Industrial ecology

Study of matter and energy flow in industrial systems

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Industrial ecology (IE) is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems. The global industrial economy can be modelled as a network of industrial processes that extract resources from the Earth and transform those resources into by-products, products and services which can be bought and sold to meet the needs of humanity. Industrial ecology seeks to quantify the material flows and document the industrial processes that make modern society function. Industrial ecologists are often concerned with the impacts that industrial activities have on the environment, with use of the planet's supply of natural resources, and with problems of waste disposal. Industrial ecology is a young but growing multidisciplinary field of research which combines aspects of engineering, economics, sociology, toxicology and the natural sciences.

Industrial ecology has been defined as a "systems-based, multidisciplinary discourse that seeks to understand emergent behavior of complex integrated human/natural systems".[1] The field approaches issues of sustainability by examining problems from multiple perspectives, usually involving aspects of sociology, the environment, economy and technology.[2][3] The name comes from the idea that the analogy of natural systems should be used as an aid in understanding how to design sustainable industrial systems.[4]

## Overview[edit]

Example of Industrial Symbiosis. Waste steam from a waste incinerator (right) is piped to an ethanol plant (left) where it is used as in input to their production process.

Industrial ecology is concerned with the shifting of industrial process from linear (open loop) systems, in which resource and capital investments move through the system to become waste, to a closed loop system where wastes can become inputs for new processes.

Much of the research focuses on the following areas:[5]

* material and energy flow studies ("industrial metabolism")
* dematerialization and decarbonization
* technological change and the environment
* life-cycle planning, design and assessment
* design for the environment ("eco-design")
* extended producer responsibility ("product stewardship")
* eco-industrial parks ("industrial symbiosis")
* product-oriented environmental policy
* eco-efficiency

Industrial ecology seeks to understand the way in which industrial systems (for example a factory, an ecoregion, or national or global economy) interact with the biosphere. Natural ecosystems provide a metaphor for understanding how different parts of industrial systems interact with one another, in an "ecosystem" based on resources and infrastructural capital rather than on natural capital. It seeks to exploit the idea that natural systems do not have waste in them to inspire sustainable design.

Along with more general energy conservation and material conservation goals, and redefining related international trade markets and product stewardship relations strictly as a service economy, industrial ecology is one of the four objectives of Natural Capitalism. This strategy discourages forms of amoral purchasing arising from ignorance of what goes on at a distance and implies a political economy that values natural capital highly and relies on more instructional capital to design and maintain each unique industrial ecology.

## History[edit]

View of Kalundborg Eco-industrial Park

Main article: History of industrial ecology

Industrial ecology was popularized in 1989 in a Scientific American article by Robert Frosch and Nicholas E. Gallopoulos.[6] Frosch and Gallopoulos' vision was "why would not our industrial system behave like an ecosystem, where the wastes of a species may be resource to another species? Why would not the outputs of an industry be the inputs of another, thus reducing use of raw materials, pollution, and saving on waste treatment?"[4] A notable example resides in a Danish industrial park in the city of Kalundborg. Here several linkages of byproducts and waste heat can be found between numerous entities such as a large power plant, an oil refinery, a pharmaceutical plant, a plasterboard factory, an enzyme manufacturer, a waste company and the city itself.[7] Another example is the Rantasalmi EIP in Rantasalmi, Finland. While this country has had previous organically formed EIP's, the park at Rantasalmi is Finland's first planned EIP.

The scientific field Industrial Ecology has grown quickly in recent years. The Journal of Industrial Ecology (since 1997), the International Society for Industrial Ecology (since 2001), and the journal Progress in Industrial Ecology (since 2004) give Industrial Ecology a strong and dynamic position in the international scientific community. Industrial Ecology principles are also emerging in various policy realms such as the concept of the Circular Economy that is being promoted in China. Although the definition of the Circular Economy has yet to be formalized, generally the focus is on strategies such as creating a circular flow of materials, and cascading energy flows. An example of this would be using waste heat from one process to run another process that requires a lower temperature. The hope is that strategies such as this will create a more efficient economy with fewer pollutants and other unwanted by-products.[8]

## Principles[edit]

One of the central principles of Industrial Ecology is the view that societal and technological systems are bounded within the biosphere, and do not exist outside it. Ecology is used as a metaphor due to the observation that natural systems reuse materials and have a largely closed loop cycling of nutrients. Industrial Ecology approaches problems with the hypothesis that by using similar principles as natural systems, industrial systems can be improved to reduce their impact on the natural environment as well. The table shows the general metaphor.

Biosphere  | Technosphere

|

* Environment
* Organism
* Natural Product
* Natural Selection
* Ecosystem
* Ecological Niche
* Anabolism / Catabolism
* Mutation and Selection
* Succession
* Adaptation
* Food Web

* Market
* Company
* Industrial Product
* Competition
* Eco-Industrial Park
* Market Niche
* Manufacturing / Waste Management
* Design for Environment
* Economic Growth
* Innovation
* Product Life Cycle

IE examines societal issues and their relationship with both technical systems and the environment. Through this holistic view , IE recognizes that solving problems must involve understanding the connections that exist between these systems, various aspects cannot be viewed in isolation. Often changes in one part of the overall system can propagate and cause changes in another part. Thus, you can only understand a problem if you look at its parts in relation to the whole. Based on this framework, IE looks at environmental issues with a systems thinking approach. A good IE example with these societal impacts can be found at the Blue Lagoon in Iceland. The Lagoon uses super-heated water from a local geothermal power plant to fill mineral-rich basins that have become recreational healing centers. In this sense the industrial process of energy production uses its wastewater to provide a crucial resource for the dependent recreational industry.

Take a city for instance. A city can be divided into commercial areas, residential areas, offices, services, infrastructures, and so forth. These are all sub-systems of the 'big city' system. Problems can emerge in one sub-system, but the solution has to be global. Let's say the price of housing is rising dramatically because there is too high a demand for housing. One solution would be to build new houses, but this will lead to more people living in the city, leading to the need for more infrastructure like roads, schools, more supermarkets, etc. This system is a simplified interpretation of reality whose behaviors can be 'predicted'.

In many cases, the systems IE deals with are complex systems. Complexity makes it difficult to understand the behavior of the system and may lead to rebound effects. Due to unforeseen behavioral change of users or consumers, a measure taken to improve environmental performance does not lead to any improvement or may even worsen the situation.

Moreover, life cycle thinking is also a very important principle in industrial ecology. It implies that all environmental impacts caused by a product, system, or project during its life cycle are taken into account. In this context life cycle includes

* Raw material extraction
* Material processing
* Manufacture
* Use
* Maintenance
* Disposal

The transport necessary between these stages is also taken into account as well as, if relevant, extra stages such as reuse, remanufacture, and recycle. Adopting a life cycle approach is essential to avoid shifting environmental impacts from one life cycle stage to another. This is commonly referred to as problem shifting. For instance, during the re-design of a product, one can choose to reduce its weight, thereby decreasing use of resources. It is possible that the lighter materials used in the new product will be more difficult to dispose of. The environmental impacts of the product gained during the extraction phase are shifted to the disposal phase. Overall environmental improvements are thus null.

A final important principle of IE is its integrated approach or multidisciplinarity. IE takes into account three different disciplines: social sciences (including economics), technical sciences and environmental sciences. The challenge is to merge them into a single approach.

## Examples[edit]

The Kalundborg industrial park is located in Denmark. This industrial park is special because companies reuse each other's waste (which then becomes by-products). For example, the Energy E2 Asnæs Power Station produces gypsum as a by-product of the electricity generation process; this gypsum becomes a resource for the BPB Gyproc A/S which produces plasterboards.[7] This is one example of a system inspired by the biosphere-technosphere metaphor: in ecosystems, the waste from one organism is used as inputs to other organisms; in industrial systems, waste from a company is used as a resource by others.

Apart from the direct benefit of incorporating waste into the loop, the use of an eco-industrial park can be a means of making renewable energy generating plants, like Solar PV, more economical and environmentally friendly. In essence, this assists the growth of the renewable energy industry and the environmental benefits that come with replacing fossil-fuels.[9]

Additional examples of industrial ecology include:

* Substituting the fly ash byproduct of coal burning practices for cement in concrete production[10]
* Using second generation biofuels. An example of this is converting grease or cooking oil to biodiesels to fuel vehicles.[11]
* South Africa's National Cleaner Production Center (NCPC) was created in order to make the region's industries more efficient in terms of materials. Results of the use of sustainable methods will include lowered energy costs and improved waste management. The program assesses existing companies to implement change.[12]
* Onsite non-potable water reuse[13]
* Biodegradable plastic created from polymerized chicken feathers, which are 90% keratin and account for over 6 million tons of waste in the EU and US annually.[14][15] As agricultural waste, the chicken feathers are recycled into disposable plastic products which are then easily biodegraded into soil.
* Toyota Motor Company channels a portion of the greenhouse gases emitted back into their system as recovered thermal energy.[16]
* Anheuser-Busch signed a memorandum of understanding with biochemical company Blue Marble to use brewing wastes as the basis for its "green" products.[17]
* Enhanced oil recovery at Petra Nova.[18]
* Reusing cork from wine bottles for use in shoe soles, flooring tiles, building insulation, automotive gaskets, craft materials, and soil conditioner.[19]
* Darling Quarter Commonwealth Bank Place North building in Sydney, Australia recycles and reuses its wastewater.[20]
* Plant based plastic packaging that is 100% recyclable and environmentally friendly.[21]
* Food waste can be used for compost, which can be used as a natural fertilizer for future food production. Additionally, food waste that has not been contaminated can be used to feed those experiencing food insecurity.[22]
* Hellisheiði geothermal power station uses ground water to produce electricity and hot water for the city of Reykjavik. Their carbon byproducts are then injected back into the Earth and calcified, leaving the station with a net zero carbon emission.[23]

## Tools[edit]

People  | Planet  | Profit  | Modeling

|
|
|

* Stakeholder analysis
* Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats Analysis (SWOT Analysis)
* Ecolabelling
* ISO 14000
* Environmental management system (EMS)
* Sustainability impact assessment (SIA)
* Integrated Sustainability Assessment (ISA)
* Social impact assessment
* Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA)
* Integrated chain management (ICM)
* Technology assessment

* Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
* Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
* Input-output analysis (IOA)
* Life-cycle assessment (LCA)
* Material flow analysis (MFA)
* Substance flow analysis (SFA)
* Carbon accounting framework
* Net energy analysis
* Energy return on investment (EROI)
* Human appropriation of Net Primary Production (HANPP) analysis
* Emergy analysis
* Exergy analysis
* Materials, Energy and Toxicity Matrix (MET Matrix)

* Cost benefit analysis (CBA)
* Full cost accounting (FCA)
* Life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA)
* Techno-economic analysis (TEA)
* Life cycle costing (LCC)

* Stock and flow analysis
* Socio-economic metabolism (SEM) analysis
* Spatio-temporal modelling and simulation
* Agent based modelling

## Future directions[edit]

The ecosystem metaphor popularized by Frosch and Gallopoulos[4] has been a valuable creative tool for helping researchers look for novel solutions to difficult problems. Recently, it has been pointed out that this metaphor is based largely on a model of classical ecology, and that advancements in understanding ecology based on complexity science have been made by researchers such as C. S. Holling, James J. Kay,[24] and further advanced in terms of contemporary ecology by others.[25][26][27][28] For industrial ecology, this may mean a shift from a more mechanistic view of systems, to one where sustainability is viewed as an emergent property of a complex system.[29][30] To explore this further, several researchers are working with agent based modeling techniques .[31][32]

Exergy analysis is performed in the field of industrial ecology to use energy more efficiently.[33] The term exergy was coined by Zoran Rant in 1956, but the concept was developed by J. Willard Gibbs. In recent decades, utilization of exergy has spread outside physics and engineering to the fields of industrial ecology, ecological economics, systems ecology, and energetics.

## Other examples[edit]

Another great example of industrial ecology both in practice and in potential is the Burnside Cleaner Production Centre in Burnside, Nova Scotia. They play a role in facilitating the 'greening' of over 1200 businesses that are located in Burnside, Eastern Canada's largest industrial park. The creation of waste exchange is a big part of what they work towards, which will promote strong industrial ecology relationships.[34]

Onsan Industrial Park is a case-study program intended to serve as an example of policies and practices relevant to pursuing a green growth model of development. The potential benefits of the EIP model are being shown in the Republic of Korea, where more than 1,000 businesses from a wide range of industries call the Ulsan Mipo and Onsan Industrial Park in South Korea home. This park is South Korea's industrial capital because it has more than 100,000 jobs.[35]

A common practice for water waste management systems is to use the left over "sludge" as fertilizer. The waste water contains lots of phosphorus and nitrogen which are valuable chemicals to use in fertilizer.[36]

Gjenge makers ltd is another example of industrial ecology. The company takes discarded plastics and makes them into bricks. Gjenge makers receives the leftover plastic waste from packaging factories and recycling facilities and sells the pavers.[37]

## See also[edit]

* Business and economics portal
* Ecology portal

* Anthropogenic metabolism
* Biomimicry
* Circular economy
* Cleaner production
* Conservation (ethic)
* Dematerialization (economics)
* Ecodesign
* Eco-efficiency
* Eco-industrial park
* Ecological economics
* Ecological modernization
* Energy accounting
* Energy development
* Environmental economics
* Environmental design
* Environmental racism
* Evolutionary economics
* Extended producer responsibility
* Helix of sustainability
* Industrial metabolism
* Industrial symbiosis
* Low-carbon economy
* Life cycle assessment
* Material flow accounting
* Material flow analysis
* Modular construction systems
* Organigraph
* Product stewardship
* Reconciliation ecology
* Social metabolism
* Sustainable design
* Urban metabolism

## References[edit]

1. ^ Allenby, Brad (2006). "The ontologies of industrial ecology" (PDF). Progress in Industrial Ecology. 3 (1/2): 28–40. doi:10.1504/PIE.2006.010039.[permanent dead link]
2. ^ Wietschel, Lars; Messmann, Lukas; Thorenz, Andrea; Tuma, Axel (2021). "Environmental benefits of large-scale second-generation bioethanol production in the EU: An integrated supply chain network optimization and life cycle assessment approach". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 25 (3): 677–692. doi:10.1111/jiec.13083. S2CID 228930566.
3. ^ Messmann, Lukas; Wietschel, Lars; Thorenz, Andrea; Tuma, Axel (2022). "Assessing the social dimension in strategic network optimization for a sustainable development: The case of bioethanol production in the EU". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 27 (3): 760–776. doi:10.1111/jiec.13324. S2CID 251824815.
4. ^ a b c Frosch, R.A.; Gallopoulos, N.E. (1989). "Strategies for Manufacturing". Scientific American. 261 (3): 144–152. Bibcode:1989SciAm.261c.144F. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0989-144.
5. ^ "International Society for Industrial Ecology | History". Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
6. ^ "Industrial Ecology - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
7. ^ a b "The Kalundborg Centre for Industrial Symbiosis".
8. ^ Yuan, Z.; Bi, J.; Moriguichi, Y. (2008). "The Circular Economy: A New Development Strategy in China". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 10 (1–2): 4–8. doi:10.1162/108819806775545321. S2CID 55422513.
9. ^ Pearce, J. M. (2008). "Industrial Symbiosis for Very Large Scale Photovoltaic Manufacturing". Renewable Energy. 33 (5): 1101–1108. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.394.8892. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2007.07.002. S2CID 18310744.
10. ^ Thomas, Michael. "Optimizing the Use of Fly Ash in Concrete." Portland Cement Association
11. ^ "Used and Waste Oil and Grease for Biodiesel – eXtension". extension.org. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
12. ^ "NCPC – Cleaner and Reduced Energy".
13. ^ "Onsite Non-Potable Water Reuse Research". 9 October 2018.
14. ^ Gammon, Katharine; Service, Inside Science News. "New process turns waste chicken feathers into biodegradable plastic". phys.org. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
15. ^ Barrett, Axel (30 August 2018). "Bioplastics Made from Chicken Feathers". Bioplastics News. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
16. ^ "Industrial Ecology".
17. ^ Gies, Erica. "Anheuser-Busch to Join Industrial Ecosystem". Forbes.
18. ^ "Petra Nova - W.A. Parish Project".
19. ^ "Cork recycling experts".
20. ^ "A 6-star building using recycled water".
21. ^ "The rise of plant-based plastic packaging | Greenbiz".
22. ^ "Food Waste Composting: Institutional and Industrial Application | UGA Cooperative Extension". extension.uga.edu. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
23. ^ "Sustainable energy: inside Iceland's geothermal power plant". The Guardian. 29 May 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
24. ^ Kay, J.J. (2002). Kibert, C.; Sendzimir, J.; Guy, B. (eds.). "On Complexity Theory, Exergy and Industrial Ecology: Some Implications for Construction Ecology" (PDF). Construction Ecology: Nature as the Basis for Green Buildings: 72–107. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2006.
25. ^ Levine, S. H. (2003). "Comparing Products and Production in Ecological and Industrial Systems". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 7 (2): 33–42. doi:10.1162/108819803322564334. S2CID 35440097.
26. ^ Nielsen, Søren Nors (2007). "What has modern ecosystem theory to offer to cleaner production, industrial ecology and society? The views of an ecologist". Journal of Cleaner Production. 15 (17): 1639–1653. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.08.008.
27. ^ Ashton, W. S. (2009). "The Structure, Function, and Evolution of a Regional Industrial Ecosystem". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 13 (2): 228. doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00111.x. S2CID 154577022.
28. ^ Jensen, P. D. (2011). "Reinterpreting Industrial Ecology". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 15 (5): 680–692. doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00377.x. S2CID 9188772.
29. ^ Ehrenfeld, John (2004). "Can Industrial Ecology be the Science of Sustainability?". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 8 (1–2): 1–3. doi:10.1162/1088198041269364. S2CID 59407106.
30. ^ Ehrenfeld, John (2007). "Would Industrial Ecology Exist without Sustainability in the Background?". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 11 (1): 73–84. doi:10.1162/jiec.2007.1177. S2CID 55888001.
31. ^ Axtell, R.L.; Andrews, C.J.; Small, M.J. (2002). "Agent-Based Modeling and Industrial Ecology". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 5 (4): 10–13. doi:10.1162/10881980160084006. S2CID 154773522.
32. ^ Kraines, S.; Wallace, D. (2006). "Applying Agent-based Simulation in Industrial Ecology". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 10 (1–2): 15–18. doi:10.1162/108819806775545376. S2CID 154487898.
33. ^ Wall, Göran. "Exergy - a useful concept".
34. ^ "Industrial Ecology: From Theory to Practice". newcity.ca. Archived from the original on 22 February 2006. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
35. ^ "Case Study: Greening Industrial Parks — A Case Study on South Korea's Eco- Industrial Park Program" (PDF).
36. ^ "Researchers turn wastewater nutrients into fertilizer".
37. ^ "Kenyan woman's startup recycles plastic into bricks that are stronger than concrete". 8 February 2021.

## Further reading[edit]

* The industrial green game: implications for environmental design and management, Deanna J Richards (Ed), National Academy Press, Washington DC, USA, 1997, ISBN 0-309-05294-7
* 'Handbook of Input-Output Economics in Industrial Ecology', Sangwon Suh (Ed), Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4020-6154-7
* Boons, Frank (2012). "Freedom Versus Coercion in Industrial Ecology: Mind the Gap!". Econ Journal Watch. 9 (2): 100–111.
* Desrochers, Pierre (2012). "Freedom Versus Coercion in Industrial Ecology: A Reply to Boons". Econ Journal Watch. 9 (2): 78–99.

## External links[edit]

Articles and books

* Industrial Ecology: An Introduction
* Industrial Ecology
* Industrial Symbiosis Timeline
* Journal of Industrial Ecology (Yale University on behalf of the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies).
* Industrial Ecology research & articles from The Program for the Human Environment, The Rockefeller University

Education

* Industrial Ecology open online course (IEooc)
* Erasmus Mundus Master's Programme in Industrial Ecology
* Industrial ecology programme at the NTNU: Industrial Ecology Programme at NTNU, Trondheim – Norway
* Industrial Ecology Master's Programme at Leiden University & TU Delft (Joint Degree), Leiden/Delft – The Netherlands
* Center for Industrial Ecology at Yale University’s School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, New Haven – CT, USA

Research material

* Inventory of free and open software tools for industrial ecology research

Network

* International Society for Industrial Ecology – ISIE

* v
* t
* e

Industrial ecology

Tools|

* Agent-based model
* Cost–benefit analysis
* DPSIR
* Ecolabel
* Ecological footprint
* Environmental full-cost accounting
* Environmental impact assessment
* Environmental management system
* EIO-LCA
* Input–output model
* Integrated chain management
* ISO 14000
* Life-cycle assessment
* Life-cycle cost analysis
* Material flow analysis
* MET Matrix
* Stakeholder analysis

Concepts|

* Circular economy
* Cradle-to-cradle design
* Dematerialization
* Eco-efficiency
* Eco-industrial development
* Eco-industrial park
* Ecological modernization
* Efficient energy use
* Exergy
* Extended producer responsibility
* Industrial metabolism
* Industrial symbiosis
* Polluter pays principle
* Precautionary principle
* Rebound effect
* Waste hierarchy
* Waste minimisation
* Waste valorization

Related fields|

* Cleaner production
* Design for environment
* Earth systems engineering and management
* Ecological economics
* Ecological modernization
* Environmental economics
* Green chemistry
* Sustainable development
* Urban ecology
* Urban metabolism

* v
* t
* e

Pollution

Air|

* Acid rain
* Air quality index
* Atmospheric dispersion modeling
* Chlorofluorocarbon
* Combustion
* Biofuel
* Biomass
* Joss paper
* Open burning of waste
* Construction
* Renovation
* Demolition
* Exhaust gas
* Diesel exhaust
* Haze
* Smoke
* Indoor air
* Internal combustion engine
* Global dimming
* Global distillation
* Mining
* Ozone depletion
* Particulates
* Asbestos
* Metal working
* Oil refining
* Wood dust
* Welding
* Persistent organic pollutant
* Smelting
* Smog
* Aerosol
* Soot
* Black carbon
* Volatile organic compound
* Waste

Biological|

* Biological hazard
* Genetic pollution
* Introduced species
* Invasive species

Digital|

* Information pollution

Electromagnetic|

* Light
* Ecological light pollution
* Overillumination
* Radio spectrum pollution

Natural|

* Ozone
* Radium and radon in the environment
* Volcanic ash
* Wildfire

Noise|

* Transportation
* Land
* Water
* Air
* Rail
* Sustainable transport
* Urban
* Sonar
* Marine mammals and sonar
* Industrial
* Military
* Abstract
* Noise control

Radiation|

* Actinides
* Bioremediation
* Nuclear fission
* Nuclear fallout
* Plutonium
* Poisoning
* Radioactivity
* Uranium
* Electromagnetic radiation and health
* Radioactive waste

Soil|

* Agricultural pollution
* Herbicides
* Manure waste
* Pesticides
* Land degradation
* Bioremediation
* Open defecation
* Electrical resistance heating
* Soil guideline values
* Phytoremediation

Solid waste|

* Biodegradable waste
* Brown waste
* Electronic waste
* Battery recycling
* Food waste
* Green waste
* Hazardous waste
* Biomedical waste
* Chemical waste
* Construction waste
* Lead poisoning
* Mercury poisoning
* Toxic waste
* Industrial waste
* Lead smelting
* Litter
* Mining
* Coal mining
* Gold mining
* Surface mining
* Deep sea mining
* Mining waste
* Uranium mining
* Municipal solid waste
* Garbage
* Nanomaterials
* Plastic pollution
* Microplastics
* Packaging waste
* Post-consumer waste
* Waste management
* Landfill
* Thermal treatment

Space|

* Satellite

Visual|

* Air travel
* Clutter (advertising)
* Traffic signs
* Overhead power lines
* Vandalism

War|

* Chemical warfare
* Herbicidal warfare (Agent Orange)
* Nuclear holocaust (Nuclear fallout \- nuclear famine \- nuclear winter)
* Scorched earth
* Unexploded ordnance
* War and environmental law

Water|

* Agricultural wastewater
* Biological pollution
* Diseases
* Eutrophication
* Firewater
* Freshwater
* Groundwater
* Hypoxia
* Industrial wastewater
* Marine
* debris
* Monitoring
* Nonpoint source pollution
* Nutrient pollution
* Ocean acidification
* Oil exploitation
* Oil exploration
* Oil spill
* Pharmaceuticals
* Sewage
* Septic tanks
* Pit latrine
* Shipping
* Stagnation
* Sulfur water
* Surface runoff
* Thermal
* Turbidity
* Urban runoff
* Water quality

Topics|

* Pollutants
* Heavy metals
* Paint

Misc|

* Area source
* Debris
* Dust
* Garbology
* Legacy pollution
* Midden
* Point source
* Waste

Responses|

* Cleaner production
* Industrial ecology
* Pollution haven hypothesis
* Pollutant release and transfer register
* Polluter pays principle
* Pollution control
* Waste minimisation
* Zero waste

Lists|

* Diseases
* Law by country
* Most polluted cities
* Least polluted cities by PM2.5
* Most polluted countries
* Treaties

Categories (by country)  Commons WikiProject Environment WikiProject Ecology Environment portal Ecology portal

* v
* t
* e

Recycling

Materials|

* Aluminium
* Asphalt
* Concrete
* Copper
* Cotton
* Energy
* Glass
* Gypsum
* Paper
* Plastic
* Refrigerant
* Scrap
* Timber
* Cooking oil
* Water

Products|

* Appliances
* Automotive oil
* Batteries
* Bottles
* PET bottles
* Computers
* Drugs
* Fluorescent lamps
* Lumber
* Mobile phones
* Paint
* Ships
* Textiles
* Tires
* Vehicles

Apparatus|

* Bins
* Blue bags
* Blue boxes
* Codes
* Collection
* Materials recovery facility
* Waste sorting

Countries|

* Rate by country
* Australia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Ireland
* Israel
* Japan
* Malaysia
* The Netherlands
* Switzerland
* Taiwan
* United Kingdom
* Northern Ireland
* United States

Concepts|

* Circular economy
* Dematerialization
* Downcycling
* Durable good
* Eco-industrial park
* Ecodesign
* Extended producer responsibility
* Green economy
* Industrial ecology
* Industrial metabolism
* Interchangeable parts
* Land recycling
* Material flow analysis
* Precycling
* Product stewardship
* Recycling (ecological)
* Refill (scheme)
* Repairability
* Resource recovery
* Reusable packaging
* Reuse of bottles
* Reuse of excreta
* Repurposing
* Reuse
* Right to repair
* Symbol (Green Dot)
* Upcycling
* Urban lumberjacking
* Waste hierarchy
* Waste minimisation
* Waste picking
* Wishcycling
* Zero waste

See also|

* Cogeneration
* Composting
* Container deposit legislation
* Dumpster diving
* Ethical consumerism
* Freeganism
* Reverse vending machine
* Simple living
* Waste
* Waste-to-energy
* Waste collection
* Waste management law
* Waste management

* Environment portal
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* by country
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Sustainability

* Outline
* Index

Principles|

* Anthropocene
* Earth system governance
* Ecological modernization
* Environmental governance
* Environmentalism
* Global catastrophic risk
* Human impact on the environment
* Planetary boundaries
* Social sustainability
* Stewardship
* Sustainable development

Consumption|

* Anthropization
* Anti-consumerism
* Circular economy
* Earth Overshoot Day
* Ecological footprint
* Ethical
* Green
* Micro-sustainability
* Over-consumption
* Simple living
* Steady-state economy
* Sustainability advertising
* Sustainability brand
* Sustainability marketing myopia
* Sustainable
* Systemic change resistance
* Tragedy of the commons

World population|

* Birth control
* Demographic transition
* Family planning
* Control
* Sustainable population
* Women's education and empowerment

Technology|

* Appropriate
* Environmental
* Natural building

Biodiversity|

* Biosecurity
* Biosphere
* Conservation biology
* Endangered species
* Holocene extinction
* Invasive species

Energy|

* Carbon footprint
* Climate change mitigation
* Conservation
* Descent
* Efficiency
* Electrification
* Emissions trading
* Fossil-fuel phase-out
* Peak oil
* Poverty
* Rebound effect
* Renewable

Food|

* Civic agriculture
* Climate-smart agriculture
* Community-supported agriculture
* Cultured meat
* Forest gardening
* Foodscaping
* Local
* Permaculture
* Security
* Sustainable agriculture
* Sustainable fishery
* Urban horticulture
* Vegetable box scheme

Water|

* Conservation
* Efficiency
* Footprint
* Reclaimed
* Sanitation
* Scarcity
* Security

Accountability|

* Sustainability accounting
* Sustainability measurement
* Sustainability metrics and indices
* Sustainability reporting
* Standards and certification
* Sustainable yield

Applications|

* Organic movement
* Advertising
* Architecture
* Art
* Business
* City
* College programs
* Community
* Design
* Ecovillage
* Education for Sustainable Development
* Fashion
* Gardening
* Geopark
* Green marketing
* Industries
* Landscape architecture
* Living
* Low-impact development
* Sustainable market
* Organizations
* Packaging
* Practices
* Procurement
* Space
* Tourism
* Transport
* Urban drainage systems
* Urban infrastructure
* Urbanism

Management|

* Environmental
* Fisheries
* Forest
* Landscape
* Materials
* Natural resource
* Planetary
* Waste

Agreements and
conferences|

* UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
* Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
* Our Common Future (1987)
* Earth Summit (1992)
* Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992)
* Agenda 21 (1992)
* Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
* ICPD Programme of Action (1994)
* Lisbon Principles (1997)
* Kyoto Protocol (1997)
* Earth Charter (2000)
* UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
* Earth Summit 2002 (Rio+10, Johannesburg)
* UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20, 2012)
* Sustainable Development Goals (2015)
* Paris Agreement (2015)
* UN Ocean Conference (2017)

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Systems science

System
types|

* Art
* Biological
* Complex
* Coupled human–environment
* Ecological
* Economic
* Multi-agent
* Nervous
* Social

Concepts|

* Doubling time
* Leverage points
* Limiting factor
* Negative feedback
* Positive feedback

Theoretical
fields|

* Control theory
* Cybernetics
* Earth system science
* Living systems
* Sociotechnical system
* Systemics
* Urban metabolism
* World-systems theory

* Analysis
* Biology
* Dynamics
* Ecology
* Engineering
* Neuroscience
* Pharmacology
* Philosophy
* Psychology
* Theory (Systems thinking)

Scientists|

* Russell L. Ackoff
* Victor Aladjev
* William Ross Ashby
* Ruzena Bajcsy
* Béla H. Bánáthy
* Gregory Bateson
* Anthony Stafford Beer
* Richard E. Bellman
* Ludwig von Bertalanffy
* Margaret Boden
* Alexander Bogdanov
* Kenneth E. Boulding
* Murray Bowen
* Kathleen Carley
* Mary Cartwright
* C. West Churchman
* Manfred Clynes
* George Dantzig
* Edsger W. Dijkstra
* Fred Emery
* Heinz von Foerster
* Stephanie Forrest
* Jay Wright Forrester
* Barbara Grosz
* Charles A. S. Hall
* Mike Jackson
* Lydia Kavraki
* James J. Kay
* Faina M. Kirillova
* George Klir
* Allenna Leonard
* Edward Norton Lorenz
* Niklas Luhmann
* Humberto Maturana
* Margaret Mead
* Donella Meadows
* Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
* James Grier Miller
* Radhika Nagpal
* Howard T. Odum
* Talcott Parsons
* Ilya Prigogine
* Qian Xuesen
* Anatol Rapoport
* John Seddon
* Peter Senge
* Claude Shannon
* Katia Sycara
* Eric Trist
* Francisco Varela
* Manuela M. Veloso
* Kevin Warwick
* Norbert Wiener
* Jennifer Wilby
* Anthony Wilden

Applications|

* Systems theory in anthropology
* Systems theory in archaeology
* Systems theory in political science

Organizations|

* List
* Principia Cybernetica

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* Portal
* Commons

Portal:

* Environment

Authority control databases

National|

* Czech Republic

Other|

* Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
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