Keelung

City in Taiwan

"Jilong" redirects here. For other uses, see Jilong (disambiguation).

For the city located in Victoria, Australia, see Geelong.

City in Taiwan Province, Republic of China

Keelung

基隆市

Kīrun, Ke-lung, Chilung

City

Keelung City

Top: skyline of downtown Keelung
Second left: Dawulun Fort
Second right: night view of downtown Keelung
Third left: Zhengbin Fishing Port Colorful House
Third right: Keelung Maritime Plaza and Keelung Main Station
Bottom left: Keelung Outer Harbor and Keelung Islet
Bottom right: Heping Island Park

Flag

Logo

Nickname:

The Rainy Port (雨港)

Location in Taiwan

Coordinates: 25°08′N 121°44′E﻿ / ﻿25.133°N 121.733°E﻿ / 25.133; 121.733
Country|  Republic of China (Taiwan)
Province|  Taiwan Province (streamlined)
Region| Northern Taiwan
Districts| 7[1]
Founded as La Santisima Trinidad| 1626
Part of Taihoku Prefecture| 17 April 1895
Provincial city status| 11 November 1945
City seat| Zhongzheng District
Government

• Body|

* Keelung City Government
* Keelung City Council

• Mayor| George Hsieh (KMT)
Area

• Total| 132.7589 km2 (51.2585 sq mi)
• Rank| 18 of 22
Population

(October 2023)[2]

• Total| 362,487
• Rank| 16 of 22
• Density| 2,700/km2 (7,100/sq mi)
Time zone| UTC+8 (National Standard Time)
Postal code|

200–206

Area code| (0)32
ISO 3166 code| TW-KEE
– Bird| Eagle
– Flower| Common crepe myrtle
– Tree| Formosan Sweet-gum
English| Keelung/KLC
Chinese| 基隆/基市
Website| www.klcg.gov.tw/en/Default/Index
Keelung City

Chinese name
Chinese| 基隆市
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Jīlóng Shì
Bopomofo| ㄐㄧ ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄕˋ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh| Jilong Shyh
Wade–Giles| Chi1-lung2 Shih4
Tongyong Pinyin| Jilóng Shìh
Yale Romanization| Jīlúng Shr̀
MPS2| Jīlúng Shr̀
IPA| [tɕí.lʊ̌ŋ ʂɻ̩̂]
Hakka
Pha̍k-fa-sṳ| Kî-lùng-sṳ
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping| gei1 lung4 si5
IPA| [kej˥ lʊŋ˩ si˩˧]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ| Ke-lâng-chhī
Tâi-lô| Ke-lâng-tshī
Taiwanese Hokkien Name
Traditional Chinese| 雞籠市
Simplified Chinese| 鸡笼市
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Jīlóng Shì
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping| gaai1 lung4 si5
IPA| [kaj˥ lʊŋ˩ si˩˧]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ| Ke-lâng-chhī/Koe-lâng-chhī
Japanese name
Kanji| 基隆市
Kana| キールンし
Hiragana| きーるんし
Katakana| キールンシ
| Transcriptions

Revised Hepburn| Kīrun-shi
Kunrei-shiki| Kîrun-si
Above: Panoramic view of central Keelung and Keelung Port Second left: Main gate of Chung Cheng Park Second right: Start of Sun Yat-sen Freeway Third left: North coast of Keelung Third right: Keelung Port Bottom left: A windmill wind squid (Loliginidae) in the center Right: Keelung Island

Keelung (/kiːˈlʊŋ/ kee-LUUNG;[3] Hokkien: Ke-lâng), Chilung or Jilong (/dʒiːˈlʊŋ/ jee-LUUNG;[3] pinyin: Jīlóng), officially known as Keelung City, is a major port city situated in the northeastern part of Taiwan. With 361,082 inhabitants, the city forms a part of the Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area with its neighboring New Taipei City and Taipei.

Before the city was founded by the Spanish Empire in 1626, then called La Santisima Trinidad, present-day Keelung was inhabited by Taiwanese indigenous peoples and was part of Spanish and Dutch colonial rule before being subsumed into the Qing dynasty in 1683 as part of Fujian. The city became a flashpoint of the First Opium War and the Keelung Campaign in the Sino-French War between the Qing and the French Third Republic.[4] After Taiwan was detached from Fujian in 1887, the city became part of the Empire of Japan in 1895 following the First Sino-Japanese War. During the Japanese era, the city was known as Kirun first as a town of Taihoku Prefecture, then became a district in 1920 and finally a city in 1924.

After World War II in 1945, the Republic of China, which overthrew the Qing empire, reestablished Keelung as a provincial city of Taiwan Province, which would later become streamlined from 1998. Nicknamed the Rainy Port for its frequent rain and maritime role, the city is Taiwan's second largest seaport (after Kaohsiung) and the 7th largest in the world by 1984.

## Name

[edit]

According to early Chinese accounts, this northern coastal area was originally called Pak-kang (Chinese: 北港; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pak-káng).[5] By the early 20th century, the city was known to the Western world as Kelung,[6] as well as the variants Kiloung, Kilang and Keelung.[7] In his 1903 general history of Taiwan, US Consul to Formosa (1898–1904) James W. Davidson related that "Kelung" was among the few well-known names, thus warranting no alternate Japanese romanization.[8]

However, the Taiwanese people have long called the city Kelang (Chinese: 雞籠; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ke-lâng/Koe-lâng; lit. '“rooster cage"', 'hencoop” or “chicken coop”'[9]). While it has been proposed that this name was derived from the local mountain that took the shape of a rooster cage, it is more likely that the name was derived from the first inhabitants of the region, as are the names of many other Taiwanese cities. In this case, the Ketagalan people were the first inhabitants, and early Han settlers probably approximated "Ketagalan" with Ke-lâng (Ketagalan: ke-, "domain marker prefix" + Taiwanese Hokkien Chinese: 儂 / 人; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lâng; lit. 'person'), the noun root being replaced with the common Taiwanese Hokkien term for people, while the domain marker circumfix "ke- -an" being reduced to just the prefix.

In 1875, during the late Qing era, a new official name was given (Chinese: 基隆; pinyin: Jīlóng; lit. 'base prosperous').[10] In Mandarin, probably the working language of Chinese government at the time, both the old and new names were likely pronounced Gīlóng (hence "Keelung").

Under Japanese rule (1895–1945), the city was also known to the west by the Japanese romanization Kīrun (also written as Kiirun[11]).

In Taiwanese Hokkien, native language of the area, the city is called Ke-lâng. In Hanyu Pinyin, a system created for Mandarin Chinese in Mainland China, the name of Keelung is written as Jīlóng (the shift from initial K to J is a recent development in the Beijing dialect, see Old Mandarin).[12][13]

## History

[edit]

Map of Keelung in 1856

### Early history

[edit]

Keelung was first inhabited by the Ketagalan, a tribe of Taiwanese aborigine. The Spanish expedition to Formosa in the early 17th century was its first contact with the West; by 1624 the Spanish had built San Salvador de Quelung, a fort in Keelung serving as an outpost of the Manila-based Spanish East Indies.[14] The Spanish ruled it as a part of Spanish Formosa and the Spanish settled North Taiwan with Spaniards as well as Filipinos plus Latin Americans imported from Manila-Acapulco Galleons.[15] From 1642 to 1661 and 1663–1668, Keelung was under Dutch control.[16][17] The Dutch East India Company took over the Spanish Fort San Salvador at Santissima Trinidad. They reduced its size and renamed it Fort Noort-Hollant.[17] The Dutch had three more minor fortifications in Keelung and also a little school and a preacher.

When Ming dynasty loyalist Koxinga successfully attacked the Dutch in southern Taiwan (Siege of Fort Zeelandia), the crew of the Keelung forts fled to the Dutch trading post in Japan. The Dutch came back in 1663 and re-occupied and strengthened their earlier forts. However, trade with Qing China through Keelung was not what they hoped it would be and, in 1668, they left after getting harassed by aboriginals.[18]

### Qing dynasty

[edit]

#### First Opium War

[edit]

Main articles: First Opium War and Nerbudda incident

Given the strategic and commercial value of Taiwan, there were British suggestions in 1840 and 1841 to seize the island.[19][20] In September 1841, during the First Opium War, the British transport ship Nerbudda became shipwrecked near Keelung Harbour due to a typhoon. The brig Ann also became shipwrecked in March 1842. Most of the crew were Indian lascars. Survivors from both ships were transferred by authorities to the capital Tainan. The Taiwan Qing commanders, Ta-hung-ah and Yao Ying, filed a disingenuous report to the emperor, claiming to have defended against an attack from the Keelung fort. In October 1841, HMS Nimrod sailed to Keelung to search for the Nerbudda survivors, but after Captain Joseph Pearse found out that they were sent south for imprisonment, he ordered the bombardment of the harbour and destroyed 27 sets of cannon before returning to Hong Kong. Most of the survivors—over 130 from the Nerbudda and 54 from the Ann—were executed in Tainan in August 1842.[19]

In 1863, the Qing Empire opened up Keelung as a trading port and the city enjoyed rapid development due to the abundant commodities such as placer gold and high quality coal found in the drainage area of Keelung River. In 1875, Taipeh Prefecture was created and included Keelung. In 1878, Keelung was formed into a ting or sub-prefecture.[21] Around the same time, the name was changed from Ke-lang (雞籠廳) to Kilong (基隆廳), which means "rich and prosperous land".[10]

The city suffered serious damage and lost hundreds of inhabitants during an earthquake and tsunami in 1867. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.0 and was caused by movement on a nearby fault.[22]

#### Sino-French War

[edit]

Main articles: Sino-French War and Keelung Campaign

French forces landed at Keelung on 1 October 1884.

During the Sino-French War (1884–85), the French attempted an invasion of Taiwan during the Keelung Campaign. Liu Mingchuan, who led the defence of Taiwan, recruited Aboriginals to serve alongside the Chinese soldiers in fighting against the French of Colonel Jacques Duchesne's Formosa Expeditionary Corps. The French were defeated at the Battle of Tamsui and the Qing forces pinned the French down at Keelung in an eight-month-long campaign before the French withdrew.

### Empire of Japan

[edit]

A systematic city development started during the Japanese Era, after the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki, which handed all Taiwan over to Japan. A five-phase construction of Keelung Harbor was initiated, and in by 1916 trade volume had exceeded even those of Tamsui and Kaohsiung Harbors to become one of the major commercial harbors of Taiwan.[23]

Keelung was governed as Kīrun town (基隆街), Kīrun District, Taihoku Prefecture in 1920 and was upgraded to a city in 1924.[23] The Pacific War broke out in 1941, and Keelung became one of the first targets of Allied bombers and was nearly destroyed as a result.[23][24]

### Republic of China

[edit]

After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in October 1945, Keelung was established as a provincial city of Taiwan Province. The Keelung City Government worked with the harbor bureau to rebuild the city and the harbor and by 1984, the harbor became the 7th largest container harbor in the world.[25] The city became directly governed by the Executive Yuan after Taiwan Province was streamlined in 1998 and became a de facto first level division in 2018 following the dissolution of the Taiwan Provincial Government.

## Geography

[edit]

Map of Keelung (labeled as CHI-LUNG-SHIH (KIIRUN-SHI) 基隆市) area (1950) Map of Keelung (labeled as CHI-LUNG SHIH (KIIRUN SHI) 基隆市) and vicinity (1950s)

Keelung City is located in the northern part of Taiwan Island. It occupies an area of 132.76 km2 (51.26 sq mi) and is separated from its neighboring county by mountains in the east, west and south. The northern part of the city faces the ocean and is a great deep water harbor since early times.[26] Keelung also administers the nearby Keelung Islet as well as the more distant and strategically important Pengjia Islet, Mianhua Islet and Huaping Islet.[27][28]

### Climate

[edit]

Keelung has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) with a yearly rainfall average upwards of 3,700 millimetres (146 in). It has long been noted as one of the wettest and gloomiest cities in the world; the effect is related to the Kuroshio Current.[29] Although it is one of the coolest cities of Taiwan, winters are still short and warm, whilst summers are long, relatively dry and hot, temperatures can peek above 26 °C during a warm winter day, while it can dip below 27 °C during a rainy summer day, much like the rest of northern Taiwan. However its location on northern mountain slopes means that due to orographic lift, rainfall is heavier during fall and winter, the latter during which a northeasterly flow prevails. During summer, southwesterly winds dominate and thus there is a slight rain shadow effect. Fog is most serious during winter and spring, when relative humidity levels are also highest.

Climate data for Keelung (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1946–present）

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 32.1
(89.8)  | 31.2
(88.2)  | 33.0
(91.4)  | 35.2
(95.4)  | 37.3
(99.1)  | 37.6
(99.7)  | 38.8
(101.8)  | 38.5
(101.3)  | 37.0
(98.6)  | 34.3
(93.7)  | 32.4
(90.3)  | 30.0
(86.0)  | 38.8
(101.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 18.4
(65.1)  | 19.1
(66.4)  | 21.0
(69.8)  | 24.7
(76.5)  | 28.0
(82.4)  | 31.2
(88.2)  | 33.3
(91.9)  | 32.5
(90.5)  | 29.8
(85.6)  | 26.1
(79.0)  | 23.6
(74.5)  | 20.1
(68.2)  | 25.7
(78.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 16.1
(61.0)  | 16.4
(61.5)  | 18.1
(64.6)  | 21.6
(70.9)  | 24.8
(76.6)  | 27.6
(81.7)  | 29.5
(85.1)  | 29.1
(84.4)  | 27.2
(81.0)  | 24.2
(75.6)  | 21.5
(70.7)  | 18.0
(64.4)  | 22.8
(73.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 14.2
(57.6)  | 14.3
(57.7)  | 15.7
(60.3)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 22.3
(72.1)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 26.7
(80.1)  | 26.5
(79.7)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 22.4
(72.3)  | 19.6
(67.3)  | 16.1
(61.0)  | 20.6
(69.0)
Record low °C (°F)  | 3.9
(39.0)  | 5.6
(42.1)  | 3.9
(39.0)  | 9.2
(48.6)  | 13.9
(57.0)  | 16.7
(62.1)  | 21.4
(70.5)  | 20.1
(68.2)  | 17.1
(62.8)  | 12.2
(54.0)  | 9.7
(49.5)  | 4.6
(40.3)  | 3.9
(39.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 327.8
(12.91)  | 349.8
(13.77)  | 274.4
(10.80)  | 211.0
(8.31)  | 284.1
(11.19)  | 290.4
(11.43)  | 119.5
(4.70)  | 211.4
(8.32)  | 390.1
(15.36)  | 377.6
(14.87)  | 396.9
(15.63)  | 356.6
(14.04)  | 3,589.6
(141.33)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 19.6  | 17.9  | 18.7  | 16.0  | 16.1  | 14.8  | 8.5  | 11.6  | 15.2  | 17.1  | 18.6  | 19.5  | 193.6
Average relative humidity (%)  | 78.5  | 79.5  | 79.0  | 77.4  | 77.4  | 76.9  | 71.9  | 73.6  | 75.3  | 75.6  | 77.1  | 76.6  | 76.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 52.6  | 57.9  | 80.6  | 91.2  | 111.9  | 138.4  | 229.2  | 208.2  | 147.4  | 85.7  | 65.3  | 48.5  | 1,316.9
Source: Central Weather Bureau[30][31][32][33][34]

## Administration

[edit]

Main article: Keelung City Government

Keelung City Hall in Zhongzheng District George Hsieh, the incumbent Mayor of Keelung City

Zhongzheng District is the seat of Keelung City which houses the Keelung City Government and Keelung City Council. The current Mayor of Keelung is George Hsieh of the Kuomintang.

### Administrative divisions

[edit]

Keelung has seven (7) districts:[1]

Map | Name | Chinese | Taiwanese | Hakka | Population (October 2023) | Area (km²)

|
|
|
|
|
|

|  | Zhongzheng | 中正區 | Tiong-chèng | Tsûng-tsang  | 50,693 | 10.2118
| Zhongshan | 中山區 | Tiong-san | Tsûng-sân  | 45,523 | 10.5238
| Ren-ai[1][35] | 仁愛區 | Jîn-ài | Yìn-oi  | 41,159 | 4.2335
| Xinyi (Sinyi) | 信義區 | Sìn-gī | Sin-ngi  | 53,399 | 10.6706
| Anle | 安樂區 | An-lo̍k | Ôn-lo̍k  | 80,452 | 18.0250
| Nuannuan | 暖暖區 | Loán-loán | Nôn-nôn  | 38,455 | 22.8283
| Qidu | 七堵區 | Chhit-tó͘ | Tshit-tù  | 52,806 | 56.2659

### Politics

[edit]

Keelung City voted one Democratic Progressive Party legislator Tsai Shih-Ying to be in the Legislative Yuan during the 2016 Republic of China legislative election.[36]

## Demographics

[edit]

Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1960 | 234,442| —
1966 | 287,156| +22.5%
1970 | 324,040| +12.8%
1975 | 341,383| +5.4%
1980 | 344,867| +1.0%
1985 | 351,524| +1.9%
1990 | 352,919| +0.4%
1995 | 368,771| +4.5%
2000 | 388,425| +5.3%
2005 | 390,633| +0.6%
2010 | 384,134| −1.7%
2015 | 372,105| −3.1%
2020 | 367,577| −1.2%
Source: Ministry of the Interior Population Census[37]

### Population growth

[edit]

Year | Population | Notes

|
|

1840

700 households

1897

9,500

1904

17,710

| Ranked 6th[38]

1924

58,000

1943

100,000

1944

92,000

| Decrease due to Allied air bombings

1948

130,000

| 28,000 mainlander influx

1970

324,040

1990

352,919

2010

384,134

2020

367,577

### Festivals

[edit]

One of the most popular festivals in Taiwan is the mid-summer Ghost Festival. The Keelung Ghost Festival is among the oldest in Taiwan, dating back to 1851 after bitter clashes between rival clans, which claimed many lives before mediators stepped in.[39]

### Regional origins

[edit]

By 2021, there was a group of people who originated from the Matsu Islands.[40]

## Economy

[edit]

Coal mining peaked in 1968. The city developed quickly and by 1984, the harbor was the 7th largest container harbor in the world.[25]

* Keelung Port Croquis (in 1894)

* Keelung Landmark

* Keelung City and Harbor, between 1860 and 1880

Panorama view of central Keelung and harbor area

## Education

[edit]

National Taiwan Ocean University

Education in Keelung City is governed by the Department of Education of Keelung City Government.

### Universities and colleges

[edit]

Keelung City houses several universities and colleges, such as the National Taiwan Ocean University, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health and Chungyu Institute of Technology.

### High schools

[edit]

* National Keelung Maritime Vocational High School
* Keelung Fu Jen Sacred Heart Senior High School

## Energy

[edit]

Hsieh-ho Power Plant

Keelung City houses the only fully oil-fired power plant in Taiwan, the Hsieh-ho Power Plant, which is located in Zhongshan District. The installed capacity of the power plant is 2,000 MW.

## Tourist attractions

[edit]

Keelung Cultural Center

### Ports

[edit]

* Badouzi Fishing Port
* Bisha Fishing Port
* Port of Keelung
* Zhengbin Fishing Port

### Parks

[edit]

* Zhongzheng Park
* Heping Island Park

### Cultural centers

[edit]

* Embrace Cultural and Creative Park
* Keelung Cultural Center
* Keelung City Indigenous Cultural Hall

### Museums

[edit]

National Museum of Marine Science and Technology

### Historical structures

[edit]

Baimiweng Fort, Dawulun Fort, Gongzi Liao Fort, Keelung Fort Commander's Official Residence, Nuannuan Ande Temple, Pengjia Lighthouse, Uhrshawan Battery and Xian Dong Yan.

## Transportation

[edit]

Keelung Station Port of Keelung

### Rail

[edit]

* Taiwan Railways Administration: Keelung, Sankeng, Badu, Qidu, Baifu, Nuannuan
* Shen'ao line: Haikeguan, Badouzi

### Water

[edit]

Taiwan's second largest port, the Port of Keelung, is located in the city. The port serves destinations to Matsu Islands, Xiamen and Okinawa.

## International relations

[edit]

Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in Taiwan (Republic of China)

### Twin towns – Sister cities

[edit]

Keelung is twinned with:

* Bacolod and Davao City, Philippines
* Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands
* Campbell, California, U.S.
* Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.
* East London, South Africa
* Marrickville, New South Wales, Australia
* Miyakojima, Okinawa, Japan
* Rosemead, California, U.S.
* Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.
* Sangju, North Gyeongsang, South Korea
* Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
* Yakima, Washington, U.S.

## Notable people

[edit]

Notable people from Keelung include:

* Chen Ti, Taiwanese tennis player
* Zero Chou, Taiwanese director
* Jiang Yi-huah, Premier of the Republic of China
* Show Lo, Taiwanese entertainer
* Danson Tang, Taiwanese Mandopop singer
* Yi Huan, Taiwanese comic creator/animator
* Feng-hsuing Hsu, American-Taiwanese computer scientist
* Hsie Zhen-Wu, Taiwanese TV presenter/lawyer
* Jaw Shaw-kong, Member of the Legislative Yuan

## See also

[edit]

* Taiwan portal

* Asteroid 237164 Keelung named for the city in 2018
* List of cities in the Republic of China (Taiwan)
* Administrative divisions of the Republic of China

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c "Geography". Keelung City Government. Retrieved 3 April 2019. "Keelung City is divided into seven districts, which are Zhongzheng District, Xinyi District, Ren-ai District, Zhongshan District, Anle District, Nuannuan District and Qidu District.{...}Ren-ai District is the smallest one.{...}Ren-ai District{...}"
2. ^ 人口統計. www.klcg.gov.tw (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
3. ^ a b "Jilong". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
4. ^ "Exhuming French history in Taiwan - Taipei Times". 15 November 2001.
5. ^ Campbell, William (1903). "Explanatory Notes". Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island. London: Kegan Paul. pp. 538–557. ISBN 9789576380839. OCLC 644323041.
6. ^ for example: Smith, D. Warres (1900). European settlements in the Far East: China, Japan, Corea, Indo-China, Straits Settlements, Malay States, Siam, Netherlands, India, Borneo, the Philippines etc. S. Low, Marston & company. p. 38\. OCLC 3110223. OL 6905314M. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
7. ^ Davidson (1903), Index p.20.
8. ^ Davidson (1903), p. iii.
9. ^ "Welcome to Keelung City: The Beginning". Keelung City Government. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
10. ^ a b "Ching Dynasty". Keelung City Government. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
11. ^ Terry, Thomas Philip (1914). Terry's Japanese Empire. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 774\. OCLC 51414323. OL 18847607M. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
12. ^ Naoyoshi Ogawa, ed. (1931–1932). "koe-lâng (基隆)". 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese and Taiwanese Hokkien). Vol. 1\. Taihoku: Governor-General of Taiwan. p. 466\. OCLC 25747241.
13. ^ "Entry #35351 (基隆市)". 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan]. (in Chinese and Hokkien). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011.
14. ^ Altares, Guillermo (12 November 2016). "Una excavación aporta una nueva visión de la colonización de Asia". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
15. ^ Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific By Stephanie J. Mawson AGI, México, leg. 25, núm. 62; AGI, Filipinas, leg. 8, ramo 3, núm. 50; leg. 10, ramo 1, núm. 6; leg. 22, ramo 1, núm. 1, fos. 408 r −428 v ; núm. 21; leg. 32, núm. 30; leg. 285, núm. 1, fos. 30 r −41 v .
16. ^ Twitchett, Denis Crispin (1978). The Cambridge history of China, Volume 2; Volume 8. Cambridge University Press. p. 46\. ISBN 9780521243339. OCLC 613665518.
17. ^ a b "Ming Dynasty and Cheng Cheng kung's Era". Keelung City Government. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
18. ^ Shepherd, John Robert (1993). Statecraft and political economy on the Taiwan frontier, 1600-1800. Stanford University Press. p. 95\. ISBN 9780804720663.
19. ^ a b Shih-Shan Henry Tsai (2009). Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West. Routledge. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-1-317-46517-1. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
20. ^ Leonard H. D. Gordon (2007). Confrontation Over Taiwan: Nineteenth-Century China and the Powers. Lexington Books. p. 32\. ISBN 978-0-7391-1869-6. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
21. ^ Davidson (1903), p. 211.
22. ^ Cheng, Shih-Nan; Shaw, Chen-Fang; Yeh, Yeong Tein (2016). "Reconstructing the 1867 Keelung Earthquake and Tsunami Based on Historical Documents". Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. 27 (3): 431. Bibcode:2016TAOS...27..431C. doi:10.3319/TAO.2016.03.18.01(TEM).
23. ^ a b c "Japanese Occupation". Keelung City Government. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
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25. ^ a b "The Republic of China". Keelung City Government. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
26. ^ "Introduction". Keelung City Government. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
27. ^ "Beautiful Scenery". Keelung City Government. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2019. "Keelung Islet {...} Pinnacle (Huaping Islet) {...} Pengjia Islet (Agincourt) {...} Mianhua Islet (Crag){...}"
28. ^ "Pengjia Islet gets rare attention from Ma's visit". GlobalSecurity.org. 7 September 2012. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019. "The normally obscure outcrop, which falls administratively under Keelung City, is one of three islets off of Taiwan's northern coast – the others are Mianhua Islet and Huaping Islet – considered to be of strategic importance to the country."
29. ^ Davidson, James W. (1903). "Appendix IV: Climate". The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. London and New York: Macmillan. OL 6931635M. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
30. ^ "Monthly Mean". Central Weather Bureau. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
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33. ^ "氣象站各月份最低氣溫統計" (PDF) (in Chinese). Central Weather Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
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36. ^ "2016 the 14th Presidential and Vice Presidential Election and the 9th Legislator Election". Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
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40. ^ Lin, Sheng-Chang (13 September 2021). "At the Edge of State Control: The Creation of the "Matsu Islands"". Taiwan Insight. University of Nottingham Taiwan Studies Programme. Retrieved 21 May 2023.

## External links

[edit]

Keelung at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Definitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Textbooks from Wikibooks
* Resources from Wikiversity
* Data from Wikidata

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Keelung.

* Official website (in English)
* Keelung Harbor Bureau official website (in English)
* WorldStatesmen.org — Taiwan
* Geographic data related to Keelung at OpenStreetMap

* v
* t
* e

Administrative divisions of Taiwan

* List of administrative divisions of Taiwan
* Free area of the Republic of China
* List of metropolitan areas in Taiwan

Special municipalities (6)|

* Taipei (Capital city)
* Taoyuan
* Taichung
* Tainan
* New Taipei
* Kaohsiung

"Provinces [zh]" 1

*     * Fuchien
* Taiwan

| Cities (3)|

* Keelung
* Hsinchu
* Chiayi

|

Counties (13)|

* Hsinchu
* Yilan
* Miaoli
* Changhua
* Nantou
* Yunlin
* Chiayi
* Pingtung
* Taitung
* Hualien
* Penghu
* Kinmen
* Lienchiang

Districts under special municipalities / cities
Cities / townships under counties|

List of townships/cities and districts in Taiwan

* 1 The provinces are merely retained as nominal entities within the constitutional structure, as they have no governing power following the formal dissolution of the provincial administrative organs in 2018. Cities and counties are de facto regarded as the principal constituent divisions of the ROC.

* Sarah Shair-Rosenfield (November 2020). "Taiwan Combined" (PDF). The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 29 May 2021.

* v
* t
* e

Districts in Taiwan

List of townships/cities and districts in Taiwan

Special
municipalities|

| Taipei (Capital city)|

* Wanhua
* Zhongshan
* Xinyi
* Zhongzheng
* Datong
* Daan
* Nangang
* Neihu
* Shilin
* Wenshan
* Songshan
* Beitou

|

Taoyuan|

* Bade
* Daxi
* Dayuan
* Fuxing¹
* Guanyin
* Guishan
* Longtan
* Luzhu
* Pingzhen
* Taoyuan
* Xinwu
* Yangmei
* Zhongli

New Taipei|

* Bali
* Banqiao
* Gongliao
* Jinshan
* Linkou
* Luzhou
* Pinglin
* Pingxi
* Ruifang
* Sanchong
* Sanxia
* Sanzhi
* Shenkeng
* Shiding
* Shimen
* Shuangxi
* Shulin
* Taishan
* Tamsui
* Tucheng
* Wanli
* Wugu
* Wulai¹
* Xindian
* Xinzhuang
* Xizhi
* Yingge
* Yonghe
* Zhonghe

Taichung|

* Beitun
* Central
* Daan
* Dadu
* Dajia
* Dali
* Daya
* Dongshi
* East
* Fengyuan
* Heping¹
* Houli
* Longjing
* Nantun
* North
* Qingshui
* Shalu
* Shengang
* Shigang
* South
* Taiping
* Tanzi
* Waipu
* West
* Wufeng
* Wuqi
* Wuri
* Xinshe
* Xitun

Tainan|

* Anding
* Annan
* Anping
* Baihe
* Beimen
* Cigu
* Danei
* Dongshan
* East
* Guanmiao
* Guantian
* Gueiren
* Houbi
* Jiali
* Jiangjyun
* Lioujia
* Liouying
* Longci
* Madou
* Nanhua
* Nansi
* North
* Rende
* Shanhua
* Shanshang
* Sigang
* Sinhua
* Sinshih
* South
* Syuejia
* West Central
* Siaying
* Sinying
* Yanshuei
* Yongkang
* Yujing
* Zuojhen

Kaohsiung|

* Alian
* Cianjhen
* Cianjin
* Ciaotou
* Cijin
* Cishan
* Daliao
* Dashu
* Dashe
* Fongshan
* Gangshan
* Gushan
* Hunei
* Jiasian
* Lingya
* Linyuan
* Liouguei
* Lujhu
* Meinong
* Maolin¹
* Mituo
* Namasia¹
* Nanzih
* Neimen
* Niaosong
* Cieding
* Renwu
* Sanmin
* Shanlin
* Siaogang
* Sinsing
* Taoyuan¹
* Tianliao
* Yancheng
* Yanchao
* Yongan
* Zihguan
* Zuoying

Cities|

| Keelung|

* Anle
* Nuannuan
* Qidu
* Ren-ai
* Xinyi
* Zhongshan
* Zhongzheng

|

Hsinchu|

* East
* North
* Xiangshan

Chiayi|

* East
* West

¹ — Mountain indigenous district

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

Other|

* NARA

*[lit.]: Literal translation
*[Pop.]: Population
*[±%]: Percent change
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*[e]: Edit this template