Oswald Mosley

British aristocrat and fascist politician (1896–1980)

For other people named Oswald Mosley, see Oswald Mosley (disambiguation).

Sir

Oswald Mosley

Mosley in 1922

Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
In office
7 June 1929 – 19 May 1930
Prime Minister| Ramsay MacDonald
Preceded by| Ronald McNeill
Succeeded by| Clement Attlee
Member of Parliament
for Smethwick
In office
21 December 1926 – 7 October 1931
Preceded by| John Davison
Succeeded by| Roy Wise
Member of Parliament
for Harrow
In office
14 December 1918 – 9 October 1924
Preceded by| Harry Mallaby-Deeley
Succeeded by| Sir Isidore Salmon
Personal details
Born|

Oswald Ernald Mosley

16 November 1896
Mayfair, London, England
Died| 3 December 1980(1980-12-03) (aged 84)
Orsay, Essonne, France
Political party| British Union of Fascists
(1932–1940)
Other political
affiliations| Conservative (1918–1922)
Independent (1922–1924)
Labour (1924–1931)
New (1931–1932)
Union Movement
(1948–1973)
National Party of Europe
(1962–1980)
Spouses|

Lady Cynthia Curzon

(m. 1920; died 1933)​

Hon. Diana Mitford

(m. 1936)​

Children| Vivien Mosley
(1921–2002)
Nicholas Mosley
(1923–2017)
Michael Mosley
(1932–2012)
Alexander Mosley
(1938–2005)
Max Mosley
(1940–2021)
Parent| Sir Oswald Mosley, 5th Baronet
Education| Winchester College
Alma mater| Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Awards|  1914–15 Star
British War Medal
Victory Medal
Military service
Allegiance|  British Empire
Branch/service|  British Army
• 16th The Queen's Lancers
• Royal Flying Corps
Years of service| 1914–1918
Rank| Lieutenant
Battles/wars| First World War
• Second Battle of Ypres
• Battle of Loos

Portrait of Oswald Mosley by Glyn Philpot, 1925

Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley, 6th Baronet (16 November 1896 – 3 December 1980) was a British aristocrat and politician who rose to fame during the 1920s and 1930s when, having become disillusioned with mainstream politics, he turned to fascism. He was a member of parliament and later founded and led the British Union of Fascists (BUF).[1][2]

After military service during the First World War, Mosley was one of the youngest members of parliament, representing Harrow from 1918 to 1924, first as a Conservative, then an independent, before joining the Labour Party. At the 1924 general election he stood in Birmingham Ladywood against the future prime minister, Neville Chamberlain, coming within 100 votes of defeating him. Mosley returned to Parliament as Labour MP for Smethwick at a by-election in 1926 and served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in the Labour Government of 1929–31. In 1928, he succeeded his father as the sixth Mosley baronet, a title that had been in his family for more than a century.[3] Some considered Mosley a rising star and possible future Prime Minister.[4] Mosley resigned in 1930 because of discord with the government's unemployment policies. He chose not to defend his Smethwick constituency at the 1931 general election, instead unsuccessfully standing in Stoke-on-Trent.

Mosley's New Party became the British Union of Fascists (BUF) in 1932. As leader of the BUF, he publicly espoused antisemitism and sought alliances with other fascist leaders such as Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. Fascist violence under Mosley's leadership culminated in the Battle of Cable Street, during which anti-fascist demonstrators including trade unionists, communists, anarchists, and British Jews successfully prevented the BUF from marching through London's East End. Mosley subsequently held a series of rallies around London, and the BUF increased its membership in the capital city.[5]

Mosley was imprisoned in May 1940, after the outbreak of the Second World War, and the BUF was banned. He was released in 1943 and, politically disgraced by his association with fascism, moved abroad in 1951, spending most of the remainder of his life in Paris and two residences in Ireland. He stood for Parliament during the post-war era but received very little support. During this latter period he was an advocate of Pan-European nationalism, developing the Europe a Nation ideology,[6] and was an early proponent of Holocaust denial conspiracy theories.[7][8]

## Life and career[edit]

### Early life and education[edit]

Mosley was born on 16 November 1896 at 47 Hill Street, Mayfair, London.[9] He was the eldest of the three sons of Sir Oswald Mosley, 5th Baronet (1873–1928), and Katharine Maud Edwards-Heathcote (1874–1950),[10] daughter of Captain Justinian Edwards-Heathcote, of Apedale Hall, Staffordshire. He had two younger brothers: Edward Heathcote Mosley (1899–1980) and John Arthur Noel Mosley (1901–1973).[11] His father was a third cousin to the 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, father of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.

The progenitor, and earliest attested ancestor, of the Mosley family was Ernald de Mosley (fl. 12th century), Lord of the Manor of Moseley, Staffordshire, during the reign of King John. The family were prominent landholders in Staffordshire and seated at Rolleston Hall, near Burton upon Trent. Three baronetcies were created, two of which are now extinct (see Mosley baronets for further history of the family); a barony was created for Tonman Mosley, 1st Baron Anslow, brother of the 4th baronet, but also became extinct.[12][11]

After Mosley's parents separated, he was raised by his mother, who went to live at Betton Hall near Market Drayton, and his paternal grandfather, Sir Oswald Mosley, 4th Baronet. Within the family and among intimate friends, he was always called "Tom". He lived for many years at his grandparents' stately home, Apedale Hall, and was educated at West Downs School and Winchester College.[11]

Mosley was a fencing champion in his school days; he won titles in both foil and sabre, and retained an enthusiasm for the sport throughout his life.[11]

### Military service[edit]

In January 1914, Mosley entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, but was expelled in June for a "riotous act of retaliation" against a fellow student.[13] During the First World War, he was commissioned into the British cavalry unit the 16th The Queen's Lancers and fought in France on the Western Front. He transferred to the Royal Flying Corps as a pilot and air observer,[14] but while demonstrating in front of his mother and sister he crashed, which left him with a permanent limp, as well as a reputation for being brave and somewhat reckless.[1] He returned to the trenches before the injury had fully healed and at the Battle of Loos (1915) passed out at his post from pain. He spent the remainder of the war at desk jobs in the Ministry of Munitions and in the Foreign Office.[13]

### Marriage to Lady Cynthia Curzon[edit]

Oswald Mosley and Lady Cynthia Curzon on their wedding day, 11 May 1920

On 11 May 1920, he married Lady Cynthia "Cimmie" Curzon (1898–1933), second daughter of the 1st Earl Curzon of Kedleston (1859–1925), Viceroy of India 1899–1905, Foreign Secretary 1919–1924, and Lord Curzon's first wife, the U.S. mercantile heiress Mary Leiter.

Lord Curzon had to be persuaded that Mosley was a suitable husband, as he suspected Mosley was largely motivated by social advancement in Conservative Party politics and Cynthia's inheritance. The 1920 wedding took place in the Chapel Royal in St James's Palace in London. The hundreds of guests included King George V and Queen Mary, as well as foreign royalty such as the Duke and Duchess of Brabant (later King Leopold III and Queen Astrid of Belgium).[1][15]

During this marriage, he began an extended affair with his wife's younger sister, Lady Alexandra Metcalfe, and a separate affair with their stepmother, Grace Curzon, Marchioness Curzon of Kedleston, the American-born second wife and widow of Lord Curzon of Kedleston.[16] He succeeded to the Mosley baronetcy of Ancoats upon his father's death in 1928.

### India and Gandhi[edit]

Among his many travels, Mosley travelled to British India accompanied by Lady Cynthia in 1924. His father-in-law's past as Viceroy of India allowed for the acquaintance of various personalities along the journey. They travelled by ship and stopped briefly in Cairo.[17]

Having initially arrived in Ceylon (present day Sri Lanka), the journey then continued through mainland India. They spent these initial days in the government house of Ceylon, followed by Madras and then Calcutta, where the Governor at the time was Lord Lytton.[17]

Mosley met Mahatma Gandhi through C. F. Andrews, a clergyman and an intimate friend of the "Indian Saint", as Mosley described him. They met in Kadda, where Gandhi was quick to invite him to a private conference in which Gandhi was chairman. Mosley later called Gandhi a "sympathetic personality of subtle intelligence".[17]

### Marriage to Diana Mitford[edit]

Cynthia died of peritonitis in 1933, after which Mosley married his mistress Diana Guinness, née Mitford (1910–2003). They married in secret in Nazi Germany on 6 October 1936 in the Berlin home of Germany's Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda Joseph Goebbels. Adolf Hitler was their guest of honour.[18]

Mosley spent large amounts of his private fortune on the British Union of Fascists (BUF) and tried to establish it on a firm financial footing by various means including an attempt to negotiate, through Diana, with Hitler for permission to broadcast commercial radio to Britain from Germany. Mosley reportedly made a deal in 1937 with Francis Beaumont, heir to the Seigneurage of Sark, to set up a privately owned radio station on Sark.[n 1][19]

## Member of Parliament[edit]

By the end of the First World War, Mosley had decided to go into politics as a Conservative Member of Parliament, as he had no university education or practical experience because of the war. He was 21 years old. He was driven by, and in Parliament spoke of, a passionate conviction to avoid any future war, and this seemingly motivated his career. Largely because of his family background and war service, local Conservative and Labour associations preferred Mosley in several constituencies – a vacancy near the family estates seemed to be the best prospect. He was unexpectedly selected for Harrow first. In the general election of 1918 he faced no serious opposition and was elected easily.[20]

He was the youngest member of the House of Commons to take his seat, although Joseph Sweeney, an abstentionist Sinn Féin member, was younger. He soon distinguished himself as an orator and political player, one marked by extreme self-confidence, and made a point of speaking in the House of Commons without notes.[17]: 166 [third-party source needed]

Mosley was an early supporter of the economist John Maynard Keynes.[21][22] The economic historian Robert Skidelsky described Mosley as "a disciple of Keynes in the 1920s".[22]

## Crossing the floor[edit]

Mosley was at this time falling out with the Conservatives over their Irish policy, and condemned the operations of the Black and Tans against civilians during the Irish War of Independence.[23] He was secretary of the Peace with Ireland Council.[24] As secretary of the council, he proposed sending a commission to Ireland to examine on-the-spot reprisals by the Black and Tans.[25]

In late 1920, he crossed the floor to sit as an independent MP on the opposition side of the House of Commons. Having built up a following in his constituency, he retained it against a Conservative challenge in the 1922 and 1923 general elections.

According to Lady Diana Mosley's autobiography,

> The Liberal Westminster Gazette wrote that Mosley was "the most polished literary speaker in the Commons, words flow from him in graceful epigrammatic phrases that have a sting in them for the government and the Conservatives. To listen to him is an education in the English language, also in the art of delicate but deadly repartee. He has human sympathies, courage and brains."[26]

By 1924, he was growing increasingly attracted to the Labour Party, which had just formed a government, and in March he joined it. He immediately joined the Independent Labour Party (ILP) as well and allied himself with the left.

When the government fell in October, Mosley had to choose a new seat, as he believed that Harrow would not re-elect him as a Labour candidate. He therefore decided to oppose Neville Chamberlain in Birmingham Ladywood. Mosley campaigned aggressively in Ladywood, and accused Chamberlain of being a "landlords' hireling".[27] The outraged Chamberlain demanded that Mosley retract the claim "as a gentleman".[27] Mosley, whom Stanley Baldwin described as "a cad and a wrong 'un", refused to retract the allegation.[27] Mosley was noted for bringing excitement and energy to the campaign. Leslie Hore-Belisha, then a Liberal Party politician who later became a senior Conservative, recorded his impressions of Mosley as a platform orator at this time, claiming that his "dark, aquiline, flashing: tall, thin, assured; defiance in his eye, contempt in his forward chin". Together, Oswald and Cynthia Mosley proved an alluring couple, and many members of the working class in Birmingham succumbed to their charm for, as the historian Martin Pugh described, "a link with powerful, wealthy and glamorous men and women appealed strongly to those who endured humdrum and deprived lives".[28] It took several re-counts before Chamberlain was declared the winner by 77 votes and Mosley blamed poor weather for the result.[29] His period outside Parliament was used to develop a new economic policy for the ILP, which eventually became known as the Birmingham Proposals; they continued to form the basis of Mosley's economics until the end of his political career.

Mosley was critical of Winston Churchill's policy as Chancellor of the Exchequer. After Churchill returned Britain to the Gold Standard, Mosley claimed that "faced with the alternative of saying goodbye to the gold standard, and therefore to his own employment, and goodbye to other people's employment, Mr. Churchill characteristically selected the latter course".[30]

In 1926, the Labour-held seat of Smethwick fell vacant, and Mosley returned to Parliament after winning the resulting by-election on 21 December. Mosley felt the campaign was dominated by Conservative attacks on him for being too rich, including claims that he was covering up his wealth.[17]: 190

In 1927, he mocked the British Fascists as "black-shirted buffoons, making a cheap imitation of ice-cream sellers". The ILP elected him to Labour's National Executive Committee.[31]

Mosley and Cynthia were committed Fabians in the 1920s and at the start of the 1930s. Mosley appears in a list of names of Fabians from Fabian News and the Fabian Society Annual Report 1929–31. He was Kingsway Hall lecturer in 1924 and Livingstone Hall lecturer in 1931.

## Office[edit]

### Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster[edit]

Mosley then made a bold bid for political advancement within the Labour Party. He was close to Ramsay MacDonald and hoped for one of the Great Offices of State, but when Labour won the 1929 general election he was appointed only to the post of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, a position without Portfolio and outside the Cabinet. He was given responsibility for solving the unemployment problem, but found that his radical proposals were blocked either by Lord Privy Seal James Henry Thomas or by the Cabinet.

### Mosley Memorandum[edit]

Realising the economic uncertainty that was facing the nation because of the death of its domestic industry, Mosley put forward a scheme in the "Mosley Memorandum" that called for high tariffs to protect British industries from international finance and transform the British Empire into an autarkic trading bloc, for state nationalisation of main industries, for higher school-leaving ages and pensions to reduce the labour surplus, and for a programme of public works to solve interwar poverty and unemployment. Furthermore, the memorandum laid out the foundations of the corporate state which intended to combine businesses, workers and the government into one body as a way to "Obliterate class conflict and make the British economy healthy again".[32]

Mosley published this memorandum because of his dissatisfaction with the laissez-faire attitudes held by both Labour and the Conservative party, and their passivity towards the ever-increasing globalisation of the world, and thus looked to a modern solution to fix a modern problem. But it was rejected by the Cabinet and by the Parliamentary Labour Party, and in May 1930 Mosley resigned from his ministerial position. At the time, according to Lady Mosley's autobiography, the weekly Liberal-leaning paper The Nation and Athenaeum wrote: "The resignation of Sir Oswald Mosley is an event of capital importance in domestic politics... We feel that Sir Oswald has acted rightly – as he has certainly acted courageously – in declining to share any longer in the responsibility for inertia."[26] In October he attempted to persuade the Labour Party Conference to accept the Memorandum, but was defeated again.

The Mosley Memorandum won the support of the economist John Maynard Keynes, who stated that "it was a very able document and illuminating".[33] Keynes also wrote,

> "I like the spirit which informs the document. A scheme of national economic planning to achieve a right, or at least a better, balance of our industries between the old and the new, between agriculture and manufacture, between home development and foreign investment; and wide executive powers to carry out the details of such a scheme. That is what it amounts to. ... [The] manifesto offers us a starting point for thought and action. ... It will shock—it must do so—the many good citizens of this country...who have laissez-faire in their craniums, their consciences, and their bones ... But how anyone professing and calling himself a socialist can keep away from the manifesto is a more obscure matter."[34]

According to Lady Mosley's autobiography, thirty years later, in 1961, Richard Crossman wrote: "this brilliant memorandum was a whole generation ahead of Labour thinking."[26] As his book, The Greater Britain, focused on the issues of free trade, the criticisms against globalisation that he formulated can be found in critiques of contemporary globalisation. He warns nations that buying cheaper goods from other nations may seem appealing but ultimately ravage domestic industry and lead to large unemployment, as seen in the 1930s. He argues that trying to "challenge the 50-year-old system of free trade ... exposes industry in the home market to the chaos of world conditions, such as price fluctuation, dumping, and the competition of sweated labour, which result in the lowering of wages and industrial decay."[35]

In a newspaper feature, Mosley was described as "a strange blend of J.M. Keynes and Major Douglas of credit fame".[36] From July 1930, he began to demand that government must be turned from a “talk-shop” into a “workshop.”[37]

In 1992, the then UK prime minister, John Major, examined Mosley's ideas in order to find an unorthodox solution to the aftermath of the 1990-91 economic recession.[38]

## New Party[edit]

Main article: New Party (UK)

Mosley on the cover of Time in 1931

Dissatisfied with the Labour Party, Mosley and six other Labour MPs (two of whom resigned after one day) founded the New Party.

Its early parliamentary contests, in the 1931 Ashton-under-Lyne by-election and subsequent by-elections, arguably had a spoiler effect in splitting the left-wing vote and allowing Conservative candidates to win. Despite this, the organisation gained support among many Labour and Conservative politicians who agreed with his corporatist economic policy, and among these were Aneurin Bevan and Harold Macmillan. Mosley's corporatism was complemented by Keynesianism, with Robert Skidelsky stating, "Keynesianism was his great contribution to fascism."[39] It also gained the endorsement of the Daily Mail newspaper, headed at the time by Harold Harmsworth (later created 1st Viscount Rothermere).[40]

The New Party increasingly inclined to fascist policies, but Mosley was denied the opportunity to get his party established when during the Great Depression the 1931 general election was suddenly called – the party's candidates, including Mosley himself running in Stoke which had been held by his wife, lost the seats they held and won none. As the New Party gradually became more radical and authoritarian, many previous supporters defected from it. According to Lady Mosley's autobiography, shortly after the 1931 election Mosley was described by The Manchester Guardian:

> When Sir Oswald Mosley sat down after his Free Trade Hall speech in Manchester and the audience, stirred as an audience rarely is, rose and swept a storm of applause towards the platform – who could doubt that here was one of those root-and-branch men who have been thrown up from time to time in the religious, political and business story of England. First that gripping audience is arrested,[n 2] then stirred and finally, as we have said, swept off its feet by a tornado of peroration yelled at the defiant high pitch of a tremendous voice.[26]

## Fascism[edit]

Main article: British Union of Fascists

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Flag of the British Union of Fascists Italy's Duce Benito Mussolini (left) with Oswald Mosley (right) during Mosley's visit to Italy in 1936

After his election failure in 1931, Mosley went on a study tour of the "new movements" of Italy's Benito Mussolini and other fascists, and returned convinced, particularly by Fascist Italy's economic programme,[41] that it was the way forward for Britain. He was determined to unite the existing fascist movements and created the British Union of Fascists (BUF) in 1932. The BUF was protectionist, strongly anti-communist and nationalistic to the point of advocating authoritarianism.[42] He claimed that the UK Labour Party was pursuing policies of "international socialism", while fascism's aim was "national socialism".[43] It claimed membership as high as 50,000, and had the Daily Mail and Daily Mirror among its earliest supporters.[40][44] The Mirror piece was a guest article by the Daily Mail owner Viscount Rothermere and an apparent one-off; despite these briefly warm words for the BUF, the paper was so vitriolic in its condemnation of European fascism that Nazi Germany added the paper's directors to a hit list in the event of a successful Operation Sea Lion.[45] The Mail continued to support the BUF until the Olympia rally in June 1934.[46]

John Gunther described Mosley in 1940 as "strikingly handsome. He is probably the best orator in England. His personal magnetism is very great". Among Mosley's supporters at this time included John Strachey,[47] the novelist Henry Williamson, military theorist J. F. C. Fuller, and the future "Lord Haw Haw", William Joyce.

Mosley had found problems with disruption of New Party meetings, and instituted a corps of black-uniformed paramilitary stewards, the Fascist Defence Force, nicknamed "Blackshirts", like the Italian fascist Voluntary Militia for National Security they were emulating. The party was frequently involved in violent confrontations and riots, particularly with communist and Jewish groups and especially in London.[48] At a large Mosley rally at Olympia on 7 June 1934, his bodyguards' violence caused bad publicity.[47] This and the Night of the Long Knives in Germany led to the loss of most of the BUF's mass support. Nevertheless, Mosley continued espousing anti-Semitism.[49] At one of his New Party meetings in Leicester in April 1935, he said, "For the first time I openly and publicly challenge the Jewish interests of this country, commanding commerce, commanding the Press, commanding the cinema, dominating the City of London, killing industry with their sweat-shops. These great interests are not intimidating, and will not intimidate, the Fascist movement of the modern age."[50] The party was unable to fight the 1935 general election.

Plaque commemorating the Battle of Cable Street

In October 1936, Mosley and the BUF tried to march through an area with a high proportion of Jewish residents. Violence, now called the Battle of Cable Street, resulted between protesters trying to block the march and police trying to force it through. Sir Philip Game, the Police Commissioner, stopped the march from proceeding and the BUF abandoned it.

Mosley continued to organise marches policed by the Blackshirts, and the government was sufficiently concerned to pass the Public Order Act 1936, which, amongst other things, banned political uniforms and quasi-military style organisations and came into effect on 1 January 1937. In the London County Council elections in 1937, the BUF stood in three wards in East London (some former New Party seats), its strongest areas, polling up to a quarter of the vote. Mosley made most of the Blackshirt employees redundant, some of whom then defected from the party with William Joyce.

In October 1937 in Liverpool, he was knocked unconscious by two stones thrown by crowd members after he delivered a fascist salute to 8,000 people from the top of a van in Walton.[51]

As the European situation moved towards war, the BUF began to nominate Parliamentary by-election candidates and launched campaigns on the theme of "Mind Britain's Business". Mosley remained popular as late as summer 1939. His Britain First rally at the Earls Court Exhibition Hall on 16 July 1939 was the biggest indoor political rally in British history, with a reported 30,000 attendees.

After the outbreak of war, Mosley led the campaign for a negotiated peace, but after the Fall of France and the commencement of aerial bombardment during the Battle of Britain overall public opinion of him became hostile. In mid-May 1940, he was nearly wounded by an assault.[52]

## Internment[edit]

Unbeknown to Mosley, MI5 and the Special Branch had deeply penetrated the BUF and were also monitoring him through listening devices. Beginning in 1934, they were increasingly worried that Mosley's noted oratory skills would convince the public to provide financial support to the BUF, enabling it to challenge the political establishment.[53] His agitation was officially tolerated until the events of the Battle of France in May 1940 made the government consider him too dangerous. Mosley, who at that time was focused on pleading for the British to accept Hitler's peace offer of March, was detained on 23 May 1940, less than a fortnight after Winston Churchill became Prime Minister.[1] Mosley was interrogated for 16 hours by Lord Birkett[53] but never formally charged with a crime, and was instead interned under Defence Regulation 18B. Most other active fascists in Britain met the same fate, resulting in the BUF's practical removal at an organised level from the United Kingdom's political stage.[1] Mosley's wife, Diana, was also interned in June,[54] shortly after the birth of their son (Max Mosley); the Mosleys lived together for most of the war in a house in the grounds of Holloway prison. The BUF was proscribed by the British Government later that year.

Mosley used the time in confinement to read extensively in classics, particularly regarding politics and war, with a focus upon key historical figures. He refused visits from most BUF members, but on 18 March 1943, Dudley and Norah Elam (who had been released by then) accompanied Unity Mitford to see her sister Diana. Mosley agreed to be present because he mistakenly believed that it was Lady Redesdale, Diana and Unity's mother, who was accompanying Unity.[55] The internment, particularly that of Lady Mosley, resulted in significant public debate in the press, although most of the public supported the Government's actions. Others demanded a trial, either in the hope it would end the detention or in the hope of a conviction.[1] During his internment he developed what would become a lifelong friendship with fellow prisoner Cahir Healy, a Catholic Irish nationalist MP for the Northern Irish parliament.[56]

In November 1943, the Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison, ordered the release of the Mosleys. After a fierce debate in the House of Commons, Morrison's action was upheld by a vote of 327–26.[1] Mosley, who was suffering with phlebitis, spent the rest of the war confined under house arrest and police supervision. On his release from prison, he first stayed with his sister-in-law Pamela Mitford, followed shortly by a stay at the Shaven Crown Hotel in Shipton-under-Wychwood. He then purchased Crux Easton House, near Newbury, with Diana.[57] He and his wife remained the subject of much press attention.[58]

## Post-war politics[edit]

After the Second World War, Mosley was contacted by former supporters and persuaded to return to participation in politics. In 1948 he formed the Union Movement, which called for a single nation-state to cover the continent of Europe (known as Europe a Nation) and in 1962 attempted to launch a National Party of Europe to this end. He had connections with the Italian neo-Fascist political party,  Movimento Sociale Italiano, and contributed to a weekly Roman magazine, Asso di bastoni (Ace of Clubs, published from 1948 to 1957), which was supported by his Europe a Nation.[59] The New European has described Mosley as an "avowed Europhile".[60] The Union Movement's meetings were often physically disrupted, as Mosley's meetings had been before the war, and largely by the same opponents. This may have contributed to his decision, in 1951, to leave Britain and live in Ireland.[61] He responded to criticism of his abandoning his supporters in a hostile Britain for a life abroad by saying, "You don't clear up a dungheap from underneath it."[62] In the 1950s Mosley advocated that Africa be divided into black and white areas,[63] but the  decolonisation of the 1960s put an end to this proposal.[64][need quotation to verify]

Mosley was a key pioneer in the emergence of Holocaust denial. While not denying the existence of Nazi concentration camps, he claimed that they were a necessity to hold "a considerable disaffected population", where problems were caused by lack of supplies due to "incessant bombing" by the Allies, with bodies burned in gas chambers due to typhus outbreaks, rather than being created by the Nazis to exterminate people. He sought to discredit pictures taken in places like  Buchenwald and  Belsen. He also claimed that the Holocaust was to be blamed on the Jews and that Adolf Hitler knew nothing about it. He criticised the Nuremberg trials as "a zoo and a peep show".[7]

In the wake of the  1958 Notting Hill race-riots, Mosley briefly returned to Britain to stand in the 1959 general election at Kensington North. He led his campaign stridently on an anti-immigration platform, calling for forced repatriation of Caribbean immigrants as well as a  prohibition upon mixed marriages. Mosley's final share of the vote was 8.1%.[65] Shortly after his failed election campaign, Mosley permanently moved to Orsay, outside Paris.

In 1961, he took part in a debate at University College London about  Commonwealth immigration, seconded by a young David Irving.[66] He returned to politics one last time, contesting the 1966 general election at Shoreditch and Finsbury, and received 4.6% of the vote.[65] After this, he retired and moved back to France,[65] where he wrote his autobiography,  My Life (1968). In 1968 he remarked in a letter to The Times, "I am not, and never have been, a man of the right. My position was on the left and is now in the centre of politics."[67]

In 1977 Mosley was nominated as a candidate for Rector of the University of Glasgow.[68] He polled over 100 votes, but finished bottom.[citation needed]

Mosley's political thought is believed to have influence on the organic farming movement in Great Britain. Henry Williamson, the agricultural writer and ruralist, put the theories of "blood and soil" into practice, which, in effect, acted as a demonstration farm for Mosley's ideas for the BUF. In The Story of a Norfolk Farm (1941) Williamson recounts the physical and philosophical journey he undertook in turning the farm's worn-out soil back into fertile land. The tone contained in this text is more politically overt than in his nature works. Throughout the book, Williamson makes references to regular meetings he had held with his "Leader" (Mosley) and a group of like-minded agrarian thinkers. Lady Eve Balfour, a founder of the Soil Association, supported Mosley's proposals to abolish Church of England tithes on agricultural land (Mosley's blackshirts "protected" a number of East Anglian farms in the 1930s from the bailiffs authorised to extract payments to the Church).[69] Jorian Jenks, another early member of the Soil Association, was active within the Blackshirts and served as Mosley's agricultural adviser.[70][71]

## Personal life[edit]

Mosley had three children with his first wife Lady Cynthia Curzon.[11]

* Vivien Elisabeth Mosley (1921–2002); she married Desmond Francis Forbes Adam (1926–58) on 15 January 1949. Adam had been educated at Eton College and at King's College, Cambridge. The couple had two daughters, Cynthia and Arabella, and a son, Rupert.
* Nicholas Mosley (1923–2017) (later 3rd Baron Ravensdale a title inherited from his mother's family), and 7th Baronet of Ancoats; he was a novelist and wrote a biography of his father and edited his memoirs for publication.
* Michael Mosley (1932–2012), unmarried and without issue.

In 1924, Lady Cynthia joined the Labour Party, and was elected as the Labour MP for Stoke-on-Trent in 1929. She later joined Oswald's New Party and lost the 1931 election in Stoke.[72] She died in 1933 at 34 after an operation for peritonitis following acute appendicitis, in London.

Mosley had two children with his second wife, Diana Mitford (1910–2003):[11]

* (Oswald) Alexander Mosley (1938–2005); father of Louis Mosley (born 1983)
* Max Mosley (1940–2021), who was president of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) for 16 years

In later life he developed Parkinson's disease.[73][74]

## Death and funeral[edit]

Oswald Mosley died on 3 December 1980 at Orsay. His body was cremated in a ceremony held at the Père Lachaise Cemetery, and his ashes were scattered on the pond at Orsay. His son Alexander stated that they had received many messages of condolence but no abusive words. "All that was a very long time ago," he said.[75]

## Electoral record[edit]

General election 1931: Stoke-on-Trent  Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %  | ±%

|
|
|
|

| Conservative | Ida Copeland | 19,918  | 45.56  |
| Labour | Ellis Smith | 13,264  | 30.34  |
| New Party | Oswald Mosley | 10,534  | 24.10  | New
Majority  | 6,654  | 15.22  | N/A
Turnout | 43,716  | 75.88  |
| Conservative gain from Labour | Swing |  |
General election 1929: Smethwick[76] Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %  | ±%

|
|
|
|

| Labour | Oswald Mosley | 19,550  | 54.8  | −2.3
| Unionist | Roy Wise | 12,210  | 34.2  | +0.5
| Liberal | Maude Egerton Marshall  | 3,909  | 11.0  | +1.8
Majority  | 7,340  | 20.6  | −2.8
Turnout | 35,669  | 78.9  | +0.3
| Labour hold | Swing | -1.4  |
1926 Smethwick by-election[76] Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %  | ±%

|
|
|
|

| Labour | Oswald Mosley | 16,077  | 57.1  | +4.8
| Unionist | Marshall James Pike  | 9,495  | 33.7  | −14.0
| Liberal | Edwin Bayliss | 2,600  | 9.2  | New
Majority  | 6,582  | 23.4  | +18.8
Turnout | 35,862  | 78.6  | +0.4
| Labour hold | Swing | −9.4  |
General election 1924: Birmingham Ladywood  Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %  | ±%

|
|
|
|

| Unionist | Neville Chamberlain | 13,374  | 49.1  | –4.1
| Labour | Oswald Mosley | 13,297  | 48.9  | +2.1
| Liberal | Alfred William Bowkett  | 539  | 2.0  | New
Majority  | 77  | 0.2  | –3.8
Turnout | 27,200  | 80.5  | +8.5
| Unionist hold | Swing | –2.0  |
General election 1923: Harrow[77] Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %  | ±%

|
|
|
|

| Independent | Oswald Mosley | 14,079  | 59.9  | −6.1
| Unionist | Edward Hugh Frederick Morris  | 9,433  | 40.1  | +6.1
Majority  | 4,646  | 19.8  | −12.2
Turnout | 23,512  | 64.5  | −0.6
Registered electors | 36,475  |  |
| Independent hold | Swing | −6.1  |
General election 1922: Harrow[77] Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %  | ±%

|
|
|
|

| Independent | Oswald Mosley | 15,290  | 66.0  | N/A
| Unionist | Charles Ward-Jackson | 7,868  | 34.0  | −48.3
Majority  | 7,422  | 32.0  | N/A
Turnout | 23,158  | 65.1  | +14.7
Registered electors | 35,592  |  |
| Independent gain from Unionist | Swing |  |
General election 1918: Harrow[77] Party  | Candidate  | Votes  | %  | ±%

|
|
|
|

C | Unionist | Oswald Mosley | 13,959 | 82.3 | N/A
| Independent | Arthur Robert Chamberlayne  | 3,007  | 17.7  | New
Majority  | 10,934  | 64.6  | N/A
Turnout | 16,957  | 50.4  | N/A
Registered electors | 33,651  |  |
| Unionist hold | Swing | N/A |
C indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.

Chamberlayne was nominated by the non-party Harrow Electors League

## Archive and residences[edit]

Mosley's personal papers are held at the University of Birmingham's Special Collections Archive.

Mosley's ancestral family residence, Rolleston Hall in Staffordshire, was demolished in 1928.[78] Mosley and his first wife, Cynthia, also lived at Savay Farm, Denham.[79] Immediately following his release in 1943, Mosley lived with his second wife, Diana, at Crux Easton, Hampshire In 1945, he moved to Crowood Farm, located near Marlborough, Wiltshire, which he ran. In November 1945, Mosley was summoned to court for allegedly causing unnecessary suffering to be caused to pigs by failing to provide adequate feeding and accommodation for them. When the decision of the court was announced, Mosley, who had pleaded not guilty, and summoned his own defence, was responsible for an outburst. The hearing lasted for five hours and the charge was dismissed.[80]

Mosley's residence in Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland, known as Ileclash House, was put up for sale in 2011, and again in 2016, 2018 and 2020. A Georgian style house, it was built in the 18th century and by 2011 was accompanied by 12 acres. It had fallen into a state of disrepair until it was purchased and restored by Mosley in the 1950s.[81] In the same decade, he bought and restored Clonfert Palace, also in Ireland.[82]

## In popular culture[edit]

### Alternative history fiction[edit]

Comics

* In the Elseworlds comic Superman: War of the Worlds, Mosley becomes prime minister after the defeat of the Martian invasion of 1938.

Literature

* In Terrance Dicks' Doctor Who New Adventures novel Timewyrm: Exodus, Prime Minister Mosley is shown addressing Britain's first National Socialist parliament.
* In Kim Newman's The Bloody Red Baron, Mosley is shot down and killed in 1918 by Erich von Stalhein (from the Biggles series by W. E. Johns) and a character later comments that "a career has been ended before it was begun".
* In Philip Roth's The Plot Against America, a secret pact between Charles Lindbergh who has become president of the United States and Hitler includes an agreement to impose Mosley as the ruler of a German-occupied Britain with America's blessing after a ruse in which Lindbergh convinces Churchill to negotiate peace with Hitler, which deliberately fails – mirroring the dishonesty and repudiation of key Hitler-signed treaties, the Munich Conference Accord and Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.
* In C. J. Sansom's novel Dominion, the Second World War ends in June 1940, when the British government, under the leadership of prime minister Lord Halifax, signs a peace treaty with Nazi Germany in Berlin. By November 1952, Mosley is the home secretary in the cabinet of Lord Beaverbrook, who leads a coalition government consisting of the pro-treaty factions of the Conservatives and Labour as well as the BUF. The government works closely and sympathises with the Nazi regime in Germany. Under Mosley's leadership, the police have become a feared force and an "Auxiliary Police" consisting mainly of British Union of Fascists thugs that has been set up to deal with political crime.
* In Lavie Tidhar's A Man Lies Dreaming (2014), Mosley is running for (and eventually becomes) prime minister, in a world where the Communist Party of Germany, rather than the Nazis, successfully overthrew the Weimar Republic in 1933.
* Mosley appears more than once in the works of Harry Turtledove.
* The Colonization trilogy sees Mosley, still an MP in 1963, spearheading an effort to pass legislation revoking the citizenship of all Jews; the plan fails in the short term.
* In the Presence of Mine Enemies (2003) empowers Mosley as British leader in a scenario in which Nazi Germany won the Second World War.
* In the Southern Victory series, Mosley is the minister of war under prime minister Winston Churchill in an authoritarian and revanchist Britain after the Entente lose the First Great War. Taking power around 1932, the Churchill/Mosley government joins the Kingdom of France and the Russian Empire in attacking the German Empire and the Central Powers in the Second Great War from 1941 to 1944 with disastrous results.
* In Guy Walters' The Leader, Mosley has taken power as "The Leader" of Great Britain in 1937. King Edward VIII is still on the throne after his marriage, Winston Churchill is a prisoner on the Isle of Man, and prime minister Mosley is conspiring with Adolf Hitler about the fate of Britain's Jewish population.
* In the sixth book in Jacqueline Winspear's Maisie Dobbs series, Among the Mad, Maisie's investigation takes her to a meeting of Oswald Mosley followers where violence ensues.
* In the 1944 World War II novel Kaputt by Curzio Malaparte, Mosley appears in an important dream sequence. This happens in chapter IV of the book that is based on the writer's experiences in Moldavia, just before he recounts his first hand experiences of the Iași pogrom.
* In Roy Carter's alternative history novel, The Man Who Prevented WW2, Mosley wins the 1935 election, allies Britain with the Axis Powers, abolishes the monarchy and declares war on Ireland and France.

Film

* In the mockumentary It Happened Here (1964), showing a Nazi-occupied Britain in the mid-1940s, Mosley is never mentioned by name. A British fascist leader resembling him is, however, shown in "documentary" footage from the 1930s. Mosley's portrait can be seen alongside Hitler's in government offices. The film's fictional Immediate Action Organisation seems to be inspired by Mosley's British Union of Fascists, with members referred to as "blackshirts" and the symbol of the BUF appearing on their uniforms.[83]

Video games

* In the Hearts of Iron series of grand strategy games, Oswald Mosley is usually the leader of the United Kingdom if the fascists seize power.

### Historical and modern day fiction[edit]

Film

* In Darkest Hour (2017), Churchill, played by Gary Oldman, discusses with his Outer Cabinet the possibility of Britain becoming a slave state of Nazi Germany under Mosley if the decision is made to pursue peace talks right before his "We Shall Never Surrender" speech.[84]
* In the film Pink Floyd: The Wall (1982), during the "In the Flesh" segment, the character Pink (at this stage in the story, a modern Fascist leader) is dressed in a fashion similar to that of Mosley's.[85]
* In the film The Remains of the Day (1993), the character Sir Geoffrey Wren is based loosely on Sir Oswald Mosley.

Literature

* Amanda K. Hale's novel Mad Hatter (2019) features Mosley as her father James Larratt Battersby's leader in the BUF.
* Aldous Huxley's novel Point Counter Point (1928) features Everard Webley, a character who is similar to Mosley in the 1920s, before Mosley left the Labour Party.
* In H. G. Wells's novel The Holy Terror (1939), the Mosley-like character Lord Horatio Bohun is the leader of an organisation called the Popular Socialist Party. The character is principally motivated by vanity, and is removed from leadership and sent packing to Argentina.
* P. G. Wodehouse's Jeeves short-story and novel series includes the character Sir Roderick Spode from 1938 to 1971, who is a parody of Mosley.[86]

Music

* Originally, Elvis Costello's song "Less Than Zero" (1977) was an attack on Mosley and his politics. Listeners in the United States had assumed that the "Mr. Oswald" in the lyrics was Lee Harvey Oswald, so Costello wrote an alternative lyric to refer to Kennedy's assassin.[87]: 74, 84
* On Mosley's release from prison in 1943, Ewan MacColl wrote the song "The Leader's a Bleeder", set to the tune of the Irish song "The Old Orange Flute". The song suggests that Mosley had been treated relatively well in prison owing to his aristocratic background.[88]

Periodicals

* In 2006, BBC History magazine selected Mosley as the 20th century's worst Briton.[89]

Television

* The Channel 4 biographical miniseries Mosley (1997) starred Jonathan Cake.
* The satirical television programme Not the Nine O'Clock News lampooned the British media's favourable 1980 obituaries of Mosley in a comedic music video, "Baronet Oswald Ernald Mosley". The actors, dressed as Nazi punks, performed a punk rock eulogy to Mosley, interweaving some of the positive remarks by newspapers from all sides of the political spectrum, including The Times and The Guardian.[90]
* The BBC Wales-produced 2010 revival of Upstairs Downstairs, set in 1936, included a storyline involving Mosley, the BUF and the Battle of Cable Street.
* Mosley, played by Sam Claflin, is the primary antagonist in the fifth and sixth series of the BBC crime drama Peaky Blinders.[91]
* Mosley was played by Jonathan McGuinness in the first series of the BBC war drama World on Fire.

## See also[edit]

* The European
* Houston Stewart Chamberlain

## References[edit]

Notes

1. ^ Amato 2002, pp. 278–279, quotes national archive document HO 283/11, which states that among the property seized following Mosley's arrest by the British government in 1940 was correspondence between Mosley and Beaumont dating from 1937.
2. ^ Arrested in the sense of stunned or gripped.

Citations

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\- Dorril, Stephen (6 October 2017). Blackshirt: Sir Oswald Mosley and British Fascism. Thistle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-910670-71-2.
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4. ^ Worley, Matthew (January 2011) [22 December 2010]. "Why Fascism? Sir Oswald Mosley and the Conception of the British Union of Fascists". History. 96 (1 (321)): 72. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2010.00507.x. ISSN 0018-2648. JSTOR 24429007 - via JSTOR.
5. ^ Barling, Kurt (4 October 2011). "Why remember Battle of Cable Street?". BBC News. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
\- Philpot, Robert. "The true history behind London's much-lauded anti-fascist Battle of Cable Street". Times of Israel. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
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8. ^ Hobbs, Mark (2017). "The men who rewrite history: Holocaust denial and the British far right from 1967". In Copsey, Nigel; Worley, Matthew (eds.). Tomorrow Belongs to Us: The British Far Right Since 1967. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317190882.
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\- General Register Office Index of Births in England and Wales for October, November and December 1896 (Registration district: St George, Hanover Square, Middlesex), p. 399
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58. ^ Mosley, Nicholas. Rules of the Game, Beyond the Pale. p. 503.
59. ^ Andrea Mammone (2011). "Revitalizing and de-territorializing fascism in the 1950s: the extreme right in France and Italy, and the pan-national ('European') imaginary". Patterns of Prejudice. 45 (4): 297. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2011.605842. S2CID 145290608.
60. ^ Meleady, Sean (4 November 2021). "Britain's post-war fascist pro-Europeans". The New European. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
61. ^ "Mosley in Ireland". The Dublin Review. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2019. "In 1946, through his solicitor, Mosley told officials in Dublin that he was interested in settling in Ireland.  De Valera was consulted and Mosley's solicitor was summoned to the Department of Justice to be told that 'the time was perhaps not opportune for him to take up permanent residence and that he might delay his decision for some time until international tempers were quieter'. Five years later with the hostility he encountered in Britain showing no sign of abating, Mosley moved to Ireland."
62. ^ Jonathan Guinness, Catherine Guinness, The House of Mitford (1985), p. 540.
63. ^ Skidelsky, Robert (1975). Oswald Mosley. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 486\. ISBN 9780030865800. Retrieved 18 February 2023 - via Google Books. "In April 1948 he endorsed a plan by Oswald Pirow, a former South African cabinet minister and founder in 1940 of a pro-Nazi New Order, for dividing Africa into black and white areas."
64. ^ Rees, Philip (1990). Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890. Harvester Wheatsheaf. ISBN 9780710810199. Retrieved 18 February 2023 - via Google Books.
65. ^ a b c Barberis, Peter; McHugh, John; Tyldesley, Mike (2005). Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 194\. ISBN 978-0-8264-5814-8. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2013 - via Google Books.
66. ^ "Mosley Packs Them In",  Pi Newspaper, 2 February 1961.
67. ^ "Letters". The Times. 26 April 1968. p. 11.
68. ^ http://digital.library.leeds.ac.uk/10132/1/LUA-PUB-002-LS-171_000.pdf
69. ^ Richard Negus (27 July 2022). "Blood and soil: the Greens' fascist roots". The Critic Magazine. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
70. ^ "On the Dark Side of the Land". Resurgence. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
\- Andrew, Steve (15 March 2017). "Green fascism? Bio shows surprising roots of organic farming movement". People's World. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
71. ^ Coupland, Philip M. (19 September 2016). Farming, Fascism and Ecology: A life of Jorian Jenks. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-30021-2.
72. ^ Cathy Hartley (2003). A Historical Dictionary of British Women. Psychology Press. pp. 325–. ISBN 978-1-85743-228-2. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2019 - via Google Books.
73. ^ https://debretts.com/who-was-peaky-blinders-villain-sir-oswald-mosley
74. ^ https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Paradox_of_Freedom/_GDlIIygSxYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq="Oswald+Mosley"+PARKINSON'S+disease&pg=PA137&printsec=frontcover
75. ^ "Sir Oswald Mosley cremated in Paris". The Times. 9 December 1980. p. 6.
76. ^ a b British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig (1983). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.
77. ^ a b c British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig
78. ^ "Rolleston Hall – General History". The local history of Burton on Trent. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
79. ^ "Understanding Historic Parks and Gardens in Buckinghamshire" (PDF). Buckinghamshire Gardens Trust.
\- "Slough | Denham". VisitorUK. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
\- Skinner, James (30 November 2011). Growing Up in Wartime Uxbridge. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-8014-5.
80. ^ "Oswald Mosley papers: Nicholas Mosley deposit". Archives Hub. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
\- "Newbury Weekly News". 26 November 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2022 - via PressReader.
\- Thompson, Laura (30 September 2015). Take Six Girls: The Lives of the Mitford Sisters. Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-78497-088-8.
81. ^ Bill Browne (5 May 2011). "Fascist Oswald Mosley's house in Fermoy up for sale". The Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
\- Scanlon, Eoin (21 April 2016). "€3.5 million Ileclash House for sale along River Blackwater". The Avondhu. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
\- Rose Martin (28 April 2018). "House of the week: Perfectly restored, pristine period house in Fermoy". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
\- Amy Nolan (30 January 2020). "Take a look at this incredible Cork mansion on the market for €2.75m". Echo Live. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
82. ^ Maurice Walsh (Spring 2007). "Mosley in Ireland". The Dublin Review (26). Archived from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
\- Emily Hourican (18 July 2021). "How the Mitford sisters' flight from fascism took them to Ireland". The Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
83. ^ Pierre Sorlin (1991). European Cinemas, European Societies, 1939–1990. Psychology Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-415-05671-7. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2014 - via Google Books.
84. ^ Darkest Hour (2017) – Death Before Disarmament Scene on YouTube
85. ^ Ebert, Roger (24 February 2010). "Pink Floyd: The Wall (1982)". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2022. "I don't believe this dictator is intended as a parallel to any obvious model like Hitler or Stalin; he seems more a fantasy of Britain's own National Socialists led by Oswald Mosley."
86. ^ Atkin, Nicholas (2009). Themes in Modern European History, 1890–1945. Taylor & Francis. p. 260\. ISBN 978-0-415-39145-0. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2015 - via Google Books.
\- Jones, Charlotte (20 December 2013). "The Code of Woosters, by PG Wodehouse: Splendid, Jeeves!". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
87. ^ Thomson, Graeme (2004). Complicated Shadows: The Life and Music of Elvis Costello. New York: Canongate. ISBN 978-1-84195-796-8.
88. ^ Seeger, Peggy (September 2009). The Essential Ewan MacColl Songbook. Minnesota, US: Loomis House Press. pp. 240–241. ISBN 978-1-935243-12-0. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
89. ^ "'Worst' historical Britons list". BBC News. 27 December 2005. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
90. ^ Not The Nine O'Clock News: "Baronet Oswald Ernald Mosley", Some of the Corpses are Amusing. Archived 22 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
91. ^ Adebowale, Temi (12 October 2019). "The True Story of 'Peaky Blinders' Character Oswald Mosley". Men's Health. Retrieved 28 September 2023.

Bibliography

* Amato, Joseph Anthony (2002). Rethinking Home: A Case for Writing Local History. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 278–79. ISBN 978-0-520-23293-8. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2014 - via Google Books.
* Macklin, Graham (2006). Chamberlain. Haus Books. ISBN 978-1-904950-62-2.
* Mosley, Nicholas (1982). Rules of the Game: Sir Oswald and Lady Cynthia Mosley, 1896–1933. Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978-0-436-28849-4.
* Mosley, Nicholas (1983). Beyond the Pale: Sir Oswald Mosley and Family, 1933–1980. Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978-0-436-28852-4.
* Mosley, Oswald (1968). My Life. Arlington House. ISBN 978-0-87000-160-4.

Further reading

* Dorril, Stephen (2006). Blackshirt: Sir Oswald Mosley and British Fascism. Viking Publishing. ISBN 0-670-86999-6.
* Farndale, Nigel (2005). Haw-Haw: The Tragedy of William and Margaret Joyce. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-98992-0.
* Gottlieb, Julie V. (2000). Feminine Fascism: Women in Britain's Fascist Movement 1923-1945. London: I.B. Tauris.
* Pugh, Martin (2005). Hurrah for the Blackshirts!: Fascists and Fascism in Britain between the Wars. Random House. ISBN 0-224-06439-8.
* Skidelsky, Robert (1975). Oswald Mosley. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-086580-0.
* Skidelsky, Robert (1969). "The Problem of Mosley: Why a Fascist Failed". Encounter. Vol. 33, no. 192\. pp. 77–88.
* Worley, Matthew (2010). Oswald Mosley and the New Party. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-20697-7.

## External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oswald Mosley.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Oswald Mosley.

Wikisource has original works by or about:
Oswald Mosley

* Friends of Oswald Mosley at oswaldmosley.com, containing archives of his speeches and books
* Oswald Mosley at IMDb
* Newspaper clippings about Oswald Mosley in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
* "Mosley and the BUF". Exploring 20th Century London. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
* Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Oswald Mosley
* "Hull Race Riot". Hull Daily Mail. 1936. (last accessible, 23 October 2017)
* "Metropolitan Police records of the BUF incident at Olympia, 1934". British National Archives.
* "MI5 surveillance of Mosley". BBC News.
* Oswald Mosley on the Frost Programme, 1967 on YouTube
* Sir Oswald Mosley Interview on Thames Television, 1975 on YouTube

Parliament of the United Kingdom

Preceded by

Harry Deeley

|  Member of Parliament for Harrow
1918–1924 | Succeeded by

Isidore Salmon

Preceded by

John Davison

|  Member of Parliament for Smethwick
1926–1931 | Succeeded by

Roy Wise

Political offices
Preceded by

The Lord Cushendun

|  Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
1929–1930  | Succeeded by

Clement Attlee

Baronetage of Great Britain
Preceded by

Oswald Mosley

|  Baronet
of Ancoats
1928–1980  | Succeeded by

Nicholas Mosley

* v
* t
* e

Oswald Mosley

Organisations|

* New Party (1931–1932)
* British Union of Fascists (1932–1940)
* Fascist Defence Force (1933–1940)
* Union Movement (1948–1973)
* National Party of Europe (1962–1966)
* Friends of Oswald Mosley (1982–)

Output|

* Europe a Nation
* My Life (autobiography)

In culture|

* "Less than Zero" (song)
* Mosley (TV serial)
* Roderick Spode

* v
* t
* e

Far-right politics in the United Kingdom

Pre-1945 groups|

* British Brothers' League
* British Fascists
* British People's Party
* British Union of Fascists
* The Britons
* Britons Publishing Society
* English National Association
* Imperial Fascist League
* The Link
* Militant Christian Patriots
* National Fascisti
* National Party
* National Socialist League
* Nordic League
* Right Club

Defunct
post-1945 groups|

* British Democratic Party
* British Empire Party
* British Freedom Party
* British People's Party
* British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women
* British League of Rights
* British National Party
* Column 88
* Conservative Democratic Alliance
* Constitutional Movement
* England First Party
* European Liberation Front
* Flag Group
* For Britain
* Football Lads Alliance
* Greater Britain Movement
* International Third Position
* League of Empire Loyalists
* Liberty GB
* National Democratic Party
* National Democrats
* National Fellowship
* National Independence Party
* National Labour Party
* National Party
* National Socialist Action Party
* National Socialist Movement
* National Socialist Movement
* Nationalist Alliance
* New Britain Party
* New Nationalist Party
* Northern League
* Official National Front
* Patriotic Party
* Racial Preservation Society
* Revolutionary Conservative Caucus
* Spearhead
* Union Movement
* United Country Party
* White Defence League
* White Nationalist Party
* Western Goals Institute

Active groups|

* Blood & Honour
* Britain First
* British Democratic Party
* British Movement
* British National Party (BNP Youth)
* Christian Council of Britain
* Combat 18
* English Defence League
* English Democrats (some members)
* Friends of Oswald Mosley
* Homeland Party
* League of Saint George
* London Forum
* National Action
* National Front
* National Liberal Party
* November 9th Society
* Patriotic Alternative
* Protestant Coalition
* Pie and Mash squad
* Order of Nine Angles
* Racial Volunteer Force
* Sonnenkrieg Division
* Stop Islamisation of Europe
* Traditional Britain Group

Pre-1945 people|

* Mary Sophia Allen
* John Amery
* Henry Hamilton Beamish
* John Beckett
* Hastings Russell, 12th Duke of Bedford
* R. B. D. Blakeney
* A. K. Chesterton
* John Henry Clarke
* Thomas Haller Cooper
* Barry Domvile
* Henry Drummond Wolff
* Josslyn Hay, 22nd Earl of Erroll
* William Evans-Gordon
* Robert Forgan
* Rolf Gardiner
* Patrick Boyle, 8th Earl of Glasgow
* Harold Elsdale Goad
* Reginald Goodall
* Robert Gordon-Canning
* Louis Greig
* Neil Francis Hawkins
* J. F. C. Fuller
* William Joyce
* Arnold Leese
* Rotha Lintorn-Orman
* Frank McLardy
* Unity Mitford
* Diana Mosley
* Cynthia Mosley
* Oswald Mosley
* Gerard Wallop, 9th Earl of Portsmouth
* Archibald Maule Ramsay
* David Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale
* Alliott Verdon Roe
* Edward Russell, 26th Baron de Clifford
* Alexander Raven Thomson
* Graham Seton Hutchison
* Herbert Vivian
* Charlie Watts
* Nesta Helen Webster
* Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington
* Henry Williamson
* Ormonde Winter
* Francis Yeats-Brown

Post-1945 people|

* Ian Anderson
* Richard Barnbrook
* A. F. X. Baron
* James Larratt Battersby
* Derek Beackon
* John Bean
* Carl Benjamin
* Jane, Lady Birdwood
* Jonathan Bowden
* Andrew Brons
* Kevin Bryan
* Jack Buckby
* Eddy Butler
* A. K. Chesterton
* Mark Collett
* David Copeland
* Mark Cotterill
* Nicky Crane
* Simon Darby
* Sharon Ebanks
* Richard Edmonds
* Jim Dowson
* Andrew Fountaine
* Jayda Fransen
* Paul Golding
* Nick Griffin
* Jeffrey Hamm
* Anthony Hancock
* Patrick Harrington
* Ray Hill
* Derek Holland
* Tom Holmes
* Katie Hopkins
* David Irving
* Colin Jordan
* Raheem Kassam
* Arthur Kemp
* Alex Kurtagić
* John Kingsley Read
* Alan Lake
* Richard Lawson
* Tony Lecomber
* Michael McLaughlin
* Eddy Morrison
* John Morse
* David Myatt
* John O'Brien
* Roy Painter
* Neema Parvini
* Denis Pirie
* Kevin Quinn
* Anthony Reed Herbert
* Robert Relf
* Jack Renshaw
* Colin Robertson
* Tommy Robinson
* Robert Row
* Simon Sheppard
* Kenny Smith
* Troy Southgate
* Ian Stuart Donaldson
* Keith Thompson
* John Tyndall
* Richard Verrall
* Adam Walker
* Anne Marie Waters
* Paul Joseph Watson
* Martin Webster
* Robert West
* Paul Weston
* Graham Williamson
* Martin Wingfield
* John Graeme Wood
* Milo Yiannopoulos

Related articles|

* Anglo-German Fellowship
* Battle of Cable Street
* British Fascism
* British National Party election results
* Cliveden set
* Europe a Nation
* List of British fascist parties
* National Front election results
* Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies
* Political Soldier
* Rock Against Communism

Active notable publications|

* Candour
* Redwatch

Far-right monitoring|

* Red Flare
* Hope Not Hate

* v
* t
* e

Fascism

Themes

| Core tenets|

* Actual idealism
* Aestheticization of politics
* Anti-communism
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-materialism
* Anti-pacifism
* Authoritarianism
* Chauvinism
* Class collaboration
* Conspiracism
* Corporatism
* Cult of personality
* Dictatorship
* Direct action
* Dirigisme
* Economic interventionism
* Eugenics
* Heroic capitalism
* Heroic realism
* Heroism
* Imperialism
* Indoctrination
* Irrationalism
* Machismo
* Masculinity
* Militarism
* National syndicalism
* Nationalism
* Integral
* Palingenetic
* Ultra
* New Man
* One-party state
* Perpetual war
* Populism
* Proletarian nation
* Propaganda
* Racism
* Reactionary modernism
* Social Darwinism
* Social interventionism
* Social order
* State capitalism
* Statolatry
* Supercapitalism
* Syncretism
* Third Position
* Totalitarianism

|

Topics|

* Definitions
* Economics
* Fascism and ideology
* Fascism worldwide
* Symbolism

Variants

* Argentine
* Nacionalismo
* Orthodox Peronism
* Austrian
* Banderism
* Brazilian
* British
* Christian
* Clerical
* Crypto
* Eco
* Falangism
* Francoism
* French
* Révolution nationale
* Hindutva
* Hungarism
* Hutu
* Ilminism
* Islamic
* Italian
* Jewish
* Kahanism
* Revisionist Maximalism
* LaRoucheism
* Mystical
* Nazism
* Austrian
* Esoteric
* Hitlerism
* Neo-Nazism
* Strasserism
* Neo
* Pan-Turkic
* Rexism
* Romanian
* Legionarism
* Neo-Legionarism
* Romanianism/Stelism
* Russian
* Neo-Eurasianism
* Sosism
* Shōwa Statism
* Restoration
* Syndicalist
* Syrian Social Nationalism
* Techno
* Third Positionism
* National-anarchism
* National Bolshevism
* Nazi-Maoism
* Ustašism

Movements

| Africa|

* Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
* Greyshirts
* Muslim Association of the Lictor
* Ossewabrandwag
* Young Egypt Party (1933)

|

Asia|

* Abhinav Bharat
* Al-Muthanna Club
* Aria Party
* Azerbaijan National Democrat Party
* Azure Party
* Black Dragon Society
* Blue Shirts Society
* Brit HaBirionim
* Concordia Association
* Grey Wolves
* Golden Square
* Hindu Mahasabha
* Iran-e-No Party
* Jewish National Front
* Kach
* Kataeb Party
* Kenkokukai
* Kokumin Dōmei
* Korea Nationalist Party
* Korean National Youth Association
* Lehi
* Liberal Party (South Korea)
* Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf
* National Socialism Association
* National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party
* Nationalist Movement Party
* Nationalist Task Party
* National Will Party
* Nation Party of Iran
* New Life Movement
* Otzma Yehudit
* Pan-Iranist Party
* Palestine Arab Party
* Patrol 36
* Progress Party (Iran)
* Philippine Falange
* Rastakhiz Party
* Rastriya Prajatantra Party
* Religious Zionist Party
* Sakurakai
* Sangh Parivar
* Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
* Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal
* Bharatiya Janata Party
* Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
* Bharatiya Jana Sangh
* Bharatiya Kisan Sangh
* Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh
* Bharat Vikas Parishad
* Ekal Vidyalaya
* Hindu Makkal Katchi
* Hindu Munnani
* Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh
* Jammu Praja Parishad
* Muslim Rashtriya Manch
* Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas
* Rashtra Sevika Samiti
* Rashtriya Sikh Sangat
* Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
* Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana
* Seva Bharati
* Vidya Bharati
* Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram
* Vishva Hindu Parishad
* Bajrang Dal
* Durga Vahini
* SUMKA
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party
* Tōhōkai
* Tsagaan Khas
* Turkish Union Party
* White Shirts Society

Northern / Northwestern Europe|

* Ailtirí na hAiséirghe
* Autonome Nationalisten
* Bases Autónomas
* Black Front (Netherlands)
* Blood & Honour
* Blueshirts
* Breton Social-National Workers' Movement
* British Democratic Party
* British Fascists
* Britain First
* British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women
* British Movement
* British National Party (1960)
* British National Party
* British People's Party (1939)
* British People's Party (2005)
* British Union of Fascists
* The Britons
* La Cagoule
* Casuals United
* Centre Party '86
* Clerical People's Party
* Dutch Fascist Union
* English Defence League
* English National Association
* European Liberation Front
* Le Faisceau
* Fédération d'action nationale et européenne
* Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation
* Finnish People's Organisation
* Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party
* Flemish National Union
* French National-Collectivist Party
* French Nationalist Party
* French Popular Party
* General Dutch Fascist League
* Greater Britain Movement
* Groupe Collaboration
* Heathen Front
* Imperial Fascist League
* International Third Position
* Jeune Nation
* Lalli Alliance of Finland
* Lapua Movement
* League of Saint George
* Les Identitaires
* Mouvement d'Action Civique
* Mouvement Franciste
* Nasjonal Samling
* National Action (UK)
* National Alliance (Sweden)
* National Corporate Party
* National Fascisti
* National Front (UK)
* National League of Sweden
* Nationalist Party
* National Popular Rally
* National Rally
* National Socialist Bloc
* National Socialist Dutch Workers Party
* National Socialist Front
* National Socialist League
* National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)
* National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)
* National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
* National Socialist Movement of Norway
* National Socialist Union of Finland
* National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)
* National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
* National Socialists of Finland
* National Syndicalists
* National Union (Netherlands)
* National Union (Portugal)
* New Party
* Nipsters
* Nordic League
* The Nordic Realm Party
* Nordic Resistance Movement
* Northern League
* Norwegian Defence League
* Nouvelle Droite
* GRECE
* L'Œuvre Française
* Official National Front
* Order of Flemish Militants
* Order of Nine Angles
* Organisation of National Socialists
* Parti Communautaire National-Européen
* Party of Finnish Labor
* Party of the Swedes
* Patriotic Alternative
* Patriotic People's Movement
* Patriotic People's Movement (1993)
* Pērkonkrusts
* Phalange Française
* Rexist Party
* Rising Finland
* Scottish Democratic Fascist Party
* Scottish Protestant League
* Stormers
* Terre et Peuple
* Third Way (France)
* Third Way (UK)
* Union Movement
* Verdinaso
* Vigrid
* White Aryan Resistance
* World Union of National Socialists

Central Europe|

* Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists
* Arrow Cross Party
* Artgemeinschaft
* Austrian Nazism
* Black Front (Germany)
* Christian National Socialist Front
* Deutsche Reichspartei
* Eidgenössische Sammlung
* Free German Workers' Party
* German National Movement in Liechtenstein
* German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)
* German Social Union
* Hungarian National Front
* Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party
* Hungarian National Socialist Party
* Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten
* Liechtenstein Homeland Service
* National Democratic Party (Austria)
* National Democratic Party of Germany
* National Front (Hungary)
* National Front (Switzerland)
* National Movement of Switzerland
* National Radical Camp
* National Radical Camp (1993)
* National Revival of Poland
* National Union (Switzerland)
* Nationalist Front (Germany)
* Nazi Party
* Nazi Germany
* National Socialist Working Association
* New Order
* Nipsters
* Positive Christianity
* German Christians
* The Right (Germany)
* Socialist Reich Party
* Sudeten German Party
* The Third Path
* United Hungarian National Socialist Party
* Volksdeutsche Bewegung
* Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit
* Wiking-Jugend

Southern Europe|

* ADÑ–Spanish Identity
* Albanian Fascist Party
* Balli Kombëtar
* Brothers of Italy
* CEDADE
* Democratic Fascist Party
* European Nation State
* Fasci Italiani di Combattimento
* Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
* Falange
* Sección Femenina
* La Falange (1999)
* Falange Auténtica
* Falange Española
* Falange Española Auténtica
* Falange Española de las JONS
* Falange Española de las JONS (1976)
* Falange Española Independiente
* Falangist Movement of Spain
* Freethinkers' Party
* Imperium Europa
* Italian fascism
* National Fascist Party (Italy)
* Italian Social Republic
* Republican Fascist Party
* Italian Social Movement
* Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista
* Juntas Españolas
* National Alliance (Spain)
* National Alliance July 18
* National Democracy (Italy)
* National Democracy (Spain)
* National Front (Spain, 1986)
* National Front (Spain, 2006)
* National Union (Italy, 1923)
* National Union (Spain)
* New Force (Italy)
* New Force (Spain)
* Republican Social Movement
* The Right (Italy)
* Sammarinese Fascist Party
* Spanish Military Union
* Struggle of the People
* Student Action
* Terza Posizione
* Tricolour Flame
* Unidad Falangista Montañesa
* Youth Front

Eastern and Southeastern Europe|

* Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights
* Bosnian Movement of National Pride
* Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party
* Croatian Liberation Movement
* Croatian National Resistance
* Croatian Party of Rights
* Crusade of Romanianism
* Ethnic National Union
* Eurasia Movement
* Eurasia Party
* Falanga
* Format18
* For the Native Language!
* Front of National Revolutionary Action
* German Party
* German People's Party
* Golden Dawn
* Greek National Socialist Party
* Hosank
* Iron Guard
* LEPEN
* Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
* Lithuanian Nationalist Union
* National Agrarian Party
* National Bolshevik Front
* National Bolshevik Party
* National-Christian Defense League
* National Christian Party
* National Fascist Community
* National Fascist Movement
* National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
* National Party – Greeks
* National Popular Consciousness
* National Socialist Society
* National Social Movement
* National Radical Camp
* National Romanian Fascio
* National Renaissance Front
* National Salvation Front
* National Socialism / White Power
* Occupy Pedophilia
* Order of Nine Angles
* Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
* The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov
* Pamyat
* Patriotic Alliance
* People's Party
* Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine
* Ratniks (Bulgaria)
* Romanian Front
* Russian Imperial Movement
* Russian Fascist Party
* Russian National Unity
* Russian Women's Fascist Movement
* Serbian Action
* Serbian Radical Party
* Slovak People's Party
* Steel Shield
* Svoboda
* Union of Bulgarian National Legions
* Ustaše
* Ustaše in Australia
* Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood
* Vlajka
* Yugoslav Radical Union
* ZBOR

North America|

* Fascism in Canada
* Aryan Guard
* Aryan Nations
* Canadian Association for Free Expression
* Canadian Union of Fascists
* Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform
* Heritage Front
* Parti national social chrétien
* Fascism in the United States
* American Front
* American Nazi Party
* Creativity
* Fascist League of North America
* German American Bund
* Goyim Defense League
* Hammerskins
* Identity Evropa
* LaRouche movement
* League of the South
* National Alliance (United States)
* National Renaissance Party
* Nationalist Social Club-131
* National Socialist Legion
* National Socialist Liberation Front
* National Socialist Movement
* National States' Rights Party
* National Vanguard
* Nationalist Front (United States)
* The Order
* Patriot Front
* Proud Boys
* Rise Above Movement
* Silver Legion of America
* Christian Party (United States, 1930s)
* Third Klan
* Traditionalist Worker Party
* Vanguard America
* Volksfront
* White Aryan Resistance
* Wotansvolk
* Revolutionary Mexicanist Action
* Mexican Democratic Party
* Mexican Fascist Party
* National Pro Patria Party
* National Synarchist Union
* Nationalist Front of Mexico
* Order of Nine Angles

Oceania|

* Action Zealandia
* Antipodean Resistance
* Australia First Movement
* Australia First Party
* Australian Defence League
* Australian National Socialist Party
* Centre Party
* Lads Society
* National Action (Australia)
* National Democrats Party
* National Socialist Network
* National Socialist Party of Australia
* Progressive Nationalist Party
* Reclaim Australia
* True Blue Crew
* United Patriots Front

South America|

* Agrarian Labor Party
* Argentine Anticommunist Alliance
* Argentine Fascist Party
* Argentine Nationalist Action
* Argentine Patriotic League
* Bolivian Socialist Falange
* Brazilian Integralism
* Brazilian Integralist Action
* Brazilian Integralist Front
* Falangism in Latin America
* Female Peronist Party
* Iron Guard (Argentina)
* Nacionalismo
* National Fascist Party (Argentina)
* National Fascist Union
* Nationalist Liberation Alliance
* National Liberation Movement
* National Socialist Movement of Chile
* National Universitary Concentration
* New Triumph Party
* Patriot Front (Argentina)
* Popular Dignity
* Popular Freedom Alliance
* Popular Representation Party
* Popular Socialist Vanguard
* Republican League
* La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia
* Revolutionary Union
* Tacuara Nationalist Movement

People

| Australia|

* Campbell (Eric)
* Campbell (Graeme)
* Cottrell
* Groot
* Mills
* Saleam

|

Belgium|

* Daye
* Declercq
* Degrelle
* Denis
* Elias
* Eriksson
* Hermans
* Lagrou
* Poulet
* Severen
* Streel
* van de Wiele

Croatia|

* Boban
* Francetić
* Kraljević
* Kvaternik
* Luburić
* Pavelić
* Pavičić
* Rover
* Servatzy

Finland|

* Helanen
* Isotalo
* Kalsta
* Konkka
* Kosola
* Orko
* Simojoki
* Somersalo
* Törni
* Varjonen

France|

* Augier
* Bardèche
* Benoist-Méchin
* Béraud
* Brasillach
* Bucard
* Châteaubriant
* Déat
* Déroulède
* Dior
* Doriot
* La Rochelle
* Lagardelle
* Laval
* Pétain
* Rebatet
* Myatt
* Valois
* Vial

Germany|

* Abetz
* Andrae
* Baeumler
* Berchtold
* Berger
* Best
* Brunner
* Bühler
* Darré
* Falkenhausen
* Hocke
* Feder
* Forster
* Frank
* Franz V
* Gesche
* Goebbels
* Göring
* Graf
* Greiser
* Günther
* Hanke
* Heiden
* Hess
* Heydrich
* Himmler
* Hitler
* Klintzsch
* Kuhn
* Kühnen
* Ludendorff
* Maurice
* Müller
* Niekisch
* Ploetz
* Rahn
* Reitsch
* Remer
* Renthe-Fink
* Ribbentrop
* Rieger
* Rosenberg
* Schmitt
* Schreck
* Skorzeny
* Strasser (Gregor)
* Strasser (Otto)
* Streicher
* Terboven
* Thadden
* Krosigk
* Zündel

Greece|

* Dragoumis
* Kasidiaris
* Koryzis
* Lagos
* Michaloliakos
* Papadopoulos

India|

* Advani
* Bose
* Godse
* Golwalkar
* Hedgewar
* Modi
* Mukherjee
* Savarkar
* Vajpayee

Iran|

* Forouhar
* Kashani
* Monshizadeh
* Pezeshkpour
* Teymourtash

Israel|

* Ahimeir
* Ben-Ari
* Ben-Gvir
* Eldad
* Eliyahu
* Goldstein
* Gopstein
* Greenberg
* Ha'ivri
* Heruti
* Kahane
* Marzel
* Stern
* Yeivin

Italy|

* Acerbo
* Alfieri
* Ambris
* D'Annunzio
* Azara
* Badoglio
* Balbo
* Torrente Ballester
* Bastianini
* Bianchi
* Boni
* Bono
* Boselli
* Bottai
* Ciano (Costanzo)
* Ciano (Galeazzo)
* Cogni
* Corradini
* Evola
* Freda
* Gentile
* Giuriati
* Gozi
* Grandi
* Graziani
* Guidi
* Malaparte
* Marinetti
* Michels
* Morgagni
* Mussolini
* Olivetti
* Panunzio
* Papini
* Pavolini
* Rauti
* Ricci
* Ridruejo
* Rocco
* Rossoni
* Sarfatti
* Soffici
* Spirito
* Volpi

Japan|

* Akao
* Araki
* Chō
* Hashimoto
* Kita
* Kodama
* Koiso
* Ōkawa
* Sasakawa

Romania|

* Antonescu
* Codreanu
* Crainic
* Cuza
* Gigurtu
* Goga
* Sima

Russia|

* Aijo
* Astroŭski
* Barkashov
* Borovikov
* Dugin
* Dugina
* Ilyin
* Kaminski
* Kuryokhin
* Letov
* Limonov
* Martsinkevich
* Milchakov
* Oktan
* Prilepin
* Prokhanov
* Rodzaevsky
* Stojadinović
* Zhirinovsky

Spain|

* Arrese
* Bau Nolla
* Bilbao Eguía
* Carrero Blanco
* Fernández-Cuesta
* Franco
* Franco y Polo
* Giménez Caballero
* Primo de Rivera
* Ramos
* Sánchez Mazas
* Serrano Suñer

Ukraine|

* Bandera
* Biletsky
* Dontsov
* Gubarev
* Klyachkivsky
* Lebed
* Rebet
* Samchuk
* Shukhevych
* Stetsko
* Tyahnybok
* Vitrenko

United Kingdom|

* Beckett
* Chamberlain
* Chesterton
* Griffin
* Jordan
* Leese
* Mosley (Diana)
* Mosley (Oswald)
* Pankhurst
* Pearson
* Ramsay
* Southgate
* Tyndall
* Wellesley

United States|

* Abascal
* Anglin
* Auernheimer
* Biggs
* Black
* Carto
* Collins
* Dilling
* Duke
* Enoch
* Frankhouser
* Fuentes
* Garza
* Graves
* Heimbach
* Hall
* Invictus
* Jones
* Joyce
* Kessler
* Lane
* LaRouche
* Lindbergh
* MacDonald
* Mason
* Metzger
* Miller
* Mills
* Minadeo
* Mullins
* Nordean
* Patsalos
* Pelley
* Pierce
* Pound
* Rockwell
* Rubin
* Smith
* Spencer
* Strom
* Tarrio
* Unz
* Vonsyatsky
* Yockey

Other|

* Arana Osorio
* Arcand
* D'Aubuisson
* Bahçeli
* Blythe
* Bushati
* Caetano
* Carrasco
* Castillo Armas
* Celmiņš
* Cerro
* Clausen
* Coughlin
* Devi
* Dollfuss
* O'Duffy
* Ďurčanský
* Frashëri
* al-Gaylani
* Genoud
* Gömbös
* Gustloff
* Hácha
* Hamidov
* Hlinka
* al-Husayni
* al-Husseini
* Lee
* Linderman
* Ljotić
* Lugones
* Lukov
* Mach
* Madero
* Martínez
* McInnes
* Merlika-Kruja
* Miklas
* Mohler
* Noreika
* Pfrimer
* Piasecki
* Perón
* Phibunsongkhram
* Planetta
* Preto
* Puyi
* Quisling
* Ramírez
* Rhee
* Riva-Agüero y Osma
* Rupnik
* Saadeh
* Salgado
* Schuschnigg
* Šešelj
* Seyss-Inquart
* Starhemberg
* Szálasi
* Terre'Blanche
* Tiso
* Tsankov
* Vikernes
* Wang
* Weinstein

Works

| Literature|

* 1776 Returns
* La Conquista del Estado
* The Culture of Critique
* Defiance
* Did Six Million Really Die?
* The Doctrine of Fascism
* Fascist Manifesto
* For My Legionaries
* The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia
* The Fourth Political Theory
* Hitlers Zweites Buch
* Hunter
* Impeachment of Man
* Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics
* An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
* Kokutairon and Pure Socialism
* The Last Will of a Russian Fascist
* Manifesto of Race
* Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals
* Mein Kampf
* My Autobiography
* My Life
* The Myth of the Twentieth Century
* OPROP!
* Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World
* Protestantische Rompilger
* A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century <\--Racial Program for the Twentieth Century, A-->
* Siege
* The Turner Diaries
* A Warning to the Hindus
* Who Are the Mind Benders?

|

Periodicals|

* Action
* Ajan Suunta
* L'Alba
* El Alcázar
* The American Review
* Der Angriff
* Arriba
* The Blackshirt
* La Conquista del Estado
* The Daily Stormer
* Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung
* Das Deutsche Mädel
* La Difesa della Razza
* Eleftheros Kosmos
* The European
* Fashist
* Fashizmi
* La France au travail
* Fritt Folk
* Fronten
* Gândirea
* Gioventù Fascista
* Golden Dawn
* Hamaas
* Hrvatski Domobran
* Je suis partout
* Kangura
* Kansallissosialisti
* Limonka
* Masada2000
* Münchener Beobachter
* Nash Put'
* Nástup
* Nation Europa
* Neue Anthropologie
* Neues Volk
* Het Nieuwe Volk
* Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift
* Novopress
* Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift
* Organiser
* Panchjanya
* Panzerbär
* Parole der Woche
* Le Pays Réel
* Der Pimpf
* Il Popolo d'Italia
* Das Reich
* Revue d'histoire du fascisme
* Das Schwarze Korps
* Sfarmă-Piatră
* Signal
* Siniristi
* Spearhead
* Der Stürmer
* Türkische Post
* Der Umbruch
* Vairas
* Vlajka
* Volk en Staat
* Völkischer Beobachter
* Die Wehrmacht
* Wochenspruch der NSDAP

Film|

* L'Armata Azzurra
* Bengasi
* Condottieri
* The Daughter of the Samurai
* Erbkrank
* Europa: The Last Battle
* The Great Appeal
* The Old Guard
* Raza
* Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal
* Der Sieg des Glaubens
* The Siege of the Alcazar
* Lo squadrone bianco
* Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht
* Triumph of the Will

Other|

* Allach
* Ethnic Cleansing

Related topics|

* Art of the Third Reich
* Fascist architecture
* Heroic realism
* Hindutva pop
* Nazi architecture
* Nazism and cinema

Organizations

| Institutional|

* Ahnenerbe
* Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
* Grand Council of Fascism
* Imperial Way Faction
* Italian Nationalist Association
* National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise
* Quadrumvirs

|

Activist|

* Adelaide Institute
* Agrarian Trade Union Federation
* The Britons
* Casuals United
* DeVlag
* European Social Movement
* Finnish Realm Union
* Francisco Franco National Foundation
* Friends of New Germany
* German American Bund
* GRECE
* The Link
* Mladorossi
* National Party of Europe
* National Policy Institute
* People's Party Our Slovakia
* Popular Force Party
* Republic (Slovakia)
* Resistance Records
* Right Club
* Russian Fascist Organization

Youth|

* Albanian Lictor Youth
* Arab Lictor Youth
* Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
* Blue-and-Blacks
* Ethiopian Lictor Youth
* Fascist Union of Youth
* Frente de Juventudes
* Al-Futuwwa
* Gioventù Italiana del Littorio
* Great Japan Youth Party
* Hitler Youth
* Faith and Beauty Society
* Deutsches Jungvolk
* Jungmädelbund
* League of German Girls
* Jeunesse Populaire Française
* Juventudes de Acción Popular
* Korean National Youth Association
* Levente
* Mocidade Portuguesa
* Nationale Jeugdstorm
* National League of Sweden
* National Socialist Liberation Front
* National Youth (Sweden)
* National Youth (Italy)
* National Youth Alliance
* National Youth Organisation (Greece)
* Opera Nazionale Balilla
* Österreichisches Jungvolk
* Patriotic/Eureka Youth League
* Union of Fascist Little Ones
* Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)
* Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)
* Ustaše Youth
* Wiking-Jugend
* Youth Front

Paramilitary and terrorist|

* Abhinav Bharat
* Albanian Fascist Militia
* Atomwaffen Division
* Azov Brigade
* Bajrang Dal
* The Base
* Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists
* Black Brigades
* Black Legion
* Blackshirts
* Blueshirts (Canada)
* Blueshirts (Ireland)
* Column 88
* Combat Terrorist Organization
* Confederation of the Nation
* Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar
* Croatian Defence Forces
* Croatian National Resistance
* Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood
* Bugojno group
* Einsatzgruppen
* Falange Armata
* Falange Militia
* FEAR
* Flemish Guard
* Flemish Legion
* Gold Shirts
* Greenshirts (Romania)
* Greyshirts
* Heimwehr
* Hirden
* Hlinka Guard
* Hungarian National Defence Association
* Interbrigades
* Iron Wolf
* Jewish Defense League
* Jewish Defense Organization
* Lăncieri
* Legion Wasa
* Lehava
* Lehi
* Levente
* Makapili
* Mano Blanca
* National Republican Guard
* National Socialism / White Power
* New Guard
* The Order
* Ostmärkische Sturmscharen
* Rodobrana
* Russian Imperial Movement
* Russian National Unity (2000)
* S14
* Schutzstaffel
* Serbian Volunteer Corps
* Sicarii
* Sich Battalion
* Silver Shirts
* Sturmabteilung
* Sudetendeutsches Freikorps
* Terror Against Terror
* Third Klan
* Ukrainian Insurgent Army
* Ukrainian People's Militsiya
* Ustaše Militia
* Volkssport
* Walloon Guard
* Walloon Legion
* Waffen-SS
* Wagner Group
* Rusich Group
* Weerbaarheidsafdeling
* Werwolf
* Westland New Post
* Yokusan Sonendan
* Youth Front

Student|

* Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
* Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista
* Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas
* National Socialist German Students' League
* Sindicato Español Universitario
* Student Action

International|

* Axis powers
* NSDAP/AO
* ODESSA

History

| 1910s|

* Arditi
* Fascio

|

1920s|

* March on Rome
* Corfu incident
* Acerbo Law
* Beer Hall Putsch
* Aventine Secession
* Italian economic battles
* 28 May 1926 coup d'état

1930s|

* March of the Iron Will
* November 1932 German federal election
* March 1933 German federal election
* Enabling Act
* Austrian Civil War
* July Putsch
* 1934 Montreux Fascist conference
* Romani genocide
* Spanish Civil War
* 4th of August Regime
* Anti-Comintern Pact

1940s|

* World War II
* Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
* The Holocaust
* Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
* End in Italy
* Nuremberg Trials
* Tokyo Trials

Lists

* Anti-fascists
* Books about Hitler
* British fascist parties
* Fascist movements by country (A-F
* G-M
* N-T
* U-Z)
* Nazi ideologues
* Nazi leaders
* Speeches by Hitler
* SS personnel

Related topics

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* Category
* Politics portal

Authority control databases

International|

* FAST
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Artists|

* MusicBrainz

People|

* Deutsche Biographie
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Other|

* SNAC
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