Oradea

City located in Bihor County, Romania

City in Bihor County, Romania

Oradea

Nagyvárad

City

From left: Overview of the city center, Oradea City Hall [ro], Baroque Palace of Oradea, Black Eagle Palace [ro], Astoria Hotel of Oradea [ro], Oradea Neolog Synagogue [ro]

Flag

Coat of arms

Location within Bihor County

Oradea

Location within Romania

Coordinates: 47°04′20″N 21°55′16″E﻿ / ﻿47.07222°N 21.92111°E﻿ / 47.07222; 21.92111
Country|  Romania
County| Bihor County
Government

• Mayor (2020-2024)| Florin Birta[1] (PNL)
Area

• City| 115.56 km2 (44.62 sq mi)
Elevation

| 142 m (466 ft)
Population

(2021 census)[2]

• City| 183,105
• Rank| 9th
• Density| 1,600/km2 (4,100/sq mi)
• Metro

| 245,537
Time zone| UTC+2 (EET)
• Summer (DST)| UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code|

4101xx

Area code| (+40) 59
Vehicle registration| BH
Official language| Romanian
Recognized minority language| Hungarian[3]
Patron saint| Saint Ladislaus[4]
Climate| Dfb
Website| oradea.ro

Oradea (UK: /ɒˈrɑːdiə/, US: /ɔːˈr-, -djɑː/,[5][6][7] Romanian: [oˈrade̯a]; Hungarian: Nagyvárad [ˈnɒɟvaːrɒd]; German: Großwardein [ˌɡʁoːsvaʁˈdaɪn]) is a city in Romania, located in the Crișana region. The seat of Bihor County, Oradea is one of the most important economic, social and cultural centers in the western part of Romania. The city is located in the north-west of the country, nestled between hills on the Crișana plain and situated on the banks of the river Crișul Repede that divides the city into almost equal halves.

Located about 10 km (6.2 mi) from Borș, one of the most important crossing points on Romania's border with Hungary, Oradea ranks ninth among most populated Romanian cities (as of the 2021 census).[2][8] It covers an area of 11,556 hectares (28,560 acres), in an area of contact between the extensions of the Apuseni Mountains and the Crișana-Banat extended plain.

Oradea enjoys a high standard of living and ranks among the most livable cities in the country.[9] The city is also a strong industrial center in the region, hosting some of Romania's largest companies. Besides its status as an economic hub, Oradea boasts a rich Art Nouveau architectural heritage and is a member of the Réseau Art Nouveau Network and the Art Nouveau European Route.

## Name

[edit]

The Romanian name Oradea originates from the city's Hungarian name. In Hungarian, it is called Nagyvárad, or colloquially Várad, the latter being the origin of the Romanian name.

"Nagy" means great or large in Hungarian, and it helped to differentiate the town from Kisvárda, a town in Hungary, with "kis" meaning little. "Vár" means castle or citadel, and "-ad" is a suffix used for settlement names. [10]

The city also has a German name, Großwardein, as well as a Yiddish one derived from it, גרױסװאַרדײן Groysvardeyn. In Turkish, the city was historically known as Varat or Varad. Other names include Latin Varadinum as well as the historical Italian name of Gran Varadino.[11][12]

Some archaic Romanian names of the city are Oradia, Oradea Mare ("Great Oradea"), Varadia Mare ("Great Varadia") and Urbea Mare ("the Grand City").[13]

## Geography

[edit]

The city lies at the meeting point of the Crișana plain and the Crișul Repede's basin. It is situated 126 metres (413 feet) above sea level, surrounded on the north-eastern part by the hills of Oradea, part of the Șes hills. The main part of the settlement is situated on the floodplain and on the terraces situated down the river Crișul Repede. Oradea is famous for its thermal springs. The river Crișul Repede crosses the city right through the center, providing it with a picturesque beauty. Its flow depends on the season; the dykes near Tileagd have partly controlled it since they were built in the early 1980s.

### Climate

[edit]

Oradea has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with oceanic influences. The city's topo-climatic action is determined by the prevailing Western winds. Summers are long and hot with cool nights. Winters are short and moderately cold.

Annual average temperature is 10.4 °C (50.7 °F). In July, the average is about 21 °C (70 °F), while in January, the average is −1.9 °C (28.6 °F). Rainfall is sufficient for the woods and vegetation of the zone, registering an annual average of about 781 mm (78.1 cm).[14] Rainfall is variably distributed throughout the year, with a maximum in June and a minimum in the late Autumn and Winter months of the year.

Climate data for Oradea

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 15
(59)  | 18
(64)  | 24
(75)  | 29
(84)  | 32
(90)  | 37
(99)  | 38
(100)  | 39
(102)  | 35
(95)  | 28
(82)  | 21
(70)  | 16
(61)  | 39
(102)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 1.4
(34.5)  | 4.7
(40.5)  | 10.7
(51.3)  | 16.9
(62.4)  | 22.1
(71.8)  | 24.9
(76.8)  | 27.1
(80.8)  | 26.8
(80.2)  | 23.0
(73.4)  | 17.1
(62.8)  | 9.3
(48.7)  | 3.4
(38.1)  | 15.6
(60.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −5.2
(22.6)  | −2.7
(27.1)  | 1.0
(33.8)  | 5.5
(41.9)  | 10.1
(50.2)  | 12.9
(55.2)  | 14.2
(57.6)  | 13.9
(57.0)  | 10.8
(51.4)  | 5.9
(42.6)  | 1.9
(35.4)  | −2.4
(27.7)  | 5.5
(41.9)
Record low °C (°F)  | −27
(−17)  | −27
(−17)  | −24
(−11)  | −8
(18)  | 0
(32)  | 7
(45)  | 7
(45)  | 7
(45)  | 0
(32)  | −10
(14)  | −28
(−18)  | −28
(−18)  | −28
(−18)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 39.5
(1.56)  | 30.3
(1.19)  | 36.5
(1.44)  | 44.9
(1.77)  | 63.4
(2.50)  | 90.5
(3.56)  | 69.1
(2.72)  | 55.2
(2.17)  | 39.9
(1.57)  | 37.9
(1.49)  | 46.6
(1.83)  | 49.4
(1.94)  | 603.2
(23.74)
Average snowy days  | 8  | 7  | 3  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 3  | 7  | 28
Source 1: Administrația Natională de Meteorologie[15]
Source 2: MSN Weather (for extreme and snowy days)[16]

## History

[edit]

Main article: History of Oradea

Historical affiliations

> Kingdom of Hungary 1113–1526
>  Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1526–1570
>  Principality of Transylvania 1570–1660
>  Ottoman Empire 1660–1692
>  Kingdom of Hungary 1692–1867
>  Austria-Hungary 1867–1918
>  Hungary 1918–1919 (de jure Hungary until 1920)
>  Romania 1920–1940 (de facto from 1919 to 1940)
>  Kingdom of Hungary 1940–1945
>  Kingdom of Romania 1945–1947
>  Romanian People's Republic 1947–1965
>  Socialist Republic of Romania 1965–1989
>  Romania 1989–present

While modern Oradea is first mentioned in 1113, under the Latin name "Varadinum" in a diploma belonging to Benedictine Zobor Abbey – Bishop Sixtus Varadiensis and Saul de Bychar are mentioned in the document – recent archaeological findings, in and around the city, provide evidence of a more or less continuous habitation since the Neolithic age.[17] The Dacians and Celts also inhabited the region. After the conquest of Dacia the Romans established a presence in the area, most notably in the Salca district of the city and modern day Băile Felix.[18][19] According to the Gesta Hungarorum, a Hungarian chronicle written after 1150 by an unidentified author, referred to as Anonymus, the region was ruled by Menumorut at the end of the 9th and beginning of the 10th centuries, until the Hungarian land-taking. Its citadel was centred at Biharea.[20] Historians debate whether Menumorut was a historical ruler or a legendary character. According to Anonymus, Menumorut's duchy was populated primarily with Khazars and Székelys, and he acknowledged the suzerainty of the (unnamed) ruling Byzantine Emperor at the time.

Construction of the church of Várad (now Oradea) by King Saint Ladislaus of Hungary (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)

In the 11th century, St. King Ladislaus I of Hungary founded a bishopric settlement near the city of Oradea, the present Roman Catholic Diocese of Oradea.

The burial of King Saint Ladislaus of Hungary: the carriage carries the body of king without horses to the burial place he desired, towards to the church of Várad (now Oradea). (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)

The Regestrum Varadinense is a record of the trials that took place between 1208 and 1235 containing 711 place-names and 2500 personal names. The city flourished both economically and culturally during the 13th century as part of the Kingdom of Hungary. It was at this time that the Citadel of Oradea, first mentioned in 1241 during the Mongol invasion, was first built. The fortress would be destroyed and rebuilt several times over the course of the following centuries. The 14th and 15th centuries would prove to be of the most prosperous periods in the city's history up to that point. Many works of art would be added to the city, including statues of Saints Stephen, Emeric, and Ladislaus (before 1372) and the equestrian sculpture of St. King Ladislaus I (1390) were erected in Oradea. The fabled statue of St. Ladislaus was the first proto-renaissance public square equestrian monument in Europe. Bishop Andreas Báthori (1329–1345) rebuilt the Cathedral in Gothic style. From that epoch dates also the Hermes, now preserved at Győr, which contains the skull of St. Ladislaus, and which is a masterpiece of the Hungarian goldsmith's art.

It was at this time that astronomer Georg von Peuerbach wrote his Tabula Varadiensis, published posthumously in 1464, at (?) the Observatory of Varadinum, establishing the city's observatory as the Earth's point of reference and prime meridian.

In 1474, the city was besieged by the Turks, who took advantage of the absence of Matthias Corvinus from the country. The city was severely damaged, but the king later repopulated it with inhabitants from other parts of Hungary whom he exempted from taxes, a policy reinforced by Ferdinand I in 1553.[21]

The Peace of Várad was concluded between Emperor Ferdinand I and John Zápolya here on 4 February 1538, in which they mutually recognized each other as legitimate monarchs. After the Ottoman invasion of Hungary, in the 16th century, the city became a constant point of contention between the Principality of Transylvania, the Ottoman Empire, and the Habsburg monarchy. After the 1570 Treaty of Speyer, parts of Crișana, including Oradea, became part of the newly formed Principality of Transylvania, a successor state of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.

The Ottomans laid siege to the city in 1598, however the siege failed. After the Treaty of Vienna (1606), the city was permanently incorporated in the Principality of Transylvania by imperial decree.

Varadinum (Oradea) in a 1617 engraving by Braun & Hogenberg

As a result of Gyorgy Rakoczi II's, at the time the Prince of Transylvania, failed attempt to gain the throne of Poland the Ottomans sent yet another punitive expedition against him and his Wallachian and Moldavian allies, Gheorghe Ștefan and Constantin Șerban. In 1660 the Ottomans, with a force of 45,000 men, besieged the city for the last time. The 850 defenders managed to hold out for 46 days, but eventually the city fell on 27 August due to internal treachery. The Ottomans designated the city as the capital of the newly formed Eyalet of Varat. The eyalet included the sanjaks of "Varat" (Oradea), Salanta, Debreçin, Halmaş, Sengevi, and Yapışmaz. The siege is described in detail by János Szalárdi in his contemporary chronicle. Ottoman dominance of the city ended in 1692, when, the Habsburg imperial forces conquered the city after a 14-month siege.

Map of Oradea in 1897

The city had been severely damaged by war, with only 114 houses left, of which only 21 had not been damaged.[22] However, under the Habsburgs' reconstruction, in the 18th century, Oradea entered its golden age. The Viennese engineer Franz Anton Hillebrandt was given the task of planning the city in the Baroque style and, starting with the year 1752, many of the city's current landmarks were constructed such as the Roman Catholic Cathedral, the Moon Church, the State Theatre, and the Baroque Palace.

The city played a major role in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, being the home of the largest Hungarian arms factory.

After World War I, Oradea passed under Romanian administration during the Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919, and became a part of the Kingdom of Romania under the Treaty of Trianon of 1920. In 1925, the status of municipality was given to Oradea, dissolving its former civic autonomy. Under the same ordinance, its name was changed from Oradea Mare ("Great" Oradea) to simply Oradea.

The Second Vienna Award brokered by Hitler and Mussolini in 1940 allowed Hungary to recover Northern Transylvania, including Oradea, and mass of celebrations welcomed the Hungarian administration.[23] On 12 October 1944, Oradea was captured by Soviet troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front in the course of the Battle of Debrecen, and reverted to Romanian administration in March 1945. After World War II, Hungary had to relinquish claims to it under the Treaty of Paris concluded on 10 February 1947.

After the Romanian Revolution of December 1989, Oradea aimed to achieve greater prosperity along with other towns in Romania[citation needed]. Both culturally and economically, Oradea's prospects are inevitably tied to the general aspirations of Romanian society to achieve freedom, democracy, and a free market economy[citation needed]. Due to its specific character, Oradea is one of the most important economic and cultural centers of Western Romania and of the country in general, and it is one of the great academic centers, with a unique bilingual dynamic.

## Demographics

[edit]

At the 2021 census Oradea had a population of 183,105,[2] a decrease from the figures recorded at the previous censuses.[24]

Ethnic composition of Oradea (2021)

Romanians (77.49%)

Hungarians (20.90%)

Romani (0.84%)

Others (0.77%)

Religious composition of Oradea (2021)

Romanian Orthodox (62.17%)

Reformed (13.36%)

Roman Catholics (8.66%)

Pentecostals (5.64%)

Baptists (3.78%)

Greek Catholics (2.89%)

Others (1.71%)

Irreligious,atheist and agnostic (1.80%)

Historical population of Oradea[25][26]

Year  | Population  | %±  | Romanian  | Hungarian
1787  | 9,790  | —  | n/a  | n/a
1830  | 19,091  | 95%  | n/a  | n/a
1857  | 22,443  | 17.5%  | n/a  | n/a
1880  | 31,324  | 39.5%  | 6.5%  | 86.8%
1900  | 47,018[27] | 50.1%  | n/a  | n/a
1910 census  | 64,169  | 36.4%  | 5.6%  | 91.0%
1930 census  | 82,687  | 28.8%  | 27.1%  | 51.5%
1948 census  | 82,282  | −0.4%  | 32.8%  | 63.8%
1956 census  | 98,950  | 20.2%  | 35.9%  | 59.0%
1966 census  | 122,534  | 23.8%  | 46.0%  | 51.3%
1977 census  | 170,531  | 39.1%  | 53.9%  | 44.0%
1992 census  | 222,741  | 30.6%  | 64.7%  | 33.3%
2002 census  | 206,614  | −7.2%  | 70.3%  | 27.5%
2011 census  | 196,367  | −4.9%  | 73.1%  | 24.9%
2021 census  | 183,105  | −6.8%  | 77.5%  | 20.9%

### Jewish community

[edit]

This section incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain.
Interior of the Neolog Synagogue

The chevra kadisha ("holy society") was founded in 1735, the first synagogue in 1803, and the first communal school in 1839. Not until the beginning of the 19th century were Jews permitted to do business in any other part of the city, and even then, they were required to return at nightfall to their own quarter. In 1835, permission was granted to live in any part of the city.

The Jewish community of Oradea became divided into Orthodox and Neolog congregations. While the members of the Neolog congregation still retained their membership in the chevra kadisha, they started to use a cemetery of their own in 1899. In the early 20th century, the Jews of Oradea had won prominence in the public life of the city. There were Jewish manufacturers, merchants, lawyers, physicians, and farmers; the chief of police (1902) was a Jew; and in the municipal council, the Jewish element was proportionately represented. The community possessed, in addition to the hospital and chevra kadisha, a Jewish women's association, a grammar school, a trade school for boys and girls, a yeshiva, a soup kitchen, etc.

According to the Center for Jewish Art:

> The Oradea Jewish community was once the most active both commercially and culturally in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1944, twenty-five thousand Oradean Jews were deported to concentration camps by the Nazis, thus decimating this vital community. Only three hundred Jews reside in Oradea today. In the center of the city, on the river bank and towering over other buildings in the area, is the large Neolog Temple Synagogue built in 1878. The unusual cube-shaped synagogue with its large cupola is one of the largest in Romania. Inside there is a large organ and stucco decorations. In 1891, the Orthodox community also built a complex of buildings including two synagogues and a community center.[28]

In 1944, during the occupation of Hungary by Nazi Germany, Hungarian authorities forced the Jewish inhabitants into the Oradea ghetto before sending them to the Auschwitz concentration camp. Descendants of the pre-Holocaust Hasidic rabbinate in Oradea established a synagogue in the Willowbrook area of Staten Island, New York City. The synagogue maintains both a traditional hasidic Nusach Sefard and a Nusach Ashkenaz service, the latter of which operates under the name Bais Medrash Igud Avreichim of Groisverdain (the Yiddish pronunciation of Grosswardein).

As of 2021, there is also a project to build a rabbinical seminary in Oradea.[29]

## Politics and administration

[edit]

See also: List of mayors of Oradea

The city government is headed by a mayor.[30] Since 2020, the office is held by Florin Birta. Decisions are approved and discussed by the local government (consiliu local) made up of 27 elected councillors.[30]

| Party  | Seats  | Current Local Council[31]

|
|
|

| National Liberal Party (PNL)  | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Democratic Alliance of Hungarians (UDMR/RMDSZ)  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Social Democratic Party (PSD)  | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Quarters

[edit]

Map of the current 30 districts

Before 1848, Oradea was made up of four separate towns: Várad-Újváros (Villa Nova, former Vicus Szombathely), Várad-Olaszi (Villa Latinorum Varadiensium, "olasz" meaning Italian), Várad-Velence (Vicus Venetia), Várad-Váralja (Civitas Waradiensis). The names Vicus Venetia, Villa Latinorum, Vicus Bolognia, Vicus Padua and others refer to the French, Walloons and Italian inhabitants who settled in the 13th century.

Today the city is made up of the following districts called quarters (cartiere in Romanian, negyedek in Hungarian):

* Calea Aradului
* Calea Sântandrei
* Orașul nou (city centre)
* Dacia – Decebal
* Dimitrie Cantemir
* Dragoș Vodă
* Dorobanților
* Eastern Industrial Zone
* Episcopia Bihor
* Europa
* Gheorghe Doja
* Ioșia
* Ioșia Nord
* Ioșia Sud
* Mihai Eminescu
* Nicolae Grigorescu
* Nicolae Iorga
* Nufărul
* Olosig
* Oncea
* Podgoria
* Rogerius
* Salca
* Seleuș
* Splaiul Crișanei
* Subcetate
* Tokai
* Tineretului
* Universității
* Velența
* Vie, also known as Podgoria
* Western Industrial Zone

## Economy

[edit]

Oradea has long been one of the more prosperous cities in Romania. The per capita GDP of Oradea is approximately 150% of the Romanian average.[32] After 1989, due to its base of consumers, Oradea experienced an economic renewal, mostly in the services sector such as trade and tourism.

Oradea has an unemployment rate of 6.0%, slightly lower than the Romanian average but much higher than Bihor County's average of around 2%. Oradea produces around 63% of the industrial production of Bihor County, while accounting for 34.5% of the population of the county. Its main industries are furniture, textiles and clothing, footwear, and food processing. Oradea's economy is sustained largely by small and medium business and the property taxes paid by citizens.

In the fiscal year 2012, Oradea had the largest budget in the Transylvania region, overcoming its neighbour cities, Arad and Cluj-Napoca.[33] Some large Romanian companies, such as Adeplast, RCS-RDS, European Drinks, and FrigoExpress are located in Oradea.

Oradea is using geothermal electricity from water two kilometers below ground, which provides 7% of the energy for its district heating system. That system serves 70% of the city's population with heat and hot water.[34][35][36]

## Transport

[edit]

Oradea Ultra Low Floor tram

Main article: Transport in Oradea

The public transport network is run by OTL (Oradea Transport Local), a municipal agency. It is made up of five tram lines (1R, 1N, 2, 3R, 3N, 4N, 4R and the new 8) and 17 local bus lines (numbered from 10 to 26), and an international suburban one to Biharkeresztes, Hungary. The city has four train stations: Central [ro], West, East, and Episcopia Bihor (Bihor Abbey). The West Station is located in the quarter of Ioșia, the Central station (called simply Oradea) is located closer to the city center, near the quarter of Vie, while the East station is located in Velența.

Oradea is served by Oradea International Airport, which has reopened at the end of 2015, after repairs to the runway.

## Education

[edit]

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Oradea is one of the main education centers of Romania. The city is home to the University of Oradea, one of the largest universities in the country. There are also several private universities, one being Agora University, a modern academic institution founded in 2000. Emanuel University, an accredited private Baptist university, also exists in the city since 2002.[37] The Partium Christian University was established in 1995 and teaches in Hungarian.

As of 2012, there had been 232 years since the inauguration of higher education in Oradea and 48 years of continuous higher education. A higher institution for philosophic teaching was founded in Oradea in 1780, which became the Faculty of Law in 1788, the oldest faculty within a vast region of Eastern Europe.

After 1921, all the courses at the Law Faculty were taught in Romanian. In 1923, the foundation of two theological academies gave new dimensions to the academic life in Oradea. The Law Academy of Oradea, together with the two theological academies, was to make another step forward by integrating a faculty of letters, thus achieving the old desire of creating a University of Crișana in Oradea.

After a thirty-year break in the activity of the Law Academy of Oradea, on 1 October 1963, an order of the Ministry of Education established in Oradea a 3-year Pedagogic Institute meant to do away with the scarcity of teachers in secondary education. The new institution of higher education began its activity with two faculties: Philology and Mathematics-Physics, and a year later other two faculties, History-Geography and Physical Education, were added.

In May 1990, a decree of the Romanian Government established the Technical University of Oradea, later called the University of Oradea. It was an act of scientific and cultural restoration, a major gain of the people's Revolution of December 1989, and an achievement in Crișana after the Great Union on 1 December 1918. A historian of Oradea explains: "As regarding the future, the desire of all well-meant Romanians is to establish in Oradea a complete university, the lights of which will shine across the entire western border of Romania." The University of Oradea is an integrated institution of higher education, comprising 18 faculties.

The Faculty of Medicine

The structure of the university contains academic education, postgraduate education, and scientific research.

Research inside the University of Oradea is developing, natural and physical sciences, as well as in the area of social and human sciences, also covering Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Sciences of Life, Agricultural Sciences, Medical Sciences, Technological Sciences, Economical Sciences, Geography, History, Juridical Sciences and Law, Linguistics, Pedagogy, Political Sciences, Psychology, Letters and Arts, Sociology, Philosophy.

The Sulyok István Reform College was founded in the spring of 1990 by the Királyhágómelléki Reform Church. In 1999, the school became entirely independent from the Protestant Theology College of Cluj-Napoca and changed its name to Partium Christian University. It presently operates with 12 faculties and a student body of 1400 and is taught in Hungarian.

## Architecture

[edit]

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Ferdinand Square Roman Catholic Basilica Orthodox Synagogue

Oradea's current architecture is a mix of Communist-era apartment buildings, mainly in the outer quarters, and historical buildings built when the city was part of Austria-Hungary. In addition to many Baroque buildings, Oradea has a collection of Art Nouveau architecture.

Oradea may be considered one of the most representative centres of 1900 architecture in Romania; it can be compared with those of Secession architecture in Central Europe.

Located at the Romanian western border, Nagyvárad (to be changed to Oradea after the Treaty of Trianon) had been part of the Hungarian Kingdom, and was, until the Treaty of Trianon in 1921, part of the Central European Austro-Hungarian Empire and, thus, was influenced by the artistic currents of this space.

The buildings of the early 20th century are richly marked by Lechner and Vienna Secession influence, inheriting an important legacy from the great architects of the artistic movement of the late 19th century and the early 20th century. The architecture and habitat of Oradea are to be approached only in the context of Central European architecture.

By its independence and personality, Oradea has a place among the large great European families of the firmly contoured 1900 Art, especially regarding the area between the Citadel and the Main Railway Station. Here are rental buildings, (Moskovits Palace I and II, Apollo Palace, Stern Palace, Adorján Houses I and II, Darvasy Palace), villas (La Roche, Vágó, Okany Schwartz), hotels (Pannonia, Emke, Rimonoczy, Weiszlovics, Fekete Sas / Vulturul Negru), military buildings – on Armatei Române Street, industrial buildings and warehouses (beer-, spirit-, bricks-factories, electric plant's chimney), public institutions (City Hall, Palace of Orthodox Bishopry, Palace of Greek-Catholic Bishopry, Palace of Justice, banks, houses of commerce and industry etc.), signed by architects who have a prime place in the European 1900 Architecture record: Odon Lechner, Dezső Jakab, Marcell Komor, László and József Vágó, Valér Mende, Ferenc Sztaril, Ferenc Löbl, Kálmán Rimanóczy Sr.and Jr., Anton Szallerbek. All these sites offer a very diverse research and development material. These great architects brought in Nagyvárad (Oradea) the influence of Vienna and Budapest through their work, featuring a new style, different from the academic ones, thus creating the premises of a stylistic diversification based on inventions and originality.

Republicii Street, with the Stern, Apollo and Moskovits-Miksa palaces

Like many European cities, "Small Paris", as Oradea was named at the beginning of the last century, has a belle-époque charm given by its Secession, eclectic, New-Romanian, Neoclassic and Baroque architecture. Not impressing by size or opulence, the buildings of Oradea have an aura of welfare, refinement and quality that imprints on the memory. The early 20th century is well represented in the center, but almost every zone of the city has something especially particular. The history center of the city has a great historical, cultural, architectural and urban planning heritage value. It includes settlements nuclei, architectural relics, monuments of architecture and urban planning beginning with the 16th century up to a well represented beginning of the 20th century.

Baroque Palace

A coherent style combines the architectural structure and its artistic means; stucco moldings, statues and medallions, ironwork, stained-glass, opaque and colored glass. Oradea architecture is a result of the values created by an extremely interesting and valuable ethnic mix, which materialized in a value exchange of a rare richness, and in a shared heritage of great majesty and beauty. In its evident and rare specificity, it appears to be exceptionally valuable.

The authenticity of the place was very well-kept and fed by the previous generations. If the local specificity is not well-preserved, much of the cultural identity, so important in identifying a people, will be lost. The entire community must feel obliged to a greater attention and sensitivity concerning the heritage protection, and the authorities and experts must develop policies and actions to preserve such a valuable heritage.

## Tourist attractions

[edit]

Crișul Repede river, with Continental Hotel, and Dacia Bridge in the background Oradea City Hall Black Eagle Palace

The old city centre is one of the main tourist highlights in Oradea, as are the Băile Felix health spas, accessible by bus and located just outside the city.

Other sites that attract a considerable number of tourists include:

The State Theater of Oradea

* Baroque Palace of Oradea – today Muzeul Țării Crișurilor. It was the Roman Catholic bishop's palace until 1945, when the Communist regime took the building into public ownership. It was returned to the Roman Catholic Church in 2003. Its collection includes many fossils of dinosaurs and birds from the bauxite mines at Cornet-Brusturi.
* Roman Catholic Basilica-Cathedral of the Assumption of Mary, or simply "Baroque Cathedral" ("Catedrala barocă") – the largest Baroque cathedral in Romania, and home to a skull relic and 2 statutes of St. King Ladislaus I of Hungary.[38]
* Cetatea Oradea – Oradea's Fortress, with a pentagonal shape, is a fortification with walls of rock on some portions and wood towers situated at the gate and at the corners.
* Biserica cu Lună – a church with an astronomical clock depicting the phases of the moon, a unique feature in Europe.
* Pasajul Vulturul Negru – the "Black Eagle Palace" (or "Eagle Palace") shopping galleria, named after its famous stained glass eagle in the ceiling.
* Ady Endre Museum – a museum dedicated to one of the greatest Hungarian poets and a former resident of Oradea.
* Teatrul de Stat Oradea – the Oradea State Theatre (also known as the Queen Mary Theatre, or Teatrul Regina Maria) on Ferdinand Square in the heart of the city, completed in 1900.
* Strada Republicii – regarded as one of the most beautiful streets of Transylvania, it displays a great number of Art Nouveau buildings.
* Some 100 religious sites of different denominations in Oradea, including three synagogues (only one still in use) and the largest Baptist church in Eastern Europe, Emmanuel Baptist Church.

## Sports

[edit]

"Antonio Alexe" Arena "Iuliu Bodola" Stadium "Ion Alexandrescu" Water Polo Centre

CSM Oradea is Oradea's professional basketball club that plays in the country's 1st division, Liga Națională, a competition that the club won it, in 2016 and 2018, also competing in international competitions such as Champions League. The team plays its home matches at the Arena Antonio Alexe.

FC Bihor, founded in 1958, club colors were red and blue, and the logo includes the year 1902, when the first football match was played in Oradea in Réday Park, was the city's most representative club in the Romanian football system for 58 years, the club was dissolved in 2016, after important financial problems. A phoenix club appeared in 2022, under the same name FC Bihor Oradea

CA Oradea (CAO), founded in 1910 became famous, after the annexation of Northern Transylvania by Hungary during WW II, the football club played in the Hungarian Championship under the Hungarian translation Nagyváradi Atlétikai Club (NAC), and won the championship at the end of the 1943–1944 season. CA Oradea is one of only three football clubs who played and won national championships in three countries (the other two are SK Rapid Wien and Derry City). After FC Bihor's dissolution, CAO was refounded in the spring of 2017, at 54 years after its dissolution. In the late years another club appeared on the city's football stage, Luceafărul Oradea, club that was founded in 2001 and now is playing in the Liga II, being the most representative football club of the city and Bihor County, at this moment.

Many important footballers were born in Oradea over time, such as: Iuliu Baratky, Cosmin Bărcăuan, Elemér Berkessy, Zeno Bundea, Zoltan Crișan, Claudiu Keșerü, Attila Kun, Erik Lincar, Marius Popa, Paul Popovici, Francisc Spielmann, Albert Ströck, and Ion Zare.

CSM Digi Oradea is Oradea's professional water polo club, it evolves in the Romanian Superliga, competition that it won 9 times in a row and also have a regular presence in LEN Champions League or LEN Euro Cup, being a finalist in the last one.

## International relations

[edit]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania

Oradea is twinned with:

* Ceyrat, France
* Coslada, Spain
* Debrecen, Hungary
* Givatayim, Israel
* Linköping, Sweden
* Mantua, Italy
* Băcioi, Moldova

## Metropolitan area

[edit]

Main article: Oradea metropolitan area

Oradea metropolitan area is a metropolitan area located in Western Romania, in the County of Bihor, Crişana Romania and was founded on 9 May 2005.

The metropolitan area, seen from Ciuperca hill

The metropolitan area comprises the city of Oradea and 8 adjacent communes:

* Biharia
* Borş
* Cetariu
* Nojorid
* Oşorhei
* Paleu
* Sânmartin
* Sântandrei.

## Gallery

[edit]

* The Faculty of Medicine

* The Crișul Repede river

* The Ferdinand Square

* The Black Eagle Palace

* Baroque Roman Catholic cathedral

## Notable people

[edit]

Pázmány Péter, 17th C. Beöthy Ödön, 1842 Nandor Wagner, 1964

### Those born in Oradea

[edit]

* Péter Pázmány (1570–1637), philosopher, theologian, cardinal.[39]
* Sigismund Báthory (1572–1613), prince of Transylvania.[40]
* Gabriel Báthory (1589–1613), prince of Transylvania
* Francis Rhédey (1610–1667), prince of Transylvania
* Ödön Beöthy (1796–1854), Hungarian deputy and orator.[41]
* Emanoil Gojdu (1802–1870), lawyer
* József Nagysándor (1803–1849), honvéd general in the Hungarian Army
* Ede Szigligeti (1814–1878), playwright.[42]
* Antal Csengery, (1822-1880), publicist and historical writer.[43]
* Kálmán Tisza (1830–1902) the Hungarian prime minister between 1875 and 1890.[44]
* Lucreția Suciu-Rudow (1859–1900), poetess
* Lajos Bíró (1880-1948), novelist, playwright and screenwriter
* Lajos Jambor (1884–1954), painter, muralist, illustrator
* Ernő Tibor (1885–1945), Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter
* Ernő Grünbaum (1908–1945), Expressionist painter
* Iuliu Baratky (1910–1962), footballer
* Francisc Spielmann (1916-1974), footballer
* Nándor Wagner (1922-1997), sculptor
* János Kristófi (1925-2014), painter
* Ovidiu Cotruș (1926–1977), essayist and literary critic
* Mircea Zaciu (1928–2000), critic and literary historian
* Titus Popovici (1930–1994), screenwriter
* Eva Heyman (1931–1944), Jewish girl, often compared to Anne Frank because of the diary she kept
* Iosif Demian (b. 1941), cinematographer and film director
* A. G. Weinberger (b. 1965), musician and radio producer
* Cosmin Bărcăuan (b. 1978), football player
* Erik Lincar (b. 1978), football player and manager
* Kálmán Kádár (b. 1979), water polo player
* Mihai Neșu (b. 1983), football player
* Gabriella Szűcs (b. 1984), handball player
* Claudiu Keșerü (b. 1986), football player

### Those who lived in Oradea

[edit]

Cardinal George Martinuzzi, 18th C.

* Roger of Torre Maggiore (1205–1266), Italian monk
* John Vitéz (1408–1472), bishop and humanist, he established in Oradea the first observatory from Southeast Europe
* George Martinuzzi (1482–1551), Bishop of Nagyvárad.[45]
* Michael Haydn (1737–1806), Austrian composer
* Ignațiu Darabant (1738–1805), Eparchy of Oradea Mare bishop
* Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (1739–1799), Austrian composer and violinist.[46]
* Wenzel Pichl (1741–1805), Czech composer
* Samuil Vulcan (1758–1839), Eparchy of Oradea Mare bishop
* Mihail Pavel (1827–1902), Eparchy of Oradea Mare bishop
* Iosif Vulcan (1841–1907), magazine editor, poet, playwright, novelist
* Roman Ciorogariu (1852–1936), Romanian Orthodox bishop
* Demetriu Radu (1861–1920), Eparchy of Oradea Mare bishop
* Valeriu Traian Frențiu (1875–1952), Eparchy of Oradea Mare bishop
* Endre Ady (1877–1919), Hungarian poet
* Alex Leon (1907-1944), painter
* Iuliu Bodola (1912–1992), football player
* Emerich Jenei (n. 1937), former football player and coach
* Alexandru Darie (1959–2019), theater director
* Antonio Alexe (1969–2005), basketball player

Ladislaus I, 1488

### Royalty buried in Oradea

[edit]

* Ladislaus I of Hungary (1040-1095).[47]
* Stephen II of Hungary (1101-1131)
* Andrew II of Hungary (1175-1235).[48]
* Fenenna of Kuyavia (1276-1295)
* Beatrice of Luxembourg (1305-1319)
* Mary, Queen of Hungary (1371-1395)
* Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (1368-1437).[49]

## See also

[edit]

* Diocese of Oradea (disambiguation)
* History of Oradea
* Timeline of Oradea

## Sources

[edit]

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Diocese of Grosswardein". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

## References

[edit]

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2. ^ a b c "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (in Romanian). INSSE. 31 May 2023.
3. ^ Law 215/2001 (Romanian: Legea nr. 215 din 2001 a administrației publice locale)
4. ^ Dr. János Fleisz – Szent László Nagyvárad védőszentje Archived 5 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
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10. ^ https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Lexikonok-a-magyar-nyelv-ertelmezo-szotara-1BE8B/k-359B8/kicsinyito-35CF5/ Retrieved: 2023.09.10
11. ^ Atlas. L'atlante geografico de Agostini [dubious, implausible title], Istituto geografico de Agostini, Novara 1993, p. 109.
12. ^ Map of Romania in Ademollo, Umberto: Gli Stati d'Europa dopo la Grande Guerra ["The States of Europe after the Great War"], in "Le Vie d'Italia e del Mondo" ["The Roads of Italy and the World"] series, year I, number 2 (February 1933-XI), p. 143
13. ^ "Oradea în Imagini – Istoria Orasului". oradeainimagini.ro. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
14. ^ "Check Forecast for Oradea Average Rainfall by Month".
15. ^ "Medii lunare multianuale 1961–1990" (in Romanian). Romanian National Administration of Meteorology. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
16. ^ "Record and Averages for Oradea, Romania". Microsoft. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
17. ^ "Descoperire importantă la Oradea" (in Romanian). Pro TV. 11 October 2017.
18. ^ Cataldi Raffaele; Hodgson Susan; Lund John (1999). Stories from a Heated Earth, Our Geothermal Heritage. Geothermal Resources Council. p. 245\. ISBN 0934412197.
19. ^ E. J. Brill. Rumanian Studies, Vol. 3. Brill Publishers, Leiden, 1976.
20. ^ Oradea on Britannica
21. ^ "Istoria orașului Oradea".
22. ^ "Istoria Orasului".
23. ^ A nagyváradi „verőfényes magyar ünnep” (The "shiny Hungarian holiday" in Oradea), Erdélyi Napló, 4 February, 2009 Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine
24. ^ "2011 Census" (PDF) (in Romanian). INSSE. 2 February 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
25. ^ "Erdély etnikai és felekezeti statisztikája". varga.adatbank.transindex.ro.
26. ^ Structura etno-demografică a României la recensământul din 2002
27. ^ "Nagy-Várad" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 152–153.
28. ^ "Uncovering and Documenting Jewish Art and Architecture in Western Romania". Center for Jewish Art. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Summer 1998. Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 5 March 2007.
29. ^ "Oradea va avea prima școală rabinică ridicată în această parte a Europei după cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial". 26 April 2021.
30. ^ a b "Law no. 215 / 21 April 2001: Legea administrației publice locale" (in Romanian). Parliament of Romania. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
31. ^ "Rezultate finale alegeri locale 2020 Bihor. Florin Birta, noul primar în Oradea. Cine conduce Consiliul Județean". Pro TV. 30 September 2020.
32. ^ Zona metropolitană Oradea – Prezentare multimedia Archived 4 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
33. ^ "Topul bugetelor locale din Transilvania și Banat". România liberă. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012.
34. ^ "How to build a cohesive and inclusive Europe". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
35. ^ "Romania's Oradea city starts tender for geothermal district heating". Balkan Green Energy News. 10 May 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
36. ^ "How a city can benefit from EU funds". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
37. ^ "Prima Pagina – Universitatea Emanuel din Oradea". Universitatea Emanuel din Oradea.
38. ^ WR. "Bazilica romano-catolica, Oradea". welcometoromania.ro.
39. ^ Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Pázmány, Péter" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). p. 2.
40. ^ Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Báthory, Sigismund" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 513–514.
41. ^ Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Beöthy, Ödön" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 757–758.
42. ^ Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Szigligeti, Ede" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). p. 320.
43. ^ "Csengery, Anton" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 591.
44. ^ Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Tisza, Kálmán" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 1016–1017.
45. ^ Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Martinuzzi, George" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). p. 803.
46. ^ "Dittersdorf, Karl Ditters von" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 324–325.
47. ^ Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Ladislaus, Saint" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). p. 59.
48. ^ Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Andrew II" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). p. 972.
49. ^ "Sigismund" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 66–67.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oradea.

* Oradea travel guide from Wikivoyage
* Oradea Town Hall (in Romanian)
* Oradea, Romania at JewishGen
* "Nagy-Várad" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 152–153.

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