Interfaith marriage

Marriage between spouses professing different religions

Interfaith marriage, sometimes called interreligious marriage or "mixed marriage", is marriage between spouses professing different religions. Although interfaith marriages are often established as civil marriages, in some instances they may be established as a religious marriage. This depends on religious doctrine of each of the two parties' religions; some prohibit interfaith marriage, and among others there are varying degrees of permissibility.

Several major religions are mute on the issue, and still others allow it with requirements for ceremony and custom. For ethno-religious groups, resistance to interfaith marriage may be a form of self-segregation.

In an interfaith marriage, each partner typically adheres to their own religion. One issue which can arise in such unions is the choice of faith in which to raise the children.

## Legal status

[edit]

### Human right

[edit]

According to Article 16 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, men and women who have attained the age of majority have the right to marry "without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion".[1] Although most of Article 16 is incorporated verbatim in Article 23 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the references to religious and racial limitations is omitted.[2] Article 17, clause two, of the American Convention on Human Rights says that all men and women have the right to marry, subject to the conditions of domestic law "insofar as such conditions do not affect the principle of nondiscrimination established in this Convention."[3]

### United States

[edit]

According to the Pew Research Center Religious Landscape Study, interfaith marriage has become increasingly common in the United States during the past decades. While of marriages performed before 1960, 81% of marriages were between spouses from the same religious denomination, 11% were between spouses of different Christian denominations, 5% were between a Christian and a religiously unaffiliated spouse, and 3% were other mixed forms of interfaith marriages, the corresponding figures for marriages performed in the period of 2010-2014 were 61%, 15%, 18% and 6%.[4] Interfaith marriages are least common among Hindus, Mormons and Muslims, and most common among religiously unaffiliated people, mainline Protestants and Jews.[5]

Joan Boocock Lee, an Episcopalian British American actress who was married to Jewish-American comic book creator Stan Lee until her death, stated that the couple faced difficulty adopting a child in the mid-20th century United States.[6]

### India

[edit]

See also: Special Marriage Act, 1954 and Love jihad

Interfaith marriage is controversial in some areas, especially disapproval of relationships between Hindus and Muslims. Advertisements and films depicting Hindu-Muslim relationships have attracted condemnation and legal action.[7] Hindu-Muslim couples have experienced harassment, including posting personal details on social media.[8] In 2020 and 2021, several Indian states with BJP governments passed laws prohibiting forced conversions, and requiring notification of intent to marry and a waiting period, and allowing anyone to object to the union. Interfaith marriages have been taken as an inherent indication of a forced conversion, despite some individuals stating they will not be converting in order to marry.[9] The laws have been used to arrest and in some cases torture Muslim men who have married Hindu women.[10] Fearing vigilante violence and after facing long delays and uncooperative lawyers and government officials, some couples have fled to other states to get married, often losing their jobs.[11][12] In August 2021, the Gujarat High Court limited the scope of that state's law on the grounds of freedom of religion.[9]

### Saudi Arabia

[edit]

Religion in Saudi Arabia is heavily restricted, with the Wahhabi Islam as the state religion. Public celebration or advocacy of any other religion is generally prohibited.

### Israel

[edit]

In Israel, marriages are performed by delegated religious authorities. As such, most interfaith marriages are de facto not performed without a recognized conversion.[13][14] This system is largely a continuation of the Ottoman Millet system in which different communities were allowed to control their own internal affairs. In the Druze religion there is no marriage between Druze and non-Druze and in traditional Judaism there is no marriage between a Jew and a Gentile. Thus, interfaith marriages in which one of the spouses is Jewish or Druze, are not recognized by the state. Muslim Qadis sometimes perform marriage ceremonies of a Muslim with a Jewish or Christian woman, and Christian priests in special cases perform marriage ceremonies of a Christian or Christian woman with a non-Christian, and in other cases they are recognized retrospectively, and in any case the state recognizes these marriages. All interfaith marriages performed in other countries are recognized.[15] Hitbolelut, meaning assimilation in Hebrew, is a term used mainly to refer with prejudice to Jews who marry outside of the Jewish people. The term has strong resonance in Israel and with many Jews worldwide as marrying outside historically meant leaving the Jewish community to be absorbed by the dominant culture.[16][17]

Perhaps because of these norms, interfaith marriages between a Jewish individual and a non-Jewish individual are extremely rare in Israel. One Pew Research Center study, conducted in 2014-2015, indicated that only about two percent of Jewish individuals were part of an interfaith marriage. In addition, about 97 percent of Jews in the same stated that they would be not be completely comfortable with their child marrying a Muslim while 89 percent expressed similar views when asked about a hypothetical marriage to a Christian.[18]

## By religion

[edit]

### Baháʼí Faith

[edit]

According to the Baháʼí Faith, all religions are inspired by God and interfaith marriage is permitted. A Baháʼí ceremony should be performed with the non-Baháʼí rite (or ceremony). If both ceremonies are performed, the non-Baháʼí ceremony should not invalidate the Baháʼí ceremony; the Baháʼí partner remains a Baháʼí, and is not adopting the religion of the other partner in the ceremony. The Baháʼí partner should also abstain from vows (or statements) committing them to a declaration of faith in another religion or that are contrary to the principles of the Baháʼí Faith. The two ceremonies should be performed on the same day; their order is not important. The Baháʼí ceremony may be performed in the place of worship of the other religion if it is afforded respect equal to the non-Baháʼí ceremony and is clearly distinct from the non-Baháʼí ceremony.

### Christianity

[edit]

A Lutheran pastor in Germany marries a young couple in a church.

Main article: Interfaith marriage in Christianity

In Christianity, an interfaith marriage is a marriage between a Christian and a non-Christian (e.g. a wedding between a Christian man and a Jewish woman, or between a Christian woman and a Muslim man); it is to be distinguished between an interdenominational marriage in which two baptized Christians belonging to two different Christian denominations marry (e.g. a wedding between a Lutheran Christian and a Catholic Christian). Almost all Christian denominations permit interdenominational marriages, though with respect to interfaith marriage, many Christian denominations caution against it, citing verses of the Christian Bible such as 2 Corinthians 6:14–15, while certain Christian denominations have made allowances for interfaith marriage, which is referenced in 1 Corinthians 7:14–15, verses where Saint Paul addresses originally non-Christian couples in which one of the spouses became a Christian after the marriage had taken place.[19][20][21][22] The consensus of the early Church Fathers was that "interreligious marriage undermined the ecclesiological integrity of the Christian community" though as Christianity rapidly spread, cases would arise among non-Christian couples in which one person converted to Christianity; Apostolic Tradition, an early Christian Church Order, references such an interfaith couple in its instructions on Christian prayer at the seven fixed prayer times and the ablutions preceding them, stating:[23][24]

> Around midnight rise and wash your hands with water and pray. If you are married, pray together. But if your spouse is not yet baptized, go into another room to pray, and then return to bed. Do not hesitate to pray, for one who has been joined in marital relations is not impure.[24]

The early Christian Council of Elvira prohibited interreligious marriage "no matter how few eligible men there are, for such marriages lead to the adultery of the soul."[25] The Church of the East, in the Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in AD 410, ruled that "Christian women should not marry across religious boundaries" though it allowed for Christian men to marry "women of all nations" (neshē men kul 'ammin) in order that Christian men would "instruct them in the ways of Christianity."[23] The cultural context at the time was that a couple's children would follow the religion of the father.[26] The Synod of Elvira forbade Christian parents who permitted their daughters to marry nonbelievers to receive Holy Communion, "even at the time of death".[25]

In the Presbyterian Church (USA), the local church congregation is tasked with supporting and including the interfaith couple in the life of the Church, "help[ing] parents make and live by commitments about the spiritual nurture of their children", and being inclusive of the children of the interfaith couple.[27] The pastor is to be available to help and counsel the interfaith couple in their life journey.[27]

The Catholic Church recognizes as sacramental, (1) the marriages between two baptized Protestants or between two baptized Orthodox Christians, as well as (2) marriages between baptized non-Catholic Christians and Catholic Christians,[28] although in the latter case, consent from the diocesan bishop must be obtained, with this termed "permission to enter into a mixed marriage".[29] To illustrate (1), for example, "if two Lutherans marry in the Lutheran Church in the presence of a Lutheran minister, the Catholic Church recognizes this as a valid sacrament of marriage."[28] On the other hand, although the Catholic Church recognizes marriages between two non-Christians or those between a Catholic Christian and a non-Christian, these are not considered to be sacramental, and in the latter case, the Catholic Christian must seek permission from their bishop for the marriage to occur; this permission is known as "dispensation from disparity of cult".[30]

In Methodist Christianity, the 2014 Book of Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection discourages interfaith marriages, stating "Many Christians have married unconverted persons. This has produced bad effects; they have either been hindered for life, or have turned back to perdition."[31] Though the United Methodist Church authorizes its clergy to preside at interfaith marriages, it notes that 2 Corinthians 6:14 has been interpreted "as at least an ideal if not an absolute ban on such [interfaith] marriages as an issue of scriptural faithfulness, if not as an issue of Christian survival."[32] At the same time, for those already in an interfaith marriage (including cases in which there is a non-Christian couple and one party converts to Christianity after marriage), the Church notes that Saint Paul "addresses persons married to unbelievers and encourages them to stay married (see 1 Corinthians 7:12–16)."[32] The Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches teaches that "For a Christian to marry an unbeliever is unscriptural. If one does marry an unconverted party and trouble follows, he/she cannot blame God for his/her wrongdoing but must expect to pay the penalty, for the marriage covenant is morally binding so long as both live and, therefore, may not be dissolved at will (1 Corinthians 7:39)."[33]

### Hinduism

[edit]

See also: Marriage in Hinduism

In Hinduism, texts like the Vedas do not have any views on interfaith marriages by differentiating between people of different religions. This is because there was no other known religion in the ancient period during their composition. Law books like the Manusmriti, Yajnavalkya Smriti, and the Parashara Smriti speak of marriage rules among various kulas and gotras, i.e. marriage outside of varna. According to the varna system, marriage is normally between two individuals of the same varna. Marriages between men of higher birth and women of lower birth (anuloma) was sanctioned, but marriages between men of lower birth and women of higher birth (pratiloma) were frowned upon.[34] Ancient Hindu literature identified four varnas: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. However, the Hindu Marriage Act requires that both the bride and the bridegroom belong only to Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, to the exclusion of non-Indian religions, and if any of the two parties converts to any non-Hindu and non-Vedic religion, the marriage automatically becomes null and void.[35]

### Islam

[edit]

Main article: Interfaith marriage in Islam

While the legality of interfaith marriage varies in contemporary Muslim-majority countries, in traditional Islamic culture and traditional Islamic law Muslim women are forbidden from marrying non-Muslim men, whereas Muslim men are permitted to marry Christian or Jewish women.[36][37] It is lawful for Muslim men to marry Jewish or Christian women but not a polytheist woman (Quran 5:5).[38] In the case of a Muslim-Christian marriage, which is to be contracted only after permission from the Christian party, the Christian spouse is not to be prevented from attending church for prayer and worship, according to the Ashtiname of Muhammad, a treaty between Muslims and Christians recorded between Muhammad and Saint Catherine's Monastery.[39][40]

On the other hand, according to the traditional understanding of interfaith marriage in Islam, Muslim women are forbidden from intermarrying with non-Muslim men based on Islamic law.[41][42][43][44] The Quran states:

> Do not marry polytheist woman until she believes; a slave believing woman is better than polytheist women though she allures you; Do not marry (your girls) to polytheist man until he believes: A man slave who believes is better than a polytheist man, even though he allures you. They do (but) beckon you to the Fire. But God beckons by His Grace to the Garden (of bliss) and forgiveness, and makes His Signs clear to mankind: so that they may understand.

> — Quran 2:221[45]

> O ye who believe! When there come to you believing women refugees, examine (and test) them: God knows best as to their Faith: if ye ascertain that they are Believers, then send them not back to the Unbelievers. They are not lawful wives for the Unbelievers, nor are the Unbelievers lawful husbands for them.

> — Quran 60:10[46]

In some societies outside the traditional dar al-islam, interfaith marriages between Muslims and non-Muslims are not uncommon, including marriages that contradict the historic Sunni understanding of ijmāʿ (the consensus of fuqāha) as to the bounds of legitimacy.[36][47][48] The tradition of reformist and progressive Islam, however, permits marriage between Muslim women and non-Muslim men;[48] Islamic scholars opining this view include Khaleel Mohammed, Daayiee Abdullah, and Hassan Al-Turabi, among others.[49] Early Muslim jurists in the most-prominent schools of Islamic jurisprudence ruled in fiqh that the marriage of a Muslim man to a Christian or Jewish woman is makruh (disapproved) if they live in a non-Muslim country.[citation needed] ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (634–644) denied interfaith marriage to Muslim men during his command of the ummah.[50]

Many Muslim-majority countries allow interfaith marriages to Christian or Jewish women but not to Christian or Jewish men.[51] In Lebanon for example, there is no civil personal status law. Conventionally, marriages are performed according to the sect the spouses belong to. Turkey allows marriages between Muslim women and non-Muslim men through secular laws.[52] In Tunisia since 16 September 2017, Muslim women can lawfully marry any man of any faith, or of none. In Malaysia, a non-Muslim must convert to Islam in order to marry a Muslim and the offspring of such unions are automatically Muslims.[53]

Canadian Islamic scholar Ahmad Kutty has expressed disapproval of all interfaith marriages, citing Umar.[50] According to Canadian Islamic teacher Bilal Philips, the verse permitting Muslim men to marry non-Muslim women is no longer valid for several reasons (including its misinterpretation).[54] Canadian Islamic scholar Shabir Ally has also said that it is makruh for a Muslim man to marry outside his religion.[55] The movement of progressive Islam permits marriage between Muslim women and Non-Muslim men; Members opining this view include Muslim scholars Khaleel Mohammed, Daayiee Abdullah, and Hassan Al-Turabi, among others.[49]

### Judaism

[edit]

Main article: Interfaith marriage in Judaism

Interfaith marriage in Judaism was historically viewed with disfavor by Jewish leaders, and it remains controversial. The Talmud and poskim prohibit non-Jews to marry Jews, and discuss when the prohibition is from the Torah and when it is rabbinical.[56] In 1236, Moses of Coucy encouraged Jewish men who had married Christian or Muslim women to divorce them.[57] In 1844, the reform Rabbinical Conference of Brunswick permitted Jews to marry "any adherent of a monotheistic religion" if children of the marriage were raised Jewish.[58] This conference was controversial; one of its resolutions called on members to abolish the Kol Nidre prayer, which opens the Yom Kippur service.[59] One member of the conference later changed his opinion, becoming an opponent of intermarriage.[60]

Traditional Judaism does not consider marriage between a Jew by birth and a convert as intermarriage;[61][62][63] Biblical passages which apparently support intermarriage, such as that of Joseph to Asenath and Ruth to Boaz, were regarded by classical rabbis as having occurred after the non-Jewish spouse had converted.[64] Some still considered Canaanites forbidden to marry even after conversion, although this did not necessarily apply to their children.[65]

Orthodox Judaism refuses to accept intermarriage and tries to avoid facilitating them. Conservative Judaism does not sanction intermarriage but encourages acceptance of the non-Jewish spouse by the family in the hope that such acceptance will lead to the spouse's conversion to Judaism.[66] In December 2014 the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism's United Synagogue Youth controversially modified a binding rule that its leaders would not date non-Jews, replacing it with a "recogni[tion of] the importance of dating within the Jewish community."[67]

Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism do not generally regard the authority of classical rabbis; many rabbis from these denominations are willing to officiate at interfaith marriages,[68][69] although some try to persuade intermarried couples to raise their children as Jews. In 1870, some Reform Jews published the opinion that intermarriage is prohibited.[70]

In 2015 the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College voted to accept rabbinical students in interfaith relationships, making Reconstructionist Judaism the first major movement within Judaism to allow rabbis to have relationships with non-Jewish partners.[71] Humanistic Judaism is a nontheistic alternative in contemporary Jewish life, defining Judaism as the cultural and historical experience of the Jewish people. The Society for Humanistic Judaism answers the question, "Is intermarriage contributing to the demise of Judaism?" on its website: "Intermarriage is the positive consequence of a free and open society. If the Jewish community is open, welcoming, embracing, and pluralistic, we will encourage more people to identify with the Jewish people rather than fewer. Intermarriage could contribute to the continuity of the Jewish people."[72]

During the early 19th century, intermarriage was relatively rare; less than one-tenth of one percent of the Jews of Algeria, for example, practiced exogamy.[73] Since the early 20th century, rates of Jewish intermarriage have increased. In the United States from 1996 to 2001, nearly half (47 percent) of marriages involving Jews were intermarriages with non-Jewish partners[74] (a similar proportion—44 percent—as in the early 20th century in New South Wales).[75]

In Israel, the religious authorities, which are the only entities authorized to perform weddings in Israel, can only perform marriages within the confines of whatever religion they are a religious figure for. Therefore, interfaith couples can usually be legally married in Israel only if one of the partners converts to the religion of the other.[15] Interfaith couples from Israel and Lebanon often travel to Cyprus to be legally wed.[76]

### Serer religion

[edit]

In orthodox Serer religion (an ethnoreligious faith), interfaith and interracial marriages are forbidden. Banishment and disinheritance may be levied against a Serer who disobeys the law.[77] The Serer-Noon (a sub-group of the Serer people) adhere strongly to this teaching.[77]

### Sikhism

[edit]

Despite some gurdwaras allowing weddings between a Sikh and a non-Sikh, the vast majority oppose it. As per the 1945 Sikh Rehat Maryada (Code of Conduct), an interfaith anand karaj is not allowed within the Sikh faith.[78] The 10th Sikh Guru had indicated within The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh that "a Sikh’s daughter must be married to a Sikh". In 2014, the Sikh Council in the UK developed a consistent approach towards marriages in Gurdwaras where one partner is not of Sikh origin, following a two-year consultation with Gurdwara Sahib Committees, Sikh Organisations, and individuals. The resulting guidelines were approved by the General Assembly of Sikh Council UK on 11 October 2014, and state that Gurdwaras are encouraged to ensure that both parties to an Anand Karaj wedding are Sikhs, but that where a couple chooses to undertake a civil marriage they should be offered the opportunity to hold an Ardas, Sukhmani Sahib Path, Akhand Path, or other service to celebrate their marriage in the presence of family and friends.[79] Some gurdwaras permit mixed marriages, which has led to controversy.

### Zoroastrianism

[edit]

Some traditional Zoroastrians in India disapprove of and discourage interfaith marriages, and female adherents who marry outside the faith are often considered to be excommunicated. When a female adherent marries a partner from another religion, they go through the risk of not being able to enter the Agyaris and Atash Behrams. In the past, their partner and children were forbidden from entering Zoroastrian religious buildings; this is often still observed. A loophole was found to avoid such expulsion: the offspring (especially born out of wedlock) of a Parsi man and a non-Parsi woman were often "adopted" by the Parsi father and tacitly accepted into the religion. Alternatively in a few cases such as that of Suzanne RD Tata, the non-Zoroastrian spouse has been allowed to convert Zoroastrianism by undergoing the navjote ritual[80] Interfaith marriages may skew Zoroastrian demographics, since the number of adherents is low.

According to Indian law (where most Parsis live), only the father of the child must be a Zoroastrian for the child (or children) to be accepted into the faith. This has been debated, since the religion promotes gender equality (which the law violates). Zoroastrians in North America and Europe defy the rule, and children of a non-Zoroastrian father are accepted as Zoroastrians.

## Sacred music

[edit]

In modern times various composers have written sacred music for use during interfaith marriage ceremonies including:

* John Serry Sr.[81]

## See also

[edit]

* Auto-segregation
* Ecumenism
* Endogamy
* Flirty Fishing
* Interdenominational marriage
* Interracial marriage
* Love jihad
* Multiple religious belonging

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Retrieved 17 March 2015.
2. ^ "UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". Retrieved 17 March 2015.
3. ^ "AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS". cidh.org. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
4. ^ "Interfaith marriage is common in U.S., particularly among the recently wed". 2 June 2015.
5. ^ "Interfaith marriage is common in U.S., particularly among the recently wed". 2 June 2015.
6. ^ Joan Boocock Lee; Stan Lee (2010). With Great Power: The Stan Lee Story. Event occurs at 0:47:20. OCLC 1038407559.
7. ^ Ganguly, Sumit (27 January 2021). "The problem with India's 'love jihad' laws". The Conversation.
8. ^ "To Harass Hindu-Muslim Couples, Rightwing Activists Are Now Using Their Marriage Documents". The Wire.
9. ^ a b Indian court strikes down provisions against interfaith marriage
10. ^ "Muslims targeted under Indian state's 'love jihad' law". the Guardian. 14 December 2020.
11. ^ "A New Law In India Is Making It Harder For Interfaith Couples To Get Married". NPR.org.
12. ^ "India's interfaith couples on edge after new law". BBC News. 15 March 2021.
13. ^ Hanna Lerner (2011). Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies. Cambridge University Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-139-50292-4.
14. ^ "Civil marriage now". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 4 September 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
15. ^ a b Michel Chabin 2013-06-13 Married On The Mediterranean — But Not In Israel Archived 3 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Jewish Week. Retrieved 2015-10-01
16. ^ Endelman, Todd M. (2015). "7. Neither Jew nor Christian. New Religions, New Creeds". Leaving the Jewish Fold: Conversion and Radical Assimilation in Modern Jewish History. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 275\. doi:10.1515/9781400866380-010. ISBN 9781400866380. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
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18. ^ Pew Research Center (8 March 2016). "11. Intergroup marriage and friendship". Retrieved 19 July 2024.
19. ^ Soards, Marion L. (1999). New International Biblical Commentary: 1 Corinthians. Hendrickson. p. 150\. ISBN 978-0-943575-97-1. "Although the church has attempted to work from these lines in formulating policies about so-called mixed marriages, the present verses do not deal with the majority of interfaith marriages as we know them in the late twentieth century. Paul is writing to first-century, first-generation converts, many of whom had religious backgrounds in paganism and many of whom might have spouses who were not believers."
20. ^ Lukito, Ratno (6 August 2012). Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable. Routledge. p. 163\. ISBN 978-1-136-28557-8. "Furthermore, from the judges' understanding of Christian teaching, interfaith marriage is similarly disallowed in the New Testament (2 Corinthians 6:14)."
21. ^ Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (2012). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE. p. 563\. ISBN 978-0-7619-2729-7. "... most Christian churches support members who take part in intermarriage, citing 1 Corinthians 7:12-14."
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25. ^ a b Witte, John (31 January 2012). From Sacrament to Contract, Second Edition: Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. p. 62\. ISBN 978-1-61164-192-9. "The Council of Elvira also prohibited interreligious marriage: 15. Christian girls are not to marry pagans, no matter how few eligible men there are, for such marriages lead to the adultery of the soul. 17. If parents allow their daughter to marry a pagan priest, they shall not receive communion even at the time of death."
26. ^ Sahanam, L. E. (2009). Belonging But Not Believing: Interfaith Marriage. ISPCK. p. 25\. ISBN 978-81-8458-088-4.
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29. ^ Burke, John (1999). Catholic Marriage. Paulines Publications Africa. p. 98\. ISBN 9789966081063. "We might remind ourselves here that a marriage between a Catholic and a baptized person that takes place in the Catholic Church, or in another Church with permission from the diocesan bishop, is a sacramental union. Such a marriage is a life-long union and no power on earth can dissolve it."
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38. ^ Quran 5:5 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
39. ^ Ahmed, Akbar S. (11 January 2013). Postmodernism and Islam: Predicament and Promise. Routledge. p. 62\. ISBN 978-1-134-92417-2. "The Quran speaks favourably of the people of the Book. For example, Surah 3, verse 199, carries a universal message of goodwill and hope to all those who believe, the people of the Book irrespective of their religious label--Christian, Jew or Muslim. Muslims can marry with the people of the Book,"
40. ^ Timani, Hussam S.; Ashton, Loye Sekihata (29 November 2019). Post-Christian Interreligious Liberation Theology. Springer Nature. p. 196\. ISBN 978-3-030-27308-8.
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45. ^ Quran 2:221 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
46. ^ Quran 60:10 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
47. ^ Ghouse, Mike (8 February 2017). "Can A Muslim Woman Marry A Non-Muslim Man?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
48. ^ a b Leeman 2009.
49. ^ a b Jahangir, Junaid (21 March 2017). "Muslim Women Can Marry Outside The Faith". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
50. ^ a b "Marriage to a Christian Woman: Unrestrictedly Permitted?". Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
51. ^ "The Need to Unify Personal Status Laws in Arab Countries". Archived from the original on 29 April 2009.
52. ^ TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY LOVING: NATIONALITY, GENDER, AND RELIGION IN THE MUSLIM WORLD Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
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55. ^ "Can a Muslim Woman Marry a Non-Muslim Man?". Archived from the original on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
56. ^ Talmud Bavli, Avodah Zarah 36b; Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Sanctity, Laws of Prohibited Relations 12:1 and commentaries; Rabbi Yosef Karo, Shulchan Aruch II:16:2 and commentaries
57. ^ Moses of Coucy, Sefer Mitzvot ha-Gadol, 112, as per JE
58. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia, Intermarriage
59. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia, "Conferences, Rabbinical"
60. ^ Ludwig Philippson, Israelitische Religionslehre (1865), 3:350
61. ^ Berakhot 28a
62. ^ Kiddushin 5:4 (Tosefta)
63. ^ Rabbi Yosef Karo, Shulchan Aruch III:4:10
64. ^ Genesis Rabbah, 65
65. ^ Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Sanctity, Laws of Prohibited Relations, 12:22 and Maggid Mashnah ad. loc.
66. ^ Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism, Statement on Intermarriage, Adopted on March 7, 1995
67. ^ Fendel, Hillel (26 December 2014). "Conservative Judaism Youth Group Relaxes Inter-Dating Rules". No. Main-News-Jewish World. Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
68. ^ Survey of the American Rabbinate, The Jewish Outreach Institute, "The Jewish Outreach Institute". Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009. (retrieved 6 May 2009)
69. ^ Summary of Rabbinic Center for Research and Counseling 2003 Survey, Irwin H. Fishbein, Rabbi, D. Min., Rabbinic Center for Research and Counseling, [1] (retrieved 6 May 2009)
70. ^ D.Einhorn, in The Jewish Times, (1870), No. 45, p. 11
71. ^ Lisa Hostein (1 October 2015). "Reconstructionists give green light to intermarried rabbinical students". Jweekly. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
72. ^ "13 Tough Questions". Shj.org. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
73. ^ Ricoux, Demography of Algeria, Paris, 1860, p. 71
74. ^ National Jewish Population Survey 2000-01
75. ^ Census of New South Wales, 1901, Bulletin No. 14
76. ^ "Interfaith couples go to Cyprus to wed". The Washington Times. 21 October 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
77. ^ a b Ndiaye, Ousmane Sémou, "Diversité et unicité Sérères: L'Exemple Le de la Région de Thiès", [in] Ethiopiques n°54, revue semestrielle, de culture négro-africaine, Nouvelle série volume 7., 2e semestre (1991)[2] Archived 30 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
78. ^ "The Inter-Faith Anand Karaj". 14 September 2016.
79. ^ Sikh Council UK (25 October 2014). "Sikh Council UK Develops Guidelines of Approach to Inter-Faith Marriages in Gurdwaras". Sikh24.com. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
80. ^ "Conversion Allowed in Zoroastrianism ?". zoroastrians.net. 17 December 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
81. ^ Eastman School of Music - University of Rochester - Sibley Music Library: John J. Serry Sr. Collection score "Processional March (1951, Revised for Organ 1968)" Folder 18 p. 10 archived at the University of Rochester Eastman School of Music Sibley Music Library Special collections on esm.rochester.edu

## Further reading

[edit]

* Interfaith Marriage: Share and Respect with Equality, Dr. Dilip Amin, Mount Meru publishing
* This is My Friend, This is My Beloved: A Pastoral Letter on Human Sexuality (Jewish) Elliot N. Dorff, The Rabbinical Assembly
* It All Begins with a Date: Jewish Concerns about Intermarriage: Jewish Concerns about Intermarriage, Alan Silverstein, Jason Aronson, 1995, ISBN 1-56821-542-8
* Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism, Statement on Intermarriage. Adopted on March 7, 1995
* 'Why Marry Jewish: Surprising Reasons for Jews to Marry Jews', Doron Kornbluth, [Targum/Feldheim], 2003, ISBN 1-56871-250-2
* 'Dear Rabbi, Why Can't I Marry Her?', Eliezer Shemtov, [Targum/Feldheim], 2006, ISBN 1-56871-410-6
* Strange Wives: Intermarriage in the biblical world, Stanley Ned Rosenbaum and Allen Secher, 2014, ISBN 0986322601
* Intimate Diversity: an Anglican Practical Theology of Interreligious Marriage, Paul Aidan Smith, [Brill], 2021, ISBN 978-90-04-46032-4
* Being Both: Embracing Two Religions in One Interfaith Family, Susan Katz Miller, 2013, ISBN 9780807013199

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