Mount Rushmore

Mountain in the US featuring a sculpture of four presidents

For the band, see Mount Rushmore (band).

Mount Rushmore National Memorial
Shrine of Democracy
Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe

Mount Rushmore features Gutzon Borglum's sculpted heads of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln (left to right)

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Location| Pennington County, South Dakota
Nearest city| Keystone, South Dakota
Coordinates| 43°52′44″N 103°27′35″W﻿ / ﻿43.87889°N 103.45972°W﻿ / 43.87889; -103.45972
Area| 1,278 acres (5.17 km2)
Authorized| March 3, 1925; 98 years ago (1925-03-03)
Visitors| 2,440,449 (in 2022)[1]
Governing body| National Park Service
Website| www.nps.gov/moru

Mount Rushmore National Memorial

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

U.S. Historic district

Built| 1927–1941
Architect| Gutzon and Lincoln Borglum
NRHP reference No.| 66000718
Added to NRHP| October 15, 1966

The Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a national memorial centered on a colossal sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore (Lakota: Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe, or Six Grandfathers) in the Black Hills near Keystone, South Dakota, United States. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum designed the sculpture, called Shrine of Democracy,[2] and oversaw the project's execution from 1927 to 1941 with the help of his son, Lincoln Borglum.[3][4] The sculpture features the 60-foot-tall (18 m) heads of four United States presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln,[5] chosen to represent the nation's birth, growth, development and preservation, respectively.[6] Mount Rushmore attracts more than two million visitors annually[1] to the memorial park which covers 1,278 acres (2.00 sq mi; 5.17 km2).[7] The mountain's elevation is 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level.[8]

The sculptor chose Mount Rushmore in part because it faces southeast for maximum sun exposure. The carving was the idea of Doane Robinson, a historian for the state of South Dakota. Robinson originally wanted the sculpture to feature American West heroes, such as Lewis and Clark, their expedition guide Sacagawea, Oglala Lakota chief Red Cloud,[9] Buffalo Bill Cody,[10] and Oglala Lakota chief Crazy Horse.[11] Borglum believed that the sculpture should have broader appeal and chose the four presidents.

Peter Norbeck, U.S. senator from South Dakota, sponsored the project and secured federal funding.[12] Construction began in 1927 and the presidents' faces were completed between 1934 and 1939. After Gutzon Borglum died in March 1941, his son Lincoln took over as leader of the construction project. Each president was originally to be depicted from head to waist, but lack of funding forced construction to end on October 31, 1941,[13] and only Washington's sculpture includes any detail below chin level.

The sculpture at Mount Rushmore is built on land that was illegally taken from the Sioux Nation in the 1870s. The Sioux continue to demand return of the land, and in 1980 the US Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians that the taking of the Black Hills required just compensation, and awarded the tribe $102 million. The Sioux have refused the money, which has grown with interest to over a billion dollars, and demand the return of the land. This conflict continues, leading some critics of the monument to refer to it as a "Shrine of Hypocrisy".[14]

## History[edit]

### "Six Grandfathers" to "Mount Rushmore"[edit]

Mount Rushmore and the surrounding Black Hills (Pahá Sápa) are considered sacred by Plains Indians such as the Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Lakota Sioux, who used the area for centuries as a place to pray and gather food, building materials, and medicine.[15] The Lakota called the mountain "Six Grandfathers" (Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe),[16] symbolizing ancestral deities personified as the six directions: north, south, east, west, above (sky), and below (earth).[17] In the latter half of the 19th century, expansion by the United States into the Black Hills led to the Sioux Wars. In the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie, the U.S. government granted exclusive use of all of the Black Hills, including Six Grandfathers, to the Sioux in perpetuity.[15][17]

Six Grandfathers was a significant part of the spiritual journey taken in the early 1870s by Lakota leader Black Elk (Heȟáka Sápa, also known as "The Sixth Grandfather"),[18] that culminated at the nearby Black Elk Peak,[16] (Hiŋháŋ Káǧa, "Making of Owls")[19][20] U.S. general George Armstrong Custer summited Black Elk Peak a few years later in 1874 during the Black Hills Expedition, which triggered the Black Hills Gold Rush and Great Sioux War of 1876.[21] In 1877, the U.S. broke the Treaty of Fort Laramie and asserted control over the area, leading to an influx of settlers and prospectors.[15][17]

Among those prospectors was New York mining promoter James Wilson, who organized the Harney Peak Tin Company, and hired New York attorney Charles E. Rushmore to visit the Black Hills and confirm the company's land claims. During a visit in 1884[15][22] or 1885,[23][24] Rushmore saw Six Grandfathers and asked his guide, Bill Challis, the mountain's name; Challis replied that the mountain didn't have a name, but that it would henceforth be named after Rushmore.[25][17] The name "Mount Rushmore" continued to be used locally, and was officially recognized by the United States Board of Geographic Names in June 1930.[25][17]

### Concept, design and funding[edit]

By the 1920s, South Dakota had become a U.S. state, and was a popular destination for road trippers visiting the Black Hills National Forest, Wind Cave National Park, and Needles Highway.[15] In 1923,[26][27] the Secretary of the South Dakota State Historical Society, Doane Robinson, who would come to be known as the "Father of Mount Rushmore",[17][28] learned about the "Shrine to the Confederacy", a project to carve the likenesses of Confederate generals into the side of Stone Mountain, Georgia that had been underway since 1915.[15] Seeking to boost tourism to South Dakota, Robinson began promoting the idea of a similar monument in the Black Hills,[17] representing "not only the wild grandeur of its local geography but also the triumph of western civilization over that geography through its anthropomorphic representation."[29]

Robinson initially approached sculptor Lorado Taft, but Taft was ill at the time and uninterested in Robinson's project. Robinson next sought the help of then-U.S. Senator Peter Norbeck, who had established Custer State Park when he was Governor in 1919. Norbeck cautiously supported Robinson's plan, and Robinson began campaigning for it publicly. Some in the local community also supported Robinson's plan, but many opposed it vigorously.[26]

On August 20, 1924, Robinson wrote to Gutzon Borglum, the sculptor of "Shrine to the Confederacy," asking him to travel to the Black Hills region to determine whether the carving could be accomplished.[26][30] Borglum, who had involved himself with the Ku Klux Klan, one of the Stone Mountain memorial's funders, had been having disagreements with the Stone Mountain Memorial Association, and on September 24, 1924, travelled to South Dakota to meet Robinson.[17][15][26][31]

Borglum's original plan was to make the carvings in 150-meter-high granite pillars known as the Needles (Hiŋháŋ Káǧa). However, the eroded Needles were too thin to support sculpting.[17] On August 14, 1925, Borglum summitted Black Elk Peak while scouting alternative locations,[25] and reportedly said upon seeing Mount Rushmore, "America will march along that skyline."[30] He chose Mount Rushmore, a grander location, partly because it faced southeast and enjoyed maximum exposure to sunlight.[17]

Borglum rejected Robinson's original plan of depicting characters from the Old West, such as Lewis and Clark, Red Cloud, Sacagawea, John C. Fremont, and Crazy Horse, and instead decided to depict four American presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt.[17][15][26] The four presidential faces were said to be carved into the granite with the intention of symbolizing "an accomplishment born, planned, and created in the minds and by the hands of Americans for Americans".[29] The Lakota and other local indigenous communities objected to the overall plan as constituting desecration of their sacred lands, and to the racist and sometimes violent anti-indigenous policies of the four presidents depicted.[17] For the Lakota and other tribes, the monument "came to epitomize the loss of their sacred lands and the injustices they've suffered under the U.S. government."[32]

Senator Norbeck and Congressman William Williamson of South Dakota introduced bills in early 1925 for permission to use federal land,[33] which passed easily. South Dakota legislation had less support, only passing narrowly on its third attempt, which Governor Carl Gunderson signed into law on March 5, 1925. Private funding came slowly and Borglum invited President Calvin Coolidge to an August 1927 dedication ceremony, at which he promised federal funding. Congress passed the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Act, signed by Coolidge, which authorized up to $250,000 in matching funds. The 1929 presidential transition to Herbert Hoover delayed funding until an initial federal match of $54,670.56 was acquired.[34]

Carving started in 1927 and ended in 1941 with no fatalities.[35][36]

Mount Rushmore (Six Grandfathers) before construction, c. 1905

Early model of the design

Construction underway, with Jefferson to the left of Washington before unstable rock necessitated a change in the design

A model at the site depicting Mount Rushmore's intended final design after Jefferson was relocated and "before funding ran out"[37]

Construction of George Washington's likeness

Closeup view of final sculptures

### Construction[edit]

See also: Construction of Mount Rushmore

Between October 4, 1927, and October 31, 1941, Gutzon Borglum and 400 workers[38] sculpted the colossal 60-foot-high (18 m) carvings of United States Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln to represent the first 150 years of American history. These presidents were selected by Borglum because of their role in preserving the Republic and expanding its territory.[30][29] The carving of Mount Rushmore involved the use of dynamite, followed by the process of "honeycombing", where workers drill holes close together, allowing small pieces to be removed by hand.[39] In total, about 450,000 short tons (410,000 t) of rock were blasted off the mountainside.[40] The image of Thomas Jefferson was originally intended to appear in the area at Washington's right, but after the work there was begun, the rock was found to be unsuitable, so the work on Jefferson's figure was dynamited, and a new figure was sculpted to Washington's left.[30]

Plaque at Mount Rushmore National Monument with names of monument workers

The chief carver of the mountain was Luigi Del Bianco, an artisan and stonemason who emigrated to the U.S. from Friuli in Italy and was chosen to work on this project because of his understanding of sculptural language and ability to imbue emotion in the carved portraits.[3][4]

In 1933, the National Park Service took Mount Rushmore under its jurisdiction. Julian Spotts helped with the project by improving its infrastructure. For example, he had the tram upgraded so it could reach the top of Mount Rushmore for the ease of workers. By July 4, 1934, Washington's face had been completed and was dedicated. The face of Thomas Jefferson was dedicated in 1936, and Abraham Lincoln's on September 17, 1937. In 1937, a bill was introduced in Congress to add the head of civil-rights leader Susan B. Anthony, but a rider was passed on an appropriations bill requiring federal funds be used to finish only those heads that had already been started at that time.[41] In 1939, the face of Theodore Roosevelt was dedicated.[42]

The Sculptor's Studio – a display of unique plaster models and tools related to the sculpting – was built in 1939 under the direction of Borglum. Borglum died from an embolism in March 1941. His son, Lincoln Borglum, continued the project. Originally, it was planned that the figures would be carved from head to waist,[43] but insufficient funding forced the carving to end. Borglum had also planned a massive panel in the shape of the Louisiana Purchase commemorating in eight-foot-tall gilded letters the Declaration of Independence, U.S. Constitution, Louisiana Purchase, and seven other territorial acquisitions from the Alaska purchase to the Panama Canal Zone.[29] In total, the entire project cost US$989,992.32 (equivalent to $19.7 million in 2022).[44]

Nick Clifford, the last remaining carver, died in November 2019 at age 98.[45]

View of Mount Rushmore as seen from SD 244

Visitor and information center area and walkway toward viewing platform

Aerial view of Mount Rushmore and buildings

Mount Rushmore and flag display

View of Mount Rushmore from the air

### Later developments[edit]

Harold Spitznagel and Cecil Doty designed the original visitor center, finished in 1957, as part of the Mission 66 effort to improve visitors' facilities at national parks and monuments across the country.[46][47] Ten years of redevelopment work culminated with the completion of extensive visitor facilities and sidewalks in 1998, such as a Visitor Center, the Lincoln Borglum Museum, and the Presidential Trail.

On October 15, 1966, Mount Rushmore was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A 500-word essay giving the history of the United States by Nebraska student William Andrew Burkett was selected as the college-age group winner in a 1934 competition, and that essay was placed on the Entablature on a bronze plate in 1973.[41][48] In 1991, President George H. W. Bush officially dedicated Mount Rushmore.[49]

In 2004, Gerard Baker was appointed superintendent of the park, the first and so far only Native American in that role. Baker stated that he will open up more "avenues of interpretation", and that the four presidents are "only one avenue and only one focus."[50]

### Proposals to add additional faces[edit]

In 1937, when the sculpture was not yet complete, a bill in Congress supporting the addition of women's rights activist Susan B. Anthony failed. When the sculpture was completed in 1941, the sculptors said that the remaining rock was not suitable for additional carvings. This stance was shared by RESPEC, an engineering firm charged with monitoring the stability of the rock in 1989. However, proposals of additional sculptures have been made regardless. These include John F. Kennedy after his assassination in 1963, and Ronald Reagan in 1985 and 1999 – the latter proposal receiving a debate in Congress at the time.[51] Barack Obama was asked about his own potential addition in 2008 and he joked that his ears were too large.[52]

Donald Trump has on occasion expressed interest in his own addition to the mountain. During a 2017 rally in Ohio, he said "I'd ask whether or not you some day think I will be on Mount Rushmore. If I did it joking – totally joking, having fun – the fake news media will say, 'He believes he should be on Mount Rushmore.' So I won't say it." South Dakota Governor Kristi Noem, described the potential addition as Trump's "dream" in 2018.[53]

## Tourism[edit]

Historical visitor count[1] Year | Visitors

|

1941 | 393,000
1950 | 740,499
1960 | 1,067,000
1970 | 1,965,700
1980 | 1,284,888
1990 | 1,671,673
2000 | 1,868,876
2010 | 2,331,237
2020 | 2,074,986

Tourism is South Dakota's second-largest industry, and Mount Rushmore is the state's top tourist attraction.[54] 2,185,447 people visited the park in 2012.[1]

The popularity of the location, as with many other national monuments, derives from its immediate recognizability; "there are no substitutes for iconic resources such as the Statue of Liberty, the Lincoln Memorial, or Mount Rushmore. These locations are one of a kind places".[55] However, Mount Rushmore also provides access to a surrounding environment of wilderness, which distinguishes it from the typical proximity of national monuments to urban centers like Washington, D.C., and New York City.[55]

In the 1950s and 1960s, local Lakota Sioux elder Benjamin Black Elk (son of medicine man Black Elk, who had been present at the Battle of the Little Bighorn) was known as the "Fifth Face of Mount Rushmore", posing for photographs with thousands of tourists daily in his native attire. The South Dakota State Historical Society notes that he was one of the most photographed people in the world over that 20-year period.[56]

## Hall of Records[edit]

A copy of one of the panels entombed in the Hall of Records

Borglum originally envisioned a grand Hall of Records where America's greatest historical documents and artifacts could be protected and shown to tourists. He managed to start the project, but cut only 70 feet (21 m) into the rock before work stopped in 1939 to focus on the faces. In 1998, a repository was constructed inside the mouth of the cave housing 16 enamel panels with biographical and historical information about Mount Rushmore as well as the texts of the documents Borglum wanted to preserve there. The repository consists of a teakwood box inside of a titanium vault placed in the ground with a granite capstone.[57][58]

Hall of Records panel text

Completing the Sculpture

Jefferson panel

Lincoln panel

Meaning of Mount Rushmore

Mount Rushmore memorial

## Conservation[edit]

The ongoing conservation of the site is overseen by the National Park Service.[59] Maintenance of the memorial requires mountain climbers to monitor and seal cracks annually.[60] Due to budget constraints, the memorial is not regularly cleaned to remove lichens. However, in 2005 Alfred Kärcher, a German manufacturer of pressure washing and steam cleaning machines, conducted a free cleanup operation which lasted several weeks, using pressurized water at over 200 °F (93 °C).[61] Other efforts to conserve the monument have included replacement of the sealant applied originally to cracks in the stone by Gutzon Borglum, which had proved ineffective at providing water resistance. The components of Borglum's sealant included linseed oil, granite dust, and white lead, but a modern silicone replacement for the cracks is now used, disguised with granite dust.[62]

In 1998, electronic monitoring devices were installed to track movement in the topology of the sculpture to an accuracy of three millimeters. The site was digitally recorded in 2009 using a terrestrial laser scanning method as part of the international Scottish Ten project, providing a high-resolution record to aid the conservation of the site. This data was made publicly accessible online.[63]

## Ecology[edit]

The Black Hills opposite Mount Rushmore

The flora and fauna of Mount Rushmore are similar to those of the rest of the Black Hills region of South Dakota. Birds including the turkey vulture, golden eagle, bald eagle, red-tailed hawk, swallows and white-throated swifts fly around Mount Rushmore and nest in the ledges of the mountain. Smaller birds, including songbirds, nuthatches, woodpeckers and flycatchers inhabit the surrounding pine forests.[64] Terrestrial mammals include the mouse, least chipmunk, red squirrel, skunk, porcupine, raccoon, beaver, badger, coyote, bighorn sheep, bobcat, elk, mule deer, yellow-bellied marmot, and American bison.[64][65] The striped chorus frog, western chorus frog, and northern leopard frog also inhabit the area,[66] along with several species of snake. Grizzly Bear Brook and Starling Basin Brook, the two streams in the memorial, support fish such as the longnose dace and the brook trout.[citation needed] Mountain goats are not indigenous to the region. Those living near Mount Rushmore are descendants of a tribe that Canada gifted to Custer State Park in 1924, which later escaped.[64][67][68]

At lower elevations, coniferous trees, mainly the ponderosa pine, surround most of the monument. Other trees include the bur oak, the Black Hills spruce, and the cottonwood. Nine species of shrubs grow near Mount Rushmore. There is also a wide variety of wildflowers, including especially the snapdragon, sunflower, and violet. Towards higher elevations, plant life becomes sparser.[68] However, only approximately five percent of the plant species found in the Black Hills are indigenous to the region.[69]

The area receives about 18 inches (460 mm) of precipitation on average per year, enough to support abundant animal and plant life. Trees and other plants help to control surface runoff. Dikes, seeps, and springs help to dam up water that is flowing downhill, providing watering spots for animals. In addition, stones like sandstone and limestone help to hold groundwater, creating aquifers.[70]

A 2016 investigation by the U.S. Geological Survey found unusually high concentrations of perchlorate in the surface water and groundwater of the area.[71] A sample collected from a stream had a maximum perchlorate concentration of 54 micrograms per liter, roughly 270 times higher than samples taken from locations outside the area.[72] The report concluded the probable cause of the contamination was the aerial fireworks displays that had taken place on Independence Days from 1998 to 2009.[73][71] The National Park Service also reported that at least 27 forest fires around Mount Rushmore in that same period (1998 to 2009) have been caused by fireworks displays.[74]

A study of the fire scars present in tree ring samples indicates that forest fires occur in the ponderosa forests surrounding Mount Rushmore around every 27 years. Large fires are not common. Most events have been ground fires that serve to clear forest debris.[75] The area is a climax community with an equilibrium such that a pine beetle infestation would threaten the forest.[65]

## Geography[edit]

### Geology[edit]

Mount Rushmore is largely composed of granite. The memorial is carved on the northwest margin of the Black Elk Peak granite batholith in the Black Hills of South Dakota, so the geologic formations of the heart of the Black Hills region are also evident at Mount Rushmore. The batholith magma intruded into the pre-existing mica schist rocks during the Proterozoic, 1.6 billion years ago.[76] Coarse grained pegmatite dikes are associated with the granite intrusion of Black Elk Peak and are visibly lighter in color, thus explaining the light-colored streaks on the foreheads of the presidents.[citation needed]

The Black Hills granites were exposed to erosion during the Neoproterozoic, but were later buried by sandstone and other sediments during the Cambrian. Remaining buried throughout the Paleozoic, they were re-exposed again during the Laramide orogeny around 70 million years ago.[76] The Black Hills area was uplifted as an elongated geologic dome.[77] Subsequent erosion stripped the granite of the overlying sediments and the softer adjacent schist. Some schist does remain and can be seen as the darker material just below the sculpture of Washington.[citation needed]

The tallest mountain in the region is Black Elk Peak (7,242 ft or 2,207 m). Borglum selected Mount Rushmore as the site for several reasons. The rock of the mountain is composed of smooth, fine-grained granite. The durable granite erodes only 1 inch (25 mm) every 10,000 years, thus was more than sturdy enough to support the sculpture and its long-term exposure.[30] The mountain's height of 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level[8] made it suitable, and because it faces the southeast, the workers also had the advantage of sunlight for most of the day.

It is not possible to add another president to the memorial, because the rock that surrounds the existing faces is not suitable for additional carving,[78] and because additional sculpting could create instabilities in the existing carvings.[79]

### Soils[edit]

The Mount Rushmore area is underlain by well drained alfisol soils of very gravelly loam (Mocmount) to silt loam (Buska) texture, brown to dark grayish brown.[80]

### Climate[edit]

Mount Rushmore has a dry-winter humid continental climate (Dwb in the Köppen climate classification). It is inside a USDA Plant Hardiness Zone of 5a, meaning certain plant life in the area can withstand a low temperature of no less than −20 °F (−29 °C).[81]

The two wettest months of the year are May and June. Orographic lift causes brief but strong afternoon thunderstorms during the summer.[82]

Climate data for Mount Rushmore National Memorial (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1962–present)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °F (°C)  | 70
(21)  | 68
(20)  | 78
(26)  | 85
(29)  | 93
(34)  | 99
(37)  | 100
(38)  | 99
(37)  | 97
(36)  | 86
(30)  | 75
(24)  | 68
(20)  | 100
(38)
Mean maximum °F (°C)  | 57.8
(14.3)  | 57.3
(14.1)  | 65.2
(18.4)  | 72.9
(22.7)  | 81.5
(27.5)  | 89.2
(31.8)  | 92.7
(33.7)  | 90.9
(32.7)  | 87.2
(30.7)  | 77.0
(25.0)  | 65.4
(18.6)  | 57.2
(14.0)  | 94.0
(34.4)
Average high °F (°C)  | 36.8
(2.7)  | 36.3
(2.4)  | 44.2
(6.8)  | 50.2
(10.1)  | 59.6
(15.3)  | 71.1
(21.7)  | 78.7
(25.9)  | 77.5
(25.3)  | 69.1
(20.6)  | 55.0
(12.8)  | 44.4
(6.9)  | 36.6
(2.6)  | 55.0
(12.8)
Daily mean °F (°C)  | 27.8
(−2.3)  | 27.3
(−2.6)  | 34.8
(1.6)  | 41.0
(5.0)  | 50.6
(10.3)  | 61.5
(16.4)  | 68.9
(20.5)  | 67.8
(19.9)  | 59.4
(15.2)  | 45.9
(7.7)  | 35.7
(2.1)  | 28.2
(−2.1)  | 45.7
(7.6)
Average low °F (°C)  | 18.8
(−7.3)  | 18.4
(−7.6)  | 25.4
(−3.7)  | 31.8
(−0.1)  | 41.5
(5.3)  | 51.9
(11.1)  | 59.1
(15.1)  | 58.0
(14.4)  | 49.6
(9.8)  | 36.8
(2.7)  | 27.0
(−2.8)  | 19.8
(−6.8)  | 36.5
(2.5)
Mean minimum °F (°C)  | −5.8
(−21.0)  | −4.2
(−20.1)  | 3.8
(−15.7)  | 15.3
(−9.3)  | 26.9
(−2.8)  | 39.8
(4.3)  | 48.1
(8.9)  | 45.9
(7.7)  | 32.2
(0.1)  | 17.2
(−8.2)  | 6.8
(−14.0)  | −2.2
(−19.0)  | −12.6
(−24.8)
Record low °F (°C)  | −38
(−39)  | −29
(−34)  | −16
(−27)  | 1
(−17)  | 14
(−10)  | 27
(−3)  | 40
(4)  | 33
(1)  | 19
(−7)  | −4
(−20)  | −12
(−24)  | −31
(−35)  | −38
(−39)
Average precipitation inches (mm)  | 0.48
(12)  | 0.76
(19)  | 1.35
(34)  | 2.62
(67)  | 4.80
(122)  | 3.58
(91)  | 3.59
(91)  | 2.29
(58)  | 1.76
(45)  | 1.80
(46)  | 0.59
(15)  | 0.50
(13)  | 24.12
(613)
Average snowfall inches (cm)  | 7.2
(18)  | 8.9
(23)  | 9.6
(24)  | 13.1
(33)  | 1.5
(3.8)  | 0.2
(0.51)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.9
(2.3)  | 4.9
(12)  | 6.4
(16)  | 6.6
(17)  | 59.3
(151)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 5.1  | 6.1  | 6.7  | 9.7  | 13.6  | 13.4  | 12.4  | 10.5  | 7.7  | 7.1  | 4.5  | 4.7  | 101.5
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 4.5  | 4.9  | 3.9  | 3.4  | 0.8  | 0.1  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.2  | 1.7  | 3.0  | 4.0  | 26.5
Source: NOAA[83][84]

## In popular culture[edit]

Roger Thornhill (Cary Grant) and Eve Kendall (Eva Marie Saint) dangle precipitously from the sculpture of George Washington in the 1959 film North by Northwest. The film trailer for North by Northwest prominently features the site and sculpture.

Main article: Mount Rushmore in popular culture

Mount Rushmore has been depicted in multiple films, comic books, and television series.[85][86] Its functions vary from settings for action scenes to the site of hidden locations.[85] Its most famous appearance is as the location of the final chase scene in the 1959 film North by Northwest.[86][87][88][55] It is used as a secret base of operations by the protagonists in the 2004 film Team America: World Police,[89][90] and the secret underground city of Cíbola is located there in the 2007 film National Treasure: Book of Secrets.[85][86][87] In some films, the presidential faces are replaced with others;[85] examples include the 1980 film Superman II and the 1996 film Mars Attacks! where the villains add their faces to the monument, and the 2003 film Head of State where the newly elected president's face is added.[87][91] In works showing attacks on landmarks to signify the scope of a threat, Mount Rushmore is a common target; examples include the aforementioned facial replacements in Superman II and Mars Attacks! as well as natural disasters in works like the 2006 miniseries 10.5: Apocalypse and terrorist attacks as in the 1997 film The Peacekeeper.[91] An atypical representation of the monument appears in the 2013 film Nebraska, where instead of being treated with reverence it is criticized for being unfinished.[87][92]

## Land dispute[edit]

Main article: Black Hills land claim

The Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) had granted the Black Hills to the Lakota people in perpetuity, but the United States took the area from the tribe after the Great Sioux War of 1876. Members of the American Indian Movement led an occupation of the monument in 1971, naming it "Mount Crazy Horse", and Lakota holy man John Fire Lame Deer planted a prayer staff on top of the mountain. Lame Deer said that the staff formed a symbolic shroud over the presidents' faces "which shall remain dirty until the treaties concerning the Black Hills are fulfilled."[93]

The 1980 United States Supreme Court decision United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians[94] ruled that the Sioux had not received just compensation for their land in the Black Hills,[95] which includes Mount Rushmore. The court proposed $102 million as compensation for the loss of the Black Hills. This compensation was valued at $1.3 billion in 2011,[96] and – with accumulated interest – nearly $2 billion in 2021. In 2020, Oglala Lakota Nation citizen and Indigenous activist Nick Tilsen explained that his people would not accept a settlement, "because we won't settle for anything less than the full return of our lands as stipulated by the treaties our nations signed and agreed upon."[97]

Construction on the Crazy Horse Memorial began in 1940 elsewhere in the Black Hills. Ostensibly to commemorate the Native American leader and as a response to Mount Rushmore, if completed it would be larger than Mount Rushmore. The Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation has rejected offers of federal funds. Its construction has the support of some Lakota chiefs, but it is the subject of controversy, even among Native American tribes.[98]

## Legacy and commemoration[edit]

3-cent Mount Rushmore stamp, 1952

26-cent Mount Rushmore "Shrine of Democracy" airmail stamp, 1974

The 1991 Mount Rushmore 50th Anniversary commemorative silver dollar

Borglum titled his sculpture at Mount Rushmore as the Shrine of Democracy, but the theft of the Black Hills where it is located has led some Native Americans and other critics to refer to it as the "Shrine of Hypocrisy".[14][99][100][101]

On August 11, 1952, the U.S. Post Office issued the Mount Rushmore Memorial 3-cent commemorative stamp on the 25th anniversary of the dedication of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial.[102] On January 2, 1974, a 26-cent airmail stamp depicting the monument was also issued.[103] In 1991 the United States Mint released commemorative silver dollar, half-dollar, and five-dollar coins celebrating the 50th anniversary of the monument's dedication,[104][105][106] and the sculpture was the main subject of the 2006 South Dakota state quarter.[107]

In music, American composer Michael Daugherty's 2010 piece for chorus and orchestra, "Mount Rushmore," depicts each of the four presidents in separate movements. The piece sets texts by George Washington, William Billings, Thomas Jefferson, Maria Cosway, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln.[108] By contrast, the song, "Little Snakes", by Protest The Hero, "addresses the violent colonial history involved in the sculpting of Mount Rushmore", critiquing the monument as a symbol of colonialism, referencing the genocide of indigenous peoples and the ownership of slaves by George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.[109][110]

The Washington Nationals baseball club uses large foam rubber depictions of the "Rushmore Four" in both their marketing campaigns and in a series of in-stadium promotions such as the Presidents Race.[111][112]

## See also[edit]

* List of colossal sculpture in situ
* List of tallest statues
* List of national memorials of the United States
* List of statues of George Washington
* List of statues of Thomas Jefferson
* List of statues of Abraham Lincoln
* List of sculptures of presidents of the United States
* Crazy Horse Memorial, another large sculpture in the Black Hills
* Atatürk Mask, another large relief sculpture
* Presidential memorials in the United States

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b c d "Annual Park Ranking Report for Recreation Visits in: 2022". National Park Service. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
2. ^ Rosenberg, Jennifer (January 16, 2021). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Mount Rushmore". ThoughtCo. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
3. ^ a b Roberts, Sam (June 28, 2016). "An Immigrant's Contribution to Mount Rushmore Is Recognized, 75 Years Later". The New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
4. ^ a b Andrews, John (May 2014). "Slight of Hand". South Dakota Magazine. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
5. ^ Mount Rushmore National Memorial. December 6, 2005.60 SD Web Traveler, Inc. Retrieved April 7, 2006.
6. ^ "Why These Four Presidents?". nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
7. ^ McGeveran, William A. Jr. et al. (2004). The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2004. New York: World Almanac Education Group, Inc. ISBN 0-88687-910-8.
8. ^ a b Mount Rushmore, South Dakota (November 1, 2004). Peakbagger.com. Retrieved March 13, 2006.
9. ^ '!, episode 5x08 "Mount Rushmore", May 10, 2007.
10. ^ "Making Mount Rushmore | Mount Rushmore". Oh, Ranger!. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
11. ^ Pekka Hamalainen, "Lakota America, a New History of Indigenous Power," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019), p. 382.
12. ^ "Biography:Senator Peter Norbeck". American Experience: Mount Rushmore. PBS. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
13. ^ "Mount Rushmore". American Experience – TV's Most Watched History Series. PBS. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
14. ^ a b Gonzalez, Mario; Cook-Lynn, Elizabeth (1999). The Politics of Hallowed Ground: Wounded Knee and the Struggle for Indian Sovereignty. University of Illinois Press. pp. 144–146. ISBN 978-0-252-06669-6.
15. ^ a b c d e f g h McKeever, Amy (October 28, 2020). "South Dakota's Mount Rushmore has a strange, scandalous history". National Geographic. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
16. ^ a b Harmanşah, Ömür (2015). "Six Grandfathers: Landscapes and Power". Place, Memory, and Healing: An Archaeology of Anatolian Rock Monuments. Routledge. p. 16\. doi:10.4324/9781315739106. ISBN 978-1-317-57571-9.
17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Morton, Mary Caperton (September 3, 2020). "Mount Rushmore's Six Grandfathers and Four Presidents". Eos. 101. doi:10.1029/2020eo148456. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
18. ^ Neihardt, John Gneisenau (1985). The Sixth Grandfather: Black Elk's Teachings Given to John G. Neihardt. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6564-6.
19. ^ Saum, Bradley (2017). "Black Elk". Black Elk Peak: A History. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4396-6050-8.
20. ^ Saum, Bradley (2017). "Introduction". Black Elk Peak: A History. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4396-6050-8.
21. ^ Saum, Bradley (2017). "Custer". Black Elk Peak: A History. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4396-6050-8.
22. ^ Thomas, William (2010). Mount Rushmore. Chelsea House Publishing. p. 14\. ISBN 978-1-60413-515-2.
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28. ^ "Doane Robinson". National Park Service. January 25, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
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31. ^ "People & Events: The Carving of Stone Mountain". American Experience. PBS. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
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34. ^ "Memorial History". National Park Service. May 23, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
35. ^ "Mount Rushmore National Memorial Frequently Asked Questions". National Park Service. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
36. ^ Mount Rushmore National Memorial. Outdoorplaces.com. Retrieved June 7, 2006.
37. ^ "Rare Photos From The Past". p. 5\. Archived from the original on January 19, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2019. "1941, the original mockup of Mt. Rushmore before funding ran out."
38. ^ "Carving History". National Park Service. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
39. ^ "Honeycombing process explained from". nps.gov. June 14, 2004. Archived from the original on August 1, 2008. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
40. ^ "Geology Fieldnotes". nps.gov. January 4, 2005. Archived from the original on October 16, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
41. ^ a b American Experience Archived November 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine "Timeline: Mount Rushmore" (2002). Retrieved March 20, 2006.
42. ^ Cope, Willard (July 7, 1939). "Remember Stone Mountain's Mighty Memorial?". The Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. p. 9 - via Newspapers.com.
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44. ^ Mount Rushmore National Memorial Archived February 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Tourism in South Dakota. Laura R. Ahmann. Retrieved March 19, 2006.
45. ^ Reagan, Nick (November 23, 2019). "Last carver of Mount Rushmore dies at 98". www.kotatv.com. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
46. ^ Lathrop, Alan K. (Winter 2007). "Designing for South Dakota and the Upper Midwest: The Career of Architect Harold T. Spitznagel, 1930—1974" (PDF). South Dakota History. 37 (4): 271–305.
47. ^ Allaback, Sarah (2000). "Mission 66 Visitor Centers: The History of a Building Type". National Park Service.
48. ^ "Text of 1934 Essay – History of the United States" (PDF). Retrieved August 27, 2017.
49. ^ "George Bush: Remarks at the Dedication Ceremony of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial in South Dakota". The American Presidency Project. July 3, 1991. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
50. ^ David Melmer (December 13, 2004). "Historic changes for Mount Rushmore". Indiancountrytoday. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
51. ^ "World: Americas Reagan for Rushmore". BBC. March 1, 1999. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
52. ^ Lawrence, Tom (June 26, 2020). "Adding fifth face to Mount Rushmore National Memorial has been political football for decades". Argus Leader. USA Today Network. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
53. ^ Ehrlich, Jamie (August 9, 2020). "New York Times: White House reached out to South Dakota governor about adding Trump to Mount Rushmore". CNN. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
54. ^ "Popular South Dakota Attractions >>South Dakota". southdakota.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
55. ^ a b c Thomas J. Liu, John B. Loomis, and Linda J. Bilmes, "Exploring the contribution of National Parks to the entertainment industry's intellectual property", in Linda J. Bilmes and John B. Loomis, Valuing U.S. National Parks and Programs: America's Best Investment (Routledge, 2020), p. 95–98.
56. ^ Kilen Ode, Jeanne (1984). Dakota Images: Benjamin Black Elk (PDF). Vol. 14\. South Dakota State Historical Society.
57. ^ "Hall of Records". Mount Rushmore National Memorial web site. National Park Service. June 14, 2004. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
58. ^ Building 31, Mailing Address: 13000 Highway 244; Keystone, Suite 1; May, SD 57751 Phone:574–2523 Park information Phones are answered 7 days a week Hours are 8:00–5:00 October through; mid-August, 8:00–10:00 June through; Us, 8:00–9:00 mid-August through September All times are Mountain Time Contact. "Hall of Records – Mount Rushmore National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov.
59. ^ "Caring for a Monumental Sculpture" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
60. ^ "Preservation". Mount Rushmore National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service). January 30, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
61. ^ "For Mount Rushmore, An Overdue Face Wash". The Washington Post. July 11, 2005. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
62. ^ "Preservation – Mount Rushmore National Memorial". National Park Service. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
63. ^ "Mount Rushmore National Memorial". CyArk. Archived from the original on July 12, 2013. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
64. ^ a b c "Enjoy Wildlife......Safely" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
65. ^ a b Freeman, Mary. "Mount Rushmore, South Dakota for Tourists". USA Today. Tysons Corner, VA: Gannett Company. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
66. ^ "Amphibians". National Park Service. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
67. ^ "Nature & Science- Animals". NPS. November 26, 2006. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
68. ^ a b "Mount Rushmore- Flora and Fauna". American Park Network. 2001. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
69. ^ "Nature & Science – Plants". NPS. December 6, 2006. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
70. ^ Nature & Science- Groundwater. National Park Service. Retrieved April 1, 2006.
71. ^ a b "Fireworks Likely Caused Water Contamination at Mount Rushmore". United States Geological Survey. May 2, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
72. ^ "Mt. Rushmore H2O pollution: Fireworks to blame?". WGBA. Associated Press. May 3, 2016.
73. ^ Fears, Darryl (May 3, 2016). "Officials knew fireworks at Mount Rushmore could cause a fire. But they didn't expect this". The Washington Post.
74. ^ O'Dowd, Peter; Raphelson, Samantha (July 3, 2020). "50 Years After Mount Rushmore Occupation, Native Americans Are 'Still Fighting'". WBUR. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
75. ^ Nature & Science- Forests. National Park Service. Retrieved April 1, 2006.
76. ^ a b Geologic Activity. National Park Service.
77. ^ Irvin, James R. Great Plains Gallery Archived July 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (2001). Retrieved March 16, 2006.
78. ^ Klinski, Michael (April 24, 2018). "Mount Trumpmore? It's the president's 'dream,' Rep. Kristi Noem says". Argus Leader. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
79. ^ Lawrence, Tom (June 26, 2020). "Adding fifth face to Mount Rushmore National Memorial has been political football for decades". Argus Leader. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
80. ^ "SoilWeb: An Online Soil Survey". University of California, Davis. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
81. ^ "USDA Hardiness Zone Finder". The National Gardening Association. National Gardening Association. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
82. ^ "Weather History". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. June 23, 2004. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
83. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
84. ^ "Station: MT RUSHMORE NMEM, SD". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
85. ^ a b c d Gunderson, Jessica (July 1, 2014). "Mount Rushmore Today". Mount Rushmore: Myths, Legends, and Facts. Capstone. p. 28\. ISBN 978-1-4914-0208-5.
86. ^ a b c Knight, Gladys L. (August 11, 2014). "Mount Rushmore". Pop Culture Places: An Encyclopedia of Places in American Popular Culture [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 623\. ISBN 978-0-313-39883-4.
87. ^ a b c d Powell, Laura. "Mount Rushmore on the Big Screen". Visit The USA. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
88. ^ Freund, Charles Paul (2003). "Big schlock candy Mountain: the many meanings of Mount Rushmore". Reason.
89. ^ "9 Famous Pop Culture Spots in the USA You Don't Want to Miss". Visit The USA. Retrieved May 21, 2022. "A variety of films and television shows suggest Mount Rushmore's use as a secret hideout for the government such as in "National Treasure: Book of Secrets" and "Team America: World Police.""
90. ^ Honeycutt, Kirk (October 15, 2019). "'Team America: World Police': THR's 2004 Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
91. ^ a b Doss, Erika (September 7, 2012). Memorial Mania: Public Feeling in America. University of Chicago Press. p. 57\. ISBN 978-0-226-15939-3.
92. ^ Walter Metz, "Review: Nebraska. Dir. Alexander Payne. Paramount Vantage, 2013". Middle West Review Volume 1, Number 1, (University of Nebraska Press, Fall 2014), p. 154–55.
93. ^ Matthew Glass, "Producing Patriotic Inspiration at Mount Rushmore," Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 62, No. 2. (Summer, 1994), pp. 265–283.
94. ^ "FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
95. ^ "Significant Indian Cases". The United States Department of Justice. United States Government. April 13, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
96. ^ "Why the Sioux Are Refusing $1.3 Billion". PBS NewsHour. August 24, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
97. ^ Tilsen, Nick. "Trump's Mount Rushmore fireworks show is a Fourth of July attack on Indigenous people". NBC News. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
98. ^ Lame Deer, John (Fire) and Richard Erdoes. Lame Deer Seeker of Visions. Simon and Schuster, New York, 1972. Paperback ISBN 0-671-55392-5
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102. ^ "3c Mt. Rushmore single". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
103. ^ Scotts United States Stamp catalogue, 1982. Scott's Publishing Company. 1981. ISBN 0-89487-042-4., p. 289.
104. ^ "1991 Mount Rushmore Silver Dollar". Modern Commemoratives. June 10, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
105. ^ "1991 Mount Rushmore Half Dollar Commemorative Coin". June 9, 2009. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
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111. ^ "The history of the Nationals Presidents Race: Who is winning and why". wusa9.com. October 21, 2019. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019.
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## Further reading[edit]

* "Making Mount Rushmore". Oh, Ranger!. APN Media. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
* Buckingham, Matthew (Summer 2002). "The Six Grandfathers, Paha Sapa, in the Year 502,002 C.E." Cabinet Magazine. Immaterial Incorporated. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
* Coutant, Arnaud (2014). Les Visages de l'Amérique, les constructeurs d'une démocratie fédérale. Mare et Martin (ISBN 978-2-84934-160-5). French study about the Four Presidents, Life, presidency, influence about American political evolution. (Archived link)
* Del Bianco, Lou. "Luigi Del Bianco: chief stone carver on Mount Rushmore, 1933–1940". Lou Del Bianco. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
* Dobrzynski, Judith H. (July 15, 2006). "A Monumental Achievement". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
* Larner, Jesse (2002). Mount Rushmore: An Icon Reconsidered. New York: Nation Books.
* Taliaferro, John (2002). Great White Fathers: The Story of the Obsessive Quest to Create Mount Rushmore. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-205-3.
* The National Parks: Index 2001–2003. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior. OCLC 53228516.
* "The Six Grandfathers Before It Was Known as Mount Rushmore". Native Hope. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
* "Untold Stories Discussion Guide: Baker and Mount Rushmore" (PDF). The National Parks: America's Best Idea. PBS. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 18, 2015.
* Smith, Rex Alan (2011). The Carving of Mount Rushmore. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-0-7892-6008-6. OCLC 784885603.

## External links[edit]

Mount Rushmore at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Definitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Travel information from Wikivoyage
* Data from Wikidata

* Official website

* v
* t
* e

Mount Rushmore

Shrine of Democracy

Construction|

* Gutzon Borglum (sculptor)
* Lincoln Borglum (assistant sculptor)
* Luigi Del Bianco (chief carver)
* Walter K. Long (assisted)
* Doane Robinson (conceived idea)
* Peter Norbeck (political promoter, Norbeck-Williamson Act of 1929)

Subjects|

* George Washington
* Thomas Jefferson
* Theodore Roosevelt
* Abraham Lincoln

Museum|

* Lincoln Borglum Museum

Location|

* Black Hills of South Dakota

Legacy|

* In popular culture
* Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
* National symbols of the United States

Related|

* Charles E. Rushmore (namesake)
* 2020 fireworks celebration
* Mount Rushmore Syndrome
* USS Rushmore (LSD-14)
* USS Rushmore (LSD-47)

* v
* t
* e

National symbols of the United States

Symbols|

* Flag
* Great Seal
* Bald eagle
* Uncle Sam
* Columbia
* Phrygian cap
* General Grant (tree)
* American Creed
* Pledge of Allegiance
* Rose
* Oak
* Bison

Landmarks|

* Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World)
* Liberty Bell
* Mount Rushmore
* National Mall
* West Potomac Park

Mottos|

* In God We Trust
* E pluribus unum
* Novus ordo seclorum
* Annuit cœptis

Songs|

* "The Star-Spangled Banner"
* "Dixie"
* "America the Beautiful"
* "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean"
* "The Stars and Stripes Forever"
* "Hail to the Chief"
* "Hail, Columbia"
* "America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)"
* "God Bless America"
* "Lift Every Voice and Sing"
* "The Army Goes Rolling Along"
* "Anchors Aweigh"
* "Marines' Hymn"
* "Semper Fidelis"
* "The Air Force Song"
* "Semper Paratus"
* "Semper Supra"
* "National Emblem March"
* "The Washington Post March"
* "Battle Hymn of the Republic"
* "Yankee Doodle"
* "You're a Grand Old Flag"
* "When Johnny Comes Marching Home"
* "This Land Is Your Land"
* "Battle Cry of Freedom"

* v
* t
* e

Gutzon Borglum

Works|

* Bust of Abraham Lincoln (1908)
* Equestrian statue of Philip Sheridan (Washington, D.C.) (1908)
* Rabboni (1909)
* Seated Lincoln (1911)
* Nathaniel Wheeler Memorial Fountain (1912–1913)
* First Landing Party of the Founders of Newark (1916)
* Indian and the Puritan (1916)
* Statue of Zebulon Baird Vance (1916)
* The Aviator (1918)
* Equestrian statue of Philip Sheridan (Chicago) (1923)
* Stone Mountain (1923)
* Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar (1925)
* Wars of America (1926)
* Mount Rushmore National Memorial Shrine of Democracy (1927–1941)
* Statue of Alexander H. Stephens (1927)
* North Carolina State Monument (1928–1929)
* Statue of John Campbell Greenway (1930)
* Statue of Harvey W. Scott (1933)
* Start Westward Memorial (1938)

Related|

* Lincoln Borglum (son)
* Solon Borglum (brother)
* Construction of Mount Rushmore

* v
* t
* e

Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming

Attractions|

* Bear Butte
* Black Elk Wilderness
* Black Hills Central Railroad
* Black Hills National Forest
* Black Elk Peak
* Black Hills Playhouse
* Chapel in the Hills
* Crazy Horse Memorial
* Custer State Park
* Devils Tower
* Dinosaur Park
* Flintstones Bedrock City
* Homestake Mine
* Jewel Cave National Monument
* The Mammoth Site
* Minuteman Missile National Historic Site
* Mount Rushmore
* Mystic Miner Ski Resort
* Needles
* Pactola Lake
* Reptile Gardens
* Rushmore Cave
* Sheridan Lake
* Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns
* Sturgis Motorcycle Rally
* Sylvan Lake
* Terry Peak ski area
* Wind Cave National Park with bison herd

Scenic routes|

| Roads|

* Norbeck Scenic Byway
* Iron Mountain Road
* Needles Highway
* Spearfish Canyon Scenic Byway

|

Trails|

* Mickelson Centennial Trail

Populated
places|

| Cities|

* Belle Fourche
* Central City
* Custer
* Deadwood
* Edgemont
* Hot Springs
* Hill City
* Lead
* Newcastle
* Rapid City
* Spearfish
* Sturgis
* Whitewood

|

Towns|

* Buffalo Gap
* Fairburn
* Hermosa
* Keystone
* Pringle
* Sundance

Unincorporated|

* Dewey
* Four Mile
* Galena
* Hanna
* Johnson Siding
* Nemo
* Rochford
* Rockerville
* Silver City
* Three Forks

History
and people|

| Native American|

* Cheyenne
* Lakota people
* Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) established the Great Sioux Reservation
* Black Hills War, or Great Sioux War (1876)
* Black Elk
* Sitting Bull
* Crazy Horse
* Lone Horn
* Red Cloud
* Spotted Tail

|

Old West|

* Dakota Territory (1861–1889)
* Black Hills Expedition (1874)
* Black Hills Gold Rush (1874)
* Newton–Jenney Party (1875)
* Cheyenne-Black Hills Stage Route (1876–1887)
* Sidney-Black Hills Stage Road (1876–1887)
* Rapid City, Black Hills and Western Railroad (1893–1947)
* Seth Bullock and Martha Bullock
* General George Armstrong Custer
* Dora DuFran
* Wild Bill Hickok
* Calamity Jane
* Historian Doane Robinson
* Sol Star
* Al Swearengen
* Charlie Utter

Ghost towns|

* Addie Camp
* Bismuth
* Blacktail
* Burdock
* Cambria
* Carbonate
* Etta
* Flatiron
* Greenwood
* Maitland
* Myers City
* Nahant
* Novak
* Pactola
* Sheridan
* Spokane
* Terraville
* Tigerville
* Tinton
* Trojan

Modern|

* Fossil Cycad National Monument (1922–1957)
* Stratobowl (1934–1959)
* Black Hills flood (1972)
* Sculptors Gutzon Borglum and Lincoln Borglum
* Author Joseph Bottum
* Politician Francis Case
* Poet Charles Badger Clark
* Historian Watson Parker

Transit|

* Rapid City Rapid Ride
* Jefferson Lines

Road junctions|

* Cheyenne Crossing
* Four Corners
* Four Mile
* Keystone Wye
* Maverick Junction
* Mule Creek Junction

Related|

* Mount Rushmore in popular culture

* v
* t
* e

George Washington

* 1st President of the United States (1789–1797)
* Senior Officer of the Army (1798–1799)
* Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army (1775–1783)
* Delegate to the Second Continental Congress (1775)
* Delegate to the First Continental Congress (1774)

Military career
Revolutionary War|

* Military career
* French and Indian War
* Jumonville Glen
* Battle of Fort Necessity
* Battle of the Monongahela
* Forbes Expedition
* Washington in the American Revolution
* Commander-in-chief, Continental Army
* Aides-de-camp
* Washington's headquarters
* office and sleeping tent
* Boston campaign
* Siege of Boston
* New York and New Jersey campaign
* Delaware River crossing
* Battle of Trenton
* Battle of the Assunpink Creek
* Battle of Princeton
* Philadelphia campaign
* Battle of Brandywine
* Battle of Germantown
* Battle of White Marsh
* Valley Forge
* Battle of Monmouth
* Battles of Saratoga
* Sullivan Expedition
* Yorktown campaign
* Siege of Yorktown
* Culper Spy Ring
* Newburgh Conspiracy
* Newburgh letter
* Asgill Affair
* Evacuation Day
* Resignation as commander-in-chief
* Badge of Military Merit
* Purple Heart
* Washington Before Boston Medal
* Horses: Nelson and Blueskin

Other U.S.
founding events|

* Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association
* Initiated, 1774 Fairfax Resolves
* Continental Association
* Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
* 1785 Mount Vernon Conference
* Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention
* George Washington's political evolution

Presidency
(timeline)|

* 1788–89 United States presidential election
* First inauguration
* inaugural bible
* 1792 presidential election
* Second inauguration
* Reception at Trenton
* Title of "Mr. President"
* Cabinet of the United States
* Secretary of State
* Attorney General
* Secretary of the Treasury
* Secretary of War
* Judiciary Act of 1789
* Nonintercourse Act
* Whiskey Rebellion
* Militia Acts of 1792
* Coinage Act of 1792
* United States Mint
* United States Capitol cornerstone laying
* Proclamation of Neutrality
* Neutrality Act of 1794
* Jay Treaty
* Pinckney's Treaty
* Slave Trade Act of 1794
* Residence Act
* Thanksgiving Proclamation
* Farewell Address
* State of the Union Address 1790
* 1791
* 1792
* 1793
* 1796
* Cabinet
* Federal judicial appointments
* John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations

Views and
public image|

* Presidential library
* The Washington Papers
* Religious views
* Washington and slavery
* Town Destroyer
* Legacy

Life and homes|

* Early life
* Birthplace
* Ferry Farm boyhood home
* Mount Vernon
* Fishery
* Gristmill
* Whiskey distillery
* Woodlawn Plantation
* Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site
* Hasbrouck House
* First Presidential Mansion
* Second Presidential Mansion
* President's House, Philadelphia
* Germantown White House
* Custis estate
* Potomac Company
* James River and Kanawha Canal
* Mountain Road Lottery
* Congressional Gold Medal
* Thanks of Congress
* President General of the Society of the Cincinnati
* Washington College
* Washington and Lee University
* Electoral history of George Washington
* Post-presidency of George Washington

Memorials
and depictions|

* Washington, D.C.
* Washington state
* Washington Monument
* Mount Rushmore
* Washington's Birthday
* Purple Heart
* The Apotheosis of Washington
* Washington Monument (Boonsboro, Maryland)
* Washington Monument (Baltimore)
* George Washington (Houdon)
* plaster copy
* George Washington (Ceracchi)
* George Washington (Canova)
* George Washington (Greenough)
* George Washington (Trumbull)
* George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door
* Revolutionary War Door
* Washington Crossing the Delaware
* The Passage of the Delaware
* General George Washington at Trenton
* Washington at Verplanck's Point
* General George Washington Resigning His Commission
* Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
* Unfinished portrait
* Lansdowne portrait
* The Washington Family portrait
* Washington at Princeton paintings
* George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton
* Reception at Trenton painting
* Statues
* Trenton Battle Monument
* Princeton Battle Monument
* Point of View sculpture
* George Washington on Horseback
* Austin statue
* Baltimore statue
* Boston statue
* Mexico City statue
* Morristown statue
* Newark statue
* New York City statue
* Wall Street statue
* Paris statue
* Philadelphia statue
* Portland statue
* Washington, D.C. statue
* West Point monument
* George Washington University
* Washington University in St. Louis
* Washington Masonic National Memorial
* George Washington Memorial Parkway
* George Washington Bridge
* Washington and Jefferson National Forests
* Washington Square Park
* Arch
* U.S. Postage stamps
* Washington-Franklin Issues
* 1932 bicentennial
* Currency
* Washington quarter
* 50 State Quarters
* D.C. and territories quarters
* America the Beautiful quarters
* American Women quarters
* Washington dollar
* Lafayette dollar
* Silver bullion coins
* Washington nickel
* Washington half eagle
* 250th Anniversary half dollar
* Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
* Mount Washington
* Cultural depictions
* George Washington (1984 miniseries
* 1986 sequel)
* A More Perfect Union (1989 film)
* The Crossing (2000 film)
* We Fight to Be Free (2006 film)
* Turn: Washington's Spies (2014–2017 series)
* The War that Made America (2006 miniseries)
* Washington (2020 miniseries)
* Hamilton (film)

Related|

* Bibliography
* List of articles
* Founders Online
* Founding Fathers of the United States
* Republicanism
* Federalist Party
* Federalist Era
* Virginia dynasty
* Coat of arms
* Cherry-tree anecdote
* River Farm
* Washington's Crossing
* Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route
* 1751 Barbados trip
* Category
* Syng inkstand
* General of the Armies
* Conway Cabal
* American Foxhound
* American Philosophical Society
* American Revolution
* patriots
* Betsy Ross flag
* Mount Vernon Ladies' Association
* Mount Vernon replicas
* George Washington Memorial Building
* Attempted theft of Washington's skull

Ancestry
and family|

* Martha Washington (wife)
* John Parke Custis (stepson)
* George Washington Parke Custis (step-grandson, adopted son)
* Eleanor Parke Custis (step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)
* Augustine Washington (father)
* Mary Ball Washington (mother)
* Lawrence Washington (half-brother)
* Augustine Washington Jr. (half-brother)
* Betty Washington Lewis (sister)
* Samuel Washington (brother)
* John A. Washington (brother)
* Charles Washington (brother)
* Lawrence Washington (grandfather)
* John Washington (great-grandfather)
* George Reade (2nd great-grandfather)
* Bushrod Washington (nephew)

* John Adams →

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Thomas Jefferson

* 3rd President of the United States (1801–1809)
* 2nd Vice President of the United States (1797–1801)
* 1st United States Secretary of State (1790–1793)
* U.S. Minister to France (1785–1789)
* Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation (1783–1784)
* 2nd Governor of Virginia (1779–1781)
* Delegate to the Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)

Founding
documents of
the United States|

* A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774)
* Olive Branch Petition (initial draft; 1775)
* Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (1775)
* Declaration of Independence (1776)
* Committee of Five
* authored
* physical history
* "All men are created equal"
* "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness"
* "Consent of the governed"
* Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 1777 draft and 1786 passage
* Freedom of religion
* Land Ordinance of 1784
* Land Ordinance of 1785
* Northwest Ordinance (1787)

French Revolution|

* Co-author, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)

Presidency|

* Inaugural addresses
* 1801
* 1805
* Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
* Louisiana Purchase
* Lewis and Clark Expedition
* Corps of Discovery
* timeline
* Empire of Liberty
* Red River Expedition
* Pike Expedition
* Cumberland Road
* Embargo Act of 1807
* Chesapeake–Leopard affair
* Non-Intercourse Act
* First Barbary War
* Native American policy
* Burr conspiracy
* Marbury v. Madison
* West Point Military Academy
* State of the Union Addresses
* 1801
* 1802
* 1805
* Cabinet
* Federal judicial appointments

Other noted
accomplishments|

* Early life and career
* Franco-American alliance
* Founder, University of Virginia
* history
* Ratification Day
* Anti-Administration party
* Democratic-Republican Party
* Jeffersonian democracy
* First Party System
* republicanism
* Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States (1790)
* Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
* A Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1801)
* American Creed
* Jefferson disk
* Swivel chair

Jeffersonian
architecture|

* Barboursville
* Farmington
* Monticello
* gardens
* Poplar Forest
* University of Virginia
* The Rotunda
* The Lawn
* Jefferson Hall
* Virginia State Capitol
* White House Colonnades

Other writings|

* The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
* Notes on the State of Virginia (1785)
* Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary (1786)
* European journey memorandums (1787)
* Indian removal letters
* The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth (c. 1819)
* Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society
* Founders Online

Related|

* Age of Enlightenment
* American Enlightenment
* American Philosophical Society
* American Revolution
* patriots
* Member, Virginia Committee of Correspondence
* Committee of the States
* Founding Fathers of the United States
* Historical reputation
* Jefferson and education
* Religious views
* Jefferson and slavery
* Jefferson and the Library of Congress
* Jefferson Pier
* Pet mockingbird
* National Gazette
* Residence Act
* Compromise of 1790
* Sally Hemings
* Jefferson–Hemings controversy
* Betty Hemings
* Separation of church and state
* The American Museum magazine
* Tufton Farm
* Virginia dynasty
* Ward republic

Elections|

* Presidential elections
* 1796
* 1800
* 1804

Legacy and
memorials|

* Bibliography
* Jefferson Memorial
* Mount Rushmore
* Birthday
* Thomas Jefferson Building
* Jefferson Territory
* Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression
* Jefferson Lecture
* Jefferson National Expansion Memorial
* Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service
* Statues
* Karl Bitter statues
* Columbia University statue
* Louisville statue
* University of Virginia statue
* David d'Angers statue
* Jefferson Literary and Debating Society
* Thomas Jefferson Foundation
* Jefferson Lab
* Monticello Association
* Jefferson City, Missouri
* Jefferson College
* Thomas Jefferson School of Law
* Thomas Jefferson University
* Washington and Jefferson National Forests
* Peaks and mountains
* Jefferson Rock
* Other placenames
* Jefferson–Jackson Day
* Currency depictions
* Jefferson nickel
* Two-dollar bill
* Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar
* Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
* 250th Anniversary silver dollar
* U.S. postage stamps
* Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

Cultural
depictions|

* The Patriots (1946 play)
* Ben and Me (1953 short)
* 1776
* 1969 musical
* 1972 film
* Jefferson in Paris (1995 film)
* Thomas Jefferson (1997 film)
* Liberty! (1997 documentary series)
* Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
* John Adams (2008 miniseries)
* Jefferson's Garden (2015 play)
* Hamilton
* 2015 musical
* 2020 film
* Washington (2020 miniseries)
* Wine bottles controversy

Family|

* Martha Jefferson (wife)
* Martha Jefferson Randolph (daughter)
* Mary Jefferson Eppes (daughter)
* Harriet Hemings (daughter)
* Madison Hemings (son)
* Eston Hemings (son)
* Thomas J. Randolph (grandson)
* Francis Eppes (grandson)
* George W. Randolph (grandson)
* John Wayles Jefferson (grandson)
* Frederick Madison Roberts (great-grandson)
* Peter Jefferson (father)
* Jane Randolph Jefferson (mother)
* Lucy Jefferson Lewis (sister)
* Randolph Jefferson (brother)
* Isham Randolph (grandfather)
* William Randolph (great-grandfather)

* ← John Adams
* James Madison →

* ← John Adams
* Aaron Burr →

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Theodore Roosevelt

* 26th President of the United States (1901–1909)
* 25th Vice President of the United States (1901)
* 33rd Governor of New York (1899–1900)
* Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1897–1898)
* New York City Police Commissioner (1895–1897)

Presidency
(timeline)|

* First inauguration
* historic site
* Second inauguration
* "Square Deal"
* Booker T. Washington dinner
* Conservation
* Newlands Reclamation Act
* Transfer Act of 1905
* Antiquities Act
* Pelican Island
* Devils Tower National Monument
* Muir Woods National Monument
* United States Forest Service,
* United States Reclamation Service
* National Wildlife Refuge System
* Roosevelt Arch
* Conference of Governors
* Northern Securities Company breakup
* court case
* Coal strike of 1902
* Pure Food and Drug Act
* Food and Drug Administration
* Meat Inspection Act
* Expediting Act
* Elkins Act
* Hepburn Act
* Aldrich–Vreeland Act
* Tillman Act of 1907
* Federal Employers Liability Act
* Kinkaid Act
* Big stick ideology
* Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty
* Panama Canal Zone
* Panama Canal
* Venezuelan crisis
* Roosevelt Corollary
* Occupation of Cuba
* Russo-Japanese War
* Treaty of Portsmouth
* 1906 Nobel Peace Prize
* Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
* Army War College
* Roosevelt Hall
* College football meetings
* Bureau of Investigation
* Department of Commerce and Labor
* Bureau of Corporations
* Keep Commission
* Inland Waterways Commission
* Bureau of the Census
* Great White Fleet
* Perdicaris affair
* Cabinet
* White House West Wing
* State of the Union Address, 1901
* 1906
* 1908
* White House desk
* Federal judiciary appointments

Other
events|

* Spanish–American War
* Rough Riders
* Battle of Las Guasimas
* Battle of San Juan Hill
* "Bull Moose" Progressive Party
* New Nationalism
* Assassination attempt
* Boone and Crockett Club
* Smithsonian–Roosevelt African Expedition
* "River of Doubt" Amazonian expedition

Life and
homes|

* Birthplace, boyhood home replica
* Sagamore Hill Home and Museum
* Oyster Bay
* Maltese Cross Cabin
* Elkhorn Ranch
* Pine Knot cabin
* Gravesite

Writings
and speeches|

* Theodore Roosevelt bibliography
* The Naval War of 1812 (1882 book)
* "The Strenuous Life" (1899 speech)
* League to Enforce Peace
* "Citizenship in a Republic" (1910 speech)
* "Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual" (1912 post-assassination-attempt speech)
* Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography (1913 book)
* The Forum magazine articles
* Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia
* Archival collections

Elections|

* 1898 New York state election
* Republican National Convention: 1900
* 1904
* 1912
* 1916
* United States presidential elections: 1900
* 1904
* 1912

Legacy|

* Bibliography
* Mount Rushmore
* Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library
* White House Roosevelt Room
* Theodore Roosevelt National Park
* Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness
* Theodore Roosevelt Island
* Roosevelt National Forest
* Roosevelt Park (San Antonio)
* Roosevelt Study Center
* Theodore Roosevelt Association
* Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
* Statues
* New York City
* Portland, Oregon
* Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park
* Monument Assemblage
* Theodore Roosevelt Monument
* Roosevelt Memorial, Portland, Oregon
* Proposed presidential library
* Theodore Roosevelt United States Courthouse
* Roosevelt River
* Theodore Roosevelt Bridge
* Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge
* Theodore Roosevelt Award
* USS Theodore Roosevelt (1906, 1961, 1984)
* Roosevelt Road
* U.S. postage stamps

Popular
culture|

* Teddy bear
* "Speak softly, and carry a big stick"
* Books
* Films
* Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King, 1901 film
* Roosevelt in Africa, 1910 documentary
* The Rough Riders, 1927 film
* Teddy, the Rough Rider, 1940 film
* Rough Riders, 1997 miniseries
* The Roosevelts, 2014 documentary
* Theodore Roosevelt, 2022 miniseries

Related|

* Political positions
* "Bully pulpit"
* Ananias Club
* "Nature fakers"
* League to Enforce Peace
* A Guest of Honor
* "Muckraker"
* "Roosevelt Republican"
* Barnes vs. Roosevelt libel trial

Family|

* Alice Hathaway Lee (first wife)
* Edith Kermit Carow (second wife)
* Alice Lee Roosevelt (daughter)
* Theodore Roosevelt III (son)
* Kermit Roosevelt (son)
* Ethel Carow Roosevelt (daughter)
* Archibald Roosevelt (son)
* Quentin Roosevelt (son)
* Theodore Roosevelt IV (grandson)
* Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt III (grandson)
* Quentin Roosevelt II (grandson)
* Kermit Roosevelt Jr. (grandson)
* Joseph Willard Roosevelt (grandson)
* Edith Roosevelt Derby (granddaughter)
* Theodora Roosevelt (granddaughter)
* Theodore Roosevelt Sr. (father)
* Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (mother)
* Anna Bamie Roosevelt (sister)
* Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt (brother)
* Corinne Roosevelt (sister)
* Cornelius Roosevelt (grandfather)
* James Stephens Bulloch (grandfather)
* James Alfred Roosevelt (uncle)
* Robert Barnhill Roosevelt
* Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (niece)
* Gracie Hall Roosevelt (nephew)
* Pete (dog)

* ← William McKinley
* William Howard Taft →

* ← Garret Hobart

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Abraham Lincoln

* 16th President of the United States (1861–1865)
* U.S. Representative for IL–7 (1847–1849)

Presidency|

* Transition
* First inauguration
* Perpetual Union
* Lincoln Bible
* Second inauguration
* Civil War
* Confiscation Acts
* President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
* War based income tax
* Seaports blockade
* RMS Trent Affair
* Habeas Corpus suspended
* Emancipation Proclamation
* West Virginia statehood
* Overland Campaign strategy
* Hampton Roads Conference
* Tour of Richmond
* Ten percent plan
* Reconstruction
* Foreign policy
* 13th Amendment abolishing slavery
* Dakota War of 1862
* Department of the Northwest
* Homestead Act of 1862
* National Banking Acts
* Thanksgiving Day
* Fanny McCullough letter
* Birchard Letter
* Bixby letter
* National Academy of Sciences
* Department of Agriculture
* Pardons
* State of the Union Address, 1863
* 1864
* Cabinet
* Judicial appointments

Speeches|

* Lyceum address (1838)
* Peoria speech (1854)
* "Lost Speech" (1856)
* House Divided speech (1858)
* Lincoln–Douglas debates (1858)
* Cooper Union Address (1860)
* Farewell Address (1861)
* First inaugural address (1861)
* Gettysburg Address (1863, event)
* Second inaugural address (1865)

Life
and views|

* Early life and career
* Black Hawk War
* Matson Trial
* Spot Resolutions
* Boat lifting patent
* Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co.
* Baltimore Plot
* Lincoln's beard
* Medical and mental health
* Poetry
* Political career, 1849–1861
* Religious views
* Sexuality
* Slavery

Homes
and places|

* Lincoln Birthplace
* Knob Creek Farm
* Lincoln Boyhood Memorial
* Lincoln State Park
* Little Pigeon Creek Community
* Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial
* Lincoln's New Salem
* Lincoln-Berry General Store
* Lincoln Home
* Cottage at the Soldier's Home
* Lincoln Bedroom
* Lincoln Sitting Room
* Lincoln Pioneer Village
* Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site

Elections|

* Republican National Convention, 1856
* 1860
* 1864
* National Union Party
* 1860 United States presidential election
* 1864
* 1860 campaign song

Assassination|

* Ford's Theater
* Our American Cousin
* opera
* John Wilkes Booth
* "Sic semper tyrannis"
* Petersen House
* Funeral and burial
* Lincoln Catafalque
* Lincoln Tomb
* "O Captain! My Captain!"
* "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd"

Legacy and
memorials|

* Presidential Library and Museum
* Papers
* Lincoln/Net
* Artifacts and relics
* Bibliography
* Birthday
* Photographs of Lincoln
* Cultural depictions
* films
* Art
* Currency
* Illinois Centennial half dollar
* Lincoln penny
* Five-dollar bill
* Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
* Postage stamps
* Abraham Lincoln Association
* Abraham Lincoln Institute
* Association of Lincoln Presenters
* USS Abraham Lincoln (1960,
* 1988)
* Here I Grew Up mosaic
* Lincoln Highway
* Lincoln, Nebraska
* Lincoln Park
* Lincoln Prize
* Lincoln Heritage Trail
* Lincoln Trail State Memorial
* Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences
* Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln
* White House ghost

| Statues|

* Lincoln Memorial
* statue
* reflecting pool
* Mount Rushmore
* Abraham Lincoln: The Man
* Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State
* Lincoln the Lawyer
* Young Abe Lincoln
* Emancipation Memorial
* Brooklyn relief
* Cincinnati
* D.C. City Hall
* Hodgenville, Kentucky
* Indianapolis relief
* Laramie, Wyoming
* Lincoln, Nebraska
* Los Angeles
* Louisville, Kentucky
* Newark, New Jersey
* New York City
* Parliament Square, London
* Philadelphia
* U.S. Capitol bust
* U.S. Capitol statue
* Wabash, Indiana

|

Family|

* Family tree
* Mary Todd Lincoln (wife)
* Robert Todd Lincoln (son)
* Edward Baker Lincoln (son)
* William Wallace Lincoln (son)
* Thomas "Tad" Lincoln III (son)
* Mary Todd "Mamie" Lincoln (granddaughter)
* Jessie Harlan Lincoln (granddaughter)
* Thomas Lincoln (father)
* Nancy Hanks Lincoln (mother)
* Sarah Bush Lincoln (stepmother)
* Sarah Lincoln Grigsby (sister)
* Abraham Lincoln (grandfather)
* Mordecai Lincoln (uncle)
* Mary Lincoln Crume (aunt)
* John Hanks (cousin)
* Joseph Hanks (great-grandfather)
* Samuel Lincoln (17th-century ancestor)
* Mary Lincoln Beckwith (great-granddaughter)
* Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith (great-grandson)
* Old Bob (horse)
* Fido (dog)

* ← James Buchanan
* Andrew Johnson →

* Category
* Outline

* v
* t
* e

United States articles

History|

| By period|

* 1776–1789
* 1789–1849
* 1849–1865
* 1865–1918
* 1918–1945
* 1945–1964
* 1964–1980
* 1980–1991
* 1991–2008
* 2008–present

|

By event|

* Pre-colonial era
* Colonial era
* Stamp Act Congress
* Thirteen Colonies
* Continental Congress
* Continental Association
* United Colonies
* military history
* Founding Fathers
* Halifax Resolves
* Lee Resolution
* Declaration of Independence
* American Revolution
* War
* Treaty of Paris
* Articles of Confederation
* Perpetual Union
* Confederation period
* American frontier
* Constitution
* drafting and ratification
* Bill of Rights
* Federalist Era
* War of 1812
* Territorial evolution
* Mexican–American War
* Civil War
* Reconstruction era
* Indian Wars
* Gilded Age
* Progressive Era
* Women's suffrage
* Civil rights movement
* 1865–1896
* 1896–1954
* 1954–1968
* Spanish–American War
* Imperialism
* World War I
* Roaring Twenties
* Great Depression
* World War II
* home front
* American Century
* Cold War
* Korean War
* Space Race
* Feminist Movement
* LGBT Movement
* Vietnam War
* Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
* September 11 attacks
* War on Terror
* War in Afghanistan
* Iraq War
* Great Recession
* COVID-19 pandemic

By topic|

* Outline of U.S. history
* Demographic
* Discoveries
* Economic
* debt ceiling
* Inventions
* before 1890
* 1890–1945
* 1946–1991
* after 1991
* Military
* Postal
* Technological and industrial

Geography|

* Territory
* Contiguous United States
* counties
* federal district
* federal enclaves
* Indian reservations
* insular zones
* minor outlying islands
* populated places
* states
* Earthquakes
* Extreme points
* Islands
* Mountains
* peaks
* ranges
* Appalachian
* Rocky
* Sierra Nevada
* National Park Service
* National Parks
* Regions
* East Coast
* West Coast
* Great Plains
* Gulf
* Mid-Atlantic
* Midwestern
* New England
* Pacific
* Central
* Eastern
* Northern
* Northeastern
* Northwestern
* Southern
* Southeastern
* Southwestern
* Western
* Longest rivers
* Arkansas
* Colorado
* Columbia
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Red (South)
* Rio Grande
* Yukon
* Time
* Water supply and sanitation
* World Heritage Sites

Politics|

| Federal|

| Executive|

* President of the United States
* powers
* Executive Office
* Vice President
* Cabinet
* Executive departments
* Independent agencies
* Intelligence Community
* Director of National Intelligence
* Central Intelligence Agency
* National Security Agency
* National Reconnaissance Office
* Law enforcement
* ATF
* CBP
* Diplomatic Security
* DEA
* FBI
* ICE
* Marshals
* Secret Service
* TSA
* Inspector generals
* Civil service
* Public policy

|

Legislative|

* House of Representatives
* current members
* Speaker
* Sergeant at Arms
* Senate
* current members
* President pro tempore
* President
* Sergeant at Arms
* Capitol Police
* Library of Congress
* Congressional Budget Office
* Government Accountability Office
* Government Publishing Office

Judicial|

* Supreme Court
* Chief Justice
* Associate justices
* list
* Marshal
* Police
* Courts of appeals
* list of judges
* District courts/Territorial courts
* list of courts
* list of judges
* Other tribunals
* U.S. attorney

Law|

* Bill of Rights
* civil liberties
* Code of Federal Regulations
* Constitution
* federalism
* preemption
* separation of powers
* civil rights
* Federal Reporter
* United States Code
* United States Reports

Uniformed|

* Armed Forces
* Army
* Marine Corps
* Navy
* Air Force
* Space Force
* Coast Guard
* National Guard
* NOAA Corps
* Public Health Service Corps

State,
Federal District,
and Territorial|

| Executive|

* Governor
* list
* Lieutenant governor
* list
* Secretary of state
* Attorney general
* Treasurer
* Auditor/Comptroller
* Agriculture commissioner
* Insurance commissioner
* Public utilities commission
* State police
* list

|

Legislative|

* List of legislatures
* List of legislators

Judicial|

* Supreme courts
* Chief justices
* District attorney
* list

Law|

* State constitutions
* Statutory codes
* Uniform act
* Comparison of governments

Tribal|

* Tribal sovereignty
* Native American recognition in the United States
* Federally recognized tribes
* Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
* State-recognized tribes
* Indian reservation
* list
* Hawaiian home land

Local|

| County|

* List of counties and county equivalents
* County executive
* Sheriff
* Clerk

|

Cities|

* Consolidated city-county
* Independent city
* Coterminous municipality
* Charter
* Mayor–council government
* Council–manager government
* City commission government
* Mayor
* City manager
* City council

Minor divisions|

* Township
* Town meeting

Special district|

* School district
* list

* Corruption
* Elections
* Electoral College
* Red states and blue states
* Foreign relations
* foreign policy
* Imperial presidency
* Ideologies
* Anti-Americanism
* exceptionalism
* nationalism
* Parties
* Democratic
* Republican
* Third parties
* Scandals

Economy|

* By sector
* Agriculture
* Banking
* Communications
* Companies
* Energy
* Insurance
* Manufacturing
* Mining
* Science and technology
* Tourism
* Trade
* by state
* Currency
* Exports
* Federal budget
* Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
* Federal Reserve System
* Financial position
* Labor unions
* Public debt
* Social welfare programs
* Taxation
* Unemployment
* Wall Street

Transport|

* Aviation
* Driving
* Public transportation
* Rail transportation
* Transportation policy
* Transportation safety
* Trucking industry

Society|

| Culture|

* Americana
* Architecture
* Cinema
* Crime
* Cuisine
* wine
* Dance
* Death care
* Women
* Demographics
* Economic issues
* affluence
* eviction
* home-ownership
* household income
* income inequality
* labor unions
* middle class
* personal income
* poverty
* standard of living
* wealth
* Education
* attainment
* literacy
* Family
* Fashion
* Flag
* Folklore
* Great American Novel
* Health
* healthcare
* health insurance
* Holidays
* Homelessness
* Housing
* Human rights
* Languages
* American English
* Indigenous languages
* ASL
* Black American Sign Language
* HSL
* Plains Sign Talk
* Arabic
* Chinese
* French
* German
* Italian
* Russian
* Spanish
* Literature
* Media
* journalism
* internet
* newspapers
* radio
* television
* Music
* Names
* National symbols
* Columbia
* Mount Rushmore
* Statue of Liberty
* Uncle Sam
* People
* Philosophy
* Political ideologies
* Race
* Religion
* Sexuality
* adolescent
* Social class
* Society
* Sports
* Theater
* Transportation
* Video games
* Visual art

|

Social class|

* Affluence
* American Dream
* Educational attainment
* Homelessness
* Home-ownership
* Household income
* Income inequality
* Middle class
* Personal income
* Poverty
* Standard of living

Issues|

* Ages of consent
* Capital punishment
* Crime
* incarceration
* Criticism of government
* Discrimination
* affirmative action
* antisemitism
* hair texture
* intersex rights
* Islamophobia
* LGBT rights
* racism
* same-sex marriage
* Drug policy
* Energy policy
* Environmental issues
* Environmental movement
* Climate change
* Environmental education
* Gun politics
* Healthcare
* abortion
* health insurance
* hunger
* obesity
* smoking
* Human rights
* Immigration
* illegal
* International rankings
* National security
* Mass surveillance
* Terrorism
* Separation of church and state
* Xenophobia

* Outline
* Index

* Category
* Portal

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National Register of Historic Places in Pennington County, South Dakota

National Historic Site|

* Minuteman Missile National Historic Site‡

Districts|

* Burlington and Quincy High Line Hill City to Keystone Branch
* Civilian Conservation Corp Camp F-10
* Gramberg Ranch
* Josef and Marie Kudrna Homestead and Ranch
* Madison Ranch
* Mount Rushmore National Memorial
* Mystic Townsite Historic District
* Otho Mining District
* Rapid City Historic Commercial District
* Rapid City West Boulevard Historic District

Buildings|

| Commercial/
Industrial|

* C.E. McEachron General Merchandise
* Calumet Hotel
* Casper Supply Company of SD
* Dean Motor Company
* Fairmont Creamery Company Building
* Gambrill Storage Building
* Harney Peak Hotel
* Harney Peak Tin Mining Company Buildings
* House and Sawmill Johnson Siding
* Keystone Trading Company Store
* Milwaukee Road Freight House
* Motor Service Company
* Nichols Funeral Home Building
* Rapid City Fruit Company
* Rapid City Garage
* Rapid City Laundry
* Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion
* Swander Bakery Building
* Von Woehrmann Building

|

Education|

* Keystone School
* Rapid City Carnegie Library
* Rapid City High School
* Rapid City Historical Museum

Government/Civic|

* Pennington County Courthouse
* Rapid City Masonic Temple

Religious|

* Chapel in the Hills
* Church of the Immaculate Conception
* Emmanuel Episcopal Church
* First Congregational Church
* Quinn Methodist Church

Residential|

* Black Hills Model Home
* Lewis Byron House
* Cassidy House
* Feigel House
* Golden Summit Mine Foreman's Cabin
* Zack Holmes House
* Pap Madison Cabin †
* Maurice Nelson House
* Michael Quinn House
* Glenn W. Shaw House

Objects|

* Dinosaur Park
* Wasta Rest Stop Tipis

Sites|

* Archeological Site No. 39PN376
* Harney Peak Lookout Tower, Dam, Pumphouse and Stairway
* Site No. 39 PN 57
* Site No. 39 PN 108
* Site No. 39 PN 438
* Site No. 39 PN 439

Structures|

* South Dakota Department of Transportation Bridge No. 52-575-383
* South Dakota Department of Transportation Bridge No. 52-824-300

Footnotes|

‡This historic property also has portions in an adjacent county.
† This entry has been removed from the registry.

See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Pennington County, South Dakota and List of National Historic Landmarks in South Dakota

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Protected areas of South Dakota

Federal|

| National Parks|

* Badlands
* Wind Cave

|

National Historic Sites
and Memorials|

* Minuteman Missile NHS
* Mount Rushmore NMem

National monument|

* Jewel Cave

National Forests|

* Black Hills
* Custer

National Grasslands|

* Buffalo Gap
* Dakota Prairie
* Fort Pierre
* Grand River

National Historic Trail|

* Lewis and Clark

National Recreational River|

* Missouri

National Wildlife Refuges|

* Huron WMD
* Karl E. Mundt
* Lacreek
* Lake Andes
* Madison WMD
* Sand Lake
* Sand Lake WMD
* Waubay
* Waubay WMD

National Wilderness Areas|

* Badlands
* Black Elk

National Wild and Scenic Rivers|

* Missouri River

State|

| State Parks|

* Bear Butte
* Custer
* Fisher Grove
* Fort Sisseton
* Good Earth
* Hartford Beach
* Lake Herman
* Newton Hills
* Oakwood Lakes
* Palisades
* Roy Lake
* Sica Hollow
* Union Grove

|

State Recreation Areas|

* Angostura
* Big Sioux
* Burke Lake
* Buryanek
* Chief White Crane
* Cow Creek
* Farm Island
* George S. Mickelson Trail
* Indian Creek
* Lake Alvin
* Lake Cochrane
* Lake Hiddenwood
* Lake Louise
* Lake Poinsett
* Lake Thompson
* Lake Vermillion
* Lewis and Clark
* Little Moreau
* Llewellyn Johns
* Mina Lake
* North Point
* North Wheeler
* Oahe Downstream
* Okobojo Point
* Pease Creek
* Pelican Lake
* Pickerel Lake
* Pierson Ranch
* Platte Creek
* Randall Creek
* Richmond Lake
* Sandy Shore
* Shadehill
* Snake Creek
* Springfield
* Swan Creek
* Walker's Point
* West Bend
* West Pollack
* West Whitlock

State Nature Areas|

* Adams Homestead and Nature Preserve
* Beaver Creek
* Big Stone Island
* LaFramboise Island
* Spirit Mound Historic Prairie
* Spearfish Canyon

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Mountains of South Dakota

Black Hills|

* Bear Butte
* Bear Mountain
* Black Elk Peak
* Cicero Peak
* Elk Mountains
* Iron Mountain
* Odakota Mountain
* Mount Rushmore
* Terry Peak

Others|

* Black Horse Butte
* Castle Rock Butte
* Deers Ears Butte
* Dogie Butte
* Eagle Butte
* Granite Peak
* Grindstone Butte
* Hump Butte
* Polo Peak
* Turtle Butte
* White Butte

Authority control databases: National |

* Germany

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