Pan-Americanism

Cooperation of the states of the Americas

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For other uses, see Pan-American (disambiguation).

The Americas

Pan-Americanism is a movement that seeks to create, encourage, and organize relationships, an association (a Union), and cooperation among the states of the Americas, through diplomatic, political, economic, and social means.

## History

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Following the independence of the United States of America in 1776 and the independence of Haiti in 1804, the struggle for independence after 1810 by the nations of Hispanic America evoked a sense of unity, especially in South America, where, under Simón Bolívar in the north and José de San Martín in the south, there were co-operative efforts.[citation needed] Francisco Morazán briefly headed a Federal Republic of Central America.[citation needed] Early South American Pan-Americanists were also inspired by the American Revolutionary War, in which a suppressed and colonized society struggled, united, and gained independence.[1] In the United States, Henry Clay and Thomas Jefferson set forth the principles of Pan-Americanism in the early 19th century, and soon, the United States declared through the Monroe Doctrine a new policy concerning interference by Europe in the affairs of the Americas.[citation needed]

In the 19th century, South American military nationalism came to the fore.[citation needed] Venezuela and Ecuador withdrew in 1830 from Gran Colombia, the Central American Federation collapsed in 1838, Argentina and Brazil fought continually over Uruguay, all three combined in the Paraguayan War (1865–1870) to defeat Paraguay, and Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia in the War of the Pacific (1879–1883).[citation needed] However, during that period, Pan-Americanism existed in the form of a series of Inter-American Conferences—Panama (1826), Lima (1847), Santiago (1856), and Lima (1864). The meetings' main objective was to provide for a common defense.[citation needed] The first of the modern Pan-American Conferences was held in Washington, DC (1889–1890), with all nations represented except the Dominican Republic. Treaties for arbitration of disputes and adjustment of tariffs were adopted, and the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics, which later became the Pan-American Union, was established.[citation needed] Subsequent meetings were held in various South American cities.[2]

In the 20th century, US President Franklin Roosevelt embraced a robust formulation of Pan-Americanism during World War II through the establishment of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs.[3][4][5][6] Following his Good Neighbor Policy, Roosevelt endeavored to foster the development of peaceful commercial and cultural relations between the American Republics through the skillful use of cultural diplomacy.[7]

## Evolution

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Emblem that was already used in Pan-Americanism in 1909

The intended liberalization of commercial intercourse did not occur, but collaboration was extended to a series of areas, such as health (Pan-American Health Organization, established 1902), geography and history (Pan-American Institute of Geography and History, 1928), child protection and children's rights (International American Institute for the Protection of Children, 1927), rights of the woman (Inter-American Commission of Women, 1928), indigenous policies (Inter-American Indigenist Institute, 1940), agriculture (Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences), collective continental defense (Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, 1947), economic aid (Inter-American Development Bank, 1959), infrastructure works (Pan-American Highway) and peacekeeping (the Inter-American Peace Force after the invasion of the Dominican Republic, 1965), and human rights (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 1979).

The American states also adopted a series of diplomatic and political rules, which were not always respected or fulfilled, governing relations between the countries like arbitration of disputes, peaceful resolution of conflicts, military non-intervention, equality among the member states of each organism, and in their mutual relations, decisions through resolutions approved by the majority, the recognition of diplomatic asylum, the Private International Law Code (Bustamante Code, 1928), the inter-American system of human rights (American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, 1948; Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1959; and the 2001 Inter-American Democratic Charter of the Organization of American States).

## Pan-Americanism and the Monroe Doctrine

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Serving as a core principle of U.S. foreign policy in the 1800s, United States President James Monroe announced in 1823 the establishment of the Monroe Doctrine, which implied that any further imperial actions into the Western Hemisphere by European countries would be unilaterally opposed by the United States.[8] Subjugation under former imperial and colonial rule was a shared experience for most American nations, and this formed an important pillar of the Monroe Doctrine and consequently Pan-Americanism, where there was relatively unified opposition toward further inward imperial conquest by European nations.[8]

Although the Monroe Doctrine originally declared U.S. opposition to new European expansion in the Americas, the United States used its increased influence in the region to promote its own strategic interests. Throughout the 1800s, the Monroe Doctrine was invoked multiple times in the Americas, including during the annexation of Texas (1845), the Mexican-U.S. War (1845-1848), and the 1861 Spanish Invasion of Santo Domingo.[9] In almost all cases, U.S. influence increased in the region and the U.S. government’s policy toward Latin America became more expansionist in nature.[10]

In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt added a "Corollary" to the Doctrine, which would later become known as the Roosevelt Corollary. Under this new interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine, opposition to European expansion continued, but in the event of "bad behavior" on the part of Latin American countries, "is was [now] the obligation of the United States to intervene in order to prevent European action."[8]

Meanwhile, U.S. diplomats were also pursuing a contrasting policy of Pan-Americanism—a political movement that sought to promote the respect of national sovereignty, continental cooperation and further integration. These conflicting foreign policy objectives launched by the U.S. government created intense discourse among U.S. and Latin American leaders regarding hemispheric anti-interventionist policies and doctrines at future Pan-American Conferences.[8]

Despite the push by U.S. diplomats for further integrated and unified American continents, the U.S. government countered attempts by Latin Americans to enshrine the principles behind the Monroe Doctrine and Corollary in international law, instead favoring a form of American (United States) exceptionalism that allowed continued intervention by the United States in Latin American affairs to protect U.S. interests.[11] While many Latin American countries and intellectuals immediately criticized the Corollary and viewed U.S. foreign policy regarding national sovereignty as hypocritical, Washington continued to push back against any formal attempts by countries in Latin America to establish a standard interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine and its Corollary—that is, any attempt to "Pan-Americanize" the Monroe Doctrine and apply national sovereignty rights equally to all countries in the Americas.[11]

## Economic Impacts

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In 2019, 15.1 and 14.6 percent of all US imports were exchanged with Canada and Mexico, respectively.[12] A significant portion of these imports involved food products.[13] At 76%, the vast majority of all Canadian exports in 2021 were shipped South into the United States.[14] Of these exports, goods such as lumber, automotive and aircraft components, aluminum, wheat, and vegetable oils were among the top exported commodities.[15] Similarly, 76.4% of all Mexican exports, such as computers, cars, and crude petroleum, were destined for the United States.[16] In 2017, 12 and 10 percent of all US exports were exchanged with Canada and Mexico, respectively.[17]

## Congresses and conferences

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* 1826 in Panama. Congreso Anfictiónico de Panamá Congress of Panama. Organized by Simón Bolívar.
* 1847–1848 Congreso de Lima
* 1856–1857 Congreso de Santiago
* 1864-1864 Congreso de Lima
* 1889/90 in Washington D.C. International Conference of American States. The day of this meeting, 14 April, has been celebrated since 1930 as Pan American Day.
* 1901/02 in Mexico City
* 1906 in Rio de Janeiro
* 1910 in Buenos Aires
* 1922 in Baltimore, Maryland Pan-American Conference of Women.
* 1923 in Santiago, Chile
* 1928 in Havana
* 1933 in Montevideo
* 1936 in Buenos Aires (Peace Conference)
* 1938 in Lima
* 1942 in Rio de Janeiro (conference of Ministers of Foreign Affairs)
* 1948 in Bogotá
* 1949 founded Office of Latin American Education, which became the Organization of Ibero-American States
* 1954 in Caracas
* 2nd Latin American Congress of Education took place in Quito
* 1967 Buenos Aires
* 1969 Viña del Mar
* 2005 Panama City, Panama – Congreso de Escritores y Escritoras de Centroamérica to create the Federación Centroamericana. Sponsored by the Asociación de Escritores de Panamá.
* 2006 Panama City, Panama – Sponsored by the President of Panama, Martín Torrijos – Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico’s Independence

## See also

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* Latin America
* List of conflicts in the Americas
* North American Union
* 2008 South American diplomatic crisis
* Panhispanism
* Patria Grande

## References

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1. ^ Padilla, Ezequiel (1954). "The Meaning of Pan-Americanism". Foreign Affairs. 32 (2): 270–281. doi:10.2307/20031026. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 20031026.
2. ^ Gilderhus, Mark T. (1986). Pan-American Visions: Woodrow Wilson in the Western Hemisphere, 1913–1921. Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-0936-0.
3. ^ Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of La Onda Deborah R. Vargas. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2012 p. 152-155 ISBN 978-0-8166-7316-2 OCIAA (Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs), FDR's Good Neighbor Policy, CBS, Viva America, La Cadena de las Americas on google.books.com.
4. ^ Beyond the Black and White TV: Asian and Latin American Spectacle in Cold War America. Han, Benjamin M. Rutgers University Press, 2022 Pan-Americanism, La Cadena de las Americas, Edmund Chester, William S. Paley and the Carlos Manuel De Cespedes National Order of Merit on Google Books
5. ^ In All His Glory: The Life and Times of William S. Paley and the Birth of Modern Broadcasting. Salley Bedell Smith. Random House Trade Publications, New York, USA, 2002, Chapter 18 ISBN 978-0-307-78671--5 William S. Paley and La Cadena de las Americas on Books.google.com See Chapter 18
6. ^ Time \- Radio: La Cadena, June 1, 1942 William S. Paley, La Cadena de las Americas on Content.time.com
7. ^ Roosevelt, Franklin D., "Executive Order 8840 Establishing the Office of Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs", July 30, 1941. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara
8. ^ a b c d Rausch, Jane M (2018). "Santiago Pérez Triana (1858-1916) and the Pan-Americanization of the Monroe Doctrine". Historia y Sociedad. 35: 224–225 - via DOAJ.
9. ^ Tucker, George (1885). Monroe Doctrine: Concise History of Its Origin and Growth. Boston: George B. Reed. pp. 116–118. ISBN 134039636X.
10. ^ Scarfi, Juan (September 2020). "Denaturalizing the Monroe Doctrine: The Rise of Latin American Legal Anti-Imperialism in the Face of the Modern US and Hemispheric Redefinition of the Monroe Doctrine". Leiden Journal of International Law. 33 (3): 541–555. doi:10.1017/S092215652000031X. ProQuest 2431746834 - via ProQuest.
11. ^ a b Grandin, Greg (February 2012). "The Liberal Traditions in the Americas: Rights, Sovereignty, and the Origins of Liberal Multilateralism". The American Historical Review. 117 (1): 84–85. doi:10.1086/ahr.117.1.68. JSTOR 23309883 - via JSTOR.
12. ^ Sarah, Hansen (2022). "What Are the Top US Imports?". Investopedia.com. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
13. ^ "Food Products Exports By United States". worldbank.org. 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
14. ^ "Canada Exports By Country". oec.world. 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
15. ^ "Canada Country Economic Profile". oec.world. 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
16. ^ "Mexico Country Economic Profile". oec.world. 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
17. ^ Hansen, Sarah (2018). "What Are the Top U.S. Exports?". investopedia.com. Retrieved December 30, 2022.

## Further reading

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* Aguilar, Alonzo. "Pan-Americanism from Monroe to the Present," Monthly Review Press, New York." (1968).
* Aken, Mark J. van. Pan-Hispanism: Its Origin and Development to 1866. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1959.
* Bryne, A. (2019). "The Potential of Flight: U.S. Aviation and Pan-Americanism During the Early Twentieth Century." The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era.
* Harrison, Lawrence E. (1998). The Pan-American Dream. Westview P. ISBN 0-8133-3470-5.
* Whitaker, Arthur P. (1954). The Western Hemisphere Idea: Its Rise and Decline. Ithaca. A study of Pan-Americanism as an idea and of how time has destroyed much of the buttressing hemispheric relations.

## External links

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* Media related to Pan-Americanism at Wikimedia Commons

* v
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Pan-Americanism

History|

* Spanish American wars of independence
* Decolonization of the Americas
* Latin American integration
* North American integration
* Patria Grande
* Simón Bolívar
* José de San Martín
* Lucas Alamán
* Inter-American Commission of Women
* United States involvement in regime change in Latin America

Organizations|

* Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO)
* Andean Community (CAN)
* Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
* Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)
* Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
* Central American Integration System (SICA)
* Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
* Contadora group
* Contadora support group
* Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America (PROSUR)
* Latin American Economic System (SELA)
* Latin American Integration Association (ALADI)
* Lima Group (LG)
* Mercosur
* Organization of American States (OAS)
* Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
* Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI)
* Pacific Alliance
* Petrocaribe
* Rio Group
* Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
* United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, CEPAL)
* United States Pirate Party (USPP)

Projects|

* Andean passport
* CARICOM passport
* CARICOM Single Market and Economy
* CARIPASS
* Central America-4 Border Control Agreement
* Central America-4 passport
* Eastern Caribbean Currency Union
* Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America (IIRSA)
* Interoceanic Highway
* SUCRE

Institutions|

* Andean Parliament
* Bank of the South
* Caribbean Court of Justice
* Caribbean Development Bank
* Central American Parliament
* Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean (CAF)
* Inter-American Development Bank
* Latin American Parliament
* Mercosur Parliament
* South American Parliament

Free trade areas|

* Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA)
* CARIFORUM
* Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)
* Economic Partnership Agreements
* Free Trade Area of the Americas
* G3 Free Trade Agreement
* United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA)

Events|

* Pan American Games
* Pan-American Congress

* v
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Pan-nationalist concepts

Ideas|

* Pan-Africanism
* Pan-Americanism
* Pan-Arabism
* Pan-Asianism
* Berberism
* Pan-Caucasianism
* Pan-Celticism
* Czechoslovakism
* Pan-Finnicism
* Pan-Germanism
* Eurasianism
* Pan-European nationalism
* Panhispanism
* Pan-Iberism
* Pan-Indianism
* Pan-Iranism
* Pan-Latinism
* Mediterraneanism
* Pan-Mongolism
* Pan-Oceanianism
* Scandinavism
* Pan-Serbism
* Pan-Slavism
* Rattachism
* Pan-Tatarism [ru; tt]
* Turanism
* Pan-Turkism
* Yugoslavism

Territorial
concepts|

* Anglosphere
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* Greater Cambodia
* Caribbean Antilles
* Catalan Countries
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* Greater China
* Greater Croatia
* Eritrean national identity nationalism
* Ethiopian national identity nationalism
* Greater Finland
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* Greater Hungary
* Greater India
* Greater Indonesia
* Greater Iran
* Greater Iraq
* Greater Israel
* Greater Italy
* Greater Mauritania
* Greater Mexico
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* Greater Morocco
* Greater Netherlands
* Greater Norway
* Greater Palestine
* Greater Poland
* Greater Portugal [pt]
* Greater Romania
* Greater Russia
* Greater Serbia
* Greater Somalia
* Greater Spain
* Greater Syria
* Greater Ukraine
* Greater Vietnam
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* Megali Idea (Greece)
* Kurdistan
* Occitania
* Padanian nationalism
* Patria Grande
* Tamazgha
* Misak-ı Millî (Turkey)
* United Armenia
* United Ireland
* United Macedonia
* Whole Azerbaijan
* Turan

Pan-ethnic
groups|

* Latinos, Hispanic peoples
* Habesha peoples

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North America articles

History|

* Peopling of the Americas
* Paleo-Indians
* Pre-Columbian era
* European colonization
* New Spain
* New France
* British North America
* Turtle Island
* American Declaration of Independence (1776)
* Constitution of the United States of America (1787)
* American Revolution
* Louisiana Purchase
* War of 1812
* Mexican War of Independence
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* California Gold Rush
* Civil War
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* Progressive Era
* World War I (1914–1918)
* Spanish flu (1918–1920)
* Roaring Twenties
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* Stock market crash (1929)
* Great Depression (1930s)
* World War II (1939–1945)
* Cold War (1947–1991)
* Mexican miracle
* Assassination of John F. Kennedy (1963)
* Civil Rights Act (1964)
* Apollo program
* Apollo 11 (1969)
* Oil crisis (1973)
* Three Mile Island accident (1979)
* Iran–Contra affair (1980s)
* Chiapas conflict (1990s)
* NAFTA agreement (1994)
* 9/11 attacks (2001)
* War on terror (2001–present)
* Great Recession (2008)
* COVID-19 pandemic (2020–)

Geography|

* Cities
* Countries and dependent territories
* by population
* Extreme points
* Geology
* Islands
* Lakes
* Mountains
* Rivers

Politics|

* American imperialism
* North American Union (NAU)
* Organization of American States (OAS)
* Pan-Americanism
* Transatlantic relations

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Energy
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Transportation

Countries by|

* GDP (per capita)
* PPP
* per capita
* HDI
* Internet users
* Minimum wages

Society|

* Languages
* endangered
* Universities and colleges

Culture|

* Art
* Painting
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* Mass media
* Film
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* Newspapers and magazines
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* Music (indigenous)
* Philosophy (indigenous)
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* Sports
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Demographics|

* Countries by population
* density
* Ethnic groups
* indigenous peoples
* classification
* Immigration
* Life expectancy

* Outline

* Category
* Portal
* Maps

* v
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South America articles

History|

* Settlement of the Americas
* Paleo-Indians
* Pre-Columbian era
* European colonization
* Portuguese
* Spanish

Geography|

* Cities
* Countries and dependent territories
* by population
* Extreme points
* Geology
* Islands
* Lakes
* Mountains
* Rivers

Politics|

* Union of South American Nations (USAN)
* Forum for the Progress and Development of South America (FPDSA)
* Organization of American States (OAS)
* Pan-Americanism

Economy|

* Andean Community
* Mercosur
* Transport

Countries by|

* GDP (per capita)
* PPP
* per capita
* HDI
* Internet users
* Minimum wages

Society|

* Languages
* endangered
* Sexuality
* Universities

Culture|

* Art
* Pre-Columbian
* Western
* sculpture
* Architecture
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Music
* Religion
* Sport
* Symbols

Demographics|

* Countries by population
* density
* Ethnic groups
* indigenous peoples
* classification
* Immigration
* Life expectancy

* Outline

* Category
* Portal
* Maps

Authority control databases

National|

* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Latvia
* Japan

Other|

* NARA

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