself. Some households add some vinegar to it after serving it to the plate. This soup is named after the famous Hungarian writer Mór Jókai by Károly Gundel, the founder of one of the most known restaurants of Hungary in 1937.
Csontleves |  | A basic bone broth, usually served with spaghetti noodles, carrots, and turnips. It may also be served with stewed meat (usually pork), meat bones or parsley.
Gombaleves  |  | A soup made from various wild mushrooms, sour cream is often added, but not necessarily the same amount as in cream of mushroom soup.
Palócleves |  | Similar to goulash, except lighter in color, sourer in taste (due to the sour cream), and with dill added. It is named after Mikszáth Kálmán's nickname, and not after the palóc people in Hungary.
Vadgombaleves  |  | A wild mushroom soup that originated in Southern Hungary, often without sour cream, but not necessarily the same as the cream of mushroom soup.
Zöldségleves |  | A soup with vegetables, such as peas, carrots, turnips, and parsley.
Sóskaleves |  | Made from sorrel leaves in a broth, often with boiled eggs as well. Similar to green borscht, but thicker.
Krumplileves  |  | Made from potatoes in a broth, frequently with slices of sausage, carrots, turnips or sour cream.
Pacalleves |  | A tripe soup eaten primarily by Hungarians living in Transylvania, usually seasoned with vinegar, sour cream, and garlic. May be eaten with bread and hot paprika on the side. Known as ciorbă de burtă for Romanians.
Borleves  |  | A sweet wine soup, usually with cinnamon added and raisins and whipped egg whites on top.
Köménymagleves  |  | A soup made from caraway seeds, often with pieces of stale bread (crouton).
Tojásleves |  | Same as köménymagleves, except with scrambled eggs added. Similar to the Slovenian national dish, prežganka.

### Main courses[edit]

Name  | Image  | Description

|
|

Csirkepaprikás |  | A chicken stew with much sweet paprika, cream or sour cream called tejföl. Known as chicken paprikash or by some translated variant in many Central and Eastern European countries.
Paprikás krumpli  |  | A stew with potatoes, ground red pepper with spicy or mild sausage (kolbász). For children sometimes franfurter (virsli) is added, partly substituting the heavier sausage. Popular food for open fire cooking.
Császármorzsa |  | Shredded, sweet crepe pieces with sugar sprinkled on top. Often served with jam (apricot or peach, usually) as well. Originates from Austria-Hungary, in Austria it is called Kaiserschmarrn.
Főzelék |  | A thinner, vegetable stew (almost like a soup, but thicker), similar to pottage. It can be made with a variety of vegetable bases, such as cabbage, potatoes, kidney beans, squash, spinach, lentils, tomatoes, sorrel, peas, dill, or some combination. Meatballs (fasírozott), spicy sausage (kolbász), or a fried egg (tükörtojás) may be added. It usually eaten at home as a home-cooked meal.

* Zöldborsó főzelék (green pea stew) has two main variants. One it with whole green peas and a Béchamel sauce, with or without ground red pepper. The other green pea variant is medium smashed, without any flour, and may contain mint.
* Lencsefőzelék (lentils stew) is made of brown lentils. Vinegar is added as a flavoring. It can be a side dish for roasted meat.
* Tökfőzelék (squash stew) is often made with dill and a bit of vinegar, and served cold on hot summer days.
* Sóska (sorrel stew) is often made with a pinch of sugar. On hot summer days that is served cold by itself or as a side dish.

Lecsó |  | A mixed vegetable stew, made of primarily tomato and Hungarian wax paprika, also found throughout the Balkans and Central Europe. It is somewhat similar to ratatouille, but without squash and zucchini. A variety exists called tojásos lecsó (lecsó with eggs), which has scrambled eggs mixed in. Other popular variant is rizses lecsó (lecsó with rice), which is made with cooked rice and often a bit of potato as well. Lecsós hús is roasted meat served with lecsó stew, often served with rice or tarhonya.
Székelykáposzta |  | A hearty pork and sauerkraut stew, often flavored with paprika, onion, and sour cream. It is named after the Hungarian writer, József Székely (a friend and contemporary of Sándor Petőfi), who apparently asked a kocsmáros (tavernman) to mix together leftover savanyúkáposzta-főzelék (sauerkraut pottage) and sertéspörkölt (pork stew) to create it.[20]
Fasírozott or fasírt  |  | Flat, pan-fried meatballs, made from minced meat (usually pork, veal or beef) with paprika and salt added for taste. Frequently eaten with főzelék, or served with rice or french fries.
Stefánia szelet |  | Hungarian meatloaf with hard boiled eggs in the middle. Makes decorative white and yellow rings in the middle of the slices, and is often served with potatoes.
Pörkölt |  | A stew similar to ragù, made with boneless meat (veal, pork, chicken, beef, lamb), sweet paprika, and some vegetables (always onions, though). Many variations exist throughout Hungary. One famous variation (pictured) is pacalpörkölt, which is often quite spicy and made with tripe. Some others are kakaspörkölt (made with rooster), kakashere pörkölt (made with rooster testicles), and ones using pork or chicken liver (sertésmáj pörkölt and csirkemáj pörkölt, respectively).
Palacsinta |  | A stuffed crêpe, usually filled with jam. Other fillings that exist are sweet quark cheese (túró) with raisins, Nutella, vanilla pudding, or meat. Some more specific/elaborate variations on the palacsinta are listed in the next few rows.
Csúsztatott palacsinta |  | Layered crêpes with sweet cottage cheese, raisins, jam, and walnuts, similar to the Mille crêpe. A variation of Rakott palacsinta.
Gundel palacsinta |  | Literally named Gundel crêpe. It was created by and named after Hungarian restaurateur Károly Gundel. They are stuffed with walnuts and served in chocolate sauce, and often flambéed (with rum). They traditionally also come with candied orange peels.
Hortobágyi palacsinta |  | A thin savory pancake, filled and covered with a meat stew, typically made from veal, onions, and spices. Often also topped with sour cream.
Rakott palacsinta |  | Layered crêpes with sweet cottage cheese, raisins, jam, and walnuts.
Liptai túró |  | A spicy cheese spread with paprika, caraway, and onions.
Rántott sajt  |  | A flat cheese croquette; cheese rolled in breadcrumbs and deep-fried. It is frequently served with french fries, mashed potatoes, rice, rizi-bizi (green peas and rice mixed together, as shown in the picture), or vegetables.
Rántott hús |  | Originally from Austria. Meat that is tenderized, covered in eggs, flour, and breadcrumbs, then fried. Also known as Wiener schnitzel.
Rántott csirke  |  | A chicken breast rolled in breadcrumbs and deep-fried; similar to Wiener Schnitzel. A rarer dish, rántott galamb, is made the same way, except with pigeon.
Rakott krumpli |  | A potato casserole made with some combination of eggs, paprika, spicy sausage, thick bacon (szalonna), quark cheese (túró), onions, sour cream or breadcrumbs.
Rakott káposzta  |  | A layered cabbage dish that consists of cabbage, pörkölt, rice, sour cream, and spices. The dish comes from the Hungarians in Transylvania (Erdélyi).
Rakott zöldbab  |  | A layered oven cooked food with cooked whole green beans, fried minced meat and rice. Often covered with smetana.
Slambuc  |  | Similar to paprikás krumpli (potato stew), with added sheet pasta broken in irregular shapes. The pasta is roasted on oil or bacon's fat before adding to the stew. Often cooked on open fire in a cauldron, as cooking it in big quantity is easier.
Sólet |  | A Jewish-Hungarian stew made with kidney beans, barley, onions, paprika, and perhaps meat and eggs as well. It is similar to cholent.
Szilvásgombóc |  | Sweet plum dumplings, rolled in sweet, fried, buttered breadcumbs or streusel. May also be served with nudli, which are made from the leftover dumpling dough.
Túrógombóc |  | Unlike szilvásgombóc, this sweet quark cheese (túró) dumpling has no filling, and is normally served with sour cream and icing sugar.
Töltött káposzta |  | A cabbage roll made from pickled cabbage, filled with a light minced pork meat and rice mix. It may contain minced paprika and be served in a tomato sauce with sour cream, but this is not always the case (as in the picture). It is frequently eaten around Christmas and New Year's, but can still be eaten year-round.
Töltött tojás |  | Literally translates as stuffed egg or casino egg, respectively. Deviled eggs served cold (in mayonnaise) or warm (baked in the oven with sour cream), with parsley, green onions, or paprika powder added to taste.
Töltött paprika |  | Stuffed peppers filled with pork mince and rice mixture, served in a tomato sauce with salty boiled potatoes. Also found throughout the Balkans, where it is often known as punjena paprika. The Hungarian version uses Hungarian wax pepper of the variant TV (meaning to-be-stuffed).
Pecsenye |  | A thin pork steak served with cabbage or in the dish fatányéros (pictured), a Hungarian mixed grill on wooden platter.[6]: 83
Cigánypecsenye |  | A variant on pecsenye which literally translates as Gypsy roast. Consists of fried or spit-roasted pork cutlets, with thick bacon as well, which are spiced with paprika, salt or pepper. Usually served with roasted potatoes or french fries or perhaps savanyúság (pickled vegetables) (pictured).
Vesepecsenye |  | Beef tenderloins, usually seasoned with paprika and salt.
Szűzpecsenye |  | Literally means virgin roast. pork tenderloins, which are usually prepared the same as above. May also be made into szűzérme (lit. virgin medallions; pork medallions) or szűztekercs (rouladen; thinly-cut tenderloins, stuffed with minced meat, vegetables or other things).
Brassói aprópecsenye |  | This dish is clearly named after Brassó, the former Hungarian name for Brașov, but it is unclear how, and various legends have arisen as explanation. It consists of diced pieces of pork and potatoes, which are pan-fried with onions, bacon, and seasoning (salt, pepper or paprika). This dish, despite the simple ingredients, needs some practice to master.
Mákos tészta  |  | Very famous and common, an easy egg noodle dish, made with ground and sweetened poppy seeds. It has a distinct look and taste.
Diós tészta  |  | Boiled egg noodle dish served with ground walnuts and sugar, often with lekvár (jam) or honey.
Gránátos kocka  |  | A home-cooked, simple egg noodle dish, made with potatoes and paprika powder. Often served with pickled gherkins or other pickled vegetables on the side.
Túrós csusza |  | An egg noodle dish, made with quark cheese (túró) and served savory (with bacon) or sweet (with sugar).
Vadas  |  | Literally translates as with venison. Also known as vadas mártás (vadas sauce). Originally cooked with venison, such as wild boar, deer, wild duck or hare. But often made with beef, veal, rabbit and rarely with chicken. The meat (pre-cooked, in case of red meat) ready cooked in a brown or dark orange coloured vegetable ragout with carrots and other root vegetables. It is typically served with bread dumplings. In some cases the ragout is made separate and served on side of roast venison or beef slices. The venison version often accompanied with mushrooms.
Pásztortarhonya  |  | Literally translates as shepherd egg barley. A hearty dish consisting of egg barley, potatoes, onion, kolbász, and paprika, sometimes also with bacon and other vegetables.
Tarhonyás hús |  | Egg barley with pieces of minced meat (usually pork), but sometimes potato and kolbász as well, along with various spices.

### Others[edit]

Szárnyas Brassói: a variant of the pecsenye.

Mátrai Borzaska: pork loin in a grated potato and grated potatoes with sour cream and cheese gravy.

Kakashere pörkölt: Rooster Testicle Pörkölt

Cibere: a fermented drink made from wheat or rye bran, popular during Lent. In Romanian it is called Borș.

Sültvér: fried blood often eaten with hot peppers and nokedli.

Kukoricakása: Cornmeal porridge with paprika and cumin

Puliszka: a Hungarian hominy. The Csángó people make Álivánka sponge cake and Bóc out of it, a cottage cheese puliszka-dumplings, often with special blue molded cottage cheese.[21]

Csirke Paprikás Tejfölösen with nokedli.

Nyárlőrinci tutajos (raft of Nyárlőrinc): Dumplings made of tarhonya, bacon and crushed potatoes.[22]

The tripe (pacal) is a very common dish in the country, made into stews and soups and also fried.

Csirke Paprikás Tejfölösen: Chicken Paprikash with sour cream and gravy, usually eaten with fusilli or nokedli. A number of paprikashes exist, including pork- and mushroom - paprikash. Sometimes Pigeon Paprikash was also eaten.

Paradicsomos káposzta: Tomato and cabbage dish eaten with fasirt or pork ribs

Tejleves: a milk-based sweet "soups", in multiple flavours.

Bugaci Vegyes Pörkölt: a pörkölt variant from Bugac which contains pork, beef shank and salo.

Székely lepény: "Szekler pie" a bacon, onion, sour cream and paprika flatbread, somewhat similar to the lángos, but uses a different dough (usually made from lepénykenyér).

Fatányéros: Traditional dish of Transylvanian Hungarians.

Wine soup: Traditional vanilla, cinnamon, white wine flavoured soup.

Tócsni: A Hungarian potato pancake.

Rablóhús: Hungarian skewer of roasted chicken and vegetables

Grenadírmars: potato pasta served with bell pepper and sour cream

Betyárkrumpli: potato dish with eggs, salo and szalonna.

Betyárpörkölt bagolyfül nokedlivel: "betyár's pörkölt with owl-ear shaped nokedli" [23]

Lebbencs leves: potato and smoked bacon soup with lebbencs tészta.

Körömpörkölt: Traditional pork nail pörkölt.

Pork strew and Pig Pörkölt: Pork is made in both stew (ragu) and pörkölt forms

Tordai Pogácsa: The Tordai pogácsa, a similar gastronomic attractions to the pecsenye of Torda(now: Turda). The pastry is much larger than the average pogácsa, with the size of a smaller baking tray. The Hungarian peasant population living there has been making it for hundreds of years, albeit with varying recipes.[24]

Túrós csusza: cheese and pasta dish

Dödölle: toasted flat potato dumplings with sour cream and szalonna.

Rákóczi Rostélyos: button mushroom stew, with pear-shaped pastry ornament[25]

#### Bogrács and Herder foods[edit]

Hortobágyi Húsos Palacsinta

Slambuc

Paprikás krumpli

Babgulyás: red bean-goulash soup

Tokány: Traditional Hungarian pörkölt type from Máramaros (now: Maramures) with over 20 variations (English: transylvanian pörkölt, Romanians use it as tocană)

Vetrece: Transylvanian food similar to Tokány, eaten with potato-schupfnudels (burgonyanudli), sour cream, and szalonna.

Birkapörkölt: Mutton pörkölt

Szürkemarha-gulyás: Hungarian-grey-goulash

Steer and Mangalitsa skewers

Harcsapaprikás: Catfish paprikash

Vadas marha: beef dish with carrot-based yellowish sauce and dumplings

Bivalypörkölt: Pörkölt from the Hungarian domestic water buffalo[26]

Sweet pastas: with walnut, poppy seed, and semolina-and-jam toppings

### Pasta types[edit]

Csiga pasta: small twisted pasta, made to put in soups

Csipetke or Csipötke: small pebble-shaped pasta. In Szeged it was popular to put in soup.[27]

Galuska: Eaten with paprikash or with sour cream, cheeses, eggs.

Gyufa pasta: matchstick shaped pasta, most commonly used in Baja fisherman's fish soups.

Lebbencs tészta: flat rectangular pasta, used in the dishes lebbencs leves and öreglebbencs

Nokedli: Similar to the Galuska. Used in different types of pörkölts and paprikash and in pea soup.

Orsós pasta: similar to Fusilli

Szabógallér: triangular lace-edged pasta

Tarhonya: Very small, caviar-sized pasta.

Tördelt tészta: pasta straps, used in Mácsik (poppy seed pasta variety)

### Főzelék[edit]

Főzeléks are considered very important for health. It is neither a soup nor a main course. It is similar to Goulash which, although a soup, can be a substitute for a main course. Common flavours include yellow pea, bean, green pea, red lentil, broccoli, spinach, onion, potato, pumpkin, carrot, apple, and sometimes even cherry.

### Sausages and cold cuts[edit]

Various Hungarian sausages at the Csaba Sausage Festival in Békéscsaba, Hungary.

* Hurka (boiled sausage, three main types: liver sausage called májas hurka, made of pork liver, meat and rice; a liverless variant of the májas hurka called húsos hurka and black sausage called véres hurka, which is equivalent to the black pudding)
* Téliszalámi (or Winter salami, salami made of spiced meat, cold smoked, and dry ripened, the most famous brand made by Pick Szeged)
* Herz Szalámi
* Csabai szalámi and kolbász (spicy salami and smoked sausage, made in the town of Békéscsaba)
* Gyulai kolbász (spicy sausage, made in the town of Gyula)
* Debreceni kolbász (Debrecener sausage)
* Disznósajt (a special type of head cheese, made of mixed meat slices, spices, paprika, and pieces of bacon cooked in spicy stock, which is then stuffed into a pig's stomack. Disznófejsajt is also popular)
* Szalonna (Hungarian bacon, fatback, back bacon rind, has more fat than usual breakfast bacon)
* Virsli (a Frankfurter-like long and thin sausage, consumed boiled with bread and mustard)
* Lókolbász (Horse sausage)

### Pastry Culture[edit]

In Hungary there are a great variety of pastries and baked goods and the language even classifies them. For example, in general, a batyu is a square or pentagonal pastry (e.g. cherry or cottage cheese batyu), a "fonottka" is yarn ball shaped, "párna" as the name suggests is any pillow-shaped usually puffed pastry, but the "táska" (e.g. virslis táska, cherry táska) is usually used for triangular, rolled or braided filled-pastries.

Molnárka: Along the kifli and the cipó this is another iconic breadtype. It has a shiny texture like hamburger buns, but is oval shaped. It is commonly used to make sandwiches.

Cipó: A circular loaf, smaller than normal bread (the average Hungarian bread being 3 kg). According to official governmental definition (from MÉ), a bread smaller than 500g margin is classified as a cipó.

Pityókás kenyér: potato bread common in Transylvania.

Kakaós csiga

Kakaós csiga: ("Chocolate snails") traditional Hungarian pastry with chocolate filling. It was originally called csokoládés tekerge. They are often dusted with icing sugar or covered with white chocolate.

Molnárpogácsa: a large flattened pogácsa type pastry. The story goes that it was given to the miller's apprentices as payment.[28]

Stangli: Often used to describe straight (both twisted and smooth) kifli. A stangli is a rectangular bread stick, usually 30 cm long, sprinkled with cheese or seeds. Most often sold in 8–10 cm bars in boxes as snacks for gatherings.

Dübbencs: Smooth surface rolled bread flavoured with dill[29]

Béles: The Béles is a pastry filled with raisin and curd or fruit jams. In Transylvania, porridge-filled Béles was often eaten on New Year's Eve.[30]

### Sweets and cakes[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Hungarian desserts.

Bejgli, poppy seed roll Dobos cake

* Dobos Cake (sponge cake layered with chocolate paste and glazed with caramel and nuts)
* Derelye (a type of pierogi filled with plums, cottage cheese or sour cherries. In the 17th century ones stuffed with minced meat were also common)
* Rigó Jancsi (Cube-shaped sponge cake with dark chocolate glaze)
* Gesztenyepüré (cooked and mashed sweet chestnuts with sugar and rum, topped with whipped cream)
* Barátfüle (A pierogi filled with poppy seeds, cottage cheese or plum jam. The Barátfüle is similar to derelye but the Szentesi barátfüle, like a hamantash has a hard crust.
* Bejgli (cake roll eaten at Christmas and Easter)
* Borzas Kata or Borzas gombóc refers to spiked dumplings, made by putting a small lump of laskadough in the middle of a vanilla cream and frying the whole thing in lard. But the Borzas Kata is more commonly used a walnut-peach jam or chocolate cake slice with a similar "spiky" top, hince the similarity.Kürtőskalács has become popular all over the world. It can be coated in cinnamon, nuts, chocolate, sugar, vanilla etc. and is also filled with ice cream in some places.
* Kürtőskalács Stove cake or Chimney cake, cooked over an open fire — a Transylvanian specialty, famous as Hungary's oldest pastry.
* Fonott kalács ("braided kalach") is circular or rod-shaped and braided while the Easter pászkakalács cylindrical, with braided decoration. The rózsakalács is shaped like a bouquet of roses. There are many other variants such as Jász ostoros, kulcsos and even has a paprika flavoured variant.[31]
* Babka (kalach with creamy filling, where this filling is in the ridges)
* Fumu (special swaddled infant shaped kalach)[32]
* There are many other kalács types, such as the Fatörzskifli (a breakfest kifli-shaped kalach) the Guduc kalács (a large circular pastry from Torda)[33]
* Angel wings (the Csörögefánk or Forgácsfánk a crispy, light Hungarian Angel Wing fry cookies, a twisted thin fried cookie made of yeast dough, dusted with powdered sugar)
* Vaníliás kifli (vanilla croissant, small, crescent shaped biscuits)
* Piskóta (thin, light, sweet delicate, crispy cookie)
* Krémes (Known as vanilla slice or custard slice, is a custard and chantilly cream cream cake dessert commonly associated with the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy)
* Rétes (layered pastry with a filling that is usually sweet)
* Csiga (literally snail \- a rolled pastry that comes in many different coatings and flavors, usually walnut, poppy seed, chocolate, and vanilla pudding)
* Flódni (cake with four different fillings, which are poppy seed, walnut, apple, and plum jam)
* Képviselő Fánk (Hungarian Cream Puff made from choux paste and filled with vanilla cream. Literal Translation - 'Ambassador Doughnut')
* Kuglóf (Kuglóf cake, a traditional Austro-Hungarian coffee party cake)
* Lekváros Bukta (a baked brick-shaped dessert filled with jam, túró or ground walnuts)
* Lekváros tekercs (rolled up soft sponge cake filled with jam)
* Lekvár (Thick Hungarian jam)
* Birsalma sajt[34] (Quince cheese, or quince jelly made of quince fruits)
* Törökméz[35] (a sweet sticky white nougat paste cooked with sugar, eggwhites, honey, bits of walnuts, spread between two wafer sheets)
* Halva (a Transylvanian sweet confection, made with sunflower seeds, of Turkish origin)
* Madártej (Floating island, a dessert made of milk custard with eggwhite dumplings floating on top)

Őrség Zöld Aranya ("The Green Gold of Őrség").

* Őrség Zöld Aranya (white chocolate pumpkin seed cream cake, using special pumpkin seed oil from the Őrség region.)
* Túró Rudi (sweet quark cheese - called túró \- filled chocolate bar)
* Szaloncukor (flavoured candies that hang on the Christmas tree, eaten at Christmas)
* Arany galuska (dumplings, or dough balls rolled in butter, sugar, and nuts and packed together to make a pull-apart cake, with vanilla custard)
* Vargabéles (Hungarian strudel or Noodle Pie)
* Eszterházy torta (Consists of buttercream spiced with cognac or vanilla and walnuts)
* Somlói galuska [hu] (Somló-style Sponge Cake)
* Molnár kalács (a round wafer elaborately decorated with folk symbols and pictures. It is eaten with sweet toppings or with szalonna baked into it. It is a traditional Luca nap food[36])
* Linzer torta (a tart with crisscross design of pastry strips on top) and Isler cookies are both Austro-Hungarian sweets
* Minyon / Kugler (Austro-Hungarian sponge cake cubes usually flavoured with rum, chocolate, lemon, vanilla or punch)
* Palacsinta (crêpe-like variety of pancake)
* Rakott palacsinta (traditional pancake cake, with different fillings, ofthen with 30 tiers)
* Győri édes and Pilóta (both are popular cookies) Vargabéles (It uses rétes dough with vanilla-cottage cheese cream, with vermicelli keeping it together. It was invented by a famous Hungarian cook from Kolozsvar (now Cluj-Napoca), Marika Darvas.)
* Mézes Puszedli (Hungarian cookie, which evolved from the busserl but has a different recipe)
* Mákos guba (a poppy seed-based dessert found throughout Central Europe; consists of slices of sweet(ened) kifli and poppy seeds boiled in milk with butter, often with various nuts and dried fruits as toppings)
* Túrós lepény or túrós pite (dessert bars made from sweetened túró. A variant called kapros-túrós lepény also exists, which has dill added)
* The Balaton, Zala, Néger, László, Kókusz, Jeges and Somogy Kocka and the Boci Szelet are all different types of small cube-shaped cakes
* Ökörszem: cake-cup filled with túró.
* Zserbó (chocolate, peach jam, walnut cream cake)Zserbó on Vörösmarty tér.

### Others[edit]

Lángos

* Lángos (fried bread dough)
* Pogácsa (a type of bun, round puffed pastry with bacon, traditionally cooked on the fire)
* Zsemle (round small breads, eaten cut in half, with butter, cold cuts or jam, often for breakfast)Kifli, a crescent-shaped bread
* Fánk or Bismarck Doughnuts, typically made for Farsang
* Kifli (crescent-shaped bread. It can be made plain, salted, with seeds or sweet; see picture)
* laska (potato-dough, thicker palacsinta)
* Hókifli (Hungarian traditional Vanillekipferl)
* Sajtoskifli is kifli with cheddar cheese, which usually does not have the crescent shape.
* Dunakavics ("Danube pebbles", a popular Hungarian dragée variety.)
* Perec (Hungarian Pretzel, usually in salted, nutty, and cheese varieties, much softer than its German counterpart.)
* Sajtos tallér (popular cheese flavoured Hungarian snack, similar in shape to lukken cookies. Most people no longer make it at home, but buy it from a shop)
* Diákcsemege (pupil's snack) a traditional mix of nuts, traditionally consisting of raisins, almonds, hazelnuts, peanuts and sunflower seeds(szotyola).
* Keszőce (A dilute sauce made from gooseberries, wild cherries or other fruit)
* Májgaluska (small liver dumplings used in different soups, for example, liverball soup)
* Grízgaluska (Hungarian boiled semolina dumplings used in soup)
* Tarhonya (a kind of large Hungarian "couscous", big pasta grain, served as a side dish; also an ingredient of Tarhonyás hús, meat with egg barley)
* Rizi-bizi (white rice cooked with green peas, served as a side dish)
* Vinetta or padlizsán krém (Transylvanian mashed eggplant salad made of grilled, peeled and finely chopped eggplants)
* Körözött or Liptai túró (cheese spread with ground sweet paprika and onions)
* Libamájpástétom (Hungarian delicacy: foie gras - goose liver pâté)
* Málé(Sweet corn flatbreads. It does not use sweeteners. It is made using the chemical property of the corn, which gives it a sweet taste when baked in a pasta mix of flour and hot water, kept warm for a few hours. To make it work, it was often sung to, in the countryside, "Málé, Málé, just you be sweet...")
* The Kőtes palacsinta(this palacsinta also has the size of the Crêpe, but it's also as thick as American pancakes), and the Pánkó(Szekler dougnut) are traditional foods of the Szeklers of Bukovina.
* Poroja (flat fatty sponge cake of the Banat Hungarians)[37]Hungarian bread. Traditionally Hungarians buy their bread freshly made every second or third day from the local bakery, not in plastic bags or frozen.
* French toast (literally "bread with a fur", a savoury French toast or Gypsy toast or bread fritter, a breakfast food or sometimes as a side dish)
* Bread \- (The large Hungarian bread that is baked fresh every morning in the bakeries. The traditional form called cipó is the smaller, round and has a hard thick crust. The other bread type is vekni: long loaves with crispy crust, thicker or thinner, like the baguette.)
* Kenyérlángos (smaller piece of bread dough baked in a flat form, often topped with sour cream, bacon and onions; traditionally a snack for children on the day bread was baked at home, now sold mostly on festivals and markets. It's thicker than a lepény, which has similar toppings (cheese, salami, ham, onion, tejföl, tomatoes, chopped meat))

## Drinks[edit]

A cold bottle of Unicum

Hungarian wine dates back to at least Roman times, and that history reflects the country's position between the West Slavs and the Germanic peoples.

The best-known wines are the white dessert wine called Tokaji Aszú (after the North-Eastern region of Hungary, Tokaj) and the red wines from Villány (Southern part of Hungary). Famous is also the wine called Bull's Blood (Egri Bikavér), a dark, full-bodied red wine. Hungarian fruit wines, such as red-currant wine, are mild and soft in taste and texture.

Hungary's most notable liquors are Unicum, a herbal bitters, and Pálinka, a range of fruit brandies (plum and pear are popular). Also notable are the 21 brands of Hungarian mineral waters (for example, Apenta and Kékkúti).[38] Some of them have therapeutic value, such as Mira.[citation needed]

The Elderberry(bodzsa), wild strawberry (szamóca) and raspberry (málna) szörp is also common. The Jaffa flavoured Szobi szörp was an iconic soft drink before the change of regime.

Traubi or Traubisoda, is a soft drink based on an Austrian license produced in Balatonvilágos since 1971. Before soft drinks became widely available, Hungarians made their own soft drinks called szörp, which is a concentrate created from sugar and fruits such as the raspberry, currant or elderberry. This concentrate is diluted in either fresh or carbonated water.

## See also[edit]

* Hungary portal
* Food portal

* Hungarian Festival
* Hungarian Food Safety Office
* List of Hungarian dishes
* List of restaurants in Hungary
* National symbols of Hungary
* Romani cuisine

## References[edit]

1. ^ Tiunina, Alona (11 September 2022). "5 European Countries For Foodies". Jet Set Together. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
2. ^ Bociąga, Przemysław (19 March 2023). "Hungary is the Central European Capital of Chili Peppers". 3 Seas Europe. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
3. ^ Han, Emily (4 April 2022). "Different Types of Paprika, Explained". Kitchn. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
4. ^ Hultquist, Mike (23 March 2021). "Hungarian Paprika: All About It". Chili Pepper Madness. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
5. ^ Copaceanu, Adriana (7 August 2022). "4 Must-Have Hungarian Spices". Recipe Idea Shop. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
6. ^ a b c d e f Gundel, Karoly (1992). Gundel's Hungarian cookbook. Budapest: Corvina. ISBN 963-13-3600-X. OCLC 32227400.
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8. ^ "A magyar konyha és gasztronómia kialakulása" [The development of Hungarian cuisine and gastronomy]. magiccafe.hu (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 21 November 2009.
9. ^ "Magyar konyha" [Hungarian cuisine]. Gourmandnet (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 4 June 2009.
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11. ^ "health-family". Archived from the original on 18 September 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
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13. ^ a b Gergely, Anikó (2008). Culinaria Hungary. Ruprecht Stempell, Christoph Büschel, Mo Croasdale. Potsdam, Germany: H.F. Ullmann. pp. 16–23. ISBN 978-3-8331-4996-2. OCLC 566879902.
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17. ^ "Korhelyleves: Cabbage Soup". Chew.hu. Archived from the original on 29 December 2013.
18. ^ "Sárga túró (Yellow Cheese)". Magyar News. 28 February 2013. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014.
19. ^ Ujváry Zoltán, Szathmáry V. Ibolya (1992). Néprajzi tanulmányok: Prof. Ujváry Zoltán tiszteletére. Hajdú-Bihar Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága. p. 152.
20. ^ Magyar, Elek (1991). Az Ínyesmester nagy szakácskönyve. Budapest: Gondolat. p. 129\. ISBN 963-282-498-9.
21. ^ Gyöngyvér, Forró (25 February 2020). "Csángó torta, fehér étek, álivánka – "Eléfelé kavaródik" Kosteleken az erőst finom puliszka". noileg.ro.
22. ^ "Elfeledett magyar ételek: Hagyományos magyar ételek, régi magyar ételek receptjei". HelloVidék (in Hungarian). 11 June 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
23. ^ Ildikó, Róka (5 January 2020). "Betyárpörkölt "bagolyfül" nokedlivel". ÍZŐRZŐK (in Hungarian). Retrieved 28 April 2024.
24. ^ Csíki, Sándor (14 October 2022). "TORDAI POGÁCSA – minden idők legnagyobb jósága". Food and Wine.
25. ^ Bratu, Dávid. "Abaúji Receptek".
26. ^ "Szent György napi ínyenc falatok az öhöntől a kurbánig". Sokszínű Vidék. 24 April 2017.
27. ^ Gábor, Olivér (2023). "Sopianae és Lugio a markomann-szarmata háborúk idején (Kr. u. 166–180)". Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve. 56: 77–90. doi:10.62148/jpme.2023.04. ISSN 0553-4429.
28. ^ "molnárpogácsa, helyenként molnársovány, molnárbodag | Magyar néprajzi lexikon | Kézikönyvtár". www.arcanum.com (in Hungarian). Retrieved 23 April 2024.
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30. ^ "BÉLES | Magyar néprajz | Kézikönyvtár". www.arcanum.com (in Hungarian). Retrieved 23 April 2024.
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35. ^ "Törökméz". macibolt.hu. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008.
36. ^ "Luca napi molnárkalács: ma ezt süsd ki!". Sokszínű vidék (in Hungarian). 13 December 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
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## External links[edit]

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European cuisine

Sovereign states|

| European Union|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Republic of Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden

|

Other|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Georgia
* Iceland
* Kazakhstan
* Liechtenstein
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Vatican City

States with limited
recognition

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other territories

* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey

* v
* t
* e

Cuisines

Continental|

* African
* North
* West
* list
* Americas
* Caribbean
* North
* South
* list
* Asian
* Caucasian
* Central
* Levantine
* South
* list
* European
* Balkan
* Central
* Eastern
* list
* Oceanian
* Intercontinental
* Global
* Latin American
* Mediterranean
* Middle Eastern

National and
regional|

* Afghan
* Albanian
* Algerian
* American
* Californian
* Floribbean
* Hawaiian
* Lowcountry (South Carolina)
* Midwestern US
* New English
* New Mexican
* Pacific Northwestern
* Puerto Rican
* Southern US
* Southwestern US
* Texan
* Angolan
* Argentine
* Armenian
* Australian
* Austrian
* Azerbaijani
* Bahraini
* Bangladeshi
* Barbadian
* Belarusian
* Belgian
* Belizean
* Beninese
* Bhutanese
* Bolivian
* Bosnian-Herzegovinian
* Botswana
* Brazilian
* British
* Anguillia
* Channel Islands
* English
* Gibraltarian
* Northern Irish
* Saint Helena
* Scottish
* Welsh
* Bruneian
* Bulgarian
* Burkinabé
* Burmese
* Burundian
* Cambodian
* Cameroonian
* Canadian
* Acadian
* Québécois
* Central African Republic
* Chadian
* Chilean
* Chinese
* Beijing
* Cantonese
* Hong Kong
* Macanese
* Shandong
* Sichuan
* Tibetan
* Xinjiang
* Colombian
* Congolese
* Corsican
* Croatian
* Cuban
* Cypriot
* Czech
* Danish
* Faroese
* Greenlandic
* Djiboutian
* Dominican
* Dominican Republic
* Dutch
* East Timorese
* Ecuadorian
* Egyptian
* Emirati
* Equatorial Guinean
* Eritrean
* Estonian
* Ethiopian
* Fijian
* Filipino
* Kapampangan
* Finnish
* French
* Occitan
* French Guianan
* Gabonese
* Gambian
* Georgian
* German
* Ghanaian
* Greek
* Cretan
* Epirotic
* Greek Macedonian
* Heptanesean
* Guatemalan
* Guinea-Bissauan
* Guinean
* Haitian
* Honduran
* Hungarian
* Icelandic
* Indian
* Andhra
* Arunachali
* Assamese
* Bengali
* Bihari
* Chhattisgarhi
* Goan
* Gujarati
* Haryanvi
* Kashmiri
* Jharkhandi
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* Maharashtrian
* Manipuri
* Meghalayan
* Mizo
* Naga
* Odia
* Punjabi
* Rajasthani
* Sikkimese
* Sindhi
* Tamil
* Telangana
* Tripuri
* Uttar Pradesh
* Uttarakhandi
* Indonesian
* Acehnese
* Balinese
* Banjar
* Batak
* Betawi
* Gorontalese
* Indo
* Javanese
* Madurese
* Makassar
* Minahasan
* Minangkabau
* Palembangese
* Sundanese
* Iranian
* Iraqi
* Irish
* Israeli
* Jewish
* Italian
* Abruzzese
* Apulian
* Ligurian
* Lombard
* Lucanian
* Neapolitan
* Piedmontese
* Roman
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* Sicilian
* Venetian
* Ivorian
* Jamaican
* Japanese
* Okinawan
* Jordanian
* Kazakh
* Kenyan
* Korean
* North Korean
* South Korean
* Kosovan
* Kuwaiti
* Kyrgyz
* Lao
* Latvian
* Lebanese
* Lesotho
* Liberian
* Libyan
* Liechtensteiner
* Lithuanian
* Luxembourgish
* Macedonian
* Malagasy
* Malawian
* Malaysian
* Sabahan
* Sarawakian
* Maldivian
* Malian
* Maltese
* Marshallese
* Mauritanian
* Mauritian
* Mexican
* Moldovan
* Monégasque
* Mongolian
* Montenegrin
* Moroccan
* Mozambican
* Namibian
* Nauruan
* Nepalese
* New Zealand
* Nicaraguan
* Niger
* Nigerian
* Niuean
* Norwegian
* Omani
* Pakistani
* Palestinian
* Panamanian
* Papua New Guinean
* Paraguayan
* Peruvian
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Qatari
* Romanian
* Russian
* Bashkir
* Chechen
* Circassian
* Cossack
* Komi
* Mordovian
* Sakha
* Tatar
* Udmurt
* Yamal
* Rwandan
* Saint Lucian
* Salvadoran
* Sammarinese
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Saudi Arabian
* Senegalese
* Serbian
* Seychellois
* Sierra Leonean
* Singaporean
* Slovak
* Slovenian
* Somali
* South African
* Spanish
* Andalusian
* Asturian
* Balearic
* Basque
* Canarian
* Cantabrian
* Catalan
* Extremaduran
* Galician
* Manchegan
* Valencian
* Sri Lankan
* Sudanese
* Swazi
* Swedish
* Swiss
* Syrian
* Taiwanese
* Tajik
* Tanzanian
* Zanzibari
* Thai
* Togolese
* Tunisian
* Turkish
* Turkmen
* Tuvaluan
* Trinidadian and Tobagonian
* Ugandan
* Ukrainian
* Uruguayan
* Uzbek
* Vanuatuan
* Venezuelan
* Vietnamese
* Western Saharan
* Yemeni
* Zambian
* Zimbabwean

Ethnic|

* African American
* Ainu
* Arab
* Arab-Indonesian
* Aromanian
* Assyrian
* Balochi
* Berber
* Buryat
* Cajun
* Chinese
* American
* Australian
* British
* Canadian
* Filipino
* Indian
* Indonesian
* Malaysian
* Pakistani
* Peruvian
* Crimean Tatar
* Gagauz
* Greek-American
* Hazaragi
* Indian
* English
* Indonesian
* Malaysian
* North Indian
* South Indian
* Indigenous American
* Indigenous Australian
* Inuit
* Italian American
* Jewish
* American
* Ashkenazi
* Bukharan
* Ethiopian
* Mizrahi
* Sephardic
* Syrian
* Kurdish
* Livonian
* Louisiana Creole
* Malay
* Ossetian
* Parsi
* Pashtun
* Pennsylvania Dutch
* Peranakan
* Pontic Greek
* Romani
* Sámi
* Tejano
* Transylvanian Saxon
* Yup'ik

Religious|

* Buddhist
* Christian
* Goan Catholic
* Mangalorean Catholic
* Mennonite
* Hindu
* Islamic
* Chinese
* Ital
* Jain
* Kashrut
* Kosher food
* Ritual slaughter
* Sikh

Historical|

* Ancient Egyptian
* Ancient Greek
* Ancient Israelite
* Ancient Roman
* Antebellum America
* Aztec
* Byzantine
* Early modern European
* Historical Argentine
* Historical Chinese
* Historical Indian subcontinent
* Historical Japanese
* Historical North Indian and Pakistani
* History of agriculture
* History of alcoholic drinks
* History of bread
* History of seafood
* History of vegetarianism
* Hittite
* Inca
* Mayan
* Muisca
* Mughal
* Medieval
* Ottoman
* Peasant
* Pre-contact Hawaiian
* Korean royal court
* Scottish royal household
* Soviet
* Thirteen Colonies

Styles|

* Classique
* Fast food
* Fusion
* New American
* Eurasian
* Haute
* Molecular gastronomy
* Note by Note
* Nouvelle
* Vegetarian

Lists|

* List of cuisines
* List of historical cuisines
* Lists of foods
* Prepared

Related|

* Cookbook
* Cooking
* Culinary arts
* Drink
* Food
* history
* sociology
* Diet
* Fat
* Meal
* Meal preparation

* Food portal
* Drink portal
* Category
* Commons
* Cookbook
* WikiProject
* Outline

* v
* t
* e

Lists of prepared foods

Dishes
by origin|

| Africa|

* Angolan
* Central African Republic
* Chadian
* Ethiopian and Eritrean
* Gabonese
* Libyan
* Moroccan
* Nigerian
* Nigerien
* Togolese
* Tunisian
* Western Saharan
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Seychelles

|

North America|

* Mexican
* United States
* Italian-American
* Jewish-American
* New Orleans
* Regional dishes
* Regional beverages
* Southern United States

South America|

* Argentine
* Brazilian
* Colombian
* Ecuadorian
* Paraguayan
* Peruvian
* Venezuelan

Asia|

* Bangladeshi
* Burmese
* Chinese
* Beijing
* Sichuan
* Filipino
* Indian
* Iranian (and Persian)
* Indonesian
* Israeli
* Japanese
* Jordan
* Korean
* North Korean
* Malaysian
* Nepalese
* Palestinian
* Peranakan
* Singaporean
* Thai
* Tibetan
* Turkish
* Uzbek
* Vietnamese

Europe|

* Caucasus
* English
* French
* German
* Greek
* Hungarian
* Typical Hungarian dishes
* Irish
* Italian
* Sicilian
* Liechtensteiner
* Maltese
* Norwegian
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Romanian
* Russian
* Sámi
* Scottish
* Spanish
* Ukrainian

Oceania|

* Australian
* Hawaiian
* New Zealand

Caribbean|

* Anguillian
* Cuban
* Jamaican

Misc./other|

* Azerbaijan
* Crimean Tatar
* Jewish
* National dishes

By type
and origin|

| Breads|

* American
* British
* Indian
* Pakistani
* Swiss

|

Cheeses|

* American
* British
* Cornish
* Dutch
* English
* French
* German
* Greek
* Irish
* Italian
* Polish
* Spanish
* Swiss

Condiments|

* Filipino
* French fry accompaniments
* Indian
* Indonesian
* Japanese
* Pakistani

Desserts
and sweets|

* American
* Argentine
* Bangladeshi
* Brazilian
* British
* Chinese
* Filipino
* French
* German
* Indian
* Indonesian
* Italian
* Japanese
* Korean
* Tteok
* Pakistani
* Polish
* Romanian
* Russian
* Spanish
* Sri Lankan
* Taiwanese
* Thai
* Turkish

Soups and stews|

* Chinese
* French
* German
* Indonesian
* Italian
* Japanese
* Pakistani
* Spanish

Snack foods|

* Snack foods by country
* Indian
* Indonesian
* Japanese

Misc.|

* American sandwiches
* Foods with religious symbolism
* Indonesian noodles
* Pakistani meat
* Pakistani rice
* Pakistani vegetable
* Puddings (savoury)
* Vietnamese noodles
* Vietnamese specialities

By type|

| By cooking style|

* Baked goods
* Twice-baked
* Casseroles
* Deep fried
* Smoked
* Steamed

|

By preparation
style|

* Dips
* Dried
* Fermented
* Soy products
* Food pastes
* Garnishes
* Gravies
* Instant
* Pickled
* Pickled fruits
* Rolled
* Sauces
* Dessert sauces
* Fish sauces
* Hot sauces
* Instant sauces
* Spreads
* Stuffed dishes

Breads, grains
and seeds|

* Almond
* Breads
* bread dishes
* Buns
* Flatbreads
* Quick breads
* Rolls
* Sourdough breads
* Sweet breads
* Buckwheat
* Crackers
* Dumplings
* Fried dough
* Legume
* Chickpea
* Peanut
* Maize
* Noodles
* Noodle dishes
* Fried noodle dishes
* Ramen
* Pancakes
* Pasta
* Pasta dishes
* Rice
* Fried rice
* Rice cakes
* Rice pudding
* Rice and beans
* Sesame seed
* Toast

Dairy-based|

* Butter dishes
* Cheese dishes
* Fondues
* Cheeses
* Brined
* Yogurt-based

Fruits and
vegetables|

* Apple
* Avocado
* Banana
* Broccoli
* Cabbage
* Carrot
* Cassava
* Cherry
* Eggplant
* Garlic
* Grape
* Lemon
* Melon
* Onion
* Plum
* Potato
* French fry
* Salads
* Arab
* Thai
* Soy-based
* Squash and pumpkin
* Strawberry
* Sweet potato
* Tofu
* Tomato

Fish and
seafood|

* Clam
* Cod
* Crab
* Fish head
* Fish stews
* Fried fish
* Herring
* Raw fish
* Salmon
* Shrimp
* Sushi and sashimi
* Tuna

Meat-based|

* Barbecue
* Beef
* Shredded beef
* Steak
* Veal
* Chicken
* Duck
* Egg
* Scrambled eggs
* Goat
* Hamburgers
* Hot dogs
* Kebabs
* Lamb
* Meatball
* Mixed grill
* Pork
* Bacon
* Ham dishes
* Hams
* Sausages
* Sausage dishes

Soups and stews|

* Bean
* Blood
* Cheese
* Cream
* Fish and seafood
* Vegetable

Sweets|

* Cakes
* Candies
* Chocolate bars
* Chocolate-covered
* Cookies
* Sandwich cookie
* Shortbread
* Desserts
* Custard
* Doughnuts
* Pastries
* Choux pastry
* Poppy seed
* Pies, tarts and flans
* Puddings

Misc.|

* Ancient
* Bacon substitutes
* Baozi
* Brand name snacks
* Breakfast
* Cereals
* Drinks
* Brunch
* Chifa
* Christmas
* Chutneys
* Coconut
* Coconut milk
* Coffee
* Comfort
* Hangover remedies
* Hors d'oeuvre
* Tapas
* Made from maple
* Mushroom
* Pastries
* Pies, tarts and flans
* Porridges
* Relishes
* Sandwiches
* Soul
* Spit-roasted
* Street
* Syrups
* Tortilla-based
* Traditional

* Food portal
* Category: Lists of foods

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* Israel
* United States
* Japan

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