Led Zeppelin

English rock band (1968–1980)

This article is about the band. For their eponymous debut album, see Led Zeppelin (album). For other uses, see Led Zeppelin (disambiguation).

Led Zeppelin

Clockwise from upper left: Jimmy Page, John Bonham, Robert Plant, John Paul Jones.

Background information
Origin| London, England
Genres|

* Hard rock
* blues rock
* folk rock
* heavy metal

Years active| 1968–1980[nb 1]
Labels|

* Atlantic
* Swan Song

Spinoff of| The Yardbirds[1]
Past members|

* Jimmy Page
* Robert Plant
* John Bonham
* John Paul Jones

Website| ledzeppelin.com

Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968. The group comprised vocalist Robert Plant, guitarist Jimmy Page, bassist and keyboardist John Paul Jones, and drummer John Bonham. With a heavy, guitar-driven sound, they are cited as one of the progenitors of hard rock and heavy metal, although their style drew from a variety of influences, including blues and folk music. Led Zeppelin have been credited as significantly impacting the nature of the music industry, particularly in the development of album-oriented rock (AOR) and stadium rock.

Originally named the New Yardbirds, Led Zeppelin signed a deal with Atlantic Records that gave them considerable artistic freedom. Initially unpopular with critics, they achieved significant commercial success with eight studio albums over ten years. Their 1969 debut, Led Zeppelin, was a top-ten album in several countries and featured such tracks as "Good Times Bad Times", "Dazed and Confused" and "Communication Breakdown". Led Zeppelin II (1969) was their first number-one album, and yielded "Whole Lotta Love" and "Ramble On". In 1970, they released Led Zeppelin III which featured "Immigrant Song". Their untitled fourth album, commonly known as Led Zeppelin IV (1971), is one of the best-selling albums in history with 37 million copies sold. The album includes "Black Dog", "Rock and Roll" and "Stairway to Heaven", with the latter being among the most popular and influential works in rock history. Houses of the Holy (1973) yielded "The Song Remains the Same" and "Over the Hills and Far Away". Physical Graffiti (1975), a double album, featured "The Rover" and "Kashmir".

Page composed most of Led Zeppelin's music, particularly early in their career, while Plant wrote most of the lyrics. Jones's keyboard-based compositions later became central to their music, which featured increasing experimentation. The latter half of their career saw a series of record-breaking tours that earned the group a reputation for excess and debauchery. Although they remained commercially and critically successful, their touring and output, which included Presence (1976) and In Through the Out Door (1979), grew limited, and the group disbanded following Bonham's death in 1980, feeling that they would not be "Led Zeppelin" without him. Since then, the surviving former members have sporadically collaborated and participated in one-off concerts. The most successful of these was the 2007 Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert in London, with Bonham's son Jason Bonham on drums.

Led Zeppelin are one of the best-selling music artists of all time; their total record sales are estimated to be between 200 and 300 million units worldwide. They achieved eight consecutive UK number-one albums and six number-one albums on the US Billboard 200, with five of their albums certified Diamond in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Rolling Stone magazine described them as "the heaviest band of all time", "the biggest band of the Seventies", and "unquestionably one of the most enduring bands in rock history".[2] They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995; the museum's biography of the band states that they were "as influential" during the 1970s as the Beatles were during the 1960s.[3]

## History[edit]

### Formation: 1966–1968[edit]

The band's logotype, used since 1973

In 1966, London-based session guitarist Jimmy Page joined the blues-influenced rock band the Yardbirds to replace bassist Paul Samwell-Smith. Page soon switched from bass to lead guitar, creating a dual lead guitar line-up with Jeff Beck. Following Beck's departure in October 1966, the Yardbirds became a four-piece with Page as the sole guitarist. This new line-up recorded an album, Little Games, in 1967, before embarking on a tour of the United States, during which they performed several songs which would later be part of Led Zeppelin's early repertoire, including covers of Johnny Burnette's "Train Kept A-Rollin'" and "Dazed and Confused", a song originally written and recorded by Jake Holmes.[4] In early April 1968, the Yardbirds recorded a number of tracks at Columbia Studios in New York City, including a Page composition initially titled "Knowing That I'm Losing You", which would eventually be re-recorded by Led Zeppelin as "Tangerine".[5][6]

The Yardbirds' 1968 tour proved to be exhausting for the band. Drummer Jim McCarty and vocalist Keith Relf aimed to embark in a more acoustic direction, forming a folk rock duo called Together,[7] whereas Page wanted to continue the heavier blues-based sound of the Yardbirds. Page, with the support of the Yardbirds' new manager Peter Grant, planned to form a supergroup with Beck and himself on guitars, and the Who's Keith Moon and John Entwistle on drums and bass, respectively.[8] Vocalists Steve Winwood and Steve Marriott were also considered for the project.[9] The group never formed, although Page, Beck, and Moon did record a song together in 1966, "Beck's Bolero", in a session that also included bassist-keyboardist John Paul Jones.[10]

The Yardbirds played their final gig on 14 July 1968 at Luton College of Technology in Bedfordshire.[11] They were still committed to several concerts in Scandinavia, so drummer Jim McCarty and vocalist Keith Relf authorised Page and bassist Chris Dreja to use the Yardbirds' name to fulfill the band's obligations. Page and Dreja began putting a new line-up together. Page's first choice for the lead singer was Terry Reid, but Reid declined the offer and suggested Robert Plant, a singer for the Band of Joy and Hobbstweedle.[12] Plant eventually accepted the position, recommending former Band of Joy drummer John Bonham.[13] John Paul Jones enquired about the vacant position of bass guitarist, at the suggestion of his wife, after Dreja dropped out of the project to become a photographer.[14][nb 2] Page had known Jones since they were both session musicians, and agreed to let him join as the final member.[16]

A 1937 photograph of the burning LZ 129 Hindenburg taken by news photographer Sam Shere, used on the cover of the band's debut album and extensively on later merchandise

In August 1968, the four played together for the first time in a room below a record store on Gerrard Street in London.[17] Page suggested that they attempt "Train Kept A-Rollin'", originally a jump blues song popularised in a rockabilly version by Johnny Burnette, which had been covered by the Yardbirds. "As soon as I heard John Bonham play", Jones recalled, "I knew this was going to be great ... We locked together as a team immediately".[18] Before leaving for Scandinavia, the group took part in a recording session for the P. J. Proby album Three Week Hero. The album's track "Jim's Blues", with Plant on harmonica, was the first studio track to feature all four future members of Led Zeppelin.[19]

The band completed the Scandinavian tour as the New Yardbirds, playing together for the first time in front of a live audience at Gladsaxe Teen Club at the Egegård School (today Gladsaxe School) festive hall, Gladsaxe, Denmark, on 7 September 1968.[19] Later that month, they began recording their first album, which was based on their live set. The album was recorded and mixed in nine days, and Page covered the costs.[20] After the album's completion, the band were forced to change their name after Dreja issued a cease and desist letter, stating that Page was allowed to use the New Yardbirds moniker for the Scandinavian dates only.[21] One account of how the new band's name was chosen held that Moon and Entwistle had suggested that a supergroup with Page and Beck would go down like a "lead balloon", an idiom for being very unsuccessful or unpopular.[22] The group dropped the 'a' in lead at the suggestion of Peter Grant, so that those unfamiliar with the term would not pronounce it "leed".[23] The word "balloon" was replaced by "zeppelin", a word which, according to music journalist Keith Shadwick, brought "the perfect combination of heavy and light, combustibility and grace" to Page's mind.[22]

Grant secured a $143,000 advance contract ($1,253,000 today) from Atlantic Records in November 1968—at the time, the biggest deal of its kind for a new band.[24] Atlantic was a label with a catalogue of mainly blues, soul, and jazz artists, but in the late 1960s, it began to take an interest in British progressive rock acts. At the recommendation of British singer Dusty Springfield, a friend of Jones who at the time was completing her first Atlantic album, Dusty in Memphis, record executives signed Led Zeppelin without having ever seen them.[25] Under the terms of their contract, the band had autonomy in deciding when they would release albums and tour and had the final say over the contents and design of each album. They would also decide how to promote each release and which tracks to release as singles. They formed their own company, Superhype, to handle all publishing rights.[17]

### Early years: 1968–1970[edit]

Still billed as the New Yardbirds, the band began their first tour of the UK on 4 October 1968, when they played at the Mayfair Ballroom in Newcastle upon Tyne.[26] Their first show as Led Zeppelin was at the University of Surrey in Battersea on 25 October.[27] Tour manager Richard Cole, who would become a major figure in the touring life of the group, organised their first North American tour at the end of the year.[28][nb 3] Their debut album, Led Zeppelin, was released in the US during the tour on 13 January 1969, and peaked at number 10 on the Billboard chart;[30] it was released in the UK, where it peaked at number 6, on 31 March.[31] According to Steve Erlewine, the album's memorable guitar riffs, lumbering rhythms, psychedelic blues, groovy, bluesy shuffles and hints of English folk music made it "a significant turning point in the evolution of hard rock and heavy metal".[32]

Bron-Yr-Aur, near Machynlleth, the Welsh cottage to which Page and Plant retired in 1970 to write many of the tracks that appeared on the band's third and fourth albums

In their first year, Led Zeppelin completed four US and four UK concert tours, and also released their second album, Led Zeppelin II. Recorded mostly on the road at various North American studios, it was an even greater commercial success than their first album and reached the number one chart position in the US and the UK.[33] The album further developed the mostly blues-rock musical style established on their debut release, creating a sound that was "heavy and hard, brutal and direct", and which would be highly influential and frequently imitated.[34] Steve Waksman has suggested that Led Zeppelin II was "the musical starting point for heavy metal".[35]

The band saw their albums as indivisible, complete listening experiences, disliking the re-editing of existing tracks for release as singles. Grant maintained an aggressive pro-album stance, particularly in the UK, where there were few radio and TV outlets for rock music. Without the band's consent, however, some songs were released as singles, particularly in the US.[36] In 1969, an edited version of "Whole Lotta Love", a track from their second album, was released as a single in the US. It reached number four in the Billboard chart in January 1970, selling over one million copies and helping to cement the band's popularity.[37] The group also increasingly shunned television appearances, citing their preference that their fans hear and see them in live concerts.[38][39]

Following the release of their second album, Led Zeppelin completed several more US tours. They played initially in clubs and ballrooms, and then in larger auditoriums as their popularity grew.[13] Some early Led Zeppelin concerts lasted more than four hours, with expanded and improvised live versions of their repertoire. Many of these shows have been preserved as bootleg recordings. It was during this period of intensive concert touring that the band developed a reputation for off-stage excess.[40][nb 4]

In 1970, Page and Plant retired to Bron-Yr-Aur, a remote cottage in Wales, to commence work on their third album, Led Zeppelin III.[42] The result was a more acoustic style that was strongly influenced by folk and Celtic music, and showcased the band's versatility. The album's rich acoustic sound initially received mixed reactions, with critics and fans surprised at the turn from the primarily electric arrangements of the first two albums, further fuelling the band's hostility to the musical press.[43] It reached number one in the UK and US charts, but its stay would be the shortest of their first five albums.[44] The album's opening track, "Immigrant Song", was released as a US single in November 1970 against the band's wishes, reaching the top twenty on the Billboard chart.[45]

### "The Biggest Band in the World": 1970–1975[edit]

Led Zeppelin in 1971

During the 1970s, Led Zeppelin reached new heights of commercial and critical success that made them one of the most influential groups of the era, eclipsing their earlier achievements.[46][40] The band's image also changed as the members began to wear elaborate, flamboyant clothing, with Page taking the lead on the flamboyant appearance by wearing a glittering moon-and-stars outfit. Led Zeppelin changed their show by using things such as lasers, professional light shows and mirror balls.[47] They began travelling in a private jet airliner, a Boeing 720 (nicknamed the Starship), rented out entire sections of hotels (including the Continental Hyatt House in Los Angeles, known colloquially as the "Riot House"), and became the subject of frequently repeated stories of debauchery. One involved John Bonham riding a motorcycle through a rented floor of the Riot House,[48] while another involved the destruction of a room in the Tokyo Hilton, leading to the group being banned from that establishment for life.[49] Although Led Zeppelin developed a reputation for trashing their hotel suites and throwing television sets out of the windows, some suggest that these tales have been exaggerated. According to music journalist Chris Welch, "[Led Zeppelin's] travels spawned many stories, but it was a myth that [they] were constantly engaged in acts of wanton destruction and lewd behaviour".[50]

Led Zeppelin released their fourth album on 8 November 1971. It is variously referred to as Led Zeppelin IV, Untitled, IV, or, due to the four symbols appearing on the record label, as Four Symbols, Zoso or Runes.[51] The band had wanted to release the fourth album with no title or information, in response to the music press "going on about Zeppelin being a hype", but the record company wanted something on the cover, so in discussions, it was agreed to have four symbols to represent both the four members of the band and that it was the fourth album.[52] With 37 million copies sold, Led Zeppelin IV is one of the best-selling albums in history, and its massive popularity cemented Led Zeppelin's status as superstars in the 1970s.[53][54] By 2021, it had sold 24 million copies in the United States alone.[55] The track "Stairway to Heaven", never released as a single, was the most requested and most played song on American rock radio in the 1970s.[56] The group followed up the album's release with tours of the UK, Australasia, North America, Japan, and the UK again from late 1971 through early 1973.

Plant and Page perform acoustically in Hamburg in March 1973, just before the release of the band's fifth album, Houses of the Holy.

Led Zeppelin's next album, Houses of the Holy, was released in March 1973. It featured further experimentation by the band, who expanded their use of synthesisers and mellotron orchestration. The predominantly orange album cover, designed by the London-based design group Hipgnosis, depicts images of nude children climbing the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland. Although the children are not shown from the front, the cover was controversial at the time of the album's release. As with the band's fourth album, neither their name nor the album title was printed on the sleeve.[57]

Houses of the Holy topped charts worldwide,[58] and the band's subsequent concert tour of North America in 1973 broke records for attendance, as they consistently filled large auditoriums and stadiums. At Tampa Stadium in Florida, they played to 56,800 fans, breaking the record set by the Beatles' 1965 Shea Stadium concert and grossing $309,000.[59] Three sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden in New York City were filmed for a motion picture, but the theatrical release of this project (The Song Remains the Same) was delayed until 1976. Before the final night's performance, $180,000 ($1,235,000 today) of the band's money from gate receipts was stolen from a safe deposit box at the Drake Hotel.[60]

Led Zeppelin perform at Chicago Stadium in January 1975, a few weeks before the release of Physical Graffiti.

In 1974, Led Zeppelin took a break from touring and launched their own record label, Swan Song, named after an unreleased song. The record label's logo is based on a drawing called Evening: Fall of Day (1869) by William Rimmer. The drawing features a figure of a winged human-like being interpreted as either Apollo or Icarus.[61][62][63] The logo can be found on Led Zeppelin memorabilia, especially T-shirts. In addition to using Swan Song as a vehicle to promote their own albums, the band expanded the label's roster, signing artists such as Bad Company, the Pretty Things and Maggie Bell.[64] The label was successful while Led Zeppelin existed, but folded less than three years after they disbanded.[65]

In 1975, Led Zeppelin's double album Physical Graffiti was their first release on the Swan Song label. It consisted of fifteen songs, of which eight had been recorded at Headley Grange in 1974 and seven had been recorded earlier. A review in Rolling Stone magazine referred to Physical Graffiti as Led Zeppelin's "bid for artistic respectability", adding that the only bands Led Zeppelin had to compete with for the title "The World's Best Rock Band" were the Rolling Stones and the Who.[66] The album was a massive commercial and critical success. Shortly after the release of Physical Graffiti, all previous Led Zeppelin albums simultaneously re-entered the top-200 album chart,[67] and the band embarked on another North American tour,[68] now employing sophisticated sound and lighting systems.[69] In May 1975, Led Zeppelin played five sold-out nights at the Earls Court Arena in London, at the time the largest arena in Britain.[68]

### Hiatus from touring and return: 1975–1977[edit]

Plant and Page performing in Chicago Stadium in Chicago on 10 April 1977, during Led Zeppelin's last North American tour

Following their triumphant Earls Court appearances, Led Zeppelin took a holiday and planned an autumn tour in America, scheduled to open with two outdoor dates in San Francisco.[70] In August 1975, however, Plant and his wife Maureen were involved in a serious car crash while on holiday in Rhodes, Greece. Plant suffered a broken ankle and Maureen was badly injured; a blood transfusion saved her life.[71] Unable to tour, he headed to the Channel Island of Jersey to spend August and September recuperating, with Bonham and Page in tow. The band then reconvened in Malibu, California. During this forced hiatus, much of the material for their next album, Presence, was written.[72]

By this time, Led Zeppelin were the world's number one rock attraction,[73] having outsold most bands of the time, including the Rolling Stones.[74] Presence, released in March 1976, marked a change in the Led Zeppelin sound towards more straightforward, guitar-based jams, departing from the acoustic ballads and intricate arrangements featured on their previous albums. Though it was a platinum seller, Presence received a mixed reaction among fans and the music press, with some critics suggesting that the band's excesses may have caught up with them.[13][75] Page had begun using heroin during recording sessions for the album, a habit which may have affected the band's later live shows and studio recordings, although he has since denied this.[72]

The Pontiac Silverdome, Michigan, where the band set a record for the largest solo indoor attraction in 1977 with an attendance of 76,229

Because of Plant's injuries, Led Zeppelin did not tour in 1976. Instead, the band completed the concert film The Song Remains the Same and the accompanying soundtrack album. The film premiered in New York City on 20 October 1976, but was given a lukewarm reception by critics and fans.[13] The film was particularly unsuccessful in the UK, where, unwilling to tour since 1975 because of their tax exile status, Led Zeppelin faced an uphill battle to recapture the public's affection.[76]

In 1977, Led Zeppelin embarked on another major concert tour of North America. The band set another attendance record, with an audience of 76,229 at their Silverdome concert on 30 April.[77] It was, according to the Guinness Book of Records, the largest attendance to that date for a single act show.[78] Although the tour was financially profitable, it was beset by off-stage problems. On 19 April, over 70 people were arrested as about 1,000 fans tried to gatecrash Cincinnati Riverfront Coliseum for two sold-out concerts, while others tried to gain entry by throwing rocks and bottles through glass doors.[79] On 3 June, a concert at Tampa Stadium was cut short because of a severe thunderstorm, despite tickets indicating "Rain or Shine". A riot broke out, resulting in arrests and injuries.[80]

After 23 July show at the Day on the Green festival at the Oakland Coliseum in Oakland, California, Bonham and members of Led Zeppelin's support staff were arrested after a member of promoter Bill Graham's staff was badly beaten during the band's performance.[81][82] The following day's second Oakland concert was the group's final live appearance in the United States. Two days later, as they checked in at a French Quarter hotel for their 30 July performance at the Louisiana Superdome, Plant received news that his five-year-old son, Karac, had died from a stomach virus. The rest of the tour was immediately cancelled, prompting widespread speculation about Led Zeppelin's future.[13][83]

### Bonham's death and break-up: 1978–1980[edit]

After the death of Bonham (pictured in July 1973) on 25 September 1980, the remaining members of Led Zeppelin decided to disband the group.

In November 1978, the group recorded at Polar Studios in Stockholm, Sweden. The resulting album, In Through the Out Door, featured sonic experimentation that again drew mixed reactions from critics.[84] Nevertheless, the album reached number one in the UK and the US in just its second week of release. With this album's release, Led Zeppelin's entire catalogue returned to the Billboard Top 200 in the weeks of 27 October and 3 November 1979.[85]

In August 1979, after two warm-up shows in Copenhagen, Led Zeppelin headlined two concerts at the Knebworth Music Festival, playing to a crowd of approximately 104,000 on the first night.[86] A brief, low-key European tour was undertaken in June and July 1980, featuring a stripped-down set without the usual lengthy jams and solos. On 27 June, at a show in Nuremberg, Germany, the concert came to an abrupt halt in the middle of the third song, when Bonham collapsed onstage and was rushed to hospital.[87] Speculation in the press suggested that his collapse had been the result of excessive alcohol and drug use, but the band claimed that he had simply overeaten.[88]

A North American tour, the band's first since 1977, was scheduled to commence on 17 October 1980. On 24 September, Bonham was picked up by Led Zeppelin assistant Rex King to attend rehearsals at Bray Studios.[89] During the journey, Bonham asked to stop for breakfast, where he downed four quadruple vodkas (from 16 to 24 US fl oz (470 to 710 ml)), with a ham roll. After taking a bite of the ham roll he said to his assistant, "breakfast". He continued to drink heavily after arriving at the studio. The rehearsals were halted late that evening and the band retired to Page's house—the Old Mill House in Clewer, Windsor.

After midnight, Bonham, who had fallen asleep, was taken to bed and placed on his side. At 1:45 pm the next day, Benji LeFevre (Led Zeppelin's new tour manager) and John Paul Jones found Bonham dead. The cause of death was asphyxiation from vomit; the finding was accidental death.[90][91] An autopsy found no other recreational drugs in Bonham's body. Although he had recently begun to take Motival (a cocktail of the antipsychotic fluphenazine and the tricyclic antidepressant nortriptyline) to combat his anxiety, it is unclear if these substances interacted with the alcohol in his system.[92][93] Bonham's remains were cremated and his ashes interred on 12 October 1980, at Rushock parish church, Worcestershire.

The planned North American tour was cancelled, and despite rumours that Cozy Powell, Carmine Appice, Barriemore Barlow, Simon Kirke, Ric Lee or Bev Bevan would join the group as his replacement, the remaining members decided to disband. A 4 December 1980 press statement stated that, "We wish it to be known that the loss of our dear friend, and the deep sense of undivided harmony felt by ourselves and our manager, have led us to decide that we could not continue as we were."[91] The statement was signed simply "Led Zeppelin".[94]

### Post-breakup[edit]

#### 1980s[edit]

Page performs at the Cow Palace in Daly City, California in 1983.

Following Led Zeppelin's dissolution, the first significant musical project by one of its members was the Honeydrippers, which Plant initially formed in 1981. The group, featuring Page on lead guitar, along with studio musicians and friends of the pair, including Jeff Beck, Paul Shaffer, and Nile Rodgers, released its only album in 1984. Plant focused on a different direction from Zeppelin, playing standards and in a more R&B style, highlighted by a cover of "Sea of Love" that peaked at number three on the Billboard chart in early 1985.[95]

Coda – a collection of Zeppelin outtakes and unused tracks – was issued in November 1982. It included two tracks from the Royal Albert Hall in 1970, one each from the Led Zeppelin III and Houses of the Holy sessions, and three from the In Through the Out Door sessions. It also featured a 1976 Bonham drum instrumental with electronic effects added by Page, called "Bonzo's Montreux".[96]

Page, Plant, and Jones performing at Live Aid in Philadelphia

On 13 July 1985, Page, Plant, and Jones reunited for the Live Aid concert at JFK Stadium, Philadelphia, playing a short set featuring drummers Tony Thompson and Phil Collins, and bassist Paul Martinez. Collins had contributed to Plant's first two solo albums while Martinez was a member of Plant's solo band. The performance was marred by a lack of rehearsal with the two drummers, Page's struggles with an out-of-tune guitar, poorly functioning monitors, and Plant's hoarse voice.[97][98] Page described the performance as "pretty shambolic",[99] while Plant characterised it as an "atrocity".[97]

The three members reunited again on 14 May 1988, for the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary concert, with Bonham's son Jason on drums. The result was again disjointed: Plant and Page had argued immediately prior to taking the stage about whether to play "Stairway to Heaven", and Jones' keyboards were absent from the live television feed.[98][100] Page described the performance as "one big disappointment" and Plant said "the gig was foul".[100]

#### 1990s[edit]

Jason Bonham, who filled his late father's position for reunions in 1988, 1995 and 2007

The first Led Zeppelin box set, featuring tracks remastered under Page's supervision, was released in 1990 and bolstered the band's reputation, leading to abortive discussions among members about a reunion.[101] This set included four previously unreleased tracks, including a version of Robert Johnson's "Travelling Riverside Blues".[102] The song peaked at number seven on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart.[103] Led Zeppelin Boxed Set 2 was released in 1993; the two box sets together contained all known studio recordings, as well as some rare live tracks.[104]

In 1994, Page and Plant reunited for a 90-minute "UnLedded" MTV project. They later released an album called No Quarter: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded, which featured some reworked Led Zeppelin songs, and embarked on a world tour the following year. This is said to be the beginning of a rift between the band members, as Jones was not even told of the reunion.[105]

In 1995, Led Zeppelin were inducted into the United States Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Steven Tyler and Joe Perry of Aerosmith. Jason and Zoë Bonham also attended, representing their late father.[106] At the induction ceremony, the band's inner rift became apparent when Jones joked upon accepting his award, "Thank you, my friends, for finally remembering my phone number", causing consternation and awkward looks from Page and Plant.[107] Afterwards, they played one brief set with Tyler and Perry, with Jason Bonham on drums, and then a second with Neil Young, this time with Michael Lee playing the drums.[106]

In 1997, Atlantic released a single edit of "Whole Lotta Love" in the US and the UK, the only single the band released in their homeland, where it peaked at number 21.[108] November 1997 saw the release of Led Zeppelin BBC Sessions, a two-disc set largely recorded in 1969 and 1971.[109] Page and Plant released another album called Walking into Clarksdale in 1998, featuring all new material, but after disappointing sales, the partnership dissolved before a planned Australian tour.[110]

#### 2000s[edit]

Led Zeppelin performing at the Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert in London in December 2007

The year 2003 saw the release of the triple live album How the West Was Won, and Led Zeppelin DVD, a six-hour chronological set of live footage that became the best-selling music DVD in history.[111] In July 2007, Atlantic/Rhino and Warner Home Video announced three Zeppelin titles to be released that November: Mothership, a 24-track best-of spanning the band's career; a reissue of the soundtrack The Song Remains the Same, including previously unreleased material; and a new DVD.[112] Zeppelin also made their catalogue legally available for download,[113] becoming one of the last major rock bands to do so.[114]

On 10 December 2007, Zeppelin reunited for the Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert at the O2 Arena in London, with Jason Bonham again taking his father's place on drums. According to Guinness World Records 2009, the show set a record for the "Highest Demand for Tickets for One Music Concert" as 20 million requests were submitted online.[115] Critics praised the performance[116] and there was widespread speculation about a full reunion.[117] Page, Jones and Jason Bonham were reported to be willing to tour and to be working on material for a new Zeppelin project.[118] Plant continued his touring commitments with Alison Krauss,[119] stating in September 2008 that he would not record or tour with the band.[120][121] "I told them I was busy and they'd simply have to wait," he recalled in 2014. "I would come around eventually, which they were fine with – at least to my knowledge. But it turns out they weren't. And what's even more disheartening, Jimmy used it against me."[122]

Jones and Page reportedly looked for a replacement for Plant; candidates including Steven Tyler of Aerosmith, and Myles Kennedy of Alter Bridge.[123] However, in January 2009, it was confirmed that the project had been abandoned.[124] "Getting the opportunity to play with Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones and Jason Bonham was pretty special," Kennedy recalled. "That is pretty much the zenith right there. That was a crazy, good experience. It's something I still think of often ... It's so precious to me."[125]

#### 2010s[edit]

Led Zeppelin answering questions at the film premiere of Celebration Day at the Hammersmith Apollo in London, October 2012

A film of the O2 performance, Celebration Day, premiered on 17 October 2012 and was released on DVD on 19 November.[126] The film grossed $2 million in one night, and the live album peaked at number 4 and 9 in the UK and US, respectively.[127] Following the film's premiere, Page revealed that he had been remastering the band's discography.[128] The first wave of albums, Led Zeppelin, Led Zeppelin II, and Led Zeppelin III, were released on 2 June 2014.[129] The second wave of albums, Led Zeppelin IV and Houses of the Holy, were released on 27 October 2014.[130] Physical Graffiti was released on 23 February 2015, almost exactly forty years to the day after the original release.[131] The fourth and final wave of studio album reissues, Presence, In Through the Out Door, and Coda, were released on 31 July 2015.[132]

Through this remastering project, each studio album was reissued on CD and vinyl and was also available in a Deluxe Edition, which contained a bonus disc of previously unheard material (Coda's Deluxe Edition would include two bonus discs). Each album was also available in a Super Deluxe Edition Box Set, which included the remastered album and bonus disc on both CD and 180-gram vinyl, a high-definition audio download card of all content at 96 kHz/24 bit, a hardbound book filled with rare and previously unseen photos and memorabilia, and a high-quality print of the original album cover.[133]

On 6 November 2015, the Mothership compilation was reissued using the band's newly remastered audio tracks.[134] The reissuing campaign continued the next year with the re-release of BBC Sessions on 16 September 2016. The reissue contained a bonus disc with nine unreleased BBC recordings, including the heavily bootlegged but never officially released "Sunshine Woman".[135]

To commemorate the band's 50th anniversary, Page, Plant and Jones announced an official illustrated book celebrating 50 years since the formation of the band.[136] Also released for the celebration was a reissue of How the West Was Won on 23 March 2018, which includes the album's first pressing on vinyl.[137] For Record Store Day on 21 April 2018, Led Zeppelin released a 7" single "Rock and Roll" (Sunset Sound Mix)/"Friends" (Olympic Studio Mix), their first single in 21 years.[138]

#### 2020s[edit]

In October 2020, Page released a photo collection called Jimmy Page: The Anthology, confirming a band documentary for the band's 50th anniversary.[139] An upcoming documentary film, Becoming Led Zeppelin, is in post production.[140] It is the first time band members have agreed to participate in a biographical documentary.[141]

## Musical style[edit]

John Bonham's aggressive drumming style was critical to the hard rock sound associated with the band.

Led Zeppelin's music was rooted in the blues.[13] The influence of American blues artists such as Muddy Waters and Skip James was particularly apparent on their first two albums, as was the distinct country blues style of Howlin' Wolf.[142] Tracks were structured around the twelve-bar blues on every studio album except for one, and the blues directly and indirectly influenced other songs both musically and lyrically.[143] The band were also strongly influenced by the music of the British, Celtic, and American folk revivals.[13] Scottish folk guitarist Bert Jansch helped inspire Page, and from him he adapted open tunings and aggressive strokes into his playing.[28] The band also drew on a wide variety of genres, including world music,[13] and elements of early rock and roll, jazz, country, funk, soul, and reggae, particularly on Houses of the Holy and the albums that followed.[142]

The material on the first two albums was largely constructed out of extended jams of blues standards[13] and folk songs.[144][145] This method led to the mixing of musical and lyrical elements of different songs and versions, as well as improvised passages, to create new material, but would lead to later accusations of plagiarism and legal disputes over copyright.[144] Usually the music was developed first, sometimes with improvised lyrics that might then be rewritten for the final version of the song.[145] From the visit to Bron-Yr-Aur in 1970, the songwriting partnership between Page and Plant became predominant, with Page supplying the music, largely via his acoustic guitar, and Plant emerging as the band's chief lyricist. Jones and Bonham then added to the material, in rehearsal or in the studio, as a song was developed.[146] In the later stages of the band's career, Page took a back seat in composition and Jones became increasingly important in producing music, often composed on the keyboard. Plant would then add lyrics before Page and Bonham developed their parts.[147][148]

Page with the double-neck Gibson EDS-1275 used for playing "Stairway to Heaven" among other songs live

Early lyrics drew on the band's blues and folk roots, often mixing lyrical fragments from different songs.[149] Many of the band's songs dealt with themes of romance, unrequited love and sexual conquest, which were common in rock, pop and blues music.[150] Some of their lyrics, especially those derived from the blues, have been interpreted as misogynistic.[150] Particularly on Led Zeppelin III, they incorporated elements of mythology and mysticism into their music,[13] which largely grew out of Plant's interest in legends and history.[151] These elements were often taken to reflect Page's interest in the occult, which resulted in accusations that the recordings contained subliminal satanic messages, some of which were said to be contained in backmasking; these claims were generally dismissed by the band and music critics.[152] The pastoral fantasies in Plant's songwriting were inspired by the landscape of the Black Country region and J. R. R. Tolkien's high fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings.[153] Susan Fast argues that as Plant emerged as the band's main lyricist, the songs more obviously reflected his alignment with the West Coast counterculture of the 1960s.[154] In the later part of the band's career Plant's lyrics became more autobiographical, and less optimistic, drawing on his own experiences and circumstances.[155]

According to musicologist Robert Walser, "Led Zeppelin's sound was marked by speed and power, unusual rhythmic patterns, contrasting terraced dynamics, singer Robert Plant's wailing vocals, and guitarist Jimmy Page's heavily distorted crunch".[156] These elements mean that they are often cited as one of the originators of hard rock[157] and heavy metal[156][158] and they have been described as the "definitive heavy metal band",[13] although the band members have often eschewed the label.[159] Led Zeppelin, together with Deep Purple and Black Sabbath, have been referred to as the "unholy trinity of British hard rock and heavy metal in the early to mid- seventies".[160] Part of this reputation depends on the band's use of distorted guitar riffs on songs like "Whole Lotta Love" and "The Wanton Song".[11][161] Often riffs were not doubled by guitar, bass and drums exactly, but instead there were melodic or rhythmic variations.[162] Page's guitar playing incorporated elements of the blues scale with those of eastern music.[163] Plant's use of high-pitched shrieks has been compared to Janis Joplin's vocal technique.[11][164] Robert Christgau found him integral to the group's heavy "power blues" aesthetic, functioning as a "mechanical effect" similarly to Page's guitar parts. While noting Plant "hints at real feeling" on some of their acoustic songs, Christgau believed he abandoned traditional blues singing's emphasis on emotional projection in favour of vocal precision and dynamics: "Whether he is mouthing sexist blues cliches or running through one of the band's half-audible, half-comprehensible ... lyrics about chivalry or the counter-culture, his voice is devoid of feeling. Like the tenors and baritones of yore, he wants his voice to be an instrument—specifically, an electric guitar."[165] Bonham's drumming was noted for its power, his rapid rolls and his fast beats on a single bass drum; while Jones' basslines have been described as melodic and his keyboard playing added a classical touch to the band's sound.[166][11]

> At some deep level, Led Zeppelin's music is about the relationship between humanity and technology. Philosophically, the band prefers humanity pure and simple, but in practice it must realize its humanity technologically. That seems truer than most good-time pastoral fantasies.[165]

—Robert Christgau, 1972

Led Zeppelin have been widely viewed as a hard rock band, although Christgau regarded them as art rock as well.[167] According to popular music scholar Reebee Garofalo, "because hip critics could not find a constructive way of positioning themselves in relation to Led Zeppelin's ultra-macho presentation, they were excluded from the art rock category despite their broad range of influences."[168] Christgau wrote in 1972, the band could be considered art rock because they "relate to rock and roll not organically but intellectually", idealising the "amplified beat" as "a kind of formal challenge". Unlike their contemporaries in Jethro Tull and Yes, who use "the physical compulsion of beat and volume to involve the mind", Led Zeppelin "make body music of an oddly cerebral cast, arousing aggression rather than sexuality." As such, along with other second-generation English hard rock bands like Black Sabbath and Mott the Hoople, they can attract both intellectuals and working-class youths in "a strange potential double audience."[169] Years later, In Through the Out Door's "tuneful synthesizer pomp" further confirmed for Christgau they were an art rock band.[167]

Page stated that he wanted Led Zeppelin to produce music that had "light and shade". This began to be more clearly realised beginning with Led Zeppelin III, which made greater use of acoustic instruments.[13] This approach has been seen as exemplified in the fourth album, particularly on "Stairway to Heaven", which begins with acoustic guitar and recorder and ends with drums and heavy electric sounds.[170][171] Towards the end of their recording career, they moved to a more mellow and progressive sound, dominated by Jones' keyboard motifs.[172] They also increasingly made use of various layering and production techniques, including multi-tracking and overdubbed guitar parts.[142] Their emphasis on the sense of dynamics and ensemble arrangement[142] has been seen as producing an individualistic style that transcends any single music genre.[173][174] Ian Peddie argues that they were "... loud, powerful and often heavy, but their music was also humorous, self-reflective and extremely subtle".[175]

## Legacy[edit]

Plant's vocal style has been highly influential in rock music, while his mane of long blond hair and powerful, bare-chested appearance, helped to create the "rock god" archetype.[176] A 2011 Rolling Stone readers' pick named him the Best Lead Singer of All Time.[177]

Many have considered Led Zeppelin to be one of the most successful, innovative, and influential bands in the history of rock music.[178] Rock critic Mikal Gilmore said, "Led Zeppelin—talented, complex, grasping, beautiful and dangerous—made one of the most enduring bodies of composition and performance in twentieth-century music, despite everything they had to overpower, including themselves".[92]

Led Zeppelin have influenced hard rock and heavy metal bands such as Deep Purple,[179] Black Sabbath,[180] Rush,[181] Queen,[182] Scorpions,[183] Aerosmith,[184] the Black Crowes,[185] and Megadeth[186] as well as progressive metal bands like Tool[187] and Dream Theater.[188] They influenced some early punk and post-punk bands, among them the Ramones,[189] Joy Division[190][191] and the Cult.[192] They were also an important influence on the development of alternative rock, as bands adapted elements from the "Zeppelin sound" of the mid-1970s,[193][194] including the Smashing Pumpkins,[195][196] Nirvana,[197] Pearl Jam,[198] and Soundgarden.[199] Bands and artists from diverse genres have acknowledged the influence of Led Zeppelin, such as Madonna,[200] Shakira,[201] Lady Gaga,[202] Kesha,[203] and Katie Melua.[204]

Jones performing with the band in Mannheim, West Germany in 1980 on their last tour

Led Zeppelin have been credited with a major impact on the nature of the music business, particularly in the development of album-oriented rock (AOR) and stadium rock.[205][206] In 1988 John Kalodner, then-A&R executive of Geffen Records, remarked that

> In my opinion, next to the Beatles they're the most influential band in history. They influence the way music is on records, AOR radio, concerts. They set the standards for the AOR-radio format with 'Stairway to Heaven,' having AOR hits without necessarily having Top 40 hits. They're the ones who did the first real big arena concert shows, consistently selling out and playing stadiums without support. People can do as well as them, but nobody surpasses them.[207]

Andrew Loog Oldham, the former producer and manager of the Rolling Stones, commented on how Led Zeppelin had a major influence on the record business, and the way rock concerts were managed and presented to huge audiences.[208] In 2007, they were a featured artist in the stadium rock episode of the BBC/VH1 series Seven Ages of Rock.[209]

The band have sold over 200 million albums worldwide according to some sources,[114][210] while others state that they have sold in excess of 300 million records,[211] including 111.5 million certified units in the United States. According to the Recording Industry Association of America, Led Zeppelin are the third-highest-selling band, the fifth highest selling music act in the US, and one of only four acts to earn five or more Diamond albums.[212] They achieved eight consecutive number-ones on the UK Albums Chart, a record for most consecutive UK number-one albums shared with ABBA.[213] Led Zeppelin remain one of the most bootlegged artists in the history of rock music.[214]

Led Zeppelin also made a significant cultural impact. Jim Miller, editor of Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll, argues that "on one level, Led Zeppelin represents the final flowering of the sixties' psychedelic ethic, which casts rock as passive sensory involvement".[215] Led Zeppelin have also been described as "the quintessential purveyors"[216] of masculine and aggressive "cock rock", although this assertion has been challenged.[217] The band's fashion-sense has been seminal; Simeon Lipman, head of pop culture at Christie's auction house, has commented that "Led Zeppelin have had a big influence on fashion because the whole aura surrounding them is so cool, and people want a piece of that".[218] Led Zeppelin laid the foundation for the big hair of the 1980s glam metal bands such as Mötley Crüe and Skid Row.[219] Other musicians have also adapted elements from Led Zeppelin's attitude to clothes, jewellery and hair, such as the hipster flares and tight band T-shirts of Kings of Leon, shaggy hair, clingy T-shirts and bluesman hair of Jack White of the White Stripes, and Kasabian guitarist Sergio Pizzorno's silk scarves, trilbies and side-laced tight jeans.[218]

## Achievements[edit]

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Led Zeppelin

Led Zeppelin were honoured by US President Barack Obama at the 2012 Kennedy Center Honors.

Led Zeppelin have collected many honours and awards throughout the course of their career. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995,[106] and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2006.[220] Among the band's awards are an American Music Award in 2005, and the Polar Music Prize in 2006.[221] Led Zeppelin were the recipient of a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005,[222] and four of their recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[223] They have been awarded five Diamond albums, as well as fourteen Multi-Platinum, four Platinum and one Gold album in the United States,[224] while in the UK they have five Multi-Platinum, six Platinum, one Gold and four Silver albums.[225] Rolling Stone named Led Zeppelin the 14th-greatest artist of all time in 2004.[226]

In 2003, Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list included Led Zeppelin at number 29,[227] Led Zeppelin IV at number 66,[228] Physical Graffiti at number 70,[229] Led Zeppelin II at number 75,[230] and Houses of the Holy at number 149.[231] And in 2004, on their 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list, Rolling Stone included "Stairway to Heaven" at number 31, "Whole Lotta Love" at number 75,[232] "Kashmir" at number 140,[233] "Black Dog" at number 294,[234] "Heartbreaker" at number 320,[235] and "Ramble On" at number 433.[236]

In 2005, Page was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in recognition of his charity work, and in 2009 Plant was honoured as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his services to popular music.[237] The band are ranked number one on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock[238] and Classic Rock's "50 best live acts of all time".[239] They were named as the best Rock band in a poll by BBC Radio 2.[240] They were awarded an Ivor Novello Award for "Outstanding Contribution to British Music" in 1977,[241] as well as a "Lifetime Achievement Award" at the 42nd Annual Ivor Novello awards ceremony in 1997.[242] The band were honoured at the 2008 MOJO Awards with the "Best Live Act" prize for their one-off reunion, and were described as the "greatest rock and roll band of all time".[243] In 2010, Led Zeppelin IV was one of ten classic album covers from British artists commemorated on a UK postage stamp issued by the Royal Mail; they were unveiled by Jimmy Page.[244][245] Led Zeppelin were named as 2012 recipients of the Kennedy Center Honors.[246]

## Band members[edit]

* Robert Plant – vocals, harmonica
* Jimmy Page – guitars
* John Paul Jones – bass, keyboards
* John Bonham – drums, percussion

Guest musicians post-breakup

* Tony Thompson – drums (1985; died 2003)
* Phil Collins – drums (1985)
* Paul Martinez – bass (1985)
* Jason Bonham – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1988, 1995, 2007)
* Michael Lee – drums (1995; died 2008)

## Discography[edit]

Main articles: Led Zeppelin discography and List of songs recorded by Led Zeppelin

* Led Zeppelin (1969)
* Led Zeppelin II (1969)
* Led Zeppelin III (1970)
* Untitled album (1971) (de facto Led Zeppelin IV)
* Houses of the Holy (1973)
* Physical Graffiti (1975)
* Presence (1976)
* In Through the Out Door (1979)

## See also[edit]

* List of cover versions of Led Zeppelin songs
* List of Led Zeppelin songs written or inspired by others

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ One-off reunions: 1985, 1988, 1995, 2007
2. ^ Dreja would later take the photograph that appeared on the back of Led Zeppelin's debut album.[15]
3. ^ The first show was in Denver on 26 December 1968, followed by other West Coast dates before the band travelled to California to play Los Angeles and San Francisco.[29]
4. ^ One alleged example of such extravagance was the shark episode said to have taken place at the Edgewater Inn in Seattle on 28 July 1969.[41][40]

## References[edit]

1. ^ Ramirez, AJ (8 August 2012). "5 Great Bands (Spun Off from Other Great Bands)". PopMatters. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
2. ^ "2006 Rolling Stone Covers". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
3. ^ "Led Zeppelin Biography". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
4. ^ Yorke 1993, pp. 56–59.
5. ^ Russo, Greg (March 2001). Yardbirds: The Ultimate Rave-up. Crossfire Publications. ISBN 978-0-9648157-8-0. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
6. ^ "January to July .... and everything in between". January to July .... and everything in between. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
7. ^ "Together Biography, Songs, & Albums". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
8. ^ Wall 2008, pp. 15–16.
9. ^ Wall 2008, pp. 13–15.
10. ^ Davis 1985, pp. 28–29.
11. ^ a b c d Buckley 2003, p. 1198.
12. ^ Yorke 1993, p. 65.
13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Erlewine 2011a.
14. ^ Wall 2008, p. 10.
15. ^ Fyfe 2003, p. 45.
16. ^ Yorke 1993, p. 64.
17. ^ a b Lewis 1994, p. 3.
18. ^ Welch & Nicholls 2001, p. 75.
19. ^ a b Wall 2008, p. 54.
20. ^ Wall 2008, pp. 51–52.
21. ^ Wall 2008, pp. 72–73.
22. ^ a b Shadwick 2005, p. 36.
23. ^ Davis 1985, p. 57.
24. ^ Wall 2008, p. 84.
25. ^ Fortnam 2008, p. 43.
26. ^ Bath, Jo; Stevenson, Richard F. (2013). The Newcastle Book of Days. Stroud: The History Press. p. 280\. ISBN 9780752468662.
27. ^ "Concert Timeline: October 25, 1968". Led Zeppelin.com. 20 September 2007. Archived from the original on 2 January 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
28. ^ a b Wall 2008, p. 94.
29. ^ Wall 2008, pp. 92–93.
30. ^ "Led Zeppelin Billboard Albums". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011.
31. ^ Wall 2008, pp. 92, 147, 152.
32. ^ Erlewine 2011b.
33. ^ Wall 2008, p. 161.
34. ^ Erlewine 2010.
35. ^ Waksman 2001, p. 263.
36. ^ Wall 2008, pp. 166–167.
37. ^ Wall 2008, p. 165.
38. ^ Welch 1994, p. 49.
39. ^ Wale 1973, p. 11.
40. ^ a b c Wall 2008.
41. ^ Davis 1985, p. 103.
42. ^ "Led Zeppelin at Bron-Yr-Aur". BBC Wales Music. 30 June 2010. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
43. ^ Wall 2008, pp. 208–209.
44. ^ Yorke 1993, p. 130.
45. ^ Yorke 1993, p. 129.
46. ^ Waksman 2001, p. 238.
47. ^ Wall 2008, pp. 281.
48. ^ Wall 2008a.
49. ^ Williamson 2005, p. 68.
50. ^ Welch 1994, p. 47.
51. ^ Davis 2005, p. 25.
52. ^ Wall 2008, p. 269–270.
53. ^ Bukszpan 2003, p. 128.
54. ^ Brown 2001, p. 480.
55. ^ "Gold & Platinum – RIAA". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
56. ^ "Monitor". Broadcasting. Washington, DC: Broadcasting Publications Inc. 12 November 1979.
57. ^ Wall 2008, pp. 290–291.
58. ^ Wall 2008, p. 294.
59. ^ Davis 1985, p. 194.
60. ^ Yorke 1993, pp. 186–187.
61. ^ "William Rimmer Evening (The Fall of Day)". www.mfashop.org. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
62. ^ "A History of the Led Zeppelin Icarus Logo". www.band-shirt.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
63. ^ Williamson 2007, p. 107.
64. ^ Yorke 1993, p. 191.
65. ^ Davis 1985, p. 312.
66. ^ Miller 1975.
67. ^ Davis 1985, pp. 225, 277.
68. ^ a b Wall 2008, p. 359.
69. ^ Yorke 1993, p. 197.
70. ^ Lewis 2003, p. 35.
71. ^ Davis 1985, pp. 354–355.
72. ^ a b Wall 2008, p. 364.
73. ^ Lewis 2003, p. 45.
74. ^ Davis 1985, p. 173.
75. ^ Davis 1976.
76. ^ Shadwick 2005, p. 320.
77. ^ Yorke 1993, p. 229.
78. ^ Lewis 2003, p. 49.
79. ^ Wall 2008, p. 392.
80. ^ "Concert Timeline: June 3, 1977". Led Zeppelin.com. 22 September 2007. Archived from the original on 7 April 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
81. ^ Davis 1985, p. 277.
82. ^ Yorke 1993, p. 210.
83. ^ Welch 1994, p. 85.
84. ^ Wall 2008, p. 424.
85. ^ Lewis 2003, p. 80.
86. ^ Wall 2008, p. 425.
87. ^ Wall 2008, pp. 431–432.
88. ^ Davis 1985, p. 300.
89. ^ Welch 1994, p. 92.
90. ^ Welch 1994, pp. 92–94.
91. ^ a b "Rock group Led Zeppelin disbands". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, WA, U.S.). Associated Press. 6 December 1980. p. 24\. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
92. ^ a b Gilmore 2006.
93. ^ "John Bonham Biography". home.att.net/~chuckayoub. Archived from the original on 16 March 2010.
94. ^ Welch 1994, pp. 94–95.
95. ^ Huey 2011.
96. ^ Yorke 1993, p. 267.
97. ^ a b Lewis & Pallett 1997, p. 139.
98. ^ a b Prato 2008.
99. ^ "Jimmy Page says last Led Zeppelin reunion was a disaster". The List. 20 November 2007. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
100. ^ a b Lewis & Pallett 1997, p. 140.
101. ^ Wall 2008, p. 457.
102. ^ Erlewine 2011c.
103. ^ "Artist Chart History – Led Zeppelin". Billboard. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009.
104. ^ Erlewine 2011e.
105. ^ Murray 2004, p. 75.
106. ^ a b c Lewis 2003, p. 163.
107. ^ Lewis & Pallett 1997, p. 144.
108. ^ Lewis 2003, p. 166.
109. ^ Erlewine 2011f.
110. ^ Wall 2008, pp. 460–461.
111. ^ Wall 2008, p. 437.
112. ^ Cohen 2007.
113. ^ "Led Zeppelin to sell music online". Reuters. 15 October 2007. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
114. ^ a b Thorpe 2007.
115. ^ "Guinness 2010 entertainment winners". TVNZ. 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 6 March 2011.
116. ^ Gardner 2007.
117. ^ Wall 2008, p. 472.
118. ^ "Led Zeppelin trio back in studio". BBC News. 26 August 2008. Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
119. ^ Talmadge 2008.
120. ^ "Robert Plant – official statement". Robertplant.com. 29 September 2008. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
121. ^ Beech 2008.
122. ^ Anders 2014, p. 30.
123. ^ Wall 2008, pp. 459–460.
124. ^ Bosso 2009.
125. ^ Chamberlain 2014, p. 138.
126. ^ Greene 2012.
127. ^ Dawtrey 2012.
128. ^ Renshaw 2012.
129. ^ "First Three Albums Newly Remastered With Previously Unreleased Companion Audio". Led Zeppelin.com. 13 March 2014. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
130. ^ "Led Zeppelin Reissues Continue with Deluxe Editions of Led Zeppelin IV and Houses of the Holy". Led Zeppelin.com. 29 July 2014. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
131. ^ "Physical Graffiti Deluxe Edition Arrives Exactly 40 Years After Debut, Produced and Newly Remastered by Jimmy Page, with Previously Unreleased Companion Audio". Led Zeppelin.com. 8 January 2015. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
132. ^ Grow 2015.
133. ^ "Pre-Order Deluxe Editions of Presence, In Through the Out Door, and Coda, Each Newly Remastered by Jimmy Page, With Previously Unreleased Companion Audio". 3 June 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
134. ^ "Led Zeppelin / Mothership 4LP vinyl". superdeluxeedition.com. 15 October 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
135. ^ "The Complete BBC Sessions – With Previously Unreleased Recordings Out Sept. 16th". 20 July 2016. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
136. ^ "Led Zeppelin Official Illustrated Book – Coming 2018". 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
137. ^ "Live Album How The West Was Won To Be Reissued With New Remastering Supervised By Jimmy Page". 24 January 2018. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
138. ^ "Led Zeppelin share teaser trailer for beautiful Record Store Day release". NME. 3 January 2019. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
139. ^ Light 2020.
140. ^ Reed, Ryan. "Led Zeppelin Documentary to Feature Robert Plant, Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones". Rolling Stone. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
141. ^ Simpson, George (2 August 2021). "Led Zeppelin official documentary title announced: 'Film had unprecedented access to band'". Express. Express Newspapers. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
142. ^ a b c d Gulla 2001, pp. 153–159.
143. ^ Fast 2001, p. 8.
144. ^ a b Wall 2008, pp. 56–59.
145. ^ a b Fast 2001, p. 26.
146. ^ Wall 2008, pp. 294–296 and 364–366.
147. ^ Yorke 1993, pp. 236–237.
148. ^ Wall 2008, pp. 412–413.
149. ^ Fast 2001, p. 25.
150. ^ a b Cope 2010, p. 81.
151. ^ Fast 2001, p. 59.
152. ^ Wall 2008, pp. 278–279.
153. ^ Schinder & Schwartz 2008, p. 383.
154. ^ Fast 2001, pp. 9–10.
155. ^ Wall 2008, pp. 364–365.
156. ^ a b Walser 1993, p. 10.
157. ^ Fast 2011, p. 5.
158. ^ "Led Zeppelin". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
159. ^ Bukszpan 2003, p. 124.
160. ^ McIver 2006, Chapter 11, p. 1.
161. ^ Fast 2001, pp. 113–117.
162. ^ Fast 2001, p. 96.
163. ^ Fast 2001, p. 87.
164. ^ Fast 2001, p. 45.
165. ^ a b Christgau 1972a.
166. ^ Fast 2001, p. 13.
167. ^ a b Christgau 1980.
168. ^ Garofalo 2008, p. 233.
169. ^ Christgau 1972b.
170. ^ Schinder & Schwartz 2008, p. 390.
171. ^ Fast 2001, p. 79.
172. ^ Schinder & Schwartz 2008, pp. 380–391.
173. ^ Brackett 2008, pp. 53–76.
174. ^ Buckley 2003, p. 585.
175. ^ Peddie 2006, p. 136.
176. ^ "How Robert Plant contributed to creating the 'rock god' archetype". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
177. ^ "Rolling Stone Readers Pick the Best Lead Singers of All Time". Rolling Stone. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
178. ^ Schinder & Schwartz 2008, p. 380.
179. ^ Thompson 2004, p. 61.
180. ^ "Black Sabbath: the greatest metal bands of all time". MTV. 9 March 2006. Archived from the original on 19 March 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
181. ^ Prown, Newquist & Eiche 1997, p. 167.
182. ^ Prown, Newquist & Eiche 1997, p. 106.
183. ^ Nur Pervan 2022.
184. ^ "Aerosmith inducts Led Zeppelin 1995". Rockhall.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
185. ^ "Jimmy Page and the Black Crowes Interview". Guitar.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
186. ^ Davies 2010.
187. ^ Pareles 1997.
188. ^ Sparks 2010.
189. ^ Jones 2003.
190. ^ Day 2005.
191. ^ johnrobb 2012.
192. ^ Erlewine 2007.
193. ^ Witmer 2010.
194. ^ Grossman 2002.
195. ^ Haskins 1995, p. xv.
196. ^ Turner 2010.
197. ^ Gaar 2009, p. 36.
198. ^ Schinder & Schwartz 2008, p. 405.
199. ^ Budofsky 2006, p. 147.
200. ^ "Interview Madonna reviews life on Larry King Live". CNN. 19 January 1999. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
201. ^ García Márquez 2002.
202. ^ Cochrane 2009.
203. ^ Hendicott 2011.
204. ^ Melua 2007.
205. ^ Bukszpan 2003, p. 121.
206. ^ Waksman 2009, pp. 21–31.
207. ^ Pond 1988, pp. 68–69.
208. ^ Hughes 2010.
209. ^ "Seven Ages of Rock. Episode 5: Stadium Rock". BBC one. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
210. ^ Beaumont 2020.
211. ^ Sorel-Cameron 2007.
212. ^ "Top-Selling Artists". RIAA's Gold & Paltinum Program. Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
213. ^ Lane 2013.
214. ^ Clinton 2004, p. 8.
215. ^ Straw 1990, p. 84.
216. ^ Waksman 2001, pp. 238–239.
217. ^ Fast 2001, pp. 162–163.
218. ^ a b Long 2007.
219. ^ Batchelor & Stoddart 2007, p. 121.
220. ^ "Led Zeppelin make UK Hall of Fame". BBC News. 12 September 2006. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
221. ^ "Award for 'pioneers' Led Zeppelin". BBC News. 23 May 2006. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
222. ^ "Zeppelin celebrate Grammy honour". BBC News. 13 February 2005. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
223. ^ "GRAMMY Hall of Fame". GRAMMY.org. National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
224. ^ "Gold & Platinum database search: 'Led Zeppelin'". RIAA's Gold & Paltinum Program. Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2009.
225. ^ "Certified Awards Search—Led Zeppelin". British Phonographic Industry. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
226. ^ Grohl 2011, p. 27.
227. ^ "Led Zeppelin ranked no. 29". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
228. ^ "Led Zeppelin IV ranked no. 66". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
229. ^ "Physical Graffiti ranked no. 70". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
230. ^ "Led Zeppelin II ranked no. 75". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
231. ^ "Houses of the Holy ranked no. 149". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
232. ^ "Rolling Stone: 500 Greatest Songs of All Time 2004 1–100". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
233. ^ "Rolling Stone: 500 Greatest Songs of All Time 2004 101–200". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
234. ^ "Rolling Stone: 500 Greatest Songs of All Time 2004 201–300". Rolling Stone. 11 September 2007. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
235. ^ "Rolling Stone: 500 Greatest Songs of All Time 2004 301–400". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
236. ^ "Rolling Stone: 500 Greatest Songs of All Time 2004 401–500". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
237. ^ Leonard 2008.
238. ^ "VH1: '100 Greatest Hard Rock Artists'". VH1. 2000. Archived from the original on 8 January 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2010 - via RockOnTheNet.com.
239. ^ "50 Best Live Acts of All Time". Classic Rock. No. 118\. May 2008. pp. 34–45.
240. ^ "The Best Band". BBC – Radio 2. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
241. ^ "PRS/Novello Awards shared by intl artists". Billboard. 28 May 1977. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
242. ^ Hunter 1997.
243. ^ "Mojo Awards 'Best Live Act' 2008 – Acceptance Speech". Led Zeppelin.com. 2008. Archived from the original (video) on 13 October 2011.
244. ^ "Royal Mail unveil classic album cover stamps". The Independent. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
245. ^ "Royal Mail puts classic albums on to stamps". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
246. ^ Gans 2007.

### Bibliography[edit]

* Anders, Marcel (October 2014). "Q&A: Robert Plant". Classic Rock. No. 202.
* Batchelor, Bob; Stoddart, Scott (2007). American Popular Culture Through History: the 1980s. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-33000-1.
* Beaumont, Mark (1 December 2020). "The untimely death of Led Zeppelin". The Independent. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
* Beech, Mark (29 September 2008). "Led Zeppelin Singer Robert Plant rules out reunion record, tour". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
* Bosso, Joe (7 January 2009). "'Led Zeppelin are over!', says Jimmy Page's manager". MusicRadar. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
* Brackett, John (2008). "Examining rhythmic and metric practices in Led Zeppelin's musical style". Popular Music. 27 (1): 53–76. doi:10.1017/s0261143008001487. S2CID 55401670. ProQuest 1325852. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
* Brown, Pat (2001). The Guide to United States Popular Culture. Minneapolis: Popular Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-821-2.
* Buckley, Peter (2003). The Rough Guide to Rock. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-85828-457-6.
* Budofsky, Adam (2006). The Drummer: 100 Years of Rhythmic Power and Invention. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-1-4234-0567-2. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
* Bukszpan, Daniel (2003). The Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 978-0-7607-4218-1.
* Chamberlain, Rich (October 2014). "Heavy Load: Myles Kennedy". Classic Rock. No. 202.
* Christgau, Robert (15 June 1972a). "A Power Plant". Newsday. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2018 - via www.robertchristgau.com.
* Christgau, Robert (December 1972b). "Growing Up Grim With Mott the Hoople". Newsday. Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018 - via www.robertchristgau.com.
* Christgau, Robert (31 March 1980). "Christgau's Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018 - via www.robertchristgau.com.
* Clinton, Heylin (2004). Bootleg! The Rise & Fall of the Secret Recording Industry. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84449-151-3.
* Cochrane, Greg (23 January 2009). "Lady GaGa reveals her touring secrets". BBC. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
* Cohen, Jonathan (27 July 2007). "Led Zeppelin readies fall reissue bonanza". Billboard. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
* Cope, Andrew L. (2010). Black Sabbath and the Rise of Heavy Metal Music. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-6881-7.
* Davies, Claire (29 September 2010). "Megadeth interview (Monster Riffs Week): Megadeth axeman Dave Mustaine walks Total Guitar through the fiery riff from 'Hangar 18'". Total Guitar. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
* Davis, Erik (2005). Led Zeppelin IV. New York: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-1658-2.
* Davis, Stephen (20 May 1976). "Album Review: Led Zeppelin: Presence". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
* Davis, Stephen (1985). Hammer of the Gods: The Led Zeppelin Saga. London: Pan. ISBN 978-0-330-34287-2.
* Dawtrey, Adam (26 October 2012). "'Zeppelin' film grosses $2 mil in one night". Variety. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
* Day, Adrienne (4 July 2005). "The Records That Changed My Life: Bernard Sumner of New Order". Spin. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
* Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2007). "The Cult – Biography". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2007.
* Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2010). "Led Zeppelin: Led Zeppelin II: review". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
* Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2011a). "Led Zeppelin: biography". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
* Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2011b). "Led Zeppelin: Led Zeppelin: review". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
* Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2011c). "Led Zeppelin: Led Zeppelin Box Set: review". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
* Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2011e). "Led Zeppelin: Led Zeppelin Box Set 2: review". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 28 August 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
* Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2011f). "Led Zeppelin: BBC Sessions: review". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
* Fast, Susan (2001). In the Houses of the Holy: Led Zeppelin and the Power of Rock Music. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514723-0.
* Fast, Susan (2011). "Led Zeppelin (British Rock Group)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
* Fortnam, Ian (2008). "Dazed & Confused". Classic Rock Magazine: Classic Rock Presents Led Zeppelin.[full citation needed]
* Fyfe, Andy (2003). When the Levee Breaks: The Making of Led Zeppelin IV. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-55652-508-7.
* Gans, Alan (11 December 2007). "Dustin Hoffman, David Letterman, Natalia Makarova, Buddy Guy, Led Zeppelin Are Kennedy Center Honorees". Playbill. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
* Gardner, Alan (11 December 2007). "You review: Led Zeppelin". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
* Gaar, Gillian G. (2009). The Rough Guide to Nirvana. London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-1-85828-945-8.
* García Márquez, Gabriel (8 June 2002). "The poet and the princess". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
* Garofalo, Reebee (2008). Rockin' Out: Popular Music in the USA (4th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-234305-3.
* Gilmore, Mikal (10 August 2006). "The Long Shadow of Led Zeppelin". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
* Greene, Andy (13 September 2012). "Led Zeppelin's 2007 reunion concert to hit theatres in October". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
* Grohl, Dave (2011). "Led Zeppelin". In Brackett, Nathan (ed.). Rolling Stone: The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
* Grossman, Perry (2002). "Alternative rock". St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture 2002. Gale Group. ISBN 1-55862-400-7. Archived from the original on 13 October 2010.
* Grow, Kory (3 June 2015). "Led Zeppelin Announce Final Three Deluxe Reissues". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 4 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
* Gulla, Bob (2001). Guitar Gods: The 25 Players Who Made Rock History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35806-7.
* Haskins, Django (1995). Stand Alone Tracks '90s Rock: Handy Guide, Book & CD. Los Angeles: Alfred Music. ISBN 978-0-88284-658-3. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
* Hendicott, James (5 July 2011). "Ke$ha: 'I have 200 songs for my second album'". NME. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
* Huey, Steve (2011). "The Honeydrippers: biography". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 14 January 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
* Hughes, Rob (January 2010). "The real Jimmy Page". Uncut. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
* Hunter, Nigel (21 June 1997). "Anniversaries abound at the Novello Awards". Billboard. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
* johnrobb (26 October 2012). "Peter Hook : my top 10 favourite albums – Louder Than War". Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
* Jones, Robert (2 April 2003). "Conservative Punk's interview with Johnny Ramone". Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
* Lane, Daniel (10 November 2013). "Eminem scores seventh consecutive UK Number 1 album". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
* Leonard, Michael (31 December 2008). "Robert Plant awarded CBE in UK Honours list". MusicRadar. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
* Lewis, Dave (1994). The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-3528-0.
* Lewis, Dave (2003). Led Zeppelin: Celebration II: The 'Tight But Loose' Files. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84449-056-1. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
* Lewis, Dave; Pallett, Simon (1997). Led Zeppelin: The Concert File. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-5307-9.
* Light, Alan (20 October 2020). "Jimmy Page Is Still Practicing". Esquire. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
* Long, Carola (7 December 2007). "Led Zeppelin: the enduring influence of flares and flowing locks". The Independent. Archived from the original on 5 April 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
* McIver, Joel (2006). Sabbath Bloody Sabbath. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84449-982-3.
* Melua, Katie (7 December 2007). "Led Zeppelin: Katie Melua on rock'n'roll riffs that rake the psyche". The Independent. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
* Miller, Jim (27 March 1975). "Album review: Physical Graffiti". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
* Murray, Charles Shaar (August 2004). "The Guv'nors". Mojo.
* Nur Pervan, Melek (15 February 2022). "Klaus Meine Names The Song That Laid Out The Formula For Scorpions". Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
* Pareles, Jon (14 July 1997). "Lollapalooza's recycled hormones: rebellion by the numbers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
* Peddie, Ian (2006). "The bleak country: the Black Country and the rhetoric of escape". In Ian Peddie (ed.). The Resisting Muse: Popular Music and Social Protest. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-5114-7.
* Pond, Steven (24 March 1988). "Led Zeppelin: The Song Remains the Same". Rolling Stone. Vol. 522.
* Prato, Greg (2008). "Jimmy Page: biography". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
* Prown, Pete; Newquist, H. P.; Eiche, Jon F. (1997). Legends of Rock Guitar: The Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists. Milwaukee: H.Leonard. ISBN 978-0-7935-4042-6.
* Renshaw, David (30 October 2012). "Jimmy Page remastering Led Zeppelin albums for 2013 boxset release". NME. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
* Schinder, Scott; Schwartz, Andy (2008). Icons of Rock. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-33846-5.
* Shadwick, Keith (2005). Led Zeppelin: The Story of a Band and Their Music 1968–1980. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-871-1.
* Sorel-Cameron, Peter (9 December 2007). "Can Led Zeppelin still rock?". CNN.com Entertainment. Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
* Sparks, Ryan (2010). "Carpe Diem: an exclusive interview with Mike Portnoy from Dream Theater". classicrockrevisited.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
* Straw, Will (1990). "Characterizing rock music culture: the case of heavy metal". In Simon Frith; Andrew Goodwin (eds.). On Record: Rock, Pop and the Written Word. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-05306-8.
* Talmadge, Eric (28 January 2008). "Led Zeppelin guitarist wants World tour". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
* Thompson, Dave (2004). Smoke on the Water: The Deep Purple Story. Toronto, Ontario: ECW Press. ISBN 978-1-55022-618-8. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
* Thorpe, Vanessa (29 July 2007). "Led Zeppelin join the net generation". The Observer. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
* Turner, Gustavo (26 August 2010). "The L.A. weekly interview: Billy Corgan". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on 31 August 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
* Waksman, Steve (2001). Instruments of Desire: the Electric Guitar and the Shaping of Musical Experience. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00547-1. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
* Waksman, Steve (2009). This Ain't the Summer of Love: Conflict and Crossover in Heavy Metal and Punk. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25310-0.
* Wale, Michael (11 July 1973). "Led Zeppelin". The Times. Archived from the original on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
* Wall, Mick (2008). When Giants Walked the Earth: A Biography of Led Zeppelin. London: Orion. ISBN 978-1-4091-0319-6.
* Wall, Mick (1 November 2008a). "The truth behind the Led Zeppelin legend". The Times. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019.
* Walser, Robert (1993). Running with the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music. New York: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6260-9.
* Welch, Chris (1994). Led Zeppelin. London: Orion. ISBN 978-1-85797-930-5.
* Welch, Chris; Nicholls, Geoff (2001). John Bonham: A Thunder of Drums. San Francisco: Backbeat. ISBN 978-0-87930-658-8.
* Williamson, Nigel (May 2005). "Forget the myths". Uncut.
* Williamson, Nigel (2007). The Rough Guide to Led Zeppelin. London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-1-84353-841-7.
* Witmer, Scott (2010). History of Rock Bands. Edina, Minnesota: ABDO. ISBN 978-1-60453-692-8.
* Yorke, Ritchie (1993). Led Zeppelin: The Definitive Biography. Novato, California: Underwood–Miller. ISBN 978-0-88733-177-0.

## Further reading[edit]

* Christgau, Robert (1998). "Genius Dumb: Led Zeppelin". Grown Up All Wrong: 75 Great Rock and Pop Artists from Vaudeville to Techno. Harvard University Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-0-674-44318-1.
* Copsey, Rob (19 June 2020). "Live albums: The Number 1s and top sellers on the Official Chart". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
* Fricke, David (26 November 2012). "Jimmy Page Digs Up 'Substantial' Rarities for New Led Zeppelin Remasters". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
* Greene, Andy (28 February 2011). "This week in rock history: Bob Dylan wins his first Grammy and Led Zeppelin become the Nobs". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
* Grein, Paul (20 December 2012). "Chart watch extra: Led Zep's road to the Kennedy Center Honors". Yahoo Chart Watch. Archived from the original on 31 December 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
* Kielty, Martin (28 November 2012). "Led Zep talks will delay remasters". Classic Rock. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
* Rogers, Georgie (16 June 2008). "MOJO award winners". BBC. Archived from the original on 19 February 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
* "Led Zeppelin: the heaviest band of all time". Rolling Stone. Vol. 1006\. New York. 10 August 2006. Archived from the original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2011.[dead link]
* "The RS 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. 18 November 2003. Archived from the original on 10 July 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
* "Led Zeppelin – Charting History". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
* "Sold on song: Stairway to Heaven". BBC – Radio 2. Archived from the original on 9 July 2004. Retrieved 22 September 2011.

## External links[edit]

Led Zeppelin at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Data from Wikidata

* Official website
* Led Zeppelin at Atlantic Records
* Led Zeppelin on the Internet Archive
* Led Zeppelin's channel on YouTube (Official)
* Led Zeppelin at Curlie

* v
* t
* e

Led Zeppelin

* John Bonham
* John Paul Jones
* Jimmy Page
* Robert Plant

Studio albums|

* Led Zeppelin
* Led Zeppelin II
* Led Zeppelin III
* Untitled (Led Zeppelin IV)
* Houses of the Holy
* Physical Graffiti
* Presence
* In Through the Out Door

Live albums|

* The Song Remains the Same
* BBC Sessions
* How the West Was Won
* Celebration Day

Compilations|

* Coda
* BBC Sessions
* The Best of Led Zeppelin
* Mothership
* Led Zeppelin Deluxe Edition

Box sets|

* Boxed Set
* Remasters
* Boxed Set 2
* The Complete Studio Recordings
* Definitive Collection

Singles|

| 1960s|

* "Good Times Bad Times" / "Communication Breakdown"
* "Whole Lotta Love" / "Living Loving Maid (She's Just a Woman)"

|

1970s|

* "Immigrant Song" / "Hey, Hey, What Can I Do"
* "Black Dog" / "Misty Mountain Hop"
* "Rock and Roll" / "Four Sticks"
* "Over the Hills and Far Away" / "Dancing Days"
* "D'yer Mak'er" / "The Crunge"
* "The Ocean" / "Over the Hills and Far Away" / "Dancing Days"
* "Trampled Under Foot" / "Black Country Woman"
* "Candy Store Rock" / "Royal Orleans"
* "Fool in the Rain" / "Hot Dog"

Post-breakup|

* "Travelling Riverside Blues"
* "Baby Come On Home"
* "Whole Lotta Love"
* "The Girl I Love She Got Long Black Wavy Hair"
* "Kashmir"
* "Rock and Roll" (Sunset Sound Mix) / "Friends" (Olympic Studio Mix)

Films|

* The Song Remains the Same
* Led Zeppelin DVD
* Celebration Day
* Becoming Led Zeppelin

Tours|

| 1960s|

* Scandinavia 1968
* U.K. 1968
* North America 1968–1969
* North America Spring 1969
* U.K. Summer 1969
* North America Summer 1969

|

1970s|

* U.K. 1970
* Europe 1970
* North America Spring 1970
* Iceland, Bath & Germany 1970
* North America Summer 1970
* U.K. & Ireland Spring 1971
* Europe 1971
* North America 1971
* Japan 1971
* U.K. Winter 1971
* North America 1972
* Japan 1972
* Europe 1973
* North America 1973
* North America 1975
* Earls Court 1975
* North America 1977
* Knebworth 1979

1980s|

* Over Europe 1980
* The 1980s, Part One (cancelled)

Reunions|

* Live Aid (1985)
* Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary (1988)
* Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert (2007)

Bootlegs|

* Live on Blueberry Hill
* Destroyer
* Listen to This, Eddie
* For Badgeholders Only
* Burn Like a Candle

Lists|

* Discography
* Songs
* Awards and nominations
* Cover versions by others
* Led Zeppelin songs written or inspired by others

Related|

| Articles|

* Swan Song Records
* Three Week Hero
* "Beck's Bolero"
* Bron-Yr-Aur
* The Starship
* Caesar's Chariot
* Led Zeppelin Played Here
* Out Through the In Door

|

Bands|

* XYZ
* Page and Plant

Books|

* Hammer of the Gods: The Led Zeppelin Saga
* Stairway to Heaven: Led Zeppelin Uncensored
* When Giants Walked the Earth
* Led Zeppelin: The Biography

People|

* Jason Bonham
* Peter Grant
* Richard Cole

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Led Zeppelin songs

Discography

Led Zeppelin|

* "Good Times Bad Times"
* "Babe I'm Gonna Leave You"
* "You Shook Me"
* "Dazed and Confused"
* "Black Mountain Side"
* "Communication Breakdown"
* "I Can't Quit You Baby"
* "How Many More Times"

Led Zeppelin II|

* "Whole Lotta Love"
* "What Is and What Should Never Be"
* "The Lemon Song"
* "Thank You"
* "Heartbreaker"
* "Living Loving Maid (She's Just a Woman)"
* "Ramble On"
* "Moby Dick"
* "Bring It on Home"

Led Zeppelin III|

* "Immigrant Song"
* "Celebration Day"
* "Since I've Been Loving You"
* "Gallows Pole"
* "Tangerine"
* "That's the Way"
* "Bron-Y-Aur Stomp"

Untitled
(Led Zeppelin IV)|

* "Black Dog"
* "Rock and Roll"
* "The Battle of Evermore"
* "Stairway to Heaven"
* "Misty Mountain Hop"
* "Four Sticks"
* "Going to California"
* "When the Levee Breaks"

Houses of the Holy|

* "The Song Remains the Same"
* "The Rain Song"
* "Over the Hills and Far Away"
* "The Crunge"
* "Dancing Days"
* "D'yer Mak'er"
* "No Quarter"
* "The Ocean"

Physical Graffiti|

* "The Rover"
* "In My Time of Dying"
* "Houses of the Holy"
* "Trampled Under Foot"
* "Kashmir"
* "In the Light"
* "Ten Years Gone"
* "The Wanton Song"
* "Sick Again"

Presence|

* "Achilles Last Stand"
* "Nobody's Fault but Mine"
* "Candy Store Rock"

In Through
the Out Door|

* "In the Evening"
* "Fool in the Rain"
* "Carouselambra"
* "All My Love"

Coda|

* "We're Gonna Groove"
* "I Can't Quit You Baby"
* "Bonzo's Montreux"
* "Wearing and Tearing"

Other songs|

* "Baby Come On Home"
* "Hey, Hey, What Can I Do"
* "Travelling Riverside Blues"
* "White Summer"
* "The Girl I Love She Got Long Black Wavy Hair"
* "Somethin' Else"

Awards for Led Zeppelin

* v
* t
* e

Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award

1963–1990|

* 1963
* Bing Crosby
* 1965
* Frank Sinatra
* 1966
* Duke Ellington
* 1967
* Ella Fitzgerald
* 1968
* Irving Berlin
* 1971
* Elvis Presley
* 1972
* Louis Armstrong
* Mahalia Jackson
* 1984
* Chuck Berry
* Charlie Parker
* 1985
* Leonard Bernstein
* 1986
* Benny Goodman
* The Rolling Stones
* Andrés Segovia
* 1987
* Roy Acuff
* Benny Carter
* Enrico Caruso
* Ray Charles
* Fats Domino
* Woody Herman
* Billie Holiday
* B.B. King
* Isaac Stern
* Igor Stravinsky
* Arturo Toscanini
* Hank Williams
* 1989
* Fred Astaire
* Pablo Casals
* Dizzy Gillespie
* Jascha Heifetz
* Lena Horne
* Leontyne Price
* Bessie Smith
* Art Tatum
* Sarah Vaughan
* 1990
* Nat King Cole
* Miles Davis
* Vladimir Horowitz
* Paul McCartney

1991–2000|

* 1991
* Marian Anderson
* Bob Dylan
* John Lennon
* Kitty Wells
* 1992
* James Brown
* John Coltrane
* Jimi Hendrix
* Muddy Waters
* 1993
* Chet Atkins
* Little Richard
* Thelonious Monk
* Bill Monroe
* Pete Seeger
* Fats Waller
* 1994
* Bill Evans
* Aretha Franklin
* Arthur Rubinstein
* 1995
* Patsy Cline
* Peggy Lee
* Henry Mancini
* Curtis Mayfield
* Barbra Streisand
* 1996
* Dave Brubeck
* Marvin Gaye
* Georg Solti
* Stevie Wonder
* 1997
* Bobby "Blue" Bland
* The Everly Brothers
* Judy Garland
* Stéphane Grappelli
* Buddy Holly
* Charles Mingus
* Oscar Peterson
* Frank Zappa
* 1998
* Bo Diddley
* The Mills Brothers
* Roy Orbison
* Paul Robeson
* 1999
* Johnny Cash
* Sam Cooke
* Otis Redding
* Smokey Robinson
* Mel Tormé
* 2000
* Harry Belafonte
* Woody Guthrie
* John Lee Hooker
* Mitch Miller
* Willie Nelson

2001–2010|

* 2001
* The Beach Boys
* Tony Bennett
* Sammy Davis Jr.
* Bob Marley
* The Who
* 2002
* Count Basie
* Rosemary Clooney
* Perry Como
* Al Green
* Joni Mitchell
* 2003
* Etta James
* Johnny Mathis
* Glenn Miller
* Tito Puente
* Simon & Garfunkel
* 2004
* Van Cliburn
* The Funk Brothers
* Ella Jenkins
* Sonny Rollins
* Artie Shaw
* Doc Watson
* 2005
* Eddy Arnold
* Art Blakey
* The Carter Family
* Morton Gould
* Janis Joplin
* Led Zeppelin
* Jerry Lee Lewis
* Jelly Roll Morton
* Pinetop Perkins
* The Staple Singers
* 2006
* David Bowie
* Cream
* Merle Haggard
* Robert Johnson
* Jessye Norman
* Richard Pryor
* The Weavers
* 2007
* Joan Baez
* Booker T. & the M.G.'s
* Maria Callas
* Ornette Coleman
* The Doors
* The Grateful Dead
* Bob Wills
* 2008
* Burt Bacharach
* The Band
* Cab Calloway
* Doris Day
* Itzhak Perlman
* Max Roach
* Earl Scruggs
* 2009
* Gene Autry
* The Blind Boys of Alabama
* The Four Tops
* Hank Jones
* Brenda Lee
* Dean Martin
* Tom Paxton
* 2010
* Leonard Cohen
* Bobby Darin
* David "Honeyboy" Edwards
* Michael Jackson
* Loretta Lynn
* André Previn
* Clark Terry

2011–2020|

* 2011
* Julie Andrews
* Roy Haynes
* Juilliard String Quartet
* The Kingston Trio
* Dolly Parton
* Ramones
* George Beverly Shea
* 2012
* The Allman Brothers Band
* Glen Campbell
* Antônio Carlos Jobim
* George Jones
* The Memphis Horns
* Diana Ross
* Gil Scott-Heron
* 2013
* Glenn Gould
* Charlie Haden
* Lightnin' Hopkins
* Carole King
* Patti Page
* Ravi Shankar
* The Temptations
* 2014
* The Beatles
* Clifton Chenier
* The Isley Brothers
* Kraftwerk
* Kris Kristofferson
* Armando Manzanero
* Maud Powell
* 2015
* Bee Gees
* Pierre Boulez
* Buddy Guy
* George Harrison
* Flaco Jiménez
* The Louvin Brothers
* Wayne Shorter
* 2016
* Ruth Brown
* Celia Cruz
* Earth, Wind & Fire
* Herbie Hancock
* Jefferson Airplane
* Linda Ronstadt
* Run-DMC
* 2017
* Shirley Caesar
* Ahmad Jamal
* Charley Pride
* Jimmie Rodgers
* Nina Simone
* Sly Stone
* The Velvet Underground
* 2018
* Hal Blaine
* Neil Diamond
* Emmylou Harris
* Louis Jordan
* The Meters
* Queen
* Tina Turner
* 2019
* Black Sabbath
* George Clinton and Parliament-Funkadelic
* Billy Eckstine
* Donny Hathaway
* Julio Iglesias
* Sam & Dave
* Dionne Warwick
* 2020
* Chicago
* Roberta Flack
* Isaac Hayes
* Iggy Pop
* John Prine
* Public Enemy
* Sister Rosetta Tharpe

2021–present|

* 2021
* Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five
* Lionel Hampton
* Marilyn Horne
* Salt-N-Pepa
* Selena
* Talking Heads
* 2022
* Bonnie Raitt
* 2023
* Bobby McFerrin
* Nirvana
* Ma Rainey
* Slick Rick
* Nile Rodgers
* The Supremes
* Ann Wilson and Nancy Wilson
* 2024
* Laurie Anderson
* The Clark Sisters
* Gladys Knight
* N.W.A
* Donna Summer
* Tammy Wynette

* v
* t
* e

Kennedy Center Honorees (2010s)

2010|

* Merle Haggard
* Jerry Herman
* Bill T. Jones
* Paul McCartney
* Oprah Winfrey

2011|

* Barbara Cook
* Neil Diamond
* Yo-Yo Ma
* Sonny Rollins
* Meryl Streep

2012|

* Buddy Guy
* Dustin Hoffman
* David Letterman
* Led Zeppelin
* Natalia Makarova

2013|

* Martina Arroyo
* Herbie Hancock
* Billy Joel
* Shirley MacLaine
* Carlos Santana

2014|

* Al Green
* Tom Hanks
* Patricia McBride
* Sting
* Lily Tomlin

2015|

* Carole King
* George Lucas
* Rita Moreno
* Seiji Ozawa
* Cicely Tyson

2016|

* Martha Argerich
* Eagles
* Al Pacino
* Mavis Staples
* James Taylor

2017|

* Carmen de Lavallade
* Gloria Estefan
* LL Cool J
* Norman Lear
* Lionel Richie

2018|

* Cher
* Philip Glass
* Reba McEntire
* Wayne Shorter
* Hamilton (Lin-Manuel Miranda, Thomas Kail, Alex Lacamoire, and Andy Blankenbuehler)

2019|

* Earth, Wind & Fire
* Sally Field
* Linda Ronstadt
* Sesame Street
* Michael Tilson Thomas

* Complete list
* 1970s
* 1980s
* 1990s
* 2000s
* 2010s
* 2020s

* v
* t
* e

Laureates of the Polar Music Prize

1990s|

* Paul McCartney / the Baltic states (1992)
* Dizzy Gillespie / Witold Lutosławski (1993)
* Quincy Jones / Nikolaus Harnoncourt (1994)
* Elton John / Mstislav Rostropovich (1995)
* Joni Mitchell / Pierre Boulez (1996)
* Bruce Springsteen / Eric Ericson (1997)
* Ray Charles / Ravi Shankar (1998)
* Stevie Wonder / Iannis Xenakis (1999)

2000s|

* Bob Dylan / Isaac Stern (2000)
* Burt Bacharach / Robert Moog / Karlheinz Stockhausen (2001)
* Miriam Makeba / Sofia Gubaidulina (2002)
* Keith Jarrett (2003)
* B.B. King / György Ligeti (2004)
* Gilberto Gil / Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (2005)
* Led Zeppelin / Valery Gergiev (2006)
* Sonny Rollins / Steve Reich (2007)
* Pink Floyd / Renée Fleming (2008)
* Peter Gabriel / José Antonio Abreu / El Sistema (2009)

2010s|

* Björk / Ennio Morricone (2010)
* Kronos Quartet / Patti Smith (2011)
* Paul Simon / Yo-Yo Ma (2012)
* Youssou N'Dour / Kaija Saariaho (2013)
* Chuck Berry / Peter Sellars (2014)
* Emmylou Harris / Evelyn Glennie (2015)
* Max Martin / Cecilia Bartoli (2016)
* Sting / Wayne Shorter (2017)
* Metallica / Afghanistan National Institute of Music (2018)
* Grandmaster Flash / Anne-Sophie Mutter / Playing for Change (2019)

2020s|

* Anna Netrebko / Diane Warren (2020)
* Iggy Pop / Ensemble intercontemporain (2022)
* Chris Blackwell / Angélique Kidjo / Arvo Pärt (2023)
* Nile Rodgers / Esa-Pekka Salonen (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame – Class of 1995

Performers|

* The Allman Brothers Band
* Duane Allman, Gregg Allman, Dickey Betts, Jaimoe, Berry Oakley, Butch Trucks
* Al Green
* Janis Joplin
* Led Zeppelin
* John Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page, Robert Plant
* Martha and the Vandellas
* Rosalind Ashford, Annette Beard, Betty Kelly, Lois Reeves, Martha Reeves, Sandra Tilley
* Neil Young
* Frank Zappa

Early influences|

* The Orioles
* Tommy Gaither, George Nelson, Johnny Reed, Alexander Sharp, Sonny Til

Non-performers
(Ahmet Ertegun Award)|

* Paul Ackerman

* v
* t
* e

Robert Plant

* Strange Sensation: Justin Adams
* John Baggott
* Clive Deamer
* Billy Fuller
* Charlie Jones
* Michael Lee
* Pearl Thompson
* Liam "Skin" Tyson

Studio albums/EPs|

* Pictures at Eleven
* The Principle of Moments
* Shaken 'n' Stirred
* Now and Zen
* Manic Nirvana
* Fate of Nations
* Walking into Clarksdale (with Jimmy Page)
* Dreamland
* Mighty ReArranger (with Strange Sensation)
* Raising Sand (with Alison Krauss)
* Band of Joy (with Band of Joy)
* Lullaby and the Ceaseless Roar
* Carry Fire
* Raise the Roof (with Alison Krauss)

Live albums|

* No Quarter: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded

Compilations|

* Sixty Six to Timbuktu
* Nine Lives
* Digging Deep: Subterranea

DVDs|

* Soundstage: Robert Plant and the Strange Sensation

Singles|

* "Burning Down One Side"
* "Pledge Pin"
* "Big Log"
* "In the Mood"
* "Other Arms"
* "Little by Little"
* "Heaven Knows"
* "Tall Cool One"
* "Ship of Fools"
* "Hurting Kind (I've Got My Eyes on You)"
* "Your Ma Said You Cried in Your Sleep Last Night"
* "29 Palms"
* "Most High"
* "Shine It All Around"
* "Rich Woman"
* "Please Read the Letter"

Related articles|

* Discography
* Led Zeppelin
* The Honeydrippers
* Page and Plant
* Band of Joy

* v
* t
* e

Jimmy Page

Studio albums and EPs|

* Little Games (with The Yardbirds)
* No Introduction Necessary (with Albert Lee and John Paul Jones)
* Lord Sutch and Heavy Friends (with Screaming Lord Sutch and John Bonham)
* The Honeydrippers: Volume One (with The Honeydrippers)
* Whatever Happened to Jugula? (with Roy Harper)
* The Firm (with The Firm)
* Mean Business (with The Firm)
* Outrider
* Coverdale–Page (with David Coverdale)
* Walking into Clarksdale (with Robert Plant)

Live albums|

* Live Yardbirds: Featuring Jimmy Page (with The Yardbirds)
* No Quarter: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded (with Robert Plant)
* Live at the Greek (with The Black Crowes)

Compilations|

* Blues Anytime
* Hip Young Guitar Slinger

Soundtracks|

* Death Wish II
* Lucifer Rising and Other Sound Tracks

Related articles|

* Discography
* Led Zeppelin
* The Honeydrippers
* Page and Plant
* The Firm
* XYZ
* Coverdale•Page
* David Coverdale
* The Yardbirds
* Immediate All-Stars
* Scarlet Page
* It Might Get Loud
* Jimmy Page by Jimmy Page

* v
* t
* e

John Paul Jones

Studio albums|

* Scream for Help
* The Sporting Life (with Diamanda Galás)
* Zooma
* The Thunderthief

Related articles|

* Led Zeppelin
* Comin' Atcha
* Them Crooked Vultures

* v
* t
* e

The Yardbirds

* Original members (1963–1968): Keith Relf
* Paul Samwell-Smith
* Chris Dreja
* Jim McCarty
* Top Topham
* Eric Clapton
* Jeff Beck
* Jimmy Page

* Later members (since 1992): John Idan
* Gypie Mayo
* Alan Glen
* Jerry Donahue
* Ben King
* Johnny A.
* Kenny Aaronson
* Myke Scavone

Studio
recordings|

* For Your Love
* Having a Rave Up
* Roger the Engineer
* Little Games
* Birdland

Live albums|

* Five Live Yardbirds
* Sonny Boy Williamson and the Yardbirds
* Live Yardbirds! Featuring Jimmy Page
* Live! Blueswailing July '64

Anthologies|

* The Yardbirds Greatest Hits
* Shapes of Things
* Ultimate!
* Glimpses 1963–1968
* Yardbirds '68

Soundtracks|

* Blow-Up - The Original Sound Track Album

Bootlegs|

* Golden Eggs
* More Golden Eggs

Singles|

* "I Wish You Would"
* "A Certain Girl"
* "Good Morning Little Schoolgirl"
* "For Your Love"
* "Heart Full of Soul"
* "Evil Hearted You"
* "I'm a Man"
* "Shapes of Things"
* "You're a Better Man Than I"
* "Boom Boom"
* "Over Under Sideways Down"
* "Happenings Ten Years Time Ago"
* "Ha Ha Said the Clown"
* "Ten Little Indians"

Other songs|

* "Let It Rock"
* "Who Do You Love"
* "You Can't Judge a Book by Looking at the Cover"
* "Too Much Monkey Business"
* "Smokestack Lightning"
* "Five Long Years"
* "The Sky Is Crying"
* "My Girl Sloopy"
* "The Train Kept A-Rollin'"
* "Spoonful"
* "The Stumble"
* "Dust My Blues"
* "White Summer"
* "Drinking Muddy Water"
* "Stealing Stealing"
* "Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)"
* "Dazed and Confused"
* "Knowing That I'm Losing You"
* "I'm Waiting for the Man"

Related|

* Discography
* Members
* Cream
* Jeff Beck Group
* Led Zeppelin
* Renaissance
* Box of Frogs

* v
* t
* e

The Lord of the Rings

* J. R. R. Tolkien

About|

* Volumes
* The Fellowship of the Ring
* The Two Towers
* The Return of the King
* Stories
* "The Shadow of the Past"
* "The Council of Elrond"
* "The Scouring of the Shire"
* "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen"
* Translations
* Russian
* Swedish
* Reception
* Literary
* Fandom
* Oxonmoot
* Tolkienmoot
* Works inspired
* Tolkien's impact on fantasy

Analysis|

| Elements|

* Artwork
* Family trees
* Heraldry
* Languages
* Quenya
* Sindarin
* Maps
* Poetry
* A Elbereth Gilthoniel
* Namárië
* Song of Eärendil
* The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late
* The Road Goes Ever On
* A Walking Song
* Proverbs

|

Themes|

* Addiction to power
* Anachronism
* Ancestry as guide to character
* Architecture
* Christianity
* Death and immortality
* Decline and fall
* Economy
* England
* Environmentalism
* Forests
* Heroism
* Luck and fate
* Magic
* Mental illness
* Moral dilemma
* Music
* Naming of weapons
* Northern courage
* Paganism
* Plants
* Psychological journeys
* Quests
* Race
* Sexuality
* Sound and language
* Time
* Trees
* Women

Influences|

* Antiquarianism
* Beowulf
* Celtic
* Classical world
* First World War
* Norse
* Medieval
* Modern sources
* Modernism
* Philology
* Shakespeare

Techniques|

* Character pairing
* Frame stories
* Impression of depth
* Narrative structure
* Interlacing
* Prose style
* Ambiguity

Peoples|

| Maiar|

* Balrogs
* Sauron
* Wizards
* Gandalf
* Radagast
* Saruman

|

Free
peoples|

* Dwarves
* Balin
* Gimli
* Elves
* Galadriel
* Glorfindel
* Half-elven
* Arwen
* Elrond
* Legolas
* Thranduil
* Ents
* Treebeard
* Hobbits
* Bilbo
* Frodo
* Merry
* Pippin
* Sam
* Men
* Beornings
* Drúedain
* Dúnedain
* Aragorn
* of Gondor
* Boromir
* Denethor
* Faramir
* of Rohan
* Éomer
* Éowyn
* Théoden
* Wormtongue

Monsters|

* Barrow-wight
* Gollum
* Nazgûl
* Witch-king of Angmar
* Old Man Willow
* Orcs
* Shelob
* Trolls
* Wargs
* Watcher in the Water

Other|

* Eagles
* Goldberry
* Tom Bombadil

World|

| Geography|

* Eriador
* Bree
* Old Forest
* Rivendell
* The Shire
* Bag End
* Gondor
* Harad
* Lothlórien
* Mirkwood
* Moria
* Mordor
* Rohan
* Isengard

|

Battles|

* Helm's Deep
* Pelennor Fields
* Morannon

Objects|

* Mithril
* Palantírs
* Phial of Galadriel
* Rings of Power
* One Ring
* List of weapons and armour

Related
works|

* The Hobbit
* The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
* Errantry
* Fastitocalon
* The Sea-Bell
* The Road Goes Ever On
* Bilbo's Last Song
* The Silmarillion
* Unfinished Tales
* The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien
* The History of Middle-earth
* The Children of Húrin
* The History of The Hobbit
* Beren and Lúthien
* The Fall of Gondolin
* The Nature of Middle-earth

Adaptations and derivative works

Books|

* Bored of the Rings (1969)
* The Last Ringbearer (1999)
* Muddle Earth (2003)

Illustrations|

* A Map of Middle-earth
* Pauline Baynes
* Barbara Remington
* John Howe
* Alan Lee
* Margrethe II of Denmark
* Ted Nasmith

Theatre|

* Fellowship! (2005)
* Lord of the Rings (2006)

Music|

* Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings (1972)
* Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings (1988)
* Led Zeppelin
* "Ramble On" (1969)
* "Misty Mountain Hop" (1971)
* "The Battle of Evermore" (1971)

Radio|

* The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1955)
* The Lord of the Rings (NPR, 1979)
* Hordes of the Things (1980)
* The Lord of the Rings (BBC, 1981)
* Der Herr der Ringe (1992)

Film|

| Animated|

* The Lord of the Rings (Bakshi, 1978)
* The Return of the King (Rankin/Bass, 1980)
* The War of the Rohirrim (2024)

|

Peter Jackson
series|

* The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
* The Two Towers (2002)
* The Return of the King (2003)

Music|

* "Concerning Hobbits"
* "Into the West"
* "May It Be"

Approach|

* Production
* Peter Jackson's interpretation
* Picturing Tolkien

Other|

* Sagan om ringen (1971)
* Khraniteli (1991)
* Hobitit (1993)
* The Rings of Power (2022)
* music

Fan-made|

* The Hunt for Gollum (2009)
* Born of Hope (2009)

Video games|

* Journey to Rivendell
* Game One
* Game Two: Shadows of Mordor
* War in Middle Earth
* Vol. I (1990)
* Vol. I (SNES)
* Riders of Rohan
* Elendor
* Vol. II: The Two Towers
* The Fellowship of the Ring
* The Two Towers
* The Return of the King
* War of the Ring
* The Third Age
* The Battle for Middle-earth
* Tactics
* The Battle for Middle-earth II
* The Rise of the Witch-king
* Conquest
* Aragorn's Quest
* War in the North
* Lego The Lord of the Rings
* Guardians of Middle-earth
* Shadow of Mordor
* Shadow of War
* Gollum
* Return to Moria

| The Lord of the Rings Online|

* Mines of Moria
* Siege of Mirkwood
* Rise of Isengard
* Riders of Rohan
* Helm's Deep
* Mordor
* Minas Morgul
* War of Three Peaks
* Fate of Gundabad
* Before the Shadow

|

Tabletop role-
playing games|

* Middle-earth Role Playing
* The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game
* The One Ring Roleplaying Game
* Adventures in Middle-earth

Board games|

* Middle Earth
* War of the Ring
* Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith
* Sauron
* Lord of the Rings
* Risk: The Lord of the Rings: Trilogy Edition
* War of the Ring

Card games|

* Middle-earth Collectible Card Game
* The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game
* The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game

Other games|

* Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game
* Lego The Lord of the Rings

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* Norway
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Latvia
* Czech Republic
* Australia
* Croatia

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* Grammy Awards
* MusicBrainz

People|

* Trove

Other|

* IdRef

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template