National Bolshevism

Political ideology

Not to be confused with National communism.

"Nazbol" and "Nazbols" redirect here. For the political party, see National Bolshevik Party.

Part of a series on

National Bolshevism

Core ideas

* Ultranationalism
* Bolshevism
* Querfront
* Dasein
* Neo-fascism
* Prussianism
* Eurasianism
* Traditionalism
* Russian nationalism
* Russian irredentism

People

* Ernst Niekisch
* Karl Otto Paetel
* Heinrich Laufenberg
* Fritz Wolffheim
* Eduard Limonov
* Aleksandr Dugin
* Jürgen Elsässer
* Michael Koth
* Matthew Heimbach
* Beness Aijo
* Jean-Francois Thiriart
* Christian Bouchet
* Nikolay Vasilyevich Ustryalov
* Ernst Graf zu Reventlow
* Dimitri Kitsikis
* Doğu Perinçek
* Alain Soral
* Luc Michel
* Pierre Clémenti
* René Binet
* Pavel Gubarev
* Alexander Prokhanov
* Sergey Kurginyan
* Subhas Chandra Bose
* Franco Freda

Media

* Widerstand
* The Fourth Political Theory
* Foundations of Geopolitics
* Sankya
* The Revolution That Wasn't
* Da, smert
* Limonka
* Compact

Organizations

* Combat League of German Socialists
* Essence of Time
* Eurasia Party
* Eurasian Youth Union
* French National-Collectivist Party
* For the Native Language!
* Jeune Europe
* Lehi
* Mladorossi
* National Bolshevik Party
* National Bolshevik Front
* National Salvation Front
* Nouvelle Résistance
* National-European Communitarian Party
* European Communitarian Party
* The Other Russia
* Interbrigades
* Popular Resistance Association
* Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine
* Smenovekhovtsy
* Spiritual Heritage
* Workers' Party of Germany

Related concepts

* Anti-Americanism
* Ba'athism
* Communism
* Conservative Revolution
* Economic antisemitism
* Ethnocacerism
* Feudal Fascism
* Juche
* Left-wing nationalism
* MAGA Communism
* National-anarchism
* National communism
* in Romania
* Nazi-Maoism
* National syndicalism
* Neosocialism
* Neo-Sovietism
* Populism
* left-wing
* right-wing
* Putinism
* Red fascism
* Red–green–brown alliance
* Revolutionary nationalism
* Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Socialism in one country
* Socialist patriotism
* Soviet patriotism
* Stalinism
* Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
* Stalinism and antisemitism
* Neo-Stalinism
* Strasserism
* Syncretic politics
* Tankie
* Third Position
* Totalitarianism
* Ulusalcılık

Politics portal

* v
* t
* e

This article is part of a series on

Eurasianism

Concepts

* Anti-Americanism
* Anti-British sentiment
* Anti-Western sentiment
* Neo-Stalinism
* Nomad studies
* Nuclear Orthodoxy
* Primakov doctrine
* Russian civilization
* Russian messianism
* Russian world
* Scythianism
* Tellurocracy
* Thalassocracy

People

* Karsavin
* Vernadsky
* Trubetzkoy
* Mirsky
* Suvchinsky
* Efron
* Savitsky
* Chkheidze
* Gumilev
* Nazarbayev
* Perinçek
* Zyuganov
* Putin
* Panarin
* Dugin
* Mackinder
* Eskin
* Kholmogorov
* Dugina

Works

* The Geographical Pivot of History
* New Chronology
* Foundations of Geopolitics
* The Fourth Political Theory

Organisations

* Amanat
* Eurasia Party
* Eurasian Youth Union
* Falanga
* Left Opposition
* Nashi
* Party of Peace and Unity
* Patriotic Party
* Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine
* Proryv
* Smenovekhovtsy
* Youth Union of Turkey

Related topics

* Hellenoturkism
* Intermediate Region
* National Bolshevism
* Neo-Sovietism
* Pan-Slavism
* Putinism
* Ruscism
* Russian imperialism
* Russian irredentism
* Russian nationalism
* Turanism
* Carl Schmitt

* v
* t
* e

Part of a series on

Nationalism

Nation forming

* Nationalism in the Middle Ages
* Anthem
* Church
* Colours
* Emblem
* Father
* Flag
* Epic
* God
* Identity
* Language
* Myth
* Sport
* State
* Symbol
* Treasure

Core values

* Allegiance
* Independence
* Patriotism
* Self-determination
* Solidarity

Types

* African
* Anarchist
* Blind
* Bourgeois
* Business
* Welfare
* Civic
* American
* French
* Irish
* Communist
* Constitutional patriotism
* Corporate
* Cyber-
* Ecological
* Economic
* Ethnic
* Ethnopluralism
* European
* Expansionist
* Homosexual
* Integral
* Left-wing (populism)
* Musical
* Mystic
* Neo-
* Pan-
* Racial
* Arab
* Black
* Japanese
* Shōwa
* Korean
* White
* Zionism
* Religious
* Christian
* Catholic
* Clerical
* Hindu
* Hindutva
* Muslim
* Sikh
* Resource
* Revolutionary
* National syndicalist
* National Bolshevik
* Fascism
* Legionarism
* Nazism
* Rexism
* Ethnocacerism
* Romantic
* Technological
* Territorial
* Trans-
* Ultra-

Organizations

List of nationalist organizations

Related concepts

* Anationalism
* Anti-nationalism
* Anti-globalization movement
* Anti-imperialism
* Banal nationalism
* Civil religion
* Communitarianism
* Cosmopolitanism
* Cultural nationalism
* Diaspora politics
* Ethnocentrism
* Francoism
* Gender and nationalism
* Globalism
* Historiography and nationalism
* Imagined community
* Imperialism
* Internationalism
* Irredentism
* Jingoism
* Localism
* Militarism
* National indifference
* Nationalism studies
* Nativism
* Plurinationalism
* Post-
* Principle of nationalities [fr]
* Racism
* Revanchism
* Right-wing populism
* Seasonal or cultural festival
* Subsidiarity
* in Catholicism
* Trumpism
* Xenophobia

* Politics portal

* v
* t
* e

National Bolshevism,[a] whose supporters are known as National Bolsheviks[b] and colloquially as Nazbols,[c][1] is a syncretic political movement committed to combining ultranationalism and Bolshevik communism.[2]

## History and origins

[edit]

### In Germany

[edit]

National Bolshevism as a term was first used to describe a faction in the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and later the Communist Workers' Party of Germany (KAPD) which wanted to ally the insurgent communist movement with dissident nationalist groups in the German army who rejected the Treaty of Versailles.[3] Heinrich Laufenberg and Fritz Wolffheim led the faction and it was primarily based in Hamburg. They were subsequently expelled from the KAPD which Karl Radek justified by stating that it was necessary if the KAPD were to be welcomed into the Third Congress of the Third International, although the expulsion would likely had happened regardless as Radek previously dismissed the pair as "National Bolsheviks" (which was the first recorded use of the term).[4]

National Bolshevism was among several early ultranationalist, and according to some, fascist movements in Germany that predate Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party.[5][6][need quotation to verify] During the 1920s, a number of German intellectuals began a dialogue which created a synthesis between radical nationalism (typically referencing Prussianism) and Bolshevism as it existed in the Soviet Union.[7]

#### Ernst Niekisch and 'Widerstand'

[edit]

Ernst Niekisch's Widerstand journal featuring the original National Bolshevik eagle symbol

One of the early and most prominent pioneers of the National Bolshevik movement in Germany was Ernst Niekisch of the Old Social Democratic Party of Germany. Niekisch was the founder and primary editor of Widerstand, a magazine which advocated for National Bolshevik ideology.[8] Co-publisher and illustrator of Widerstand was the openly antisemitic A. Paul Weber, who saw himself primarily concerned with the future of Germany due to the growing popularity of Nazism.[9] Other authors of the magazine included Otto Petras, Friedrich Georg Jünger, Hugo Fischer, Hans Bäcker, Friedrich Reck-Mellecze, and Alexander Mitscherlich.[10]

The ideology of Ernst Niekisch and the group which had formed around the publication, named Widerstandskreis, has been described as anti-democratic, nationalist, anti-capitalist, anti-western, as well as exhibiting racist and fascist traits.[11] Others have called his ideology outright fascist,[12] despite Niekisch condemning and critiquing fascism, primarily in his work "Hitler - ein deutsches Verhängnis".[13][14][15][16][17]

Niekisch strongly and publicly condemned Adolf Hitler, who he perceived as a democratic demagogue that lacked any actual socialism, he claimed and criticized that Hitler, after release from prison, started to look more towards Italian Fascism for inspiration, rather than Ludendorff.[18] After the Nazis took power, Niekisch organised a national revolutionary resistance, for which he was sentenced to life imprisonment until being released in 1945 by the Red Army.[19] Upon his release from prison, Niekisch started a political career in East Germany, which was abruptly ended after the crushing of the 1953 uprising, which resulted in him leaving the party and retiring from politics. Following his retirement, Niekisch moved back to West Berlin and proclaimed himself a 'victim of fascism' due to being blinded while imprisoned, after a long legal battle with West German courts, Niekisch received minor compensation from the Berlin government. Niekisch died in 1967.[19]

In modern times, Niekisch and his works have been cited and praised by both neo-fascists, in particular the Autonomous Nationalists,[20] and some elements of the West German far-left.[21] Aleksandr Dugin also referenced Niekisch in his book The Fourth Political Theory in relation to Eurasianism.

#### Karl Otto Paetel

[edit]

Logo used by Karl Otto Paetel and his Group of Social Revolutionary Nationalists

Another prominent National Bolshevik was Karl Otto Paetel, notable for writing the National Bolshevist Manifesto (published 1933), in which he bases himself on Marxism.[22][23]

Originally a figure in the German Youth Movement, and later the KPD, Paetel founded the Arbeitsring junge Front, and later the Group of Social Revolutionary Nationalists, which sought to bring together radicals of left and right in pursuit of a "third way" between the NSDAP and the KPD, encompassing both nationalism and socialist economics.[24]

The GRSN, founded in 1930, was a direct response to the challenge posed by the rise in popularity of the Nazis. While initially somewhat receptive to Nazism, Paetel quickly grew disillusioned with the NSDAP as he no longer believed they were genuinely committed to either revolutionary activity or socialist economics. Similarly to the Communists and Strasserists, Paetel too, tried to split off vulnerable elements of the Nazi Party; an example of this being his largely unsuccessful attempt to win over a section of the Hitler Youth to his cause.[25] Paetel would later strongly condemn both Nazism and all other forms of fascism in the National Bolshevist Manifesto.[23][22]

Similarly to the National Bolshevism of Niekisch, Paetel's ideology was strongly anti-western, focusing on anti-imperialism and opposition to the Treaty of Versailles, as well as being characterized by an Anti-French sentiment.[6][23] Paetel's National Bolshevism advocated for soviet democracy, while also emphasizing a strong nationalism, including a return to paganism, and believing that the nation is a prerequisite for building socialism.[23]

Following Hitler's rise to power, Paetel fled Germany, initially to Paris and later New York, where he would die in 1975.[22]

#### Strasserism

[edit]

Main article: Strasserism

The National Bolshevik project of figures such as Niekisch and Paetel was typically presented as just another strand of Bolshevism by the Nazi Party, and was thus viewed just as negatively and as part of a "Jewish conspiracy".[26] After Hitler's rise to power, many National Bolsheviks were arrested and imprisoned or fled the country.

Despite opposition to National Bolshevism, usually on the grounds that it tends to take Marxist influence, a similarly syncretic, but non-Marxist, tendency had developed in the left-wing of the Nazi Party. This was represented by what has now come to be known as Strasserism. Initially one of the stronger factions of the NSDAP, the left-wing slowly started to lose power to Adolf Hitler's faction; this culminated in much of the wing splitting off to form the Black Front, whereas the rest would be purged in the Night of the Long Knives.[26]

Prominent figures of this movement were the brothers Gregor and Otto Strasser, after which the movement was later named, as well as Walther Stennes, Hermann Ehrhardt, and Ernst Röhm.

### In Russia

[edit]

#### Russian Civil War

[edit]

Cover of the magazine Smena Vekh from July 1921

As the Russian Civil War dragged on, a number of prominent Whites switched to the Bolshevik side because they saw it as the only hope for restoring greatness to Russia. Amongst these was Professor Nikolai Ustryalov, initially an anti-communist, who came to believe that Bolshevism could be modified to serve nationalistic purposes. His followers, the Smenovekhovtsy (named after a series of articles he published in 1921) Smena vekh (Russian: change of milestones), came to regard themselves as National Bolsheviks, borrowing the term from Niekisch.[7]

Similar ideas were expressed by the Evraziitsi movement and writers such as D. S. Mirsky, and the pro-monarchist Mladorossi. Joseph Stalin's idea of socialism in one country was interpreted as a victory by the National Bolsheviks.[7] Vladimir Lenin, who did not use the term National Bolshevism, identified the Smenovekhovtsy as a tendency of the old Constitutional Democratic Party who saw Russian communism as just an evolution in the process of Russian aggrandisement. He further added that they were a class enemy and warned against communists believing them to be allies.[27]

#### Co-option of National Bolshevism

[edit]

Ustryalov and others sympathetic to the Smenovekhovtsy cause, such as Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy and Ilya Ehrenburg, were eventually able to return to the Soviet Union and following the co-option of aspects of nationalism by Stalin and his ideologue Andrei Zhdanov enjoyed membership of the intellectual elite under the designation non-party Bolsheviks.[28][29] Similarly, B. D. Grekov's National Bolshevik school of historiography, a frequent target under Lenin, was officially recognised and even promoted under Stalin, albeit after accepting the main tenets of Stalinism.[30] It has been argued that National Bolshevism was the main impetus for the revival of nationalism as an official part of state ideology in the 1930s.[31][32] Many of the original proponents of National Bolshevism, such as Ustryalov and members of the Smenovekhovtsy were suppressed and executed during the Great Purge for "anti-Soviet agitation", espionage and other counter-revolutionary activities.[33][34]

Russian historian Andrei Savin stated that Stalin's policy shifted away from internationalism towards National Bolshevism[35] a view also shared by David Brandenberger[36] and Evgeny Dobrenko.[37]

#### In Karelia and Finland

[edit]

> The patriotism of the working class is profoundly progressive and revolutionary...By overthrowing the rule of the exploiting classes the working class creates the conditions for the fullest possible manifestation of its patriotism, for it itself is the true bearer of patriotism in our time...This does not in any way mean, however, that while belonging to the single international army of working people, the worker ceases to be a Frenchman, Englishman, etc...the building of socialism, can bring every nation real freedom, independence and national greatness. It follows that the most internationalist class - the working class - is at the same time the most patriotic class."

Otto Wille Kuusinen, "Cosmopolitanism, not patriotism, is the ideology of the imperialist bourgeoisie."[38]

Members of the Executive Committee of Worker-Jägers

Before the independence of Finland, Finnish nationalists sent volunteers to German army, to the 27th Jäger Battalion, who were supposed to act as the revolutionary vanguard who would incite a revolution in Finland against the Russian Imperial government. When the Finnish civil war started, most sided with the White Army but a third sided with the communists. The so-called "Red jägers" were left-wing working class jägers who formed the executive committee of Worker-Jägers that maintained contacts with left-wing revolutionaries back home and in Germany. Influential politicians of the labor movement at the time, K. H. Wiik, Oskari Tokoi and Yrjö Mäkelin, among others, supported the Jäger movement. The son of the latter, Leo Mäkelin, joined the ranks of the Jägers on February 14, 1916.[39][40][41]

Edvard Gylling, Commissar of Finance for the Revolutionary "Red" Finnish government and later Chairman of Karelian ASSR implemented a policy to increase the economic independence and to Finnicize Karelian population.[42] According to Gylling, the successful construction of socialism in Karelia required " the implementation of nationalist politics in a communist spirit", which would win the support of the anti-Russian peasant population. Among his nationalist policies was the Finnicization of the Karelians, because the ultimate goal was the unification of the region with Finland.[43] He believed that the autonomous Finnish-speaking Soviet Karelia could act as a springboard from which the revolution could spread to Finland and Scandinavia. His vision was to create a "Scandinavian Socialist Federal Republic" or "red Greater Finland" separate from Russia, which would also include Eastern Karelia.[44][45] However, to Gylling's chagrin, the borders of Soviet Karelia were drawn in 1924 in such a way that Russians made up more than half of its population, while Karelians and Finns remained a minority.[42][46] The Finnish language was made one of the official languages of the republic and efforts were made to make it even the main language. School language was changed to Finnish, in some places against the will of the local population.[47] During Gylling's time, Finnish workers from Canada and the United States were also systematically enticed to Soviet Karelia, from which several thousands would be recruited during the Great Depression.[48][42]

Iivo Ahava was a prominent Karelian nationalist who was a leading figure in the local Red Guards.[49] Yrjö Ruutu, the founder and leader of the interwar Strasserist National Socialist Union of Finland, joined the communist Finnish People's Democratic League after the Second World War.[50]

#### Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn vs. Eduard Limonov

[edit]

The term National Bolshevism has sometimes been applied to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and his brand of anti-communism.[51] However, Geoffrey Hosking argues in his History of the Soviet Union that Solzhenitsyn cannot be labelled a National Bolshevik since he was thoroughly anti-Stalinist and wished a revival of Russian culture that would see a greater role for the Russian Orthodox Church, a withdrawal of Russia from its role overseas and a state of international isolationism.[51] Solzhenitsyn and his followers, known as vozrozhdentsy (revivalists), differed from the National Bolsheviks, who were not religious in tone (although not completely hostile to religion) and who felt that involvement overseas was important for the prestige and power of Russia.[51]

There was open hostility between Solzhenitsyn and Eduard Limonov, the head of Russia's unregistered National Bolshevik Party. Solzhenitsyn had described Limonov as "a little insect who writes pornography" and Limonov described Solzhenitsyn as a traitor to his homeland who contributed to the downfall of the Soviet Union. In The Oak and the Calf, Solzhenitsyn openly attacked the notions that the Russians were "the noblest in the world" and that "tsarism and Bolshevism [...] [were] equally irreproachable", defining this as the core of the National Bolshevism to which he was opposed.[52]

#### National Bolshevik Party and The Other Russia

[edit]

Main articles: National Bolshevik Party and The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov

Members of the Russian National Bolshevik Party in 2006 Flag of the National Bolshevik Party Flag of The Other Russia political party

The National Bolshevik Party (NBP) was founded in 1992 as the National Bolshevik Front, an amalgamation of six minor groups.[53] The party has always been led by Eduard Limonov. Limonov and extreme right-wing ultranationalist activist Aleksandr Dugin sought to unite far-left and far-right radicals on the same platform,[54] with Dugin viewing national-bolsheviks as a point between communist and fascists, and forced to act in the peripheries of each group.[citation needed] The group's early policies and actions show some alignment and sympathy with radical nationalist groups, albeit while still holding to the tenets of a form of Marxism that Dugin defined as "Marx minus Feuerbach, i. e. minus evolutionism and sometimes appearing inertial humanism", but a split occurred in the 2000s which changed this to an extent. This led to the party moving further left in Russia's political spectrum, and led to members of the party denouncing Dugin and his group as fascists.[55] Dugin subsequently developed close ties to the Kremlin and served as an adviser to senior Russian official Sergey Naryshkin.[56][57] NBP was banned and outlawed in 2007 and its members went on to form a new political party in 2010, The Other Russia.[58]

Initially critical of Vladimir Putin, Limonov at first somewhat liberalized the NBP and joined forces with leftist and liberal groups in Garry Kasparov's United Civil Front to fight Putin.[59] However, he later expressed support of Putin following the outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian War.[60][61][62] Limonov died in March 2020[63] and his The Other Russia party re-organized and renamed itself to "The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov" to honor its founder.

#### Eurasianism Movement

[edit]

Main article: Eurasianism

The Eurasia Movement is a National Bolshevik Russian political movement founded in 2001 by the political scientist Aleksandr Dugin.[64][65][66][67][68][69]

The organization follows the neo-Eurasian ideology, which adopts an eclectic mixture of Russian patriotism, Orthodox faith, anti-modernism, and even some Bolshevik ideas. The organization opposes "American" values such as liberalism, capitalism, and modernism.[70]

### In other countries

[edit]

#### Francophone countries

[edit]

The Franco-Belgian Parti Communautaire National-Européen shares National Bolshevism's desire for the creation of a united Europe as well as many of the NBP's economic ideas. French political figure Christian Bouchet has also been influenced by the idea.[71] The Nouvelle Droite tendency was influenced by both left-wing and right-wing doctrines, taking heavy inspiration from Antonio Gramsci,[72] with many supporters of the concept calling themselves "Gramscians of the Right". Former GRECE secretary-general Pierre Vial has praised Che Guevara, the Italian Red Brigades and the Red Army Faction for their opposition towards liberal democracy.[73] GRECE's Alain de Benoist stated that the left-right political divide has "lost any operative value to analyze the field of ideological or political discourse",[74] and he himself supported the French Communist Party during 1984 elections to the European Parliament.[74]

#### India

[edit]

In 1944, Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose called for "a synthesis between National Socialism and communism" to take root in India.[75] The All India Forward Bloc was formed by Bose in 1939 as a left-wing nationalist and socialist party, and exists to this day, designated by ECI as a State Party. Subhas Chandra Bose formed also a pro-nazi military force in a form of a Free India Legion, which was composed of 3,000 POWs captured by Erwin Rommel.

#### Israel

[edit]

After the death of Avraham Stern, the new leadership of the Israeli paramilitary organization Lehi moved towards support for Joseph Stalin[76] and the doctrine of National Bolshevism,[77][78] which was a break from the group's fascist outlook under its previous leader.[79]

Nathan Yellin-Mor, one of the leaders of Lehi, formulated the group's unique form of Hebrew National Bolshevism.[citation needed]

#### Balkan countries

[edit]

Some have described the Bulgarian Attack party (which considers itself neither left nor right-wing[80]), the Slovenian National Party (position of which is disputed,[81][82] with the party refusing to set itself on the political spectrum), the Bosnian-Serb Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (which has gradually abandoned its reformist ideology for a more assertive advocacy of Serbian nationalism[83][84][85][86][87][88]), the Macedonian Levica (which was described with many terms, including fascist[89]) and the Greater Romania Party (that expressed nostalgia for both Axis-aligned dictatorship of Ion Antonescu[90][91] and the communist regime of Ceaușescu[92]) as "National Bolshevik" for often seen blending of left-wing and right-wing political viewpoints, including irrendentism, interventionism and anti-globalist approach to foreign policy.

#### United States

[edit]

In July 2021, the leader of the American Traditionalist Worker Party Matthew Heimbach announced his intention to reform the party along National Bolshevik lines.[93]

#### Ukraine

[edit]

The Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine, which has been described as a National Bolshevik political party,[94][95] was banned on March 20, 2022.[96]

## See also

[edit]

* Politics portal

* Beefsteak Nazi
* Black Front
* Crusade of Romanianism
* Essence of Time
* Ethnocacerism
* Eurasia Party
* Fascism
* The Fourth Political Theory, book by Aleksandr Dugin
* The Foundations of Geopolitics, also a book by Aleksandr Dugin
* Hitler-Stalin Pact
* Juche
* Mladorossi
* National-anarchism
* National Bolshevik Front
* National communism
* National syndicalism
* Nazi-Maoism
* Neosocialism
* Neo-Sovietism
* Neo-Stalinism
* Nouvelle Droite
* Querfront
* Rashism
* Red fascism
* Red–green–brown alliance
* Radical centrism
* Russian nationalism
* Socialist patriotism
* Sorelianism
* Strasserism
* Syncretic politics
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party
* Third Position
* Ultranationalism
* United National Workers' Party

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Russian: национал-большевизм, romanized: natsional-bol'shevizm; German: Nationalbolschewismus.
2. ^ Russian: национал-большевики, romanized: natsional-bol'sheviki; German: Nationalbolschewisten.
3. ^ Russian: нацболы, romanized: natsboly.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Russian Nationalism, Foreign Policy and Identity Debates in Putin's Russia: New Ideological Patterns after the Orange Revolution. Columbia University Press. 2014. p. 147\. ISBN 9783838263250. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
2. ^ Van Ree, Erik (October 2001). "The concept of 'National Bolshevism': An interpretative essay" (PDF). Journal of Political Ideologies. 6 (3): 289–307. doi:10.1080/13569310120083017. S2CID 216092681. pp. 289, 304: "National Bolshevism can most properly be defined as that radical tendency which combines a commitment to class struggle and total nationalization of the means of production with extreme state chauvinism... In this essay I have taken as my point of departure Dupeux's approach of sticking to the original 1919 connotation of the concept of National Bolshevism, to include among its ranks only movements with a serious commitment to socialism in its extreme form, i.e., to communism, as well as to the chauvinist variety of nationalism."
3. ^ Pierre Broué, Ian Birchall, Eric D. Weitz, John Archer, The German Revolution, 1917–1923, Haymarket Books, 2006, pp. 325–326.
4. ^ Timothy S. Brown, Weimar Radicals: Nazis and Communists Between Authenticity and Performance, Berghahn Books, 2009, p. 95.
5. ^ Von Klemperer, Klemens (1951). "Towards a Fourth Reich? The History of National Bolshevism in Germany". Review of Politics. 13 (2): 191–192. doi:10.1017/S0034670500047422. JSTOR 1404764. S2CID 145001688.
6. ^ a b ASCHER, ABRAHAM; LEWY, GUENTER (1956). "NATIONAL BOLSHEVISM IN WEIMAR GERMANY: Alliance of Political Extremes Against Democracy". Social Research. 23 (4): 450–480.
7. ^ a b c Lee, Martin A (1997). "Chapter Eight: Shadow Over the East". The Beast Reawakens. Little, Brown and Company. pp. 314–316. ISBN 9780415925464.
8. ^ Martin A. Lee, The Beast Reawakens, Warner Books, 1998, p. 315.
9. ^ "A. Paul Weber Museum - Ratzeburg". www.weber-museum.de. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
10. ^ Helmut Schumacher & Klaus J. Dorsch (2003). A. Paul Weber: Leben und Werk in Texten und Bildern (in German). E.S. Mittler & Sohn. p. 104\. ISBN 978-3813208054. "In einer Verlagsbroschüre von 1930 wurden als ständige Mitarbeiter »Joseph Drexel, A. Erich Günther, Ernst Jünger, G. Friedrich Jünger [!], Hjalmar Kutzleb, Ernst Niekisch, Gustav Sondermann, Dr. Friedrich Weber, Maler A. Paul Weber, August Winnig u.a.« genannt, weitere Autoren waren Hans Bäcker, Hugo Fischer, Otto Petras, Friedrich Reck-Melleczewen, Otto Nickel und Alexander Mitscherlich."
11. ^ Helmut Schumacher & Klaus J. Dorsch (2003). A. Paul Weber: Leben und Werk in Texten und Bildern (in German). E.S. Mittler & Sohn. p. 104\. ISBN 978-3813208054.
12. ^ Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781134609529. "National Bolshevism – Current of fascist thinking associated with Niekisch. It held that German Nazism was a pervesion of 'real' fascism and, thus, that aspiring fascists and fascisms should look towards the USSR, rather than Hitler, for inspiration."
13. ^ "Ernst Niekisch – Widerstand gegen den Westen". Zeitschrift für nationale Identität (in German). 7 September 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2023. "Natürlich stimmt es, dass er Antifaschist war, wenn auch als Nationalist, denn er sah im Faschismus eine westlich-romanische Ideologie, eine Versuchung der Deutschen, ein „Deutsches Verhängnis"."
14. ^ "Richard Herzinger - Erinnerung an den Nationalbolschewisten Ernst Niekisch - Intervention". Perlentaucher - Online Kulturmagazin (in German). Retrieved 21 August 2023. "In den Nazis sah Niekisch dagegen geist- und seelenlose Rationalisten, die dem "Dämon" der westlichen Technik verfallen seien. Den Nationalsozialismus hielt er für eine Kopie des italienischen Faschismus und somit für eine Schöpfung der ihm verhassten "römischen Welt". Er verstieg sich sogar zu der Behauptung, der Faschismus und sein deutsches Pendant seien in Wahrheit verkappte Bewegungen zur Rettung des Liberalismus."
15. ^ Walkiewicz, Wolfgang. "Ideologie - Radikal rechts-links". Der Freitag (in German). ISSN 0945-2095. Retrieved 21 August 2023. "Es ist eine Abrechnung mit dem kleinbürgerlichen Nationalsozialismus, eine Kritik des Faschismus von rechts. Der Demagoge Hitler sei nur eine weitere Erscheinungsform des „Demokratismus". Früher ertönte aus der Kraft seiner Stimme noch der Urlaut der gepeinigten und geschändeten deutschen Kreatur. Nun sei der faschistische Nationalsozialismus keine Auflehnung gegen Versailles, sondern der Schatten, den die romanische Übermacht über den deutschen Protest wirft. Hitler agiere als „der Gendarm des Abendlandes gegen den Bolschewismus"."
16. ^ Buchheim, Hans [in German]. "Ernst Niekischs Ideologie des Widerstands" [Ernst Niekisch's Ideology of Resistance] (PDF). Institute of Contemporary History (Munich). pp. 21 (356), 22 (357). "Nach seiner Entlassung aus der Festungshaft jedoch habe sich Hitler von Ludendorff abgewandt und sich mit dem „MariaMuttergottes-General" von Epp verbündet; er habe Mussolini und den römischen Faschismus zum Vorbild gewählt und sich so als das decouvriert, was er wirklich sei: ein romanisierter Deutscher, der den Stoß des deutschen Protestes auffangen und abbiegen sollte. Er gehorche dem Auftrag, den ihm sein romanisierter Instinkt stellte, nämlich die mobilisierten Energien des deutschen Protestes im Fehleinsatz zu vergeuden und damit der römischen Überfremdung freies Feld zu schaffen. Das von Hitler versprochene Dritte Reich sei weniger eine politische Möglichkeit als vielmehr eine religiöse Hoffnung, nationaler Messianismus nach jüdischer Art. Man spüre die katholische Atmosphäre, wenn man eine nationalsozialistische Massenversammlung betrete: der Führer zelebriert das deutsche Befreiungs- und Erlösungswunder. Und deshalb sei man überall, wo der Nationalsozialismus einbreche, für Preußen und den Protestantismus verloren; denn wer schon Nationalsozialist sei, werde auch bald Katholik sein. Hitlers sozialpolitisches Programm sei nicht sozialistisch, sondern sozialpazifistisch, ein Taschenspielerkunststück der kapitalistischen Ordnung; Hitlers Nationalismus sei nichts weiter als die deutschtümelnde Haut des Romanismus und eine Abendländerei in Bärenfällen."
17. ^ Niekisch, Ernst (1932). Niekisch, Ernst - Hitler, ein deutsches Verhaengnis (in German). Widerstands-Verlag Anna Niekisch. pp. 8 (10), 9 (11). "Hitler vollzog die Trennung von Ludendorff und verband sich mit dem "Maria-Mutter-Gottes-General" Epp. Er wählte sich Mussolini und den italienischen Faschismus zum Vorbild. Er bestätigte das fremdartige Braunhemd, das mit deutschen Atmosphäre nicht zusammenklingt; wie südeuropäische Besatzungstruppen stehen seitdem seine Scharen auf deutscher Erde. Die römisch-faschistische Grußform wurde verbindlich; an die Stelle der deutschen Fahnen, die herrlich mit dem Winde tanzen, trat die strenge tote Form prangender Standarten von jeder Art, wie sie bisher römischen Legionären, italienischen Faschisten, katholischen Prozessionen vorangeleuchtet hatten. Die Bewegung, die nunmehr aufsneue Boden zu gewinnen versuchte, war nicht mehr, was sie 1923 gewesen war. Jetzt hatte sie sich auf römischen Stil ausgerichtet. [...] Die Faschisierung des Nationalsozialismus war seine Vermünchnerung, faschistischer deutscher Nationalismus ist so lauter und echt, wie bayrische Reichstreue mit dem eigenstaatlichen Vorbehalt es ist. Faschistischer Nationalismus ist nur nationalistische Fassade; hinter ihr versteckt sich ein gebrochenes deutsches Rückrat. Er ist denaturierter Nationalismus für deutsche Haustiere, die sich noch darauf halten, den Schein der Wildheit zu wahren."
18. ^ Buchheim, Hans [in German]. "Ernst Niekischs Ideologie des Widerstands" [Ernst Niekisch's Ideology of Resistance] (PDF). Institute of Contemporary History (Munich). pp. 21 (356), 22 (357).
19. ^ a b Gottfried, Dietmar (28 January 2012). ""Um der Nation willen des Kommunismus fähig"". Telepolis (in German). Retrieved 10 May 2023.
20. ^ ""Autonomer Nationalismus" | Fußball gegen Nazis". www.fussball-gegen-nazis.de. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
21. ^ "Vor und nach »1968«: Die nationalen Unterströmungen in der westdeutschen Neuen Linken". www.globkult.de. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
22. ^ a b c Museum, Stiftung Deutsches Historisches. "Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Biografie". www.dhm.de (in German). Retrieved 10 May 2023.
23. ^ a b c d Karl Otto Paetel (30 January 1933). Kael Otto Paetel - The National Bolshevist Manifesto (1933).
24. ^ Brown, Weimar Radicals, pp. 32
25. ^ Brown, Weimar Radicals, p. 78 & 134.
26. ^ a b Robert Lewis Koehl, The SS: A History 1919–1945, Tempus Publishing, 2004, pp. 61–63.
27. ^ Speech by Vladimir Lenin on 27 March 1922 in V. Lenin, On the Intelligentsia, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1983, pp. 296–299.
28. ^ S. V. Utechin, Russian Political Thought: A Concise and Comprehensive History, JM Dent & Sons, 1964, pp. 254–255
29. ^ Krausz, Tamas (3 April 2008). "National bolshevism - past and present". Contemporary Politics. 1 (2): 114–120. doi:10.1080/13569779508449884.
30. ^ Utechin, Russian Political Thought, p. 255.
31. ^ Utechin, Russian Political Thought, p. 241.
32. ^ Brandenberger, David (2002). National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity, 1931-1956. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00906-6.
33. ^ Hardeman, Hilde (1994). Coming to Terms with the Soviet Regime: The "Changing Signposts" Movement Among Russian Emigrés in the Early 1920s. Northern Illinois Un. Press. pp. 185–186. ISBN 0-87580-187-0. OCLC 489841819.
34. ^ "Глава I После поражения // Леонид Шкаренков". scepsis.net. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
35. ^ Савин, Андрей (January 2017). "Ethnification of Stalinism? National Operations and the NKVD Order № 00447 in a Comparative Perspective". Ethnic and Religious Minorities in Stalin's Soviet Union: New Dimensions of Research. Edited by Andrej Kotljarchuk & Olle Sundström. Stockholm: 62. "The choice of "unreliable nations" as an internal enemy and the "fifth column," as well as the shift in the national policy of the Stalinist regime of the 1930s from internationalism to Russification and "National Bolshevism,"is generally consistent with the theory of the ethnification of Stalinism."
36. ^ Brandenberger, David (2002). National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity, 1931-1956. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00906-6.
37. ^ Light, Felix (24 October 2021). "Evgeny Dobrenko's 'Late Stalinism: The Aesthetics of Politics' Recasts 20th Century History". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
38. ^ Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism chapter 17, section 2:
39. ^ "Vajaasta 2 000 jääkäristä kolmasosa punaisia jääkäreitä – harva heistä osallistui sisällissotaan". Demokraatti. 24 March 2024.
40. ^ Lackman, Matti: Jääkärimuistelmia, s. 22-23. Helsinki: Otava, 1994. ISBN 951-1-13498-1
41. ^ Salomaa, Markku: Punaupseerien nousu ja tuho, pp. 20, 25-26. Otava, 2018. ISBN 978-951-1-32381-5.
42. ^ a b c Mikko Uola: ”Gylling, Edvard”, Suomen kansallisbiografia, osa 3, s. 387–389. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2004. ISBN 951-746-444-4.
43. ^ Kangaspuro 2000, pp. 74–76, 78–80, 85, 93, 97, 126–133, 143–146, 239.
44. ^ Markku Kangaspuro: Neuvosto-Karjalan taistelu itsehallinnosta – Nationalismi ja suomalaiset punaiset Neuvostoliiton vallankäytössä 1920–1939. Bibliotheca Historica 60. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Helsinki 2000.
45. ^ Kangaspuro 2000, pp. 107–111.
46. ^ Nick Baron: Soviet Karelia: Politics, planning and terror in Stalin’s Russia, 1920–1939. Routledge, London and New York 2007.
47. ^ Kangaspuro 2000, pp . 163, 167–168, 216–220, 231, 234–238.
48. ^ Kangaspuro 2000, s. 130, 244–248.
49. ^ Nevakivi, Jukka (1967). "Iivo Ahava, punainen heimosoturi". Studia historica: acta Societatis historicae Ouluensis 1967. Oulu: Historical Society of Oulu. pp. 261–283. ISSN 0475-1655
50. ^ Soikkanen, Timo: Yrjö Ruutu: Näkijä ja tekijä. Itsenäisyyden, eheyttämisen ja uuden ulkopolitiikan juurilla. Helsinki: WSOY, 1991. ISBN 951-017306-1.
51. ^ a b c G. Hosking, A History of the Soviet Union, London: Fontana, 1990, pp. 421–2
52. ^ A. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf, 1975, pp. 119–129.
53. ^ M. A. Lee, The Beast Reawakens, 1997, p. 314.
54. ^ Rogatchevski, Andrei; Steinholt, Yngvar (21 October 2015). "Pussy Riot's Musical Precursors? The National Bolshevik Party Bands, 1994–2007". Popular Music and Society. 39 (4): 448–464. doi:10.1080/03007766.2015.1088287. S2CID 192339798.
55. ^ Yasmann, Victor (29 April 2005). "Russia: National Bolsheviks, The Party Of 'Direct Action'". Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. Retrieved 15 November 2018. "For this mobilization, the NBP used a bizarre mixture of totalitarian and fascist symbols, geopolitical dogma, leftist ideas, and national-patriotic demagoguery."
56. ^ John Dunlop (January 2004). "Aleksandr Dugin's Foundations of Geopolitics". Demokratizatsiya. 12 (1): 41. Archived from the original on 11 May 2014.
57. ^ Shaun Walker (23 March 2014). "Ukraine and Crimea: what is Putin thinking?". The Guardian.
58. ^ Лимонов готов стать гламурным политиком. Ng.ru (12 July 2010). Retrieved on 23 February 2014.
59. ^ Remnick, David (1 October 2007). "The Tsar's Opponent". The New Yorker. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
60. ^ Kravtsova, Yekaterina (10 March 2014). "Ukraine crisis: Crimea is just the first step, say Moscow's pro-Putin demonstrators". Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
61. ^ "Famous Kremlin Critic Changes Course, Says Putin Not a Monster (Limonov)". 12 October 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
62. ^ Bershidsky, Leonid (30 December 2014). "Putin Goes Medieval on the Russian Opposition". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2 December 2016 - via www.bloomberg.com.
63. ^ "Russian politician, writer Limonov dies at the age of 77 - Interfax". Reuters. 17 March 2020.
64. ^ Kipp, Jacob W. (September 2002). "Aleksandr Dugin and the ideology of national revival: Geopolitics, Eurasianism and the conservative revolution". European Security. 11 (3): 91–125. doi:10.1080/09662830208407539. S2CID 153557856.
65. ^ "Alexander Dugin – A Russian scarecrow". POLISH MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND NATIONAL HERITAGE. NEW EASTERN EUROPE. 17 March 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
66. ^ "Russian nationalist thinker Dugin sees war with Ukraine". BBC. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
67. ^ Shekhovtsov, Anton (2009). "Aleksandr Dugin's Neo-Eurasianism: The New Right à la Russe". Religion Compass. 3 (4): 697–716. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00158.x. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
68. ^ "Russian Nationalist Dugin Says Greece Briefly Detained Him At Border". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 18 May 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
69. ^ "Putin's Brain Alexander Dugin and the Philosophy Behind Putin's Invasion of Crimea". Council on Foreign Relations. Foreign Affairs. 31 March 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
70. ^ Burbank, Jane (22 March 2022). "The Grand Theory Driving Putin to War". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved 23 March 2022. "After unsuccessful interventions in post-Soviet party politics, Mr. Dugin focused on developing his influence where it counted — with the military and policymakers… In Mr. Dugin's adjustment of Eurasianism to present conditions, Russia had a new opponent — no longer just Europe, but the whole of the 'Atlantic' world led by the United States. And his Eurasianism was not anti-imperial but the opposite: Russia had always been an empire, Russian people were 'imperial people,' and after the crippling 1990s sellout to the 'eternal enemy,' Russia could revive in the next phase of global combat and become a 'world empire.' On the civilizational front, Mr. Dugin highlighted the long-term connection between Eastern Orthodoxy and Russian empire. Orthodoxy's combat against Western Christianity and Western decadence could be harnessed to the geopolitical war to come."
71. ^ G. Atkinson (August 2002). "Nazi shooter targets Chirac". Searchlight.
72. ^ Copsey, Nigel (July 2013). "Au Revoirto "Sacred Cows"? Assessing the Impact of theNouvelle Droitein Britain". Democracy and Security. 9 (3): 287–303. doi:10.1080/17419166.2013.792249. ISSN 1741-9166. S2CID 144565720.
73. ^ Bar-On, Tamir (1 June 2001). "The Ambiguities of the Nouvelle Droite , 1968-1999". The European Legacy. 6 (3): 333–351. doi:10.1080/713665584. ISSN 1084-8770.
74. ^ a b Benoist, Alain de (1 January 2014). "Alain de Benoist Answers Tamir Bar-On". Journal for the Study of Radicalism. 8 (1): 141–168. doi:10.14321/jstudradi.8.1.0141. ISSN 1930-1189. S2CID 144595116.
75. ^ Shanker Kapoor, Ravi (2017), "There is No Such Thing As Hate Speech", Bloomsbury Publishing
76. ^ Shermer, David (September 1973). "Book Review: Michael Brecher. THE FOREIGN POLICY SYSTEM OF ISRAEL. London: Oxford University Press, 1972. £7.00". Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 2 (2): 109–118. doi:10.1177/03058298730020020903. ISSN 0305-8298. S2CID 144321255.
77. ^ Wistrich, Robert; Ohana, David, eds. (5 March 2014). The Shaping of Israeli Identity. doi:10.4324/9781315036236. ISBN 9781135205942.
78. ^ Sofer, Sasson (21 May 1998). Zionism and the Foundations of Israeli Diplomacy. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511583247. ISBN 978-0-521-63012-2.
79. ^ Heller, Joseph (1995). "The Zionist Right and National Liberation: From Jabotinsky to Avraham Stern". In Wistrich, Robert S.; Ohana, David (eds.). The Shaping of Israeli Identity: Myth, Memory, and Trauma. Routledge. p. 88\. ISBN 978-0-714-64641-1.
80. ^ Rensmann, Lars (1 January 2011), ""Against Globalism": Counter-Cosmopolitan Discontent and Antisemitism in Mobilizations of European Extreme Right Parties", Politics and Resentment, BRILL, pp. 117–146, doi:10.1163/9789004190474_004, ISBN 9789004190467, retrieved 23 May 2023
81. ^ "The Radical right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989". Choice Reviews Online. 37 (8): 37–4741-37-4741. 1 April 2000. doi:10.5860/choice.37-4741. ISSN 0009-4978.
82. ^ "Almost NATO: partners and players in Central and Eastern European security". Choice Reviews Online. 41 (1): 41–0577-41-0577. 1 September 2003. doi:10.5860/choice.41-0577. ISSN 0009-4978.
83. ^ "Defying Ban, Republika Srpska Proceeds With 'Statehood Day'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 9 January 2018.
84. ^ "U.S. imposes sanctions on Bosnian Serb nationalist leader Dodik". U.S. 17 January 2017 - via www.reuters.com.
85. ^ "The 2016 Local Elections in Bosnia: a Win for the Major Ethno-nationalist Parties - Bosnia". Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
86. ^ "The Political System of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Institutions – Actors – Processes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
87. ^ "SNSD suspended from the Socialist International" (in Croatian). 2 July 2011. Archived from the original on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
88. ^ "Member Parties of the Socialist International". Retrieved 9 September 2012.
89. ^ Bosilkov, Ivo (2021). "The state for which people? The (Not so) left populism of the Macedonian far-left party Levica". Contemporary Southeastern Europe. 8 (1): 40–55. doi:10.25364/02.8:2021.1.4.
90. ^ "Denying the Shoah in Post-Communist Eastern Europe", Holocaust Denial, De Gruyter, pp. 27–66, 25 September 2012, doi:10.1515/9783110288216.27, ISBN 9783110288216
91. ^ Gruber, Ruth Ellen (21 March 2011), ""Non-Jewish, Non Kosher, Yet Also Recommended"", Philosemitism in History, Cambridge University Press, pp. 314–336, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511781025.015, ISBN 9780521873772, retrieved 23 May 2023
92. ^ Bugajski, Janusz (23 July 2019), "Nationalist Majority Parties: The Anatomy of Ethnic Domination in Central and Eastern Europe", The Politics of National minority Participation in Post-Communist Europe, Routledge, pp. 65–100, doi:10.4324/9781315699257-3, ISBN 978-1-315-69925-7, S2CID 202964460, retrieved 23 May 2023
93. ^ Greenblatt, Mark; Knapp, Lauren (20 July 2021). "Extremist Heimbach To Relaunch Hate Group, Says He Supports Violence". Newsy.
94. ^ Kuzio, Taras (2015). Ukraine : democratization, corruption, and the new Russian imperialism. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Security International. p. 111\. ISBN 9781440835032. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
95. ^ Haran, Olexiy; Zimmer, Kerstin (2008). "Unfriendly takeover: Successor parties in Ukraine". Communist and Post-Communist Studies. 41 (4): 548. doi:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2008.09.002.
96. ^ "Ukraine's Defense Council stopped activity of several political parties: Zelenskyy". ANI News.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Bolshevism.

* The Other Russia - official blog of Russian National-Bolsheviks
* Who Are the National-Bolsheviks? by Andrei Dmitriev
* An interview with national-bolshevik Beness Aijo
* Niekisch Translation Project
* Arplan - National Bolshevism
* National Bolshevism UK

* v
* t
* e

Conservative Revolution

Associated
people

* Benn
* Blüher
* Bose
* Evola
* Freyer
* George
* Heidegger
* Hielscher
* Jung
* E. Jünger
* F. G. Jünger
* Klages
* Kommerell
* Moeller van den Bruck
* Niekisch
* Paetel
* Quabbe
* Salomon
* Schmitt
* Spengler
* Stapel
* Winnig
* Zehrer

Factions|

* George-Kreis
* National Bolshevism
* Tatkreis

Major
publications

* Süddeutsche Monatshefte (1904–1936)
* Die Tat (1909–1939)
* Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man (1918)
* The Decline of the West (1918, 1922)
* Prussianism and Socialism (1919)
* Storm of Steel (1920)
* The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy (1923)
* Widerstand (1926–1934)
* The Outlaws (1930)
* The Concept of the Political (1932)
* Revolt Against the Modern World (1934)
* On the Marble Cliffs (1939)

Related|

* 20 July plot
* European New Right
* Armin Mohler
* Non-conformists of the 1930s
* Reactionary modernism
* Völkisch movement
* Youth Movement

* v
* t
* e

Nationalism

Development|

* Anthem
* Colours
* Flag
* Flower
* Epic
* God
* Identity
* Language
* Music
* Myth
* Sport
* Symbol
* Treasure

By type|

* African
* Anarchist
* Blind
* Bourgeois
* Business
* Welfare
* Civic
* American
* French
* Irish
* Communist
* Constitutional patriotism
* Corporate
* Cyber-
* Ecological
* Economic
* Ethnic
* European
* Expansionist
* Palingenetic ultranationalism
* Homo-
* Integral
* Left-wing
* Communist
* Linguistic
* Mystic
* New
* Pan-
* Neo-
* Populist
* Queer
* Racial
* Arab
* Berber
* Black
* Korean
* White
* Zionism
* Religious
* Christian
* Catholic
* Clerico-
* Mormon
* Islamic
* Hindu
* Hindutva
* Resource
* Revolutionary
* Ethnocacerism
* National syndicalist
* Falangism
* Fascism
* List of fascist movements
* Romantic
* Technological
* Territorial
* Terrorism
* Trans-
* Ultra-

Organizations|

* List of nationalist organizations
* Nationalist Clubs

Related concepts|

* Anarchism and nationalism
* Anationalism
* Anti-nationalism
* Banal nationalism
* Cultural nationalism
* Diaspora politics
* Eliminationism
* Exceptionalism
* Gender and nationalism
* Historiography and nationalism
* Internationalism
* Irredentism
* Jingoism
* National indifference
* National question
* National revival
* Nation state
* Nationalism studies
* Natural border
* Plurinationalism
* Principle of nationalities [fr]
* Revanchism

* v
* t
* e

Russian nationalism

History|

| Expansionism,
imperialism and
Russification|

* 1500–1800
* Siberia
* Khanate of Sibir
* Central Asia
* North America
* Partitions of Poland
* Crimea, 1783
* Amur
* Caucasus
* Military occupations
* Crimea, 2014

|

* Ukrainian language suppression
* Slavophilia and westernism
* Pochvennichestvo
* Black Hundreds
* Mladorossy
* Galician Russophilia
* White movement
* Smenovekhovtsy
* Solidarists
* 1993 constitutional crisis
* National Salvation Front
* Russian marches
* 2010 Manezhnaya Square riots [ru]
* 2013 Biryulyovo riots
* 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
* Russian invasion of Ukraine

Concepts|

* All-Russian nation
* Collector of Russian lands
* Emperor of all the Russias
* Little Russian identity
* Eurasia
* Gayrope
* Holy Rus
* Moscow, third Rome
* Nuclear Orthodoxy
* Of all Rus' [Wikidata]
* Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality
* Orthodoxy or death!
* Russia for Russians
* Russian civilization
* Russian Idea
* Russian irredentism

* Russian-occupied territories
* Krymnash

* Russian soul
* "Russian world"
* Russophilia and Russophobia
* United and Indivisible Russia [ru; uk]

Ideologies|

* Eurasianism
* Far-right politics
* National Bolshevism
* Neo-Nazism
* Neo-Sovietism
* Neo-Stalinism
* Pan-Slavism
* Putinism
* Ruscism
* Soviet patriotism

Modern organizations|

| Active|

* Atomwaffen Division Russland
* Black Hundreds (1992)
* Club of Angry Patriots
* Angry patriots
* Donetsk Republic
* Essence of Time
* Ethnic National Union
* Eurasia Movement
* Eurasia Party
* Eurasian Youth Union
* Free Donbas
* Great Russia
* Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
* Lithuanian People's Party
* Narodny Sobor
* National Socialism / White Power
* Obnovlenie
* The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov
* Popular Resistance Association
* Right Bloc
* Rodina
* Russian All-People's Union
* Russian Imperial Movement
* Russians
* Russkiy Mir Foundation
* Serbian Party Oathkeepers
* Union of Orthodox Banner-Bearers
* United Russia
* Young Guard of United Russia

|

Defunct|

* Artpodgotovka
* Combat Terrorist Organization
* Congress of Russian Communities
* Format18
* Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union
* Male State
* Movement Against Illegal Immigration
* Nation and Freedom Committee
* National Bolshevik Party
* National Russian Liberation Movement
* National Socialist Society
* Northern Brotherhood
* Pamyat
* People's National Party
* Russian All-National Union
* Russian National Socialist Party
* Russian National Union
* Russian National Unity
* New Russian National Unity
* The Savior
* Slavic Union
* Union of the Russian People

Personalities|

| After 1991|

* Viktor Alksnis
* Sergey Baburin
* Alexander Barkashov
* Alexander Belov-Potkin
* Dmitry Demushkin
* Aleksandr Dugin
* Dmitry Galkovsky
* Aleksandr Ivanov-Sukharevsky
* Konstantin Kasimovsky
* Yegor Kholmogorov
* Konstantin Krylov
* Vladimir Kvachkov
* Alexander Lebed
* Eduard Limonov
* Vyacheslav Maltsev
* Maxim Martsinkevich
* Zakhar Prilepin
* Vladimir Putin
* Dmitry Rogozin
* Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
* Igor Shafarevich
* Dmitri Vasilyev
* Vladimir Zhirinovsky
* Gennady Zyuganov

|

Before 1991|

* Ivan Ilyin
* Pyotr Krasnov
* Konstantin Rodzaevsky
* Mikhail Skobelev
* Ivan Solonevich
* Vasily Shulgin

Media|

* Fashist
* The Fourth Political Theory
* Foundations of Geopolitics
* History: Fiction or Science?
* The Last Will of a Russian Fascist
* Nash Put'
* "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians"
* "Rebuilding Russia [ru]"
* Sputnik and Pogrom
* "What Russia Should Do with Ukraine"

Opposition and criticism|

* Great Russian chauvinism
* Iazychie
* Nashism
* Ruscism
* Prison of peoples
* Pobedobesie
* Vatnik
* Volos Declaration

Category

* v
* t
* e

Fascism

Themes

| Core tenets|

* Actual idealism
* Aestheticization of politics
* Anti-communism
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-materialism
* Anti-pacifism
* Authoritarianism
* Chauvinism
* Class collaboration
* Conspiracism
* Corporatism
* Cult of personality
* Dictatorship
* Direct action
* Dirigisme
* Economic interventionism
* Eugenics
* Heroic capitalism
* Heroic realism
* Heroism
* Imperialism
* Indoctrination
* Irrationalism
* Machismo
* Masculinity
* Militarism
* National syndicalism
* Nationalism
* Integral
* Palingenetic
* Ultra
* New Man
* One-party state
* Perpetual war
* Populism
* Proletarian nation
* Propaganda
* Racism
* Reactionary modernism
* Social Darwinism
* Social interventionism
* Social order
* State capitalism
* Statolatry
* Supercapitalism
* Syncretism
* Third Position
* Totalitarianism

|

Topics|

* Definitions
* Economics
* Fascism and ideology
* Fascism worldwide
* Symbolism

Variants

* Arab
* Argentine
* Nacionalismo
* Orthodox Peronism
* Austrian
* Banderism
* Brazilian
* British
* Chiangism
* Christian
* Christian Identity
* Clerical
* Crypto
* Eco
* Falangism
* Francoism
* French
* Doriotism
* Pétainism
* Neo-Pétainism
* Jeune Nation
* L'Œuvre Française
* Valoisism
* Hindutva
* Hungarism
* Hutu
* Ilminism
* Irish
* Islamic
* Ziaism
* Italian
* Intransigent
* Japanese
* Reform bureaucratism
* Statism
* Restoration
* Jewish
* Kahanism
* Revisionist Maximalism
* LaRoucheism
* Latvian
* Mystical
* Nazism
* Austrian
* Esoteric
* Hitlerism
* Neo-Nazism
* Russian
* Strasserism
* Swedish
* Neo
* Finnish
* Pan-Turkic
* Rexism
* Romanian
* Legionarism
* Neo-Legionarism
* Romanianism/Stelism
* Russian
* Neo-Eurasianism
* Syndicalist
* Syrian Social Nationalism
* Techno
* Third Positionism
* National-anarchism
* National Bolshevism
* Nazi-Maoism
* Uruguayan
* Marzism
* Revisionism
* Sosism
* Ustašism

Movements

| Africa|

* Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
* Greyshirts
* Muslim Association of the Lictor
* Ossewabrandwag
* Young Egypt Party (1933)

|

Asia|

* Abhinav Bharat
* Al-Muthanna Club
* Aria Party
* Azerbaijan National Democrat Party
* Azure Party
* Black Dragon Society
* Blue Shirts Society
* Brit HaBirionim
* Concordia Association
* Grey Wolves
* Golden Square
* Hindu Mahasabha
* Iran-e-No Party
* Jewish National Front
* Kach
* Kataeb Party
* Kenkokukai
* Kokumin Dōmei
* Korea Nationalist Party
* Korean National Youth Association
* Lehi
* Liberal Party (South Korea)
* Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf
* National Socialism Association
* National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party
* Nationalist Movement Party
* Nationalist Task Party
* National Will Party
* Nation Party of Iran
* New Life Movement
* Otzma Yehudit
* Pan-Iranist Party
* Palestine Arab Party
* Patrol 36
* Progress Party (Iran)
* Philippine Falange
* Rastakhiz Party
* Rastriya Prajatantra Party
* Reform bureaucrats
* Religious Zionist Party
* Sakurakai
* Sangh Parivar
* Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
* Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal
* Bharatiya Janata Party
* Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
* Bharatiya Jana Sangh
* Bharatiya Kisan Sangh
* Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh
* Bharat Vikas Parishad
* Ekal Vidyalaya
* Hindu Makkal Katchi
* Hindu Munnani
* Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh
* Jammu Praja Parishad
* Muslim Rashtriya Manch
* Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas
* Rashtra Sevika Samiti
* Rashtriya Sikh Sangat
* Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
* Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana
* Seva Bharati
* Vidya Bharati
* Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram
* Vishva Hindu Parishad
* Bajrang Dal
* Durga Vahini
* SUMKA
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party
* Tōhōkai
* Tsagaan Khas
* Turkish Union Party
* White Shirts Society

Northern / Northwestern Europe|

* Academic Karelia Society
* Ailtirí na hAiséirghe
* Autonome Nationalisten
* Bases Autónomas
* Black Front (Netherlands)
* Blood & Honour
* Blueshirts
* Breton Social-National Workers' Movement
* British Democratic Party
* British Fascists
* Britain First
* British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women
* British Movement
* British National Party (1960)
* British National Party
* British People's Party (1939)
* British People's Party (2005)
* British Union of Fascists
* The Britons
* La Cagoule
* Casuals United
* Centre Party '86
* Clerical People's Party
* Dutch Fascist Union
* English Defence League
* English National Association
* European Liberation Front
* Le Faisceau
* Fédération d'action nationale et européenne
* Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation
* Finnish People's Organisation
* Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party
* Flemish National Union
* French National-Collectivist Party
* French Nationalist Party
* French Popular Party
* General Dutch Fascist League
* Greater Britain Movement
* Groupe Collaboration
* Heathen Front
* Imperial Fascist League
* International Third Position
* Jeune Nation
* Lalli Alliance of Finland
* Lapua Movement
* League of Saint George
* Les Identitaires
* Mouvement d'Action Civique
* Mouvement Franciste
* Nasjonal Samling
* National Action (UK)
* National Alliance (Sweden)
* National Corporate Party
* National Fascisti
* National Front (UK)
* National League of Sweden
* Nationalist Party
* National Popular Rally
* National Rally
* National Socialist Bloc
* National Socialist Dutch Workers Party
* National Socialist Front
* National Socialist League
* National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)
* National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)
* National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
* National Socialist Movement of Norway
* National Socialist Union of Finland
* National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)
* National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
* National Socialists of Finland
* National Syndicalists
* National Union (Netherlands)
* National Union (Portugal)
* New Party
* Nipsters
* Nordic League
* The Nordic Realm Party
* Nordic Resistance Movement
* Northern League
* Norwegian Defence League
* Nouvelle Droite
* GRECE
* L'Œuvre Française
* Official National Front
* Order of Flemish Militants
* Order of Nine Angles
* Organisation of National Socialists
* Parti Communautaire National-Européen
* Party of Finnish Labor
* Party of the Swedes
* Patriotic Alternative
* Patriotic People's Movement
* Patriotic People's Movement (1993)
* Pērkonkrusts
* Phalange Française
* Rexist Party
* Rising Finland
* Scottish Democratic Fascist Party
* Scottish Protestant League
* Stormers
* Terre et Peuple
* Third Way (France)
* Third Way (UK)
* Union Movement
* Verdinaso
* Vigrid
* White Aryan Resistance
* World Union of National Socialists

Central Europe|

* Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists
* Arrow Cross Party
* Artgemeinschaft
* Austrian Nazism
* Black Front (Germany)
* Bund Deutscher Osten
* Christian National Socialist Front
* Deutsche Reichspartei
* Eidgenössische Sammlung
* Free German Workers' Party
* German Faith Movement
* German National Movement in Liechtenstein
* German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)
* German Social Union
* Hungarian National Front
* Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party
* Hungarian National Socialist Party
* Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten
* Liechtenstein Homeland Service
* National Democratic Party (Austria)
* National Democratic Party of Germany
* National Front (Hungary)
* National Front (Switzerland)
* National Movement of Switzerland
* National Radical Camp
* National Radical Camp (1993)
* National Revival of Poland
* National Union (Switzerland)
* Nationalist Front (Germany)
* Nazi Party
* Greater German People's Community
* Nazi Germany
* National Socialist Freedom Movement
* National Socialist Working Association
* New Order
* Nipsters
* Positive Christianity
* German Christians
* The Right (Germany)
* Socialist Reich Party
* Sudeten German Party
* The Third Path
* United Hungarian National Socialist Party
* Volksdeutsche Bewegung
* Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit
* Wiking-Jugend

Southern Europe|

* ADÑ–Spanish Identity
* Albanian Fascist Party
* Balli Kombëtar
* Brothers of Italy
* CEDADE
* Democratic Fascist Party
* European Nation State
* Fasci Italiani di Combattimento
* Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
* Falange
* Sección Femenina
* La Falange (1999)
* Falange Auténtica
* Falange Española
* Falange Española Auténtica
* Falange Española de las JONS
* Falange Española de las JONS (1976)
* Falange Española Independiente
* Falangist Movement of Spain
* Freethinkers' Party
* Imperium Europa
* Italian fascism
* National Fascist Party (Italy)
* Italian Social Republic
* Republican Fascist Party
* Italian Social Movement
* Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista
* Juntas Españolas
* National Alliance (Spain)
* National Alliance July 18
* National Democracy (Italy)
* National Democracy (Spain)
* National Front (Spain, 1986)
* National Front (Spain, 2006)
* National Union (Italy, 1923)
* National Union (Spain)
* New Force (Italy)
* New Force (Spain)
* Republican Social Movement
* The Right (Italy)
* Sammarinese Fascist Party
* Spanish Military Union
* Struggle of the People
* Student Action
* Terza Posizione
* Tricolour Flame
* Unidad Falangista Montañesa
* Youth Front

Eastern and Southeastern Europe|

* Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights
* Bosnian Movement of National Pride
* Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party
* Croatian Liberation Movement
* Croatian National Resistance
* Croatian Party of Rights
* Crusade of Romanianism
* Ethnic National Union
* Eurasia Movement
* Eurasia Party
* Falanga
* Format18
* For the Native Language!
* Front of National Revolutionary Action
* German Party
* German People's Party
* Golden Dawn
* Greek National Socialist Party
* Hosank
* Iron Guard
* LEPEN
* Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
* Lithuanian Nationalist Union
* National Agrarian Party
* National Bolshevik Front
* National Bolshevik Party
* National-Christian Defense League
* National Christian Party
* National Fascist Community
* National Fascist Movement
* National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
* National Party – Greeks
* National Socialist Patriotic Organisation
* National Socialist Society
* National Social Movement
* National Radical Camp
* National Romanian Fascio
* National Renaissance Front
* National Salvation Front
* National Socialism / White Power
* Occupy Pedophilia
* Order of Nine Angles
* Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
* The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov
* Pamyat
* Patriotic Alliance
* People's Party
* Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine
* Ratniks (Bulgaria)
* Romanian Front
* Russian Imperial Movement
* Russian Fascist Party
* Russian National Unity
* Russian Women's Fascist Movement
* Serbian Action
* Serbian Radical Party
* Slovak People's Party
* Steel Shield
* Svoboda
* Union of Bulgarian National Legions
* Ustaše
* Ustaše in Australia
* Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood
* Vlajka
* Yugoslav Radical Union
* ZBOR

North America|

* Fascism in Canada
* Aryan Guard
* Aryan Nations
* Canadian Association for Free Expression
* Canadian Union of Fascists
* Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform
* Heritage Front
* Parti national social chrétien
* Fascism in the United States
* American Front
* American Nazi Party
* Creativity
* Fascist League of North America
* German American Bund
* Goyim Defense League
* Hammerskins
* Identity Evropa
* LaRouche movement
* League of the South
* National Alliance (United States)
* National Renaissance Party
* Nationalist Social Club-131
* National Socialist Legion
* National Socialist Liberation Front
* National Socialist Movement
* National States' Rights Party
* National Vanguard
* Nationalist Front (United States)
* The Order
* Patriot Front
* Proud Boys
* Rise Above Movement
* Silver Legion of America
* Christian Party (United States, 1930s)
* Third Klan
* Traditionalist Worker Party
* Vanguard America
* Volksfront
* White Aryan Resistance
* Wotansvolk
* Revolutionary Mexicanist Action
* Mexican Democratic Party
* Mexican Fascist Party
* National Pro Patria Party
* National Synarchist Union
* Nationalist Front of Mexico
* Order of Nine Angles

Oceania|

* Action Zealandia
* Antipodean Resistance
* Australia First Movement
* Australia First Party
* Australian Defence League
* Australian National Socialist Party
* Centre Party
* Lads Society
* National Action (Australia)
* National Democrats Party
* National Socialist Network
* National Socialist Party of Australia
* Progressive Nationalist Party
* Reclaim Australia
* True Blue Crew
* United Patriots Front

South America|

* Agrarian Labor Party
* Argentine Anticommunist Alliance
* Argentine Fascist Party
* Argentine Nationalist Action
* Argentine Patriotic League
* Bolivian Socialist Falange
* Brazilian Integralism
* Brazilian Integralist Action
* Brazilian Integralist Front
* Falangism in Latin America
* Female Peronist Party
* Iron Guard (Argentina)
* Nacionalismo
* National Fascist Party (Argentina)
* National Fascist Union
* Nationalist Liberation Alliance
* National Liberation Movement
* National Socialist Movement of Chile
* National Universitary Concentration
* New Triumph Party
* Patriot Front (Argentina)
* Popular Dignity
* Popular Freedom Alliance
* Popular Representation Party
* Popular Socialist Vanguard
* Republican League
* La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia
* Revolutionary Union
* Tacuara Nationalist Movement

People

| Australia|

* Campbell (Eric)
* Campbell (Graeme)
* Cottrell
* Groot
* Mills
* Saleam

|

Belgium|

* Daye
* Declercq
* Degrelle
* Denis
* Elias
* Eriksson
* Hermans
* Lagrou
* Poulet
* Severen
* Streel
* van de Wiele

Croatia|

* Boban
* Francetić
* Kraljević
* Kvaternik
* Luburić
* Pavelić
* Pavičić
* Rover
* Servatzy

Finland|

* Helanen
* Isotalo
* Kalsta
* Konkka
* Kosola
* Orko
* Simojoki
* Somersalo
* Törni
* Varjonen

France|

* Augier
* Bardèche
* Benoist-Méchin
* Béraud
* Brasillach
* Bucard
* Châteaubriant
* Déat
* Déroulède
* Dior
* Doriot
* La Rochelle
* Lagardelle
* Laval
* Pétain
* Rebatet
* Myatt
* Valois
* Vial

Germany|

* Abetz
* Andrae
* Baeumler
* Berchtold
* Berger
* Best
* Brunner
* Bühler
* Darré
* Falkenhausen
* Hocke
* Feder
* Forster
* Frank
* Franz V
* Gesche
* Goebbels
* Göring
* Graf
* Greiser
* Günther
* Hanke
* Heiden
* Hess
* Heydrich
* Himmler
* Hitler
* Klintzsch
* Kuhn
* Kühnen
* Ludendorff
* Maurice
* Müller
* Niekisch
* Ploetz
* Rahn
* Reitsch
* Remer
* Renthe-Fink
* Ribbentrop
* Rieger
* Rosenberg
* Schmitt
* Schreck
* Skorzeny
* Strasser (Gregor)
* Strasser (Otto)
* Streicher
* Terboven
* Thadden
* Krosigk
* Zündel

Greece|

* Dragoumis
* Kasidiaris
* Koryzis
* Lagos
* Michaloliakos
* Papadopoulos

India|

* Advani
* Bose
* Godse
* Golwalkar
* Hedgewar
* Modi
* Mukherjee
* Savarkar
* Vajpayee

Iran|

* Forouhar
* Kashani
* Monshizadeh
* Pezeshkpour
* Teymourtash

Israel|

* Ahimeir
* Ben-Ari
* Ben-Gvir
* Eldad
* Eliyahu
* Goldstein
* Gopstein
* Greenberg
* Ha'ivri
* Heruti
* Kahane
* Marzel
* Natan-Zada
* Stern
* Yeivin

Italy|

* Acerbo
* Alfieri
* Ambris
* D'Annunzio
* Azara
* Badoglio
* Balbo
* Torrente Ballester
* Bastianini
* Bianchi
* Boni
* Bono
* Boselli
* Bottai
* Ciano (Costanzo)
* Ciano (Galeazzo)
* Cogni
* Corradini
* Evola
* Freda
* Gentile
* Giuriati
* Gozi
* Grandi
* Graziani
* Guidi
* Malaparte
* Marinetti
* Michels
* Morgagni
* Mussolini
* Olivetti
* Panunzio
* Papini
* Pavolini
* Rauti
* Ricci
* Ridruejo
* Rocco
* Rossoni
* Sarfatti
* Soffici
* Spirito
* Volpi

Japan|

* Akao
* Araki
* Chō
* Hashimoto
* Honjō
* Kita
* Kodama
* Matsuoka
* Nonaka
* Ōkawa
* Sasakawa

Romania|

* Antonescu
* Bacaloglu
* Codreanu
* Crainic
* Cuza
* Gigurtu
* Goga
* Manoilescu
* Moța
* Ogoranu
* Sima

Russia|

* Aijo
* Astroŭski
* Barkashov
* Borovikov
* Dugin
* Dugina
* Ilyin
* Kaminski
* Kuryokhin
* Letov
* Limonov
* Martsinkevich
* Milchakov
* Oktan
* Prilepin
* Prokhanov
* Rodzaevsky
* Stojadinović
* Zhirinovsky

Spain|

* Arrese
* Bau Nolla
* Bilbao Eguía
* Carrero Blanco
* Fernández-Cuesta
* Franco
* Franco y Polo
* Giménez Caballero
* Primo de Rivera
* Ramos
* Sánchez Mazas
* Serrano Suñer

Ukraine|

* Bandera
* Biletsky
* Dontsov
* Gubarev
* Klyachkivsky
* Lebed
* Rebet
* Samchuk
* Shukhevych
* Stetsko
* Tyahnybok
* Vitrenko

United Kingdom|

* Beckett
* Chamberlain
* Chesterton
* Griffin
* Jordan
* Leese
* Mosley (Diana)
* Mosley (Oswald)
* Pankhurst
* Pearson
* Ramsay
* Southgate
* Tyndall
* Wellesley

United States|

* Abascal
* Anglin
* Auernheimer
* Biggs
* Black
* Carto
* Collins
* Dilling
* Duke
* Enoch
* Frankhouser
* Fuentes
* Garza
* Graves
* Heimbach
* Hall
* Invictus
* Jones
* Joyce
* Kessler
* Lane
* LaRouche
* Lindbergh
* MacDonald
* Mason
* Metzger
* Miller
* Mills
* Minadeo
* Mullins
* Nordean
* Patsalos
* Pelley
* Pierce
* Pound
* Rockwell
* Rubin
* Smith
* Spencer
* Strom
* Tarrio
* Unz
* Vonsyatsky
* Yockey

Other|

* Arana Osorio
* Arcand
* D'Aubuisson
* Bahçeli
* Blythe
* Bushati
* Caetano
* Carrasco
* Castillo Armas
* Celmiņš
* Cerro
* Clausen
* Coughlin
* Devi
* Dollfuss
* O'Duffy
* Ďurčanský
* Frashëri
* al-Gaylani
* Genoud
* Gömbös
* Gustloff
* Hácha
* Hamidov
* Hlinka
* al-Husayni
* al-Husseini
* Lee
* Linderman
* Ljotić
* Lugones
* Lukov
* Mach
* Madero
* Martínez
* McInnes
* Merlika-Kruja
* Miklas
* Mohler
* Noreika
* Pfrimer
* Piasecki
* Perón
* Phibunsongkhram
* Planetta
* Preto
* Puyi
* Quisling
* Ramírez
* Rhee
* Riva-Agüero y Osma
* Rupnik
* Saadeh
* Salgado
* Sayigh
* Schuschnigg
* Šešelj
* Seyss-Inquart
* Starhemberg
* Szálasi
* Terre'Blanche
* Tiso
* Tsankov
* Vikernes
* Wang
* Weinstein

Works

| Literature|

* 1776 Returns
* La Conquista del Estado
* The Culture of Critique
* Defiance
* Did Six Million Really Die?
* The Doctrine of Fascism
* Fascist Manifesto
* For My Legionaries
* The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia
* The Fourth Political Theory
* Hitlers Zweites Buch
* Hunter
* Impeachment of Man
* Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics
* An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
* Kokutairon and Pure Socialism
* The Last Will of a Russian Fascist
* Manifesto of Race
* Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals
* Mein Kampf
* My Autobiography
* My Life
* The Myth of the Twentieth Century
* OPROP!
* Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World
* Protestantische Rompilger
* A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century <\--Racial Program for the Twentieth Century, A-->
* Siege
* The Turner Diaries
* A Warning to the Hindus
* Who Are the Mind Benders?

|

Periodicals|

* Action
* Ajan Suunta
* L'Alba
* El Alcázar
* The American Review
* Der Angriff
* Arriba
* The Blackshirt
* La Conquista del Estado
* The Daily Stormer
* Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung
* Das Deutsche Mädel
* La Difesa della Razza
* Eleftheros Kosmos
* The European
* Fashist
* Fashizmi
* La France au travail
* Fritt Folk
* Fronten
* Gândirea
* Gioventù Fascista
* Golden Dawn
* Hamaas
* Hrvatski Domobran
* Je suis partout
* Kangura
* Kansallissosialisti
* Limonka
* Masada2000
* Münchener Beobachter
* Nash Put'
* Nástup
* Nation Europa
* Neue Anthropologie
* Neues Volk
* Het Nieuwe Volk
* Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift
* Novopress
* Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift
* Organiser
* Panchjanya
* Panzerbär
* Parole der Woche
* Le Pays Réel
* Der Pimpf
* Il Popolo d'Italia
* Das Reich
* Revue d'histoire du fascisme
* Das Schwarze Korps
* Sfarmă-Piatră
* Signal
* Siniristi
* Spearhead
* Der Stürmer
* Türkische Post
* Der Umbruch
* Vairas
* Vlajka
* Volk en Staat
* Völkischer Beobachter
* Die Wehrmacht
* Wochenspruch der NSDAP

Film|

* L'Armata Azzurra
* Bengasi
* Condottieri
* The Daughter of the Samurai
* Erbkrank
* Europa: The Last Battle
* The Great Appeal
* The Old Guard
* Raza
* Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal
* Der Sieg des Glaubens
* The Siege of the Alcazar
* Lo squadrone bianco
* Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht
* Triumph of the Will

Other|

* Allach
* Ethnic Cleansing

Related topics|

* Art of the Third Reich
* Fascist architecture
* Heroic realism
* Hindutva pop
* Nazi architecture
* Nazism and cinema

Organizations

| Institutional|

* Ahnenerbe
* Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
* Grand Council of Fascism
* Imperial Way Faction
* Italian Nationalist Association
* National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise
* Quadrumvirs

|

Activist|

* Adelaide Institute
* Agrarian Trade Union Federation
* The Britons
* Casuals United
* DeVlag
* European Social Movement
* Finnish Realm Union
* Francisco Franco National Foundation
* Friends of New Germany
* German American Bund
* GRECE
* The Link
* Mladorossi
* National Party of Europe
* National Policy Institute
* National Popular Consciousness
* People's Party Our Slovakia
* Popular Force Party
* Republic (Slovakia)
* Resistance Records
* Right Club
* Russian Fascist Organization

Youth|

* Adler und Falke
* Albanian Lictor Youth
* Arab Lictor Youth
* Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
* Blue-and-Blacks
* Ethiopian Lictor Youth
* Fascist Union of Youth
* Frente de Juventudes
* Al-Futuwwa
* Gioventù Italiana del Littorio
* Great Japan Youth Party
* Hitler Youth
* Faith and Beauty Society
* Deutsches Jungvolk
* Jungmädelbund
* League of German Girls
* Jeunesse Populaire Française
* Juventudes de Acción Popular
* Korean National Youth Association
* Levente
* Mocidade Portuguesa
* Nationale Jeugdstorm
* National League of Sweden
* National Socialist Liberation Front
* National Youth (Sweden)
* National Youth (Italy)
* National Youth Alliance
* National Youth Organisation (Greece)
* Opera Nazionale Balilla
* Österreichisches Jungvolk
* Patriotic/Eureka Youth League
* Union of Fascist Little Ones
* Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)
* Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)
* Ustaše Youth
* Wiking-Jugend
* Youth Front

Paramilitary and terrorist|

* Abhinav Bharat
* Albanian Fascist Militia
* Atomwaffen Division
* Azov Brigade
* Bajrang Dal
* The Base
* Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists
* Black Brigades
* Black Legion
* Blackshirts
* Blueshirts (Canada)
* Blueshirts (Ireland)
* Column 88
* Combat Terrorist Organization
* Confederation of the Nation
* Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar
* Croatian Defence Forces
* Croatian National Resistance
* Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood
* Bugojno group
* Einsatzgruppen
* Falange Armata
* Falange Militia
* FEAR
* Flemish Guard
* Flemish Legion
* Frontbann
* Gold Shirts
* Hilfspolizei
* Hitler Youth
* Greenshirts (Romania)
* Greyshirts
* Heimwehr
* Hirden
* Hlinka Guard
* Hungarian National Defence Association
* Interbrigades
* Iron Wolf
* Jewish Defense League
* Jewish Defense Organization
* Kataeb Regulatory Forces
* Lăncieri
* Legion Wasa
* Lehava
* Lehi
* Levente
* Makapili
* Mano Blanca
* National Republican Guard
* National Socialism / White Power
* New Guard
* The Order
* Ostmärkische Sturmscharen
* Rodobrana
* Russian Imperial Movement
* Russian National Unity (2000)
* S14
* Schutzstaffel
* Serbian Volunteer Corps
* Sicarii
* Sich Battalion
* Silver Shirts
* Sturmabteilung
* Sudetendeutsches Freikorps
* Terror Against Terror
* Third Klan
* Ukrainian Insurgent Army
* Ukrainian People's Militsiya
* Ustaše Militia
* Volkssport
* Walloon Guard
* Walloon Legion
* Waffen-SS
* Wagner Group
* Rusich Group
* Weerbaarheidsafdeling
* Werwolf
* Westland New Post
* Yokusan Sonendan
* Youth Front

Student|

* Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
* Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista
* Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas
* German Student Union
* National Socialist German Students' League
* Sindicato Español Universitario
* Student Action

International|

* Axis powers
* NSDAP/AO
* ODESSA

History

| 1910s|

* Arditi
* Fascio

|

1920s|

* March on Rome
* Corfu incident
* Acerbo Law
* Beer Hall Putsch
* Aventine Secession
* Italian economic battles
* 28 May 1926 coup d'état
* Libyan genocide

1930s|

* March of the Iron Will
* November 1932 German federal election
* March 1933 German federal election
* Enabling Act
* Austrian Civil War
* July Putsch
* 1934 Montreux Fascist conference
* Romani genocide
* 4th of August Regime
* Anti-Comintern Pact
* Spanish Civil War

1940s|

* World War II
* Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
* The Holocaust
* Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
* End in Italy
* Nuremberg Trials
* Tokyo Trials

Lists

* Anti-fascists
* Books about Hitler
* British fascist parties
* Fascist movements by country (A-F
* G-M
* N-T
* U-Z)
* Nazi ideologues
* Nazi leaders
* Speeches by Hitler
* SS personnel

Related topics

* Authoritarian conservatism
* Chiangism
* Conservative Revolution
* Maurrassisme
* Metaxism
* Alt-right
* Alt-lite
* Alt-right pipeline
* Alt-tech
* Identitarian movement
* Anti-fascism
* Berlusconism
* Europe a Nation
* Fascist (epithet)
* Fascist mysticism
* Feudal fascism
* F-scale (personality test)
* Germanisation
* of Poles during the Partitions
* Italianization
* of South Tyrol
* Japanization
* Morenazi
* Neosocialism
* Para/semi-fascism
* Post-fascism
* Proto-fascism
* Putinism
* Red fascism
* Red–green–brown alliance
* Roman salute
* Sansepolcrismo
* Scientific racism
* Aryanism
* Nordicism
* Social fascism
* Sorelianism
* Synarchism
* Szeged Idea
* Trumpism
* Völkisch movement
* Women in Nazi Germany

* Category
* Politics portal

Authority control databases: National |

* Germany

|

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template