Internet in India

Internet

An Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet

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Internet in India, which began in 1986 with access only to the educational and research community and on 15 August 1995 with access to the general public, had more than 900 million Internet users by 2023.[1] It is reported that in 2022 an average mobile Internet consumption in India was 19.5GB per month and the mobile data usage per month rose from 4.5 exabytes in 2018 to 14.4 exabytes in 2022.[2][3] The Indian Government has embarked on Mega projects such as Digital India, BharatNet, Common Service Centres, UPI instant payment system, Startup India, etc to further expedite the growth of internet-based ecosystems.

## History

[edit]

### 1986: Early days & ERNET

[edit]

In 1986, the history of the Internet in India began with the launch of the Educational Research Network (ERNET),[4] The network was made available only to educational and research communities.[5] even though the early pre-internet computer networks were operated in India since the late 1970s by the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation and the Indian Military.[6] along with general-use computer networks such as INDONET, NICNET, and VIKRAM.[7] ERNET was initiated by the Department of Electronics (DoE), with funding from the Government of India and United Nations Development Program (UNDP), involving eight premier institutions as participating agencies—NCST Bombay, Indian Institute of Science, five Indian Institutes of Technology (Delhi, Mumbai, Kanpur, Kharagpur and Chennai), and the DoE in New Delhi. ERNET began as a multi protocol network with both the TCP/IP and the OSI-IP protocol stacks running over the leased-line portion of the backbone. Since 1995, however, almost all traffic is carried over TCP/IP.[8]

In 1990, the ERNET was allotted Class B IP address 144.16.0.0 by NIC (then InterNIC). Subsequently, Class C addresses were allotted to ERNET by APNIC.[5]

In January 1991, the first leased line of 9.6 kbit/s was installed in January 1991 between Delhi and Mumbai.[5]

In 1992, all IITs, IISc Bangalore, DOE Delhi and NCST Mumbai were connected by 9.6 kbit/s leased line, 64 kbit/s Internet gateway link was commissioned from NCST Mumbai to UUNet in Virginia in United States.[5]

In 1995, NICNet was established for communications between government institutions. The network was operated by the National Informatics Centre.[5]

### 1995: Public internet in India

[edit]

On 15 August 1995, the first publicly available internet service in India was launched by state-owned Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL).[9][10] At the time, VSNL had a monopoly over international communications in the country and private enterprise was not permitted in the sector. The internet service, known as the Gateway Internet Access Service (GIAS), provided a speed of 9.6 kbit/s speed and was priced at ₹5,200 for 250 hours for individuals, ₹16,200 for institutional dial-up SLIP/PPP accounts, and higher for leased line services.[11] However, for the next 10 years, the Internet experience in the country remained less attractive, with narrow-band connections having speeds less than 56 kbit/s (dial-up).[12][13]

In 1997, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) access was introduced.[13]

### 2004: Broadband

[edit]

In 2004, the government formulated its broadband policy, which defined broadband as "an always-on Internet connection with a download speed of 256 kbit/s or above."[12]

Since 2005, the growth of the broadband sector in the country accelerated but remained below the growth estimates of the government and related agencies due to resource issues in last-mile access, which were predominantly wired-line technologies.[14]

### 2010: Wireless broadband

[edit]

In 2010, to improve the internet speed and remove the speed bottleneck of wired-line, the government pushed for the wireless mobile by auctioning the 3G spectrum, followed by 4G spectrum auction, that set the scene for a competitive and invigorated wireless broadband market.[14]

In 2013, the minimum speed requirement for broadband connection was set as 512 kbit/s. This requirement was further raised to 2 Mbit/s in 2023.[14]

In 2020, WANI (Prime Minister Wi-Fi Access Network Interface) policy India was launched, aimed at increasing internet connectivity especially in rural areas and enhancing the proliferation of public Wi-Fi hotspots across the country by creating a robust decentralized digital communications infrastructure with Public Data Offices (PDOs) operating, maintaining, and delivering broadband services to subscribers through Wi-Fi access points or routers.[15]

### 2023: 5G and 6G

[edit]

Since 2023, 5G was driving India's internet speed.[16] The 6G innovation is driven by India's indigenous government and industry alliance Bharat 6G Alliance (B6GA)[17]

## Technologies

[edit]

Wired Internet access technologies by usage share as of 30 September 2023.

1. Fibre (87.03%)
2. Ethernet/LAN (7.54%)
3. DSL (2.86%)
4. Cable modem (1.87%)
5. Leased line (0.67%)
6. Dial up (0.01%)

Wireless Internet access technologies by usage share as of 30 September 2023.

1. LTE (82.94%)
2. 5G (11.34%)
3. GPRS/EDGE (3.74%)
4. HSPA/WCDMA (1.87%)
5. Wi-Fi (0.1%)
6. Radio/Wi-Max/VSAT (0.09%)

### Wireless Internet

[edit]

The following frequencies are used to provide wireless Internet services in India:[18]

* 2G : GSM 900 MHz, GSM 1800 MHz
* 3G : WCDMA UMTS 2100 MHz, 900 MHz
* 4G : TD-LTE 2300 MHz, 2500 MHz, FD-LTE 2100 MHz, 1800 MHz, 900 MHz, 850 MHz
* CDMA : 800 MHz (for 1x voice and data & EVDO Rev A, Rev B, Rev B Phase II data)
* 5G :[19]

### Wired Internet

[edit]

Fixed-line or wired Internet technologies used in India include digital subscriber line, (DSL), Dial-up Internet access, Ethernet and local area network (LAN), Cable modem, fibre to the home, and leased line.[20]

## Internet services

[edit]

### Internet user base

[edit]

India has the second highest number of Internet users in the world.[21] The following table provides an overview of Internet subscriber statistics in India as on 30 September 2023.[20]

Statistic  | Figures

|

Total subscribers  | 918.19 million
Narrowband subscribers  | 33.19 million
Broadband subscribers  | 885 million
Wired subscribers  | 37.11 million
Wireless subscribers  | 881.08 million
Urban subscribers  | 542.53 million
Rural subscribers  | 375.66 million
Overall net penetration  | 65.89%
Urban net penetration  | 110.03%
Rural net penetration  | 41.72%

World Economic Forum (WEF) reports that 60% of Indian internet users viewed vernacular content and only about a quarter of internet users were over the age of 35 years in 2019, 1.1 billion Indians would have access to the Internet by 2030 with 80% of the subscriber base primarily accessing the Internet on mobile devices. The profile of India's internet user base was predicted to diversify by 2030 with 80% of users accessing vernacular content and with users over 25 years making up 45% of the total subscriber base.[22] There is also a digital gender gap with far more male Internet users in the country compared to female users. The gap is more pronounced in rural hinterlands compared to urban metros.[23]

### Broadband subscribers

[edit]

Market share of broadband (wired + wireless) services in India as of 31 December 2023 according to the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)[24]

1. Jio (51.98%)
2. Airtel (29.27%)
3. Vi (14.07%)
4. BSNL (2.78%)
5. ACT (0.25%)
6. Others (1.65%)

The following table shows the top 5 broadband (Wired and Wireless) service providers in India by total subscriber base as of 31 December 2023.

Operator | Subscribers[24] (million) | Ownership

|
|

Jio | 470.19 | Jio Platforms
Airtel | 264.76 | Bharti Airtel
Vi | 127.29 | Vodafone Idea Limited
BSNL | 25.12 | Government of India
ACT | 2.23 | Atria Convergence
Kerala Vision Broadband Ltd  | 1.20  | Kerala Vision

The following table shows the top 5 Wired broadband service providers in India by total subscriber base as of 31 December 2023.

Provider  | Subscribers[24] (million)  | Ownership

|
|

Jio | 10.38  | Jio Platforms
Airtel | 7.39  | Bharti Airtel
BSNL | 3.83  | Government of India
ACT | 2.23  | Atria Convergence
Kerala Vision Broadband Ltd  | 1.20  | Kerala Vision

The following table shows the top 5 Wireless broadband service providers in India by total subscriber base as of 31 December 2023.

Provider  | Subscribers[24] (million)  | Ownership

|
|

Jio | 459.81  | Jio Platforms
Airtel | 257.37  | Bharti Airtel
Vi[a][25][26] | 127.28[a] | Vodafone Idea Limited
BSNL[b][27] | 21.28[c][27] | Government of India

### Internet service providers

[edit]

Main article: List of internet service providers in India

In 2023, there were 1151 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) offering broadband and narrowband services in India;[20] which owned 42,133 Gbit/s total international Internet bandwidth.[20] International bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transmission from a single country to the rest of the world.[28] In 2023, ten largest ISPs account for 98.82% of the total subscriber base, namely Jio (49.99%), Airtel (30.16%), Vodafone Idea (14.94%), BSNL (3.06%) and Atria Convergence Technologies (0.24%);[20] five largest wired broadband providers were Jio (26.28%), Airtel (18.93%), BSNL (10.08%), Atria Convergence Technologies (5.92%), Hathway (3.01%); and the five largest wireless broadband providers are Jio (50.98%), Airtel (30.63%), Vodafone Idea (15.57%), BSNL (2.77%) and Intech Online Pvt. Ltd (0.03%).[20]

The telecom circles of Maharashtra (78.36 million), Uttar Pradesh (73.59 million), Bihar (69.89 million), Andhra Pradesh (68.38 million), and Madhya Pradesh (62.85 million) have the most internet subscribers as on 30 September 2023.[20]

### Common Service Centres (CSC) for people with no internet access

[edit]

Common Service Centres (CSC), a key component of the Digital India,[29] provide essential government and non-government services through internet to citizens specially those who are not connected to the internet, particularly in rural and remote areas. CSS act as access points for various public utility services, social welfare schemes, healthcare, financial, and education services, CSCs play a crucial role in the digital empowerment of the underserved populations.[30]

### Internet speed

[edit]

See also: List of countries by Internet connection speeds

Since 2023, 5G was driving India's internet speed, ranking ahead of many G20 countries.[16]

In November 2023 Speedtest Global Index, ranked India 18th out of 145 countries by median mobile Internet speed (94.62 Mbit/s download and 9.02 Mbit/s upload) and 87th out of 181 countries by median fixed broadband speed (58.62 Mbit/s download and 50.42 Mbit/s upload).[31]

TRAI in India defines the minimum speed for the internet to be classified as broadband and over the years TRAI has upwardly revised these minimum download speed. In 2014 TRAI increased the minimum download speed from 256 kbit/s to 512 kbit/s,[32] and in 2021 to 2 Mbit/s.[33][34]

### Data cost

[edit]

As per the Global Mobile Data Affordability Index, India with 11th rank is among countries with world's lowest cost for the internet and mobile data as data cost in India is only 0.65% of salary as compared to the global average of 4.09% salary.[35] After the launch of Reliance Jio in 2016, Internet data rates dropped considerably, and the rival telecom companies responded by expanding their fiber optic networks with lower data costs offers to the consumers.[36][37][38]

### Global connectivity

[edit]

In February 2024, the Internet is delivered to India mainly by 17 different undersea fibre cables, including SEA-ME-WE 3, Bay of Bengal Gateway and Europe India Gateway, arriving at 5 different landing points.[39] In 2022, it was reported that India is also a potential market of Starlink.[40] And apart from having one overland internet connection at the city of Agartala near the border with Bangladesh, India has also established a 2,300-kilometre undersea cable to its Andaman and Nicobar archipelago in 2020 and a 1,868 kilometre undersea cable to Lakshadweep islands to increase internet connectivity.[41][42] In 2024, Reliance has completed underlying the world's largest submarine cable system, Europe-Xpress (IEX) and India-Asia-Xpress (IAX), connecting Europe and Asia with India its centre.[43]

## Industry

[edit]

### E-commerce

[edit]

Main article: E-commerce in India

In 2024, the Indian e-commerce market was $147.3 billion with 18.7% CAGR through to 2028 which will be further fueled by the technology innovations (5G & 6G based higher internet speed, AI and ML based hyper-personalized shopping experience, immersive AR and VR virtual try-ons and virtual stores, blockchain based enhanced supply chain transparency and increased trust among consumers), cheaper data rates, rising smartphone adoption, increased market penetration (Tier II and Tier III cities which contribute 60% of business and Direct-to-consumer (D2C) brands grew from 2% five years ago to now 15% with projected future CAGR of 40%), and evolving consumer behaviors (12% growth in Gross Merchandise Value (GMV) and 23.8% growth in digital paymentss fueled by UPI.[44] By 2027, the number of Indian ecommerce consumers will 400 million as compared to 312.5 million in 2022.[45]

### Data centers

[edit]

Increasingly more data centres are being built in India. The list of existing data centre includes the BSNL Dimension Data joint venture,[46] Amazon Web Services,[47] Google Cloud,[48] Trimax IT Infrastructure & Services Limited,[49] aerloop Broadband, Airlive Broadband, CTRLS Data Center, Digital Ocean, GPX Global Systems Inc, HostFe, HostRain, MegaHostZone, Net4 Datacenter, Netmagic Solutions, Reliance Datacenter, RackBank Datacenter, Sify Technologies Limited, Tata Communications Limited, Web Werks, etc.|

### Internet exchange points

[edit]

Some of the internet exchange points (IXPs or IXes), which allow participant Internet service providers (ISPs) to exchange data destined for their respective networks,[50] in India are: AMS IX, DE-CIX, Extreme IX, Mumbai Convergence Hub, Mumbai IX, NIXI, etc.

## Challenges

[edit]

India has the second highest number of internet users in the world, several issues however exist.

### Cybercrimes and lack of cyber awareness

[edit]

#### Cybercrimes

[edit]

As of 2025, less than 33% youth in India aged 15–29 can browse the internet properly, send emails, or conduct online transactions.[51] Due to the lack of cybersecurity awareness among users, the various forms of cybercrimes and Internet frauds have been rising in India with the rise of internet usage,[51] specially the

* General cybercrimes: e.g. cyberbullying, social engineering, phishing, etc.
* Specialised cybercrimes: e.g. digital arrest,[52] darknet market, etc.
* Fraud factory: e.g. large fraud organizations usually involving cyber fraud and human trafficking operations.
* Financial crimes: such as advance-fee scam, high-yield investment program (HYIP) scam, cryptocurrency crimes, ad-fraud, etc.
* Romance scams: e.g. specially pig butchering scam, Sextortion, cybersex trafficking, etc.
* Nationality security threats: cyberterrorism and cyberwarfare.

#### Lack of victim support and compensation

[edit]

Victims of cyber financial frauds in India are required to inform the bank within 3 days. With low cybersecurity awareness in India, yet with nearly 700 million smartphones in 2025, India’s loss mitigation approach with such short reporting window penalises victims for lacking awareness. There are demands to increase the reporting window (e.g. to 13 months like UK has done) and implement compensation mechanism (like Singapore has done) for the victims of financial loss due to cybercrimes.[51]

#### Cybercrime prevention and management

[edit]

Some of the organisations in India for the cybersecurity and cybercrime prevent are

* Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In or ICERT), Indian government's nodal agency to strengthen security-related defence of the Indian Internet domain and deal with cyber security incidents.[53] Cyber Swachhta Kendra within CERT-In (Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre) on 21 February 2017 as part of the Government of India's Digital India initiative under MeitY.[54]
* National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre, national Nodal Agency in terms of Critical Information Infrastructure Protection.
* Data Security Council of India, national industry body on data protection, cyber security and privacy in India).
* NATGRID, integrated intelligence master database structure for counter-terrorism purposes which connects databases of various core security agencies.
* National Cyber Coordination Centre, cybersecurity and e-surveillance agency which screen communication metadata and co-ordinate the intelligence gathering activities of other agencies.
* National Technical Research Organisation, national security.
* National Institute of Cryptology Research and Development, research including cryptology.

### Censorship

[edit]

Main article: Internet censorship in India

Internet censorship in India is selectively practised by both federal and state governments. DNS filtering and educating service users about the ethical usage of internet is an active government policy to regulate and block access to internet content. There are measures to remove content through court orders.

Freedom House's Freedom on the Net 2022 report, ranks India 37th out of 70 countries, and rates India "Partly Free" with a rating of 51 (0-100 scale, lower is better). Its "Obstacles to Access" rated 13 (0-25 scale), "Limits on Content" rated 21 (0-32 scale), and "Violations of User Rights" rated 17 (0-40 scale).[55]

### Digital divide

[edit]

See also: Digital divide by continent, area and country

Digital divide exists in India where growth is biased in favour of richer states and urban areas.[12] Regulators have tried to boost the growth of broadband in rural areas by promoting higher investment in rural infrastructure and establishing subsidised tariffs for rural subscribers under the Universal service obligation scheme of the Indian government.[citation needed] COVID-19 expedited the adoption of internet and helped reduce digital divide in India, internet traffic in India increased by 30% during the first six months of the pandemic, Indians using the internet for education increased by 50%, Indians using the internet for healthcare increased by 60%.

### Net neutrality

[edit]

Main article: Net neutrality in India

In February 2016, net neutrality was introduced in India when TRAI made a decision prohibiting telecom service providers from levying discriminatory rates for data,[56] thus ruling in favour of Net Neutrality in India. This move was welcomed not just by millions of Indians but also by various political parties, businesspersons, industry leaders,[57] and the inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners Lee.[58] Prior this there were no laws governing net neutrality in India, which would require that all Internet users be treated equally, without discriminating or charging differentially by user, content, site, platform, application, type of attached equipment, or mode of communication,[59] and there already had been a few violations of net neutrality principles by some Indian service providers.[60] The debate on network neutrality in India gathered public attention after Airtel, a mobile telephony service provider in India, announced in December 2014 additional charges for making voice calls (VoIP) from its network using apps like WhatsApp, Skype, etc.[61] Consequently, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) release of consultation paper on Regulatory Framework for Over-the-top (OTT) services in 2015.[62]

## Future

[edit]

Bharat 6G Alliance (B6GA), India's government and industry alliance for fostering the indigenous 6G ecosystem aimed at making India global leader by 2030 in the next generation 6G communication technology, has 7 working focused on 7 different important aspects of 6G, namely "Spectrum" (allocation and management of 6G radio frequencies), "RAN and Core Networks" (radio access network and core network technologies), "AI and Sensing, and Security" (integration of artificial intelligence and sensing technologies and the cybersecurity of 6G networks), "Device Technologies" (development of 6G devices, sensors, and manufacturing ecosystems), "Standards" (ensure interoperability and global compatibility), "Green and Sustainability" (environmental impact and sustainable practices), and "Use Cases" (potential innovative applications). Alliance has 3 core principles: affordability, sustainability, and ubiquity.[17]

## See also

[edit]

* India portal
* Internet portal
* Technology portal

* General
* Internet censorship in India
* Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India
* National Optical Fibre Network
* Media of India
* Telecommunications in India
* Services
* Common Service Centres
* Digital India
* Over-the-top media services in India
* Mobile telephone numbering in India
* Global lists
* List of countries by number of Internet users
* List of mobile phone brands by country
* List of sovereign states by number of broadband Internet subscriptions
* List of sovereign states by Internet connection speeds
* List of countries by smartphone penetration

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b After adding subscribers of You Broadband Because it is subsidiary of Vi.
2. ^ BSNL and MTNL merger approved by Government of India.
3. ^ After adding subscribers of MTNL to BSNL, because MTNL will merge with BSNL.

## References

[edit]

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47. ^ "Now Open – AWS Asia Pacific (Mumbai) Region | AWS Blog". Aws.amazon.com. 28 June 2016. Archived from the original on 14 May 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
48. ^ "GCP arrives in India with launch of Mumbai region". Google Cloud Platform Blog. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
49. ^ "Trimax - Data Center Service". Archived from the original on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
50. ^ "The Art of Peering - The IX Playbook". Archived from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
51. ^ a b c India must rethink compensation for fraud & scam victims. Follow UK-Singapore mode, The Print, 19 Feb 2025.
52. ^ What is ‘digital arrest’, and what can you do to ensure you don’t fall victim to cybercriminals?, Indian Express, 17 May 2024.
53. ^ "meity.gov.in -- CERT-In". Retrieved 21 October 2013.
54. ^ "Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) launches Cyber Swachhta Kendra - Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre". Press Information Bureau. 22 February 2017.
55. ^ "India: Freedom on the Net 2022 Country Report". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
56. ^ "Regulation Data Service" (PDF). 8 February 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
57. ^ "Industry welcomes TRAI decision". 8 February 2016. Archived from the original on 9 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
58. ^ "STI Statement on outcome of TRAI consultation on Differential Pricing of Data Services". 9 February 2016. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
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60. ^ "Not just Airtel Zero: Facebook to WhatsApp, everyone has violated Net Neutrality in India". The Indian Express. 18 April 2015. Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
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62. ^ "Regulatory Framework for Over-the-top (OTT)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.

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India topics

History

| Overviews|

* Timeline
* Years

* Astronomy
* Clothing
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* Mathematics
* Metallurgy
* Military
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* Science and technology

|

Ancient |

* Stone Age
* Indus Valley Civilisation
* Vedic period
* Mahajanapadas
* Mauryas
* Indo-Greek Kingdom
* Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
* Indo-Parthian kingdom
* Kushan Empire
* Alchon Huns
* Seleucid–Mauryan war

Middle Kingdoms|

* Middle kingdoms
* Chola

Middle Ages|

* Medieval India
* Hoysala
* Pala
* Kakatiya
* Delhi Sultanate
* Vijayanagara

Early Modern|

* Mughals
* Marathas
* European trade
* Bengal War

Late modern|

* Colonial
* Princely state
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Republic|

* Integration
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* Sino-Indian War
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* Green Revolution
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* Naxal Insurgency
* Smiling Buddha
* Space programme
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Contemporary|

* History of India (1947–present)
* Economic liberalisation
* Pokhran-II
* COVID-19 pandemic

Geography

| Geology|

* Fossil Parks
* Geology of India
* Indian Plate

|

Heritage|

* National Geological Monuments of India
* Sacred groves of India
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* Stones of India

Environment|

* Biogeographic classification
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* Climate
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Landforms|

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Regions|

* Central
* East
* North
* Northwest
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* South
* Southwest
* Southeast
* West

Subdivisions|

* Autonomous administrative divisions
* Borders
* Towns
* Cities
* Districts
* Municipalities
* States and union territories

See also|

* National monuments of India
* National parks of India
* Nature worship in Indian-origin religions
* World Heritage Sites in India
* Culture of India
* History of India
* Tourism in India

Politics

| Government|

* Agencies
* Energy policy
* Foreign relations
* Parliament
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* President
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* Union Council of Ministers
* Civil Services
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* State governments
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* Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators
* Chief Ministers
* Chief Secretaries

|

Law|

* Constitution
* Penal Code
* Fundamental rights, principles and duties
* Human rights
* Supreme Court
* Chief Justice
* High Courts
* District Courts

Enforcement|

| Federal|

* Border Security Force (BSF)
* Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
* Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
* Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
* National Security Guard (NSG)
* Railway Protection Force (RPF)
* Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
* Special Protection Group (SPG)

|

Intelligence|

* Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)
* Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
* Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)
* Enforcement Directorate (ED)
* Intelligence Bureau (IB)
* Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)
* Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
* National Investigation Agency (NIA)
* Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)

Military|

* Army
* Navy
* Air Force

Politics|

* Censorship
* Citizenship
* Elections
* Democracy
* Nationalism
* Political parties
* Reservations
* Scandals
* Scheduled groups
* Secularism
* Women in politics

Economy

| Companies|

* BSE SENSEX
* NIFTY 50
* NIFTY Next 50
* NIFTY 500
* GIFT Nifty

|

Governance|

* Ministry of Finance
* Finance ministers
* Ministry of Commerce and Industry
* Finance Commission
* Economic Advisory Council
* Central Statistical Office
* Securities and Exchange Board of India
* Enforcement Directorate
* External debt
* Foreign trade
* Foreign direct investment
* Foreign exchange reserves
* Remittances
* Taxation
* Subsidies
* Industrial licensing
* Voluntary guidelines
* NITI Aayog
* Make in India
* Atmanirbhar Bharat

Currency|

* Indian rupee
* Sign
* History
* Historical Forex
* Digital rupee
* Coinage
* Paisa
* Reserve Bank of India
* Governor
* Mint
* Inflation

Financial services|

* Banking
* Insurance
* Multi Commodity Exchange
* Bullion
* BSE
* NSE
* India INX

History|

* COVID-19 impact
* Economic development
* Liberalisation
* Licence Raj
* Green revolution
* Government initiatives
* Numbering system

People|

* By net worth
* Demography
* Income
* Poverty
* Labour law
* Pensions
* EPFO
* NPS
* PPF

States|

* Andhra Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Delhi
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* Ladakh
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Mizoram
* Odisha
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Uttarakhand
* Uttar Pradesh
* West Bengal

Sectors|

* Agriculture
* Livestock
* Fishing
* Automotive
* Chemical
* Construction
* Defence
* Education
* Energy
* Electricity
* Nuclear
* Oil and gas
* Solar
* Wind
* Electronics and semiconductor
* Entertainment
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* Gambling
* Healthcare
* Hospitals
* Information technology
* Media
* Cinema
* FM Radio
* Television
* Printing
* Mining
* Coal
* Iron and Steel
* Pharmaceuticals
* Pulp and paper
* Retail
* Science and technology
* Biotechnology
* Space
* Telecommunications
* Textiles
* Tourism
* Transport
* Aviation
* Civil
* Ports
* Rail
* Roads
* Electricity
* Water
* Power

Regulator|

* IRDAI
* RBI
* SEBI
* IBBI
* PFRDA

Other|

* NCLT
* NCLAT
* BIFR
* IBBI
* IBC
* SARFESI Act
* Income Tax Act
* Companies Act
* Banking Act
* Insurance Act
* FEMA
* Mumbai Consensus

* Society and culture

| Society|

* Caste system
* Corruption
* Crime
* Demographics
* Indians
* Education
* Universities in India
* Medical colleges in India
* Law colleges in India
* Engineering colleges in India
* Ethnic relations
* Health
* Languages
* Life expectancy
* Literacy
* Poverty
* Prisons
* Religion
* Socio-economic issues
* Standard of living
* Water supply and sanitation
* Women
* Sexuality
* Youth

|

Culture|

* Arts and entertainment
* Architecture
* Blogging
* Cinema
* Comics
* Webcomics
* Cuisine
* wine
* Dance
* Dress
* Folklore
* Festivals
* Literature
* Media
* television
* Martial arts
* Music
* Painting
* Physical culture
* Public holidays
* Sculpture
* tallest
* Sport
* Traditional

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Internet in Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
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* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
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* North Korea
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* Kuwait
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* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste (East Timor)
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

* v
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* e

Telecommunications

History|

* Beacon
* Broadcasting
* Cable protection system
* Cable TV
* Communications satellite
* Computer network
* Data compression
* audio
* DCT
* image
* video
* Digital media
* Internet video
* online video platform
* social media
* streaming
* Drums
* Edholm's law
* Electrical telegraph
* Fax
* Heliographs
* Hydraulic telegraph
* Information Age
* Information revolution
* Internet
* Mass media
* Mobile phone
* Smartphone
* Optical telecommunication
* Optical telegraphy
* Pager
* Photophone
* Prepaid mobile phone
* Radio
* Radiotelephone
* Satellite communications
* Semaphore
* Phryctoria
* Semiconductor
* device
* MOSFET
* transistor
* Smoke signals
* Telecommunications history
* Telautograph
* Telegraphy
* Teleprinter (teletype)
* Telephone
* The Telephone Cases
* Television
* digital
* streaming
* Undersea telegraph line
* Videotelephony
* Whistled language
* Wireless revolution

Pioneers|

* Nasir Ahmed
* Edwin Howard Armstrong
* Mohamed M. Atalla
* John Logie Baird
* Paul Baran
* John Bardeen
* Alexander Graham Bell
* Emile Berliner
* Tim Berners-Lee
* Francis Blake
* Jagadish Chandra Bose
* Charles Bourseul
* Walter Houser Brattain
* Vint Cerf
* Claude Chappe
* Yogen Dalal
* Donald Davies
* Daniel Davis Jr.
* Amos Dolbear
* Thomas Edison
* Philo Farnsworth
* Reginald Fessenden
* Lee de Forest
* Elisha Gray
* Oliver Heaviside
* Robert Hooke
* Erna Schneider Hoover
* Harold Hopkins
* Gardiner Greene Hubbard
* Bob Kahn
* Dawon Kahng
* Charles K. Kao
* Narinder Singh Kapany
* Hedy Lamarr
* Roberto Landell
* Innocenzo Manzetti
* Guglielmo Marconi
* Robert Metcalfe
* Antonio Meucci
* Samuel Morse
* Jun-ichi Nishizawa
* Charles Grafton Page
* Radia Perlman
* Alexander Stepanovich Popov
* Tivadar Puskás
* Johann Philipp Reis
* Claude Shannon
* Almon Brown Strowger
* Henry Sutton
* Charles Sumner Tainter
* Nikola Tesla
* Camille Tissot
* Alfred Vail
* Thomas A. Watson
* Charles Wheatstone
* Vladimir K. Zworykin
* Internet pioneers

Transmission
media|

* Coaxial cable
* Fiber-optic communication
* optical fiber
* Free-space optical communication
* Molecular communication
* Radio waves
* wireless
* Transmission line
* telecommunication circuit

Network topology
and switching|

* Bandwidth
* Links
* Network switching
* circuit
* packet
* Nodes
* terminal
* Telephone exchange

Multiplexing|

* Space-division
* Frequency-division
* Time-division
* Polarization-division
* Orbital angular-momentum
* Code-division

Concepts|

* Communication protocol
* Computer network
* Data transmission
* Store and forward
* Telecommunications equipment

Types of network|

* Cellular network
* Ethernet
* ISDN
* LAN
* Mobile
* NGN
* Public Switched Telephone
* Radio
* Television
* Telex
* UUCP
* WAN
* Wireless network

Notable networks|

* ARPANET
* BITNET
* CYCLADES
* FidoNet
* Internet
* Internet2
* JANET
* NPL network
* TANet
* Toasternet
* Usenet

Locations|

* Africa
* Americas
* North
* South
* Antarctica
* Asia
* Europe
* Oceania
* Global telecommunications regulation bodies

* Telecommunication portal
* Category
* Outline
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Censorship

Media regulation|

* Books
* books banned
* Films
* banned films
* Internet
* circumvention
* Music
* Postal
* Press
* Radio
* Speech and expression
* Student media
* Televisions
* banned televisions
* Thought
* Video games
* banned video games

Methods|

* Bleeping
* Book burning
* Broadcast delay
* By copyright
* Cancel culture
* Censor bars
* Chilling effect
* Collateral censorship
* Concision
* Conspiracy of silence
* Content-control software
* Damnatio memoriae
* De-banking
* Deplatforming
* Euphemism
* Minced oath
* Expurgation
* Fogging
* Gag order
* Gatekeeping
* Hallin's spheres
* Heckling
* Heckler's veto
* Hush money
* Internet police
* Malinformation
* Media blackout
* Memory hole
* National intranet
* News embargo
* Newspaper theft
* Non-disclosure agreement
* Opinion corridor
* Overton window
* Pixelization
* Political correctness
* Prior restraint
* Propaganda
* Purge
* Redaction
* Revisionism
* Sanitization
* Self-censorship
* Shadow banning
* Social rejection
* Speech code
* Spiral of silence
* Strategic lawsuit
* Super-injunction
* Surveillance
* computer and network
* mass
* Taboo
* Whitewashing
* Word filtering

Contexts|

* AI
* Algorithmic
* Chinese censorship abroad
* Criminal
* Corporate
* Apple
* Facebook
* Google
* Hate speech
* Online
* Ideological
* Academic
* LGBT issues
* Media bias
* Moral police
* Moralistic fallacy
* Naturalistic fallacy
* Political censorship
* Banned parties
* Political prisoner
* Propaganda model
* Religious
* Blasphemy law
* Islamic
* Police
* Suppression of dissent
* Systemic bias
* Wikipedia

By location|

* Censorship by country
* Blasphemy law
* Freedom of speech
* Internet censorship
* In the Middle East
* In South Asia

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Internet in the World

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