Nerva–Antonine dynasty

Dynasty of 7 Roman Emperors from 96 to 192 AD

"Antonine" redirects here. For people with the name, see Antonine (name).

"Antonines" redirects here. For the Catholic order, see Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony.

Roman imperial dynasties

Nerva–Antonine dynasty (AD 96–192)
Chronology
|  Nerva|  96-98

|

Trajan|  98-117
Hadrian|  117-138
Antoninus Pius|  138-161
Lucius Verus|  161-169
Marcus Aurelius|  161-180
Commodus|  177-192
Family

* Nerva–Antonine family tree
* Category:Nerva–Antonine dynasty

Succession
|  Preceded by
Flavian dynasty|  Followed by
Year of the Five Emperors

|

* v
* t
* e

The Nerva–Antonine dynasty comprised 7 Roman emperors who ruled from 96 to 192 AD: Nerva (96–98), Trajan (98–117), Hadrian (117–138), Antoninus Pius (138–161), Marcus Aurelius (161–180), Lucius Verus (161–169), and Commodus (180–192). The first five of these are commonly known as the "Five Good Emperors".

The first five of the six successions within this dynasty were notable in that the reigning Emperor did not have a male heir, and had to adopt the candidate of his choice to be his successor. Under Roman law, an adoption established a bond legally as strong as that of kinship. Because of this, all but the first and last of the Nerva–Antonine emperors are called Adoptive Emperors.

The importance of official adoption in Roman society has often been considered[1] as a conscious repudiation of the principle of dynastic inheritance and has been deemed one of the factors of the period's prosperity. However, this was not a new practice. It was common for patrician families to adopt, and Roman emperors had adopted heirs in the past: the Emperor Augustus had adopted Tiberius and the Emperor Claudius had adopted Nero. Julius Caesar, dictator perpetuo and considered to be instrumental in the transition from Republic to Empire, adopted Gaius Octavius, who would become Augustus, Rome's first emperor. Moreover, there was a family connection as Trajan adopted his first cousin once removed and great-nephew by marriage Hadrian, and Hadrian made his half-nephew by marriage and heir Antoninus Pius adopt both Hadrian's second cousin three times removed and half-great-nephew by marriage Marcus Aurelius, also Antoninus' nephew by marriage, and the son of his original planned successor, Lucius Verus. The naming of his son Commodus as heir by Marcus Aurelius was considered to be an unfortunate choice and the beginning of the Empire's decline.[2]

With Commodus' murder in 192, the Nerva–Antonine dynasty came to an end; it was followed by a period of turbulence known as the Year of the Five Emperors.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Nerva–Trajan dynasty
* 1.2 Antonine dynasty
* 2 Five Good Emperors
* 2.1 Alternative hypothesis
* 3 Nerva–Antonine family tree
* 4 References

## History[edit]

### Nerva–Trajan dynasty[edit]

Nerva was the first of the dynasty.[3] Though his reign was short, it saw a partial reconciliation between the army, the senate and the commoners. Nerva adopted as his son the popular military leader Trajan. In turn, Hadrian succeeded Trajan; he had been the latter's heir presumptive and averred that he had been adopted by him on Trajan's deathbed.

* Nerva

* Trajan

* Hadrian

### Antonine dynasty[edit]

The Antonines are four Roman Emperors who ruled between 138 and 192: Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus and Commodus.

In 138, after a long reign dedicated to the cultural unification and consolidation of the empire, the Emperor Hadrian named Antoninus Pius his son and heir, under the condition that he adopt both Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. Hadrian died that same year, and Antoninus began a peaceful, benevolent reign. He adhered strictly to Roman traditions and institutions and shared his power with the Roman Senate.

Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus succeeded Antoninus Pius in 161 upon that emperor's death, and co-ruled until Verus' death in 169. Marcus continued the Antonine legacy after Verus' death as an unpretentious and gifted administrator and leader. He died in 180 and was followed by his biological son, Commodus.

* Antoninus Pius

* Marcus Aurelius

* Lucius Verus

* Commodus

## Five Good Emperors[edit]

The rulers commonly known as the "Five Good Emperors" were Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius.[4] The term was coined by Niccolò Machiavelli in his posthumously published book The Discourses on Livy from 1531:

> From the study of this history we may also learn how a good government is to be established; for while all the emperors who succeeded to the throne by birth, except Titus, were bad, all were good who succeeded by adoption, as in the case of the five from Nerva to Marcus. But as soon as the empire fell once more to the heirs by birth, its ruin recommenced.[5]

Machiavelli argued that these adopted emperors earned the respect of those around them through good governing:

> Titus, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus, and Marcus had no need of praetorian cohorts, or of countless legions to guard them, but were defended by their own good lives, the good-will of their subjects, and the attachment of the senate.[5]

Edward Gibbon wrote in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire that their rule was a time when "the Roman Empire was governed by absolute power, under the guidance of wisdom and virtue".[6] Gibbon believed that these benevolent monarchs and their moderate policies were unusual and contrasted with their more tyrannical and oppressive successors.

### Alternative hypothesis[edit]

One hypothesis posits that adoptive succession is thought to have arisen because of a lack of biological heirs. All but the last of the adoptive emperors had no legitimate biological sons to succeed them. They were therefore obliged to pick a successor somewhere else; as soon as the Emperor could look towards a biological son to succeed him, adoptive succession was set aside.

The dynasty may be broken up into the Nerva–Trajan dynasty (also called the Ulpian dynasty after Trajan's gentile name 'Ulpius') and Antonine dynasty (after their common name Antoninus).

## Nerva–Antonine family tree[edit]

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Nerva–Antonine family tree

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Q. Marcius Barea Soranus| | Q. Marcius Barea Sura| | Antonia Furnilla| | | | | | | M. Cocceius Nerva| | Sergia Plautilla| | | | | | | P. Aelius Hadrianus
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
Titus
(r. 79–81)| | Marcia Furnilla| | Marcia| | Trajanus Pater| | | | Nerva
(r. 96–98)| | | | Ulpia[i]| | Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Flavia[ii]| | Marciana[iii]| | C. Salonius Matidius[iv]| | Trajan
(r. 98–117)| | Plotina| | P. Acilius Attianus| | P. Aelius Afer[v]| | Paulina Major[vi]
| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Lucius Mindius
(2)| | | Libo Rupilius Frugi
(3)| | | Salonia Matidia[vii]| | L. Vibius Sabinus
(1)[viii]| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Paulina Minor[vi]| | L. Julius Ursus Servianus[ix]
| | | | | | | |
| | Matidia Minor[vii]| | | | | | | | | | Suetonius?[x]| | Sabina[iii]| | Hadrian[v][xi][vi] (r. 117–138)| | Antinous[xii]| | | | | | | | |
| |
| | | | | | | | | Julia Balbilla?[xiii]| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C. Fuscus Salinator I| | Julia Serviana Paulina
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
M. Annius Verus[xiv]| | Rupilia Faustina[xv][xvi]| | | | | | Boionia Procilla| | Cn. Arrius Antoninus| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | L. Ceionius Commodus| | Appia Severa| | C. Fuscus Salinator II
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | L. Caesennius Paetus| | | | | | Arria Antonina| | Arria Fadilla[xvii]| | | T. Aurelius Fulvus| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | L. Caesennius Antoninus| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | L. Commodus| | Plautia| | ignota[xviii]| | C. Avidius Nigrinus
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
M. Annius Verus[xv]| | Domitia Calvilla[xix]| | | | Fundania[xx]| | M. Annius Libo[xv]| | FAUSTINA[xvii]| | Antoninus Pius
(r. 138–161)[xvii]| | | | L. Aelius Caesar[xviii]| | | | | | Avidia[xviii]
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cornificia[xv]| | MARCUS AURELIUS
(r. 161–180)[xxi]| | | FAUSTINA Minor[xxi]| | C. Avidius Cassius[xxii]| | | Aurelia Fadilla[xvii]| | LUCIUS VERUS
(r. 161–169)[xviii]
(1)| | | Ceionia Fabia[xviii]| | Plautius Quintillus[xxiii]| | Q. Servilius Pudens| | Ceionia Plautia[xviii]
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cornificia Minor[xxiv]| | M. Petronius Sura| | COMMODUS
(r. 177–192)[xxi]| | | Fadilla[xxiv]| | | M. Annius Verus Caesar[xxi]| | Ti. Claudius Pompeianus
(2)| | Lucilla[xxi]| | | | | M. Plautius Quintillus[xviii]| | Junius Licinius Balbus| | Servilia Ceionia
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Petronius Antoninus| | L. Aurelius Agaclytus
(2)| | Aurelia Sabina[xxiv]| | L. Antistius Burrus
(1)| | Plautius Quintillus| | Plautia Servilla| | | C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus| | Antonia Gordiana| | Junius Licinius Balbus?
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Furia Sabina Tranquillina| | | GORDIAN III
(r. 238–244)

* (1) = 1st spouse
* (2) = 2nd spouse
* (3) = 3rd spouse
* Reddish-purple indicates emperor of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty

lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned

grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants

bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties

* dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships
* small caps = posthumously deified (Augusti, Augustae, or other)

Notes:

Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.

1. ^ Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7.
2. ^ Giacosa (1977), p. 8.
3. ^ a b Levick (2014), p. 161.
4. ^ Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161.
5. ^ a b Giacosa (1977), p. 7.
6. ^ a b c DIR contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), "Hadrian".
7. ^ a b Giacosa (1977), p. 9.
8. ^ Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161.
9. ^ Smith (1870), "Julius Servianus".
10. ^ Suetonius a possible lover of Sabina: One interpretation of HA Hadrianus 11:3
11. ^ Smith (1870), "Hadrian", pp. 319–322.
12. ^ Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and passim; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc.
13. ^ Julia Balbilla a possible lover of Sabina: A. R. Birley (1997), Hadrian, the Restless Emperor, p. 251, cited in Levick (2014), p. 30, who is sceptical of this suggestion.
14. ^ Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163.
15. ^ a b c d Levick (2014), p. 163.
16. ^ It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman.
17. ^ a b c d Levick (2014), p. 162.
18. ^ a b c d e f g Levick (2014), p. 164.
19. ^ Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
20. ^ Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163.
21. ^ a b c d e Giacosa (1977), p. 10.
22. ^ The epitomator of Cassius Dio (72.22) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in HA "Marcus Aurelius" 24.
23. ^ Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164.
24. ^ a b c Levick (2014), p. 117.

References:

* DIR contributors (2000). "De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families". Retrieved 2015-04-14.
* Giacosa, Giorgio (1977). Women of the Caesars: Their Lives and Portraits on Coins. Translated by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta. ISBN 0-8390-0193-2.
* Lambert, Royston (1984). Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-15708-2.
* Levick, Barbara (2014). Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537941-9.
* Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.

Note: Marcus Aurelius co-reigned with Lucius Verus from 161 until Verus' death in 169.

## References[edit]

1. ^ E.g. by Machiavelli and Gibbon
2. ^ "Decline of the Roman Empire". Retrieved 2007-09-18.
3. ^ "Adoptive Succession". Retrieved 2007-09-18.
4. ^ McKay, John P.; Hill, Bennett D.; Buckler, John; Ebrey, Patricia B.; & Beck, Roger B. (2007). A History of World Societies (7th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, v–vi. ISBN 978-0-618-61093-8.
5. ^ a b Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, Book I, Chapter 10.
6. ^ Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, I.78.

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Roman emperors by time period

* List of Roman emperors
* Roman Empire
* Family tree

| Early Principate| Crisis of the Third Century| Dominate| Western Roman Empire and the Middle Ages

|
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* Julio-Claudian dynasty (27 BC–AD 68)
* Year of the 4 Emperors (68–69)
* Flavian dynasty (69–96)
* Nerva–Antonine dynasty (96–192)
* Year of the 5 Emperors (192–193)
* Severan dynasty (193–235)

* Year of the 6 Emperors (238)
* Gordian dynasty (238–244)
* Illyrian emperors (268–284)
* Gallic emperors (260–274)
* Britannic emperors (286–297)

* Tetrarchies (293–313)
* Constantinian dynasty (305–363)
* Valentinianic dynasty (364–392)
* Theodosian dynasty (378–455)

* Western Roman emperors (395–476)
* Eastern Roman/Byzantine emperors (395–1453)
* Emperors of Nicaea (1204–1261)
* Emperors of Trebizond (1204–1461)
* Emperors/Despots of Thessalonica (1224–1246)
* Latin emperors (1204–1261)
* Holy Roman emperors (800–1806)

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