Lobster fishing

Aspect of the fishing industry

Fishermen with their catch of the spiny lobster Jasus frontalis in the Juan Fernández Islands, Chile

Lobsters[Note 1] are widely fished around the world for their meat.[1] They are often hard to catch in large numbers, but their large size can make them a profitable catch.[1] Although the majority of the targeted species are tropical, the majority of the global catch is in temperate waters.[1]

## Methods[edit]

Several methods are used to catch lobsters, with the method depending largely on the species being targeted.

### Lobster pots[edit]

Main article: Lobster trap

A lobster pot

The large Homarus lobsters are caught almost exclusively with lobster pots (also called "lobster traps"). These are large rigid objects which the lobster enters voluntarily, often to reach bait, and which it then cannot escape.[2] Traps are also used in some spiny lobster fisheries, such as the fishery for the California spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus, in the eastern Pacific Ocean.[3]

Lobster traps can either be wire or wooden, today fishermen are straying from the wooden traps as they can be heavier than the wire. Traditionally, a lobster trap has two compartments. The outside, or “kitchen”, has nylon netting leading inside the trap to the “parlour” where the lobsters are caught.[4]

### Trawling[edit]

Trawling is the main method used for the Norway lobster or Dublin Bay prawn, Nephrops norvegicus,[5] and for those slipper lobsters that prefer soft substrates, such as Thenus and Ibacus.[6] It has also become more frequently used in the fishery for Homarus americanus.[7]

### Gill nets and trammel nets[edit]

Gill nets and trammel nets are used for the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus.[8]

### Hand-fishing and spearfishing[edit]

Austro-Hungarian soldiers catching crayfish, WWI

Slipper lobsters that prefer crevices, caves and reefs (including Scyllarides, Arctides and Parribacus species) are usually caught by SCUBA divers.[6]

## Restrictions[edit]

Legal restrictions apply to the catching of lobsters in many parts of the world, in order to prevent overfishing and allow recruitment to the next generation. Common restrictions include the provision of a minimum landing size, preventing fishermen from catching "berried" females (females carrying eggs), closed seasons and limiting catches with individual fishing quotas.

Commercial fishing regulators in the United States, such as the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission and the National Marine Fisheries Service, enforce restrictions through the use of lobster fishing licenses and lobster pot tags that correspond to the fisher's permit number. Tag manufacturers also maintain databases for each state's licensed fisheries, tracking how many tags each fisher purchases every year.[9]

## Distribution and species[edit]

Principal commercial lobster species

Homarus americanus (American or Maine lobster)

Nephrops norvegicus (Norway lobster, Dublin Bay prawn, langoustine or scampi)

Panulirus argus (Caribbean spiny lobster)

Of the 280,000 tons of lobster catches reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization for the year 2010, 188,000 t (67%) was of true lobsters (family Nephropidae), 80,000 t (28%) was of spiny lobsters (Palinuridae) and about 10,000 t (4%) was of slipper lobsters (Scyllaridae).[10]

FAO common name | Scientific name | Catch in 2010 (t) [10]

|
|

American lobster | Homarus americanus | 115,651
Norway lobster | Nephrops norvegicus | 66,544
Caribbean spiny lobster | Panulirus argus | 35,642
Tropical spiny lobsters nei[Note 2] | Panulirus | 22,128
Japanese fan lobster | Ibacus ciliatus | 9,114
Australian spiny lobster | Panulirus cygnus | 5,502
European lobster | Homarus gammarus | 5,083
Southern rock lobster | Jasus novaehollandiae | 4,368
Cape rock lobster | Jasus lalandii | 3,418
Red rock lobster | Jasus edwardsii | 2,871
Lobsters nei[Note 2] | Reptantia | 2,577
Longlegged spiny lobster | Panulirus longipes | 2,303
Palinurid spiny lobsters nei[Note 2] | Palinurus | 1,132
Flathead lobster | Thenus orientalis | 924
New Zealand lobster | Metanephrops challengeri | 825
Southern spiny lobster | Palinurus gilchristi | 734
Common spiny lobster | Palinurus elephas | 449
Tristan da Cunha rock lobster | Jasus tristani | 403
St. Paul rock lobster | Jasus paulensis | 390
Spiny lobsters nei[Note 2] | Palinuridae | 306

### Atlantic Ocean[edit]

About 122,000 t of lobsters are caught in the north Atlantic Ocean (FAO Fishing Areas 21 and 27),[1] where the dominant species are Homarus americanus and Nephrops norvegicus.

The State of Maine accounts for 57,000 t of Homarus americanus landings valued at $450 million.[11]

N. norvegicus is mostly caught by trawling. Around 60,000 tonnes are caught annually, half of it in the United Kingdom's waters.[5] Discards from Nephrops fishery may account for up to 37% of the energy requirements of certain marine scavengers, such as the hagfish Myxine glutinosa.[12] Boats involved in Nephrops fishery also catch a number of fish species such as plaice and sole, and it is thought that without that revenue, Nephrops fishery would be economically unviable.[13]

The European lobster, Homarus gammarus is found across the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean from northern Norway to the Azores and Morocco. Homarus gammarus is mostly fished using lobster pots, although lines baited with octopus or cuttlefish sometimes succeed in tempting them out, to allow them to be caught in a net or by hand.[1] In 2008, 4,386 t of H. gammarus were caught across Europe and North Africa, of which 3,462 t (79%) was caught in the British Isles (including the Channel Islands).[14] The minimum landing size for H. gammarus is a carapace length of 87 mm (3.4 in).[15]

### Caribbean Sea[edit]

In the Caribbean Sea, the main species targeted by lobster fisheries is the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus.

### Eastern Pacific Ocean[edit]

The most important lobster species on the West Coast of the United States is the California spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus.[16] Recreational lobster fishers in California must abide by a legal catch limit of seven lobsters per day and a minimum body length of 3.25 inches (83 mm), measured from the eye socket to the edge of the carapace.[17] The sport season for California spiny lobster starts on the Saturday preceding the first Wednesday in October through to the first Wednesday after 15 March.[17] Commercial fishers use lobster traps.[18]

### New Zealand[edit]

Main article: Fishing industry in New Zealand

New Zealand implements the Quota Management System (QMS) to limit catches of fish and shellfish. Under QMS, a limit of 2,807,364 kilograms (6,189,178 lb) for the rock lobster Jasus edwardsii, and 1,291,000 kg (2,846,000 lb) for the New Zealand scampi, Metanephrops challengeri, were in place in 2011.[19] Recreational fishers may only gather by hand or use lobster pots, while commercial fishers catch lobsters by trawling. The total catch in 2011 was 2,539,946 kg (5,599,622 lb) of J. edwardsii, 350,194 kg (772,046 lb) of M. challengeri, and 23,086 kg (50,896 lb) of Sagmariasus verreauxi.[19]

Recreational fishing of lobsters ("crayfishing") in New Zealand does not require a permit provided catch limits, size restrictions, and seasonal and local restrictions set by the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) are followed. The legal recreational daily limit is six lobsters per person, with a maximum of three lobster pots permitted per person. Lobsters cannot be taken if they are in berry (carrying eggs) or in the soft shell stage. For J. edwardsii, the minimum legal size is 54 mm for males (no pincers on the rear legs and single pleopods) and 60 mm for females (pincers on the rear legs and paired pleopods), measuring the width of the tail over the primary splines on the second segment.[20]

### Australia[edit]

A number of species are targeted around the coasts of Australia. Jasus edwardsii is found off Australia's southern coast, from Western Australia to New South Wales, as well as in New Zealand. Thenus orientalis, known as the Moreton Bay bug, is fished on the country's north coast.[21]

## Safety[edit]

Lobster fishing is considered a hazardous occupation by NIOSH. Lobster fishermen who become entangled in their trap line are at risk of drowning if they are pulled overboard. Best practices have been developed to prevent and reduce entanglement, and to facilitate getting fishermen who have fallen overboard back onto their vessels.[22]

Fishing safety can be found in many manuals and courses can be taken to ensure that your vessel and crew are up to date on all of their safety procedures to reduce the risk of injury or drowning. There are many policies to be followed for many things such as on-board working procedure, maintenance and more.[23]

## Environment[edit]

There are procedures in place to minimize the amount of pollution in the water while fishing. If a spill were to take place on a vessel, the first thing is to minimize the amount and prevent as much from entering the water. A pollution kit should be aboard every vessel in case of a spill.[24]

## See also[edit]

* Crustaceans portal

* List of harvested aquatic animals by weight

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ For the purposes of fisheries, the term "lobster" includes clawed lobsters (Nephropidae), spiny lobsters (Palinuridae), slipper lobsters (Scyllaridae), and several other groups of large long-bodied decapod crustaceans.
2. ^ a b c d "Nei" = not elsewhere included.

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e Lipke Holthuis (1991). "Introduction". Marine Lobsters of the World (PDF). FAO species catalogue. Vol. 13\. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. pp. 1–16. ISBN 92-5-103027-8.[permanent dead link]
2. ^ "Lobster pot fishing". Fishing techniques. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
3. ^ "Spiny lobster fishing with trap". Fishing techniques. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
4. ^ "Fill Your Trap with Lobster from Maine: All About Lobster Traps!". LobsterAnywhere.com. 2015-01-16. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
5. ^ a b "Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758)". FAO: Fisheries Global Information System (FIGIS). February 26, 2004.
6. ^ a b "Family SCYLLARIDAE Latreille, 1825". Australian Faunal Directory. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. January 8, 2010.
7. ^ "Homarus americanus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837)". FAO: Fisheries Global Information System (FIGIS). February 26, 2004.
8. ^ "Spiny lobster gillnets and trammel nets fishing". Fishing techniques. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
9. ^ "Success Stories: Lobster Trap Tags". TydenBrooks Security Seals.
10. ^ a b "Global Capture Production 1950–2010". FIGIS. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
11. ^ Guildford, Gwynn (6 October 2015). "The enigma behind America's freak, 20-year lobster boom". Quartz (publication). Atlantic Media. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
12. ^ T. L. Catchpole, C. L. J. Frid & T. S. Gray (2006). "Importance of discards from the English Nephrops norvegicus fishery in the North Sea to marine scavengers". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 313: 215–226. Bibcode:2006MEPS..313..215C. doi:10.3354/meps313215.
13. ^ Ivor Clucas (1997). "A study of the options for utilization of bycatch and discards from marine capture fisheries: 9.1.2 Nephrops". FAO Fisheries Circular. No. 928: FIIU/C928.
14. ^ "Fishery Statistical Collections. Global Production". Fisheries Global Information System. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved September 30, 2010.
15. ^ "Minimum fish sizes" (PDF). Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 6, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2010.
16. ^ Lipke B. Holthuis (1991). "Panulirus interruptus". FAO Species Catalogue, Volume 13. Marine Lobsters of the World. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125. Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN 92-5-103027-8. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07.
17. ^ a b "California Spiny Lobster: fishing and life history information" (PDF). California Department of Fish and Game. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2010. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
18. ^ "Lobster". Commercial Fishing Digest for 2009-2010 (PDF). California Department of Fish and Game. pp. 53–55. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
19. ^ a b "Spiny red rock lobster (CRA)". New Zealand Fisheries information website. Ministry of Fisheries. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
20. ^ "Stuck between a rock and a hard place? Getting to grips with handling and measuring lobster" (PDF). Fisheries, New Zealand Ministry of Primary Industries. June 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
21. ^ Lipke B. Holthuis (1991). "Thenus orientalis". Marine Lobsters of the World. pp. 227–228. ISBN 92-5-103027-8. Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2012-06-23. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
22. ^ "Dangers of Entanglement During Lobstering (2005-137)". CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products. June 6, 2014. doi:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2005137. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
23. ^ Richard, MacLeod (2017). Fish Safe- The Safest Catch Atlantic Edition. Sydney, Nova Scotia: Cape Breton Fish and Marine Supply. pp. 22–27.
24. ^ The Safest Catch Pacific edition. Richmond, BC: Fish Safe. p. 23.

## Further reading[edit]

* Colin Woodard (2005). The Lobster Coast: Rebels, Rusticators, and the Struggle for a Forgotten Frontier. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143035343.

## External links[edit]

* Dangers of Entanglement During Lobstering, a publication from the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
* Lobster Conservation at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2002-09-15)
* History of Lobster Fishing and Processing
* Lobstering History
* The Lobster Fishery of Maine by John N. Cobb; Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, Vol. 19, Pages 241-265, 1899; from Project Gutenberg

* v
* t
* e

Fishery science topics

Fisheries science and wild fisheries

| Fisheries
science|

* Population dynamics of fisheries
* Shifting baseline
* Fish stock
* Fish mortality
* Condition index
* Stock assessment
* Fish measurement
* Standard weight in fish
* Fish counter
* Data storage tag
* Catch per unit effort
* Otolith microchemical analysis
* Biomass
* Fisheries acoustics
* Acoustic tag
* Coded wire tag
* GIS and aquatic science
* Pop-up satellite archival tag
* EcoSCOPE
* Age class structure
* Trophic level
* Trophic cascades
* Hydrographic containment
* Match/mismatch hypothesis
* Climate change and fisheries
* Marine biology
* Aquatic ecosystems
* Bioeconomics
* EconMult
* Ecopath
* FishBase
* Census of Marine Life
* OSTM/Jason-2
* Fisheries databases
* Institutes
* Fisheries scientists

|
|

Wild
fisheries|

* Ocean fisheries
* Diversity of fish
* Coastal fish
* Coral reef fish
* Demersal fish
* Forage fish
* Pelagic fish
* Cod fisheries
* Crab fisheries
* Eel fisheries
* Krill fisheries
* Kelp fisheries
* Lobster fisheries
* Shrimp fishery
* Eel ladder
* Fish ladder
* Fish screen
* Migration
* Salmon run
* Sardine run
* Shoaling and schooling
* Marine habitat
* Marine snow
* Water column
* Upwelling
* Humboldt current
* Algal blooms
* Dead zones
* Fish kill

Fisheries law, management, sustainability and conservation

| Law|

* Fisheries law
* Exclusive economic zone
* Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
* United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
* United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
* Fisheries Convention
* Magnuson–Stevens Act

|
|

Management|

* Fisheries management
* Monitoring control and surveillance
* Vessel monitoring system
* Fishery Resources Monitoring System
* Catch reporting
* Fisheries observer
* Catch share
* Individual fishing quota
* Minimum landing size
* Pulse fishing
* Slot limit
* EU Common Fisheries Policy
* EU MLS
* European Fisheries Control Agency
* National Marine Fisheries Service
* Regional fishery body
* Regional fishery management organisation

Sustainability|

* Sustainable fishery
* Maximum sustainable yield
* List of commercially important fish species
* Sustainable seafood
* Overfishing
* Environmental impact of fishing
* Fishing down the food web
* Destructive fishing practices
* Future of Marine Animal Populations
* The Sunken Billions
* The End of the Line
* Bycatch
* Discards
* Incidental catch
* Cetacean bycatch
* Turtle excluder device
* Shrimp-Turtle case

Conservation|

* Marine protected area
* Marine reserve
* Marine conservation
* Marine conservation activism
* Salmon conservation
* Grey nurse shark conservation
* Shark sanctuary
* European Environmental Agency
* U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Advocacy|

* FishAct
* Marine Stewardship Council
* Aquaculture Stewardship Council
* Friend of the Sea
* SeaChoice
* Seafood Watch
* Ocean Conservancy
* Ocean Outcomes
* Oceana
* Save Our Seas Foundation
* Sea Around Us
* WorldFish
* Defying Ocean's End
* HERMIONE
* PROFISH
* International Seafood Sustainability Foundation
* Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
* Greenpeace

Related issues|

* CalCOFI
* Fish slaughter
* Marine pollution
* Mercury in fish
* Shark culling
* Shark finning
* Threatened sharks
* Threatened rays

* Outline of fishing
* Index of fishing articles
* Glossary of fishery terms

* v
* t
* e

Principal commercial fishery species groups

Wild|

| Large pelagic fish|

* Mackerel
* Salmon
* Shark
* Swordfish
* Tuna
* albacore
* bigeye
* Atlantic bluefin
* Pacific bluefin
* southern bluefin
* skipjack
* yellowfin

|

Forage fish|

* Anchovy
* Capelin
* Herring
* Ilish
* Menhaden
* Sardines
* Saury
* Shad
* Sprat
* european

Demersal fish|

* Catfish
* Cod
* Atlantic
* Pacific
* Alaska pollock
* Flatfish
* flounder
* halibut
* plaice
* sole
* turbot
* Haddock
* Mullet
* Orange roughy
* Pollock
* Rockfish
* Smelt-whitings
* Toothfish

Freshwater fish|

* Carp
* Sturgeon
* Tilapia
* Trout

Other wild fish|

* Eel
* Whitebait
* more...

Crustaceans|

* Crab
* Krill
* Lobster
* Shrimp
* more...

Molluscs|

* Abalone
* Mussels
* Octopus
* Oysters
* Scallops
* Squid
* more...

Echinoderms|

* Sea cucumbers
* Sea urchin
* more...

Farmed|

* Carp
* bighead
* common
* crucian
* grass
* silver
* Catfish
* Freshwater prawns
* Gilt-head bream
* Mussels
* Oysters
* Salmon
* Atlantic
* salmon trout
* coho
* chinook
* Scallops
* Seaweed
* Shrimp
* Tilapia

* Commercial fishing
* World fish production
* Commercial species
* Fishing topics
* Fisheries glossary

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template