Peter Kropotkin

Russian anarchist (1842–1921)

"Kropotkin" redirects here. For other uses, see Kropotkin (disambiguation).

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is  Alexeyevich and the family name is  Kropotkin.

Peter Kropotkin

Пётр Кропоткин

Kropotkin c. 1900

Born|

Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin

(1842-12-09)9 December 1842

Moscow, Russian Empire

Died| 8 February 1921(1921-02-08) (aged 78)

Dmitrov, Russian SFSR

Resting place| Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow
Education|

* Corps of Pages (1857–1862)
* Saint Petersburg Imperial University (1867; did not graduate)[1]

Notable work|

* The Conquest of Bread (1892)
* Fields, Factories, and Workshops (1899)
* Memoirs of a Revolutionist (1899)
* Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1902)

Spouse| Sofia Ananyeva-Rabinovich
Children| Alexandra
Family| Kropotkin
Era|

* 19th-century philosophy
* 20th-century philosophy

Region|

* Russian philosophy
* Western philosophy

School|

* Anarchism
* Communism
* Socialism

Main interests

* Political philosophy
* Political history
* Economics
* Ethics
* Darwinian theory
* Geography

Notable ideas

* Political, ethical and economic theory of anarcho-communism
* Mutual aid
* Criticism of wage labor
* Five-hour workday
* Communal kitchens
* Voluntary communes

Military career
Allegiance|  Russian Empire
Unit| Corps of Pages
Commands|

* Aide-de-camp to the Governor of Transbaikal
* Attaché for Cossack affairs to the Governor-General of East Siberia

Signature

Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin[a] (9 December 1842[b] – 8 February 1921) was a Russian anarchist and geographer known as a proponent of anarchist communism.

Born into an aristocratic land-owning family, Kropotkin attended Page Corps and later served as an officer in Siberia, where he participated in several geological expeditions. He was imprisoned for his activism in 1874 and managed to escape two years later. He spent the next 41 years in exile in Switzerland, France (where he was imprisoned for almost four years) and England. While in exile, he gave lectures and published widely on anarchism and geography.[3] Kropotkin returned to Russia after the Russian Revolution in 1917, but he was disappointed by the Bolshevik state.

Kropotkin was a proponent of a decentralized communist society free from central government and based on voluntary associations of self-governing communities and worker-run enterprises. He wrote many books, pamphlets and articles, the most prominent being The Conquest of Bread (1892) and Fields, Factories, and Workshops (1899), with Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1902) being his principal scientific offering. He contributed the article on anarchism to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition[4] and left an unfinished work on anarchist ethical philosophy.

## Life

[edit]

### Early life

[edit]

Kropotkin was born in Moscow on 9 December 1842, in the Konyushennaya ("Equerries") district.[5][c] His father, Alexander, was a typical royal officer who owned serfs in three provinces and whose family descended from the Grand Princes of Smolensk.[7] His mother, Ekatarina Sulima, was the daughter of General Nikolai Sulima and a descendant of a Zaporozhian Cossacks leader. Peter, the youngest of her four children, was three years old when she died of tuberculosis.[8] Kropotkin's father remarried two years later. This stepmother was indifferent towards the Kropotkin children and had a streak of jealous vindictiveness, going through great lengths to remove the memory of Kropotkin's mother.[9]

With his father mostly absent, Kropotkin and his older brother, Alexander, were raised by their German nurse. Kropotkin developed an enduring compassion for the estate's servants and serfs who cared for him and relayed stories of his mother's kindness.[8] He was raised in the family's Moscow mansion and an estate in Nikolskoye, Kaluga Oblast, outside Moscow.[9]

At the age of eight, Kropotkin attended Tsar Nicholas I's Royal Ball. Commending the child's costume, the tsar chose Kropotkin for his Page Corps, an elite school in St. Petersburg that combined military and court education and produced the tsar's imperial attendants.[10] Kropotkin joined the Page Corps as a teenager and began a 14-year epistolary relationship with his brother that charts his intellectual and emotional development.[11] By the time of his arrival, Kropotkin had already shown a populist position towards the emancipation of serfs and a nature of revolt against his father and the school's hazing.[12] Kropotkin began his first underground revolutionary writings at the school, where he advocated for a Russian constitution.[13] He developed an interest in science, reading, and opera. As a top student, Kropotkin became a sergeant-major in 1861[12] and was thrust into court life, serving as the emperor's personal Page de Chambre.[14] His views of the tsar and court life soured as imperial policy changed over the next year.[15] Privately he was preoccupied with the need to live a societally useful life.[16]

### Siberia

[edit]

For his tour of service, in 1862 he chose the Amur Cossacks in east Siberia, an undesirable post that would let him study the technical mathematics of artillery, travel, live in nature, and achieve financial independence from his father.[17] He developed a firm worldview of compassion for the poor and contrasted the pride and dignity of the yeoman peasant farmers against the indignities of serfdom.[18] He wrote approvingly of the cultivated Transbaikalia governor-general Boleslav Kukel, to whom Kropotkin reported.[19] Kukel engaged Kropotkin in prison reform and city self-governance projects that the central government ultimately denied. The exiled poet and political prisoner Mikhail Larionovitch Mikhailov introduced Kropotkin to anarchism by recommending he read an essay by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.[20] Kropotkin's brother came to live with him in Irkutsk.[21]

After Kukel's ouster in early 1863, Kropotkin found solace in geographical work.[22] He led a disguised reconnaissance expedition to find a direct route through Manchuria from Chita to Vladivostok the next year. He explored the East Siberian Mountains in the north the year after. The mountain measurements from his 1866 Olekminsk-Vitimsk expedition confirmed his Manchurian hypothesis that the Siberian area from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean was a plateau and not a plain. This discovery of the Patom and Vitim Plateaus won him a gold medal from the Russian Geographical Society and led to the commercialization of the Lena gold fields. A range of mountains in this region was later named for him.[23]

Kropotkin covered Siberia for St. Petersburg newspapers since his arrival, including the condition of the Polish political exiles who participated in the unsuccessful 1866 Baikal Insurrection.[24] Kropotkin secured a promise from the governor-general to suspend the prisoners' death sentences, which was reneged. Disillusioned, Kropotkin and his brother resolved to leave the military. His time in Siberia taught him to appreciate peasant social organization and convinced him that administrative reform was an ineffectual means to improve social conditions.[21]

Vitim

Chita

Vladivostok

St. Petersburg

Moscow

class=notpageimage|

Russian locales of Kropotkin's early career

After five years in Siberia, Kropotkin and his brother moved to St. Petersburg, where they continued their schooling and academic work. Kropotkin took a position with the Russian interior ministry with no duties. He studied physics, math, and geography at the university.[25] After presenting his Vitim expedition findings, Kropotkin accepted the Russian Geographical Society's part-time offer of its Physical Geography section Secretaryship. Kropotkin translated Herbert Spencer for additional income. He continued to develop a theory, which he considered his best scientific contribution, that the East Siberian mountains were part of a large plateau and not independent ridges. Kropotkin participated in an 1870 polar expedition plan that postulated the existence of what was later discovered as the Franz Josef Land Arctic archipelago.[26]

In early 1871, he was commissioned to study the Ice Age in Scandinavian geography, in which Kropotkin developed theories of the glaciation of Europe and the glacial lakes of its northeast.[27] His father died later that year and Kropotkin inherited a wealthy estate in Tambov. Kropotkin turned down the Geographical Society's offer of its general secretary position, instead choosing work on his Ice Age data and interest in bettering the lives of peasants.[28]

### Anarchism

[edit]

Kropotkin in 1876

While Kropotkin became increasingly revolutionary in his writings, he was not known for activism.[29] He was spurred by the 1871 Paris Commune and trial of Sergey Nechayev. He and his brother attended meetings on the Franco-Prussian War and revolutionism.[26] Likely at the encouragement of a Swiss extended family member and his own desire to see the socialist worker's movement, Kropotkin set out to see Switzerland and Western Europe in February 1872. Over three months, he met Mikhail Sazhin in Zurich, worked and fell out with Nikolai Utin's Marxist group in Geneva, and was introduced to the Jura Federation's James Guillaume and Adhémar Schwitzguébel. The Jura were the main internal opposition to the Marxist-controlled First International, as followers of Mikhail Bakunin.[28] Kropotkin was quickly impressed and was instantly converted to anarchism by the group's egalitarianism and independence of expression,[30] but narrowly missed meeting the leading anarchist, Bakunin, while there.[31][d] Kropotkin visited Belgium's movement before returning to Russia in May with contraband literature.[32]

Back in St. Petersburg, Kropotkin joined the Chaikovsky Circle, a group of revolutionaries that Kropotkin considered more educational than revolutionary in their activities.[32] Kropotkin believed in the inevitability of social revolution and the need for stateless social organization. His populist revolutionary program for the group focused on urban workers and peasants whereas the group's moderates focused on students. Partially for this reason, he declined to contribute his personal wealth to the group. He viewed professionals as unlikely to forgo their privileges and judged them to not live societally useful lives. His program emphasized federated agrarian communes and a revolutionary party. While he could speak powerfully, Kropotkin was not a successful organizer.[33]

Kropotkin's first political memo in November 1873 covered his basic plan for stateless social reconstruction including common property, worker control of factories, shared physical labor towards societal need, and labor vouchers in lieu of money. He emphasized living among commoners and using propaganda to focus mass dissatisfaction. He rejected the Nechayev conspiracy model.[34] Members of the circle began to be arrested in late 1873 and the Third Section secret police came for Kropotkin in March 1874.[35]

His arrest for agitation, as a former page de chambre and officer, was scandalous.[36] Kropotkin had just filed his Ice Age report and had been recently elected president of the Geographical Society's Physical and Mathematical Department. At the society's request the tsar granted Kropotkin books to finish his glaciation report. Kropotkin was held in the Peter and Paul Fortress.[35] His brother, who had also radicalized as a follower of Lavrov,[32] was also arrested and exiled in Siberia, where he committed suicide about a decade later.[37]

Kropotkin was moved to the House of Detention prison military hospital in St. Petersburg for poor health, with the help of his sister. With assistance from friends, he escaped from the minimal-security prison in June 1876. By way of Scandinavia and England, Kropotkin arrived in Switzerland by the end of the year, where he met Italian anarchists Carlo Cafiero and Errico Malatesta. He visited Belgium and Zurich, where he met French geographer Élisée Reclus, who became a close friend.[37]

### Exile

[edit]

Kropotkin associated with the Jura Federation and began editing its publication.[38] There he met Ukrainian Jewish student Sophie Kropotkin, and the two were married in 1878.[39] In 1879, he started Le Révolté, a revolutionary fortnightly, in Geneva that published his personal articulation of anarchist communism, the idea of distributing work product communally based on need rather than by work.[40] He became the philosophy's most prominent proponent, despite not creating it. The philosophy became part of the Jura program in 1880 at Kropotkin's advocacy. Le Révolté also published Kropotkin's best known pamphlet, "An Appeal to the Young," in 1880.[39]

Switzerland expelled Kropotkin at Russia's behest after the assassination of Alexander II in early 1881. He moved to Thonon-les-Bains, France, near Geneva, so that his wife could finish her Swiss education. Upon learning that the Holy League, a tsarist group, intended to kill him for his alleged association with the assassination, he moved to London, but could only bear to live there for a year.[39] Upon his return in late 1882, the French arrested him for agitation, partly to appease Russia. He was sentenced to five years in Lyons. In early 1883, he was transferred to the Clairvaux Prison, where he continued his academic work. A public campaign of intellectuals and French legislators called for his release. Reclus published Words of a Rebel, a compilation of Kropotkin's Révolté writings while he was in prison, which became a main source of Kropotkin's thoughts on revolution. As Kropotkin's health worsened from scurvy and malaria, France released him in early 1886.[41] He would stay in England through 1917, settling in Harrow, London, apart from brief trips to other European countries.[42]

In London in late 1886, he co-founded Freedom, an anarchist monthly and the first English anarchist periodical, which he continued to support for almost three decades.[43] His first and only child, Alexandra Kropotkin, was born the next year. He published multiple books over the next coming years including In Russian and French Prisons and The Conquest of Bread.[44] His intellectual circle in London included William Morris and W. B. Yeats as well as old Russian friends Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky and Nikolai Tchaikovsky. Kropotkin contributed to the Geographical Journal and Nature.[45]

After 1890, according to biographers George Woodcock and Ivan Avakumović, Kropotkin became more of a scholarly recluse and less of a propagandist. His works' revolutionary zeal subsided as he turned to social, ethical, and scientific questions. He joined the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He continued to contribute to Freedom but was no longer an editor.[46]

Several of Kropotkin's books began as journal articles. His writings on anarchist communist social life were printed in the French successor to Le Révolté and later revised into The Conquest of Bread in 1892. Kropotkin's writings on decentralizing production and industry against the countervailing trend of centralized industrialization were compiled into his Fields, Factories, and Workshops in 1899.[47] His research throughout the 1890s on the animal instinct for cooperation as a counterpoint to Darwinism became a series of articles in Nineteenth Century and, later, the book Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, which was widely translated.[48]

Following a scientific congress in Toronto in 1897, Kropotkin toured Canada. His experience there led him to advise the Russian Doukhobors who sought to immigrate there. He helped facilitate their emigration in 1899.[46] Kropotkin entered the United States and met John Most, Emma Goldman, and Benjamin Tucker. American publishers published his Memoirs of a Revolutionist and Fields, Factories, and Workshops by the end of the decade.[44] He visited the United States again in 1901 at the invitation of the Lowell Institute to give lectures on Russian literature that were later published.[49] He published The Great French Revolution (1909), The Terror in Russia (1909), and Modern Science and Anarchism (1913). His 70th birthday in 1912 had celebratory gatherings in London and Paris.[49]

Kropotkin's support for Western entry into World War I, siding with Britain and France, divided the anarchist movement, which had been anti-war, and damaged his esteem as a luminary of socialism. He exacerbated this by insisting, with returning to Russia, that Russians support the war as well.[50]

### Return to Russia

[edit]

Emma Goldman delivering a eulogy at Kropotkin's funeral

With the outbreak of the Russian Revolution, Kropotkin returned to Russia in June 1917. He refused the Petrograd Provisional Government's offer of a cabinet seat. In August, he advocated for defending Russia and the revolution at the National State Conference. Kropotkin applied for a residence in Moscow in 1918, which was personally approved by Vladimir Lenin, head of the Soviet government. Months later, finding life in Moscow difficult in his old age, Kropotkin moved with his family to a friend's home in the nearby town of Dmitrov.[51] In 1919, Emma Goldman visited his family there. Kropotkin met with Lenin in Moscow and corresponded by mail to discuss political questions of the day. He advocated for workers' cooperatives and argued against the Bolsheviks' hostage policy and centralization of authority while simultaneously encouraging Western comrades to stop their governments' military interventions in Russia.[49] Kropotkin ultimately had little impact on the Russian revolution, but his advocacy work for political and anarchist prisoners in Russia and for the Russian revolution, during the last four years of his life replenished some of the goodwill he had lost from his support for Western powers in World War I.[29]

Kropotkin died of pneumonia on 8 February 1921.[49] His family refused an offer of a state funeral.[52] With his Moscow funeral, the Bolsheviks permitted the diminished Russian anarchist movement an official, restrained occasion to memorialize their figurehead.[29] It was the last major anarchist demonstration of the period in Russia, as the movement and Kropotkin's writings would be fully suppressed later that year.[52]

## Philosophy

[edit]

Part of a series on

Anarchist communism

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* Co-operative economics
* Egalitarian community
* Free association
* "From each according to his ability,
to each according to his needs"

* General strike
* Gift economy
* Give-away shop
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* Prefigurative politics
* Primitive communism
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Organizational forms

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Literature

* The Conquest of Bread
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### Critique of capitalism

[edit]

Kropotkin critiqued what he considered to be the fallacies of the economic systems of feudalism and capitalism. He believed they create poverty and artificial scarcity and promote privilege. Alternatively, he proposed a more decentralized economic system based on mutual aid and voluntary cooperation. He argued that the tendencies for this kind of organization already exist, both in evolution and in human society.[53]

Kropotkin disagreed in part with the Marxist critique of capitalism, including the labor theory of value, believing there was no necessary link between work performed and the values of commodities. His attack on the institution of wage labor was based more on the power employers exerted over employees, and not only on the extraction of surplus value from their labor. Kropotkin claimed this power was made possible by the state's protection of private ownership of productive resources.[54][55] However, Kropotkin believed the possibility of surplus value was itself the problem, holding that a society would still be unjust if the workers of a particular industry kept their surplus to themselves, rather than redistributing it for the common good.[55]

### Critique of state socialism

[edit]

Kropotkin believed that a communist society could be established only by a social revolution, which he described as, "... the taking possession by the people of all social wealth. It is the abolition of all the forces which have so long hampered the development of Humanity".[56] However, he criticized forms of revolutionary methods (like those proposed by Marxism and Blanquism) that retained the use of state power, arguing that any central authority was incompatible with the dramatic changes needed by a social revolution. Kropotkin believed that the mechanisms of the state were deeply rooted in maintaining the power of one class over another, and thus could not be used to emancipate the working class.[57] Instead, Kropotkin insisted that both private property and the state needed to be abolished together.

> The economic change which will result from the Social Revolution will be so immense and so profound, it must so change all the relations based today on property and exchange, that it is impossible for one or any individual to elaborate the different social forms, which must spring up in the society of the future. [...] Any authority external to it will only be an obstacle, only a trammel on the organic labor which must be accomplished, and beside that a source of discord and hatred.[56]

Kropotkin believed that any post-revolutionary government would lack the local knowledge to organize a diverse population. Their vision of society would be limited by their own vindictive, self-serving, or narrow ideals.[58] To ensure order, preserve authority, and organize production the state would need to use violence and coercion to suppress further revolution, and control workers. The workers would be reliant on the state bureaucracy to organize them, so they would never develop the initiative to self-organize as they needed.[56] This would lead to the re-creation of classes, an oppressed workforce, and eventually another revolution.[59] Thus, Kropotkin wrote that maintaining the state would paralyze any true social revolution, making the idea of a "revolutionary government" a contradiction in terms:

> We know that Revolution and Government are incompatible; one must destroy the other, no matter what name is given to government, whether dictator, royalty, or parliament. We know that what makes the strength and the truth of our party is contained in this fundamental formula — "Nothing good or durable can be done except by the free initiative of the people, and every government tends to destroy it;" and so the very best among us, if their ideas had not to pass through the crucible of the popular mind, before being put into execution, and if they should become masters of that formidable machine — the government — and could thus act as they chose, would become in a week fit only for the gallows. We know whither every dictator leads, even the best intentioned, — namely to the death of all revolutionary movement.[56]

Rather than a centralized approach, Kropotkin stressed the need for decentralized organization. He believed that dissolving the state would cripple counter-revolution without reverting to authoritarian methods of control, writing, "In order to conquer, something more than guillotines are required. It is the revolutionary idea, the truly wide revolutionary conception, which reduces its enemies to impotence by paralyzing all the instruments by which they have governed hitherto."[58] He believed this was possible only through a widespread "Boldness of thought, a distinct and wide conception of all that is desired, constructive force arising from the people in proportion as the negation of authority dawns; and finally -- the initiative of all in the work of reconstruction -- this will give to the revolution the Power required to conquer."[58]

Kropotkin applied this criticism to the Bolsheviks' rule following the October Revolution. Kropotkin summarized his thoughts in a 1919 letter to the workers of Western Europe, promoting the possibility of revolution, but also warning against the centralized control in Russia, which he believed had condemned them to failure.[60] Kropotkin wrote to Lenin in 1920, describing the desperate conditions that he believed to be the result of bureaucratic organization, and urging Lenin to allow for local and decentralized institutions.[61] Following an announcement of executions later that year, Kropotkin sent Lenin another furious letter, admonishing the terror which Kropotkin saw as needlessly destructive.[62]

### Cooperation and competition

[edit]

In 1902, Kropotkin published his book Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, which gave an alternative view of animal and human survival. At the time, some proponents of "Social Darwinism" such as Francis Galton proffered a theory of interpersonal competition and natural hierarchy. Instead, Kropotkin argued that "it was an evolutionary emphasis on cooperation instead of competition in the Darwinian sense that made for the success of species, including the human".[63] In the last chapter, he wrote:

> In the animal world we have seen that the vast majority of species live in societies, and that they find in association the best arms for the struggle for life: understood, of course, in its wide Darwinian sense – not as a struggle for the sheer means of existence, but as a struggle against all natural conditions unfavourable to the species. The animal species [...] in which individual struggle has been reduced to its narrowest limits [...] and the practice of mutual aid has attained the greatest development [...] are invariably the most numerous, the most prosperous, and the most open to further progress. The mutual protection which is obtained in this case, the possibility of attaining old age and of accumulating experience, the higher intellectual development, and the further growth of sociable habits, secure the maintenance of the species, its extension, and its further progressive evolution. The unsociable species, on the contrary, are doomed to decay.[64]

Kropotkin did not deny the presence of competitive urges in humans, but did not consider them the driving force of human history.[65] He believed that seeking out conflict proved to be socially beneficial only in attempts to destroy injustice, as well as authoritarian institutions such as the state or the Russian Orthodox Church, which he saw as stifling human creativity and impeding human instinctual drive towards cooperation.[66]

Kropotkin claimed that the benefits arising from mutual organization incentivizes humans more than mutual strife. His hope was that in the long run, mutual organization would drive individuals to produce. Anarcho-primitivists and anarcho-communists believe that a gift economy can break the cycle of poverty. They rely on Kropotkin, who believed that the hunter-gatherers he had visited implemented mutual aid. [67]

### Mutual aid

[edit]

In his 1892 book The Conquest of Bread, Kropotkin proposed a system of economics based on mutual exchanges made in a system of voluntary cooperation. He believed that in a society that is socially, culturally, and industrially developed enough to produce all the goods and services it needs, there would be no obstacle, such as preferential distribution, pricing or monetary exchange, to prevent everyone to take what they need from the social product. He supported the eventual abolition of money or tokens of exchange for goods and services.[68]

Kropotkin believed that Mikhail Bakunin's collectivist economic model was just a wage system by a different name[69] and that such a system would breed the same type of centralization and inequality as a capitalist wage system. He stated that it is impossible to determine the value of an individual's contributions to the products of labor and thought that anyone who was placed in a position of trying to make such determinations would wield authority over those whose wages they determined.[70]

According to Kirkpatrick Sale, "[w]ith Mutual Aid especially, and later with Fields, Factories, and Workshops, Kropotkin was able to move away from the absurdist limitations of individual anarchism and no-laws anarchism that had flourished during this period and provide instead a vision of communal anarchism, following the models of independent cooperative communities he discovered while developing his theory of mutual aid. It was an anarchism that opposed centralized government and state-level laws as traditional anarchism did, but understood that at a certain small scale, communities and communes and co-ops could flourish and provide humans with a rich material life and wide areas of liberty without centralized control."[63]

### Self-sufficiency

[edit]

Kropotkin's focus on local production led to his view that a country should strive for self-sufficiency by manufacturing its own goods and growing its own food, thus lessening the need to rely on imports. To these ends, he advocated irrigation and greenhouses to boost local food production.[71]

## Personal life

[edit]

> There was no cleavage between the man and his world. He spoke and acted in all things as he felt and believed and wrote. Kropotkin was a whole man.

Rudolf Rocker[72]

Kropotkin married Sofia, a Ukrainian Jewish student, in Switzerland in October 1878. She was over a decade younger than Kropotkin.[39] Kropotkin references her as a primary source of criticism and feedback. Her published story, "The Wife of Number 4,237", was based on her own experience with her husband at Clairvaux prison. She created an archive in Moscow dedicated to his works before her death in 1941.[73] Their only child, Alexandra, was born in London in 1887.[40] Kropotkin was reserved about his private life.[74]

As an individual, Kropotkin was known for having exceptional integrity and moral character that matched his beliefs. Henry Hyndman, an ideological adversary, recalled Kropotkin's charm and sincerity. These traits, wrote Stepnyak-Kravchinsky, contributed to Kropotkin's power as a public speaker. As a thinker, Kropotkin focused more acutely on issues of morality than of economics or politics and carried himself by his own principles without imposition on others. In practice, this made him more of a "revolutionary humanitarian" than a revolutionist by deed.[75] He was also known for being exceptionally kind[76] and for forgoing material comforts to live a revolutionary, principled life by example.[74] Gerald Runkle wrote that "Kropotkin with his scholarly and saintly ways ... almost brought respectability to the movement."[77]

## Legacy

[edit]

The Kropotkinskaya metro station

As the anarchists' leading theorist in his lifetime,[78] Kropotkin wrote their most systematic doctrine in an accessible way;[79] and led the development of anarchist-communist social doctrine. His works, inventive and pragmatic, were the most read anarchist books and pamphlets, with translations into major European and Eastern languages that influenced revolutionaries (e.g., Nestor Makhno and Emiliano Zapata) and non-anarchist reformers alike (e.g., Patrick Geddes, Ebenezer Howard), as well as a wide range of intellectuals (including the writers Ba Jin and James Joyce).[77] Much of Kropotkin's impact was in his intellectual writings prior to 1914. He had little influence on the Russian revolution, despite returning for it.[29]

Emma Goldman regarded Kropotkin as her "great teacher" and as among the greatest minds and personalities of the 19th century.[80]

After Kropotkin's 1921 death, the Bolsheviks permitted Kropotkin's Moscow house to become a Kropotkin Museum. This closed in 1938[49] with his wife's death.[52]

Kropotkin is the namesake for multiple regional entities.[52] The Konyushennaya district in Moscow, where Kropotkin was born, is now known by his name, as the Kropotkinsky district, including the Kropotkinskaya metro station.[81] He is the namesake for a large town in the North Caucasus (southwest Russia)[52][82] and a small town in Siberia.[52] The Kropotkin Range he was first to cross in the Siberian Patom Highlands was named for him,[23] as was a peak in East Antarctica.[83]

## Works

[edit]

### Books

[edit]

* In Russian and French Prisons, London: Ward and Downey; 1887.
* The Conquest of Bread (Paris, 1892) Project Gutenberg e-text, Project LibriVox audiobook
* The Great French Revolution, 1789–1793 (French original: Paris, 1893; English translation: London, 1909). e-text (in French), Anarchist Library e-text (in English)
* The Terror in Russia, 1909, RevoltLib e-text
* Words of a Rebel, 1885,
* Fields, Factories, and Workshops (London and New York, 1898).
* Memoirs of a Revolutionist, London: Smith, Elder; 1899. Anarchist Library e-text, Anarchy Archives e-text
* Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (London, 1902) Project Gutenberg e-text, Project LibriVox audiobook
* Modern Science and Anarchism, 1903, *
* Russian Literature: Ideals and Realities (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1905). Anarchy Archives e-text
* The State: Its Historic Role, published 1946,
* Ethics: Origin and Development (unfinished). Included as first part of Origen y evolución de la moral (Spanish e-text)

### Pamphlets

[edit]

* An Appeal to the Young (1880)
* Communism and Anarchy Archived 28 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1901)
* Anarchist Communism: Its Basis and Principles Archived 11 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine (1887)
* The Industrial Village of the Future Archived 28 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1884)
* Law and Authority Archived 9 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine (1886)
* The Coming Anarchy Archived 8 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1887)
* The Place of Anarchy in Socialist Evolution Archived 10 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine (1886)
* The Wage System Archived 8 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1920)
* The Commune of Paris Archived 8 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1880)
* Anarchist Morality Archived 8 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1898)
* Expropriation Archived 8 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine
* The Great French Revolution and Its Lesson Archived 5 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1909)
* Process Under Socialism Archived 8 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1887)
* Are Prisons Necessary? Archived 15 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Chapter X from "In Russian and French Prisons" (1887)
* The Coming War Archived 8 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1913)
* Wars and Capitalism Archived 8 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1914)
* Revolutionary Government Archived 9 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine (1892)
* The Scientific Basis of Anarchy Archived 8 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1887)
* The Fortress Prison of St. Petersburg Archived 8 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1883)
* Advice to Those About to Emigrate Archived 3 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1893)
* Some of the Resources of Canada Archived 8 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1898)
* Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Ideal Archived 8 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine (1896)
* Revolutionary Studies Archived 8 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1892)
* Direct Action of Environment and Evolution Archived 8 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1920)
* The Present Crisis in Russia Archived 8 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1901)
* The Spirit of Revolt Archived 29 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1880)
* The State: Its Historic Role Archived 7 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine (1897)
* On Economics Archived 16 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine Selected Passages from his Writings (1898–1913)
* On the Teaching of Physiography Archived 8 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine (1893)
* War! Archived 9 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine (1914)

### Articles

[edit]

* "The Constitutional Agitation in Russia," Archived 4 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine 1905.
* "Brain Work and Manual Work," Archived 4 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine 1890.
* "Manifesto of the Sixteen," Archived 4 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine 1916.
* "Organized Vengeance Called 'Justice.'" Archived 4 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine
* "A Proposed Communist Settlement: A New Colony for Tyneside or Wearside." Archived 4 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine
* "What Geography Ought to Be," Archived 4 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine 1885.
* "On Order" Archived 5 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine
* "Maxím Górky," Archived 5 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine 1904
* "Research on the Ice age", Notices of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, 1876.
* "Baron Toll", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 23, No. 6. (Jun. 1904), pp. 770–772, JSTOR
* "The population of Russia", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2. (Aug. 1897), pp. 196–202, JSTOR Archived 8 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
* "The old beds of the Amu-Daria", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3. (Sep. 1898), pp. 306–310, JSTOR
* "Russian Schools and the Holy Synod," Archived 4 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine 1902
* Mr. Mackinder; Mr. Ravenstein; Dr. Herbertson; Prince Kropotkin; Mr. Andrews; Cobden Sanderson; Elisée Reclus, "On Spherical Maps and Reliefs: Discussion", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3. (Sep. 1903), pp. 294–299, JSTOR
* "The desiccation of Eur-Asia", Geographical Journal, 23 (1904), 722–41.
* "Finland" in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), 1911 (in part; with Joseph R. Fisher and John Scott Keltie)
* "Finland: A Rising Nationality," Archived 4 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine Nineteenth Century, 1885
* "Anarchism" Archived 25 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), 1911
* "Anti-militarism. Was it properly understood?" Archived 29 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Freedom, vol.XXVIII, no. 307 (November 1914), pp. 82–83.
* "An open letter of Peter Kropotkin to the Western workingmen" Archived 29 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Railway Review (29 June 1917), p. 4.

## See also

[edit]

* Maria Leshern von Herzfeld
* Golets Kropotkin

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ /kroʊˈpɒtkɪn/;[2] Russian: Пётр Алексе́евич Кропо́ткин Russian pronunciation: [ˈpʲɵtr ɐlʲɪkˈsʲejɪvʲɪt͡ɕ krɐˈpotkʲɪn]
2. ^ According to the new style calendar (modern Gregorian), Kropotkin was born on 9 December 1842. According to the old style (Old Julian) calendar used in the Russian Empire at the time, it was 27 November 1842. Russia converted from the old to the new style calendar in 1918.
3. ^ His birth date was 27 November in the Russian Old Style calendar.[6]
4. ^ Kropotkin previously had some passing familiarity with Bakunin.[26] Historians wrote that Bakunin likely did not wish to meet Kropotkin based on the latter's familial connection to the socialist Peter Lavrov.[32]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Slatter, John. "Kropotkin, Pyotr Alexeyevich." Archived 16 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopedia of Russian History. 2004. Retrieved 1 March 2016 from Encyclopedia.com.
2. ^ "Kropotkin" Archived 25 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
3. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 414\. ISBN 978-0-415-25225-6.
4. ^ Peter Kropotkin entry on 'anarchism' from the Encyclopædia Britannica (eleventh ed.), Internet Archive. Public Domain text.
5. ^ Osofsky 1979, p. 13.
6. ^ Kropotkin & Walter 1971, p. 504.
7. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 22–23.
8. ^ a b Osofsky 1979, p. 23.
9. ^ a b Osofsky 1979, p. 24.
10. ^ Osofsky 1979, p. 13, 24–25.
11. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 13, 18, 25.
12. ^ a b Osofsky 1979, p. 25.
13. ^ Osofsky 1979, p. 13, 26.
14. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 13, 28.
15. ^ Osofsky 1979, p. 28.
16. ^ Osofsky 1979, p. 27.
17. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 28–29.
18. ^ Osofsky 1979, p. 29.
19. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 29–30.
20. ^ Osofsky 1979, p. 30.
21. ^ a b Osofsky 1979, pp. 13, 32.
22. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 30–31.
23. ^ a b Osofsky 1979, p. 31.
24. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 31–32.
25. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 13, 32–33.
26. ^ a b c Osofsky 1979, p. 33.
27. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 33–34.
28. ^ a b Osofsky 1979, p. 34.
29. ^ a b c d Osofsky 1979, p. 18.
30. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 14, 34.
31. ^ Shatz, Marshall S. (1995). "Introduction". The Conquest of Bread and Other Anarchist Writings. Cambridge University Press. p. xi. ISBN 978-0-521-45990-7. OCLC 832639138.
32. ^ a b c d Osofsky 1979, p. 35.
33. ^ Osofsky 1979, p. 36.
34. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 36–37.
35. ^ a b Osofsky 1979, p. 37.
36. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 14, 37.
37. ^ a b Osofsky 1979, p. 38.
38. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 38–39.
39. ^ a b c d Osofsky 1979, p. 39.
40. ^ a b Osofsky 1979, pp. 14, 39.
41. ^ Osofsky 1979, p. 40.
42. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 40–41.
43. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 14, 41.
44. ^ a b Osofsky 1979, p. 14.
45. ^ Osofsky 1979, p. 41.
46. ^ a b Osofsky 1979, p. 44.
47. ^ Osofsky 1979, p. 42.
48. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 42–43.
49. ^ a b c d e Osofsky 1979, p. 15.
50. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 15, 18.
51. ^ "A meeting between V.I. Lenin and P. A. Kropotkin". www.marxists.org. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
52. ^ a b c d e f Kropotkin & Walter 1971, p. xvii.
53. ^ Kropotkin, Peter (1902). Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution. McClure, Philips & Company. pp. 223.
54. ^ Bekken, John (2009). "Peter Kropotkin's anarchist economics for a new society". Radical Economics and Labour. London & New York: Routledge. p. 223\. ISBN 978-0-415-77723-0.
55. ^ a b Kropotkin, Peter (2011). The Conquest of Bread. Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 50, 101–102.
56. ^ a b c d "Revolutionary Government". The Anarchist Library. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
57. ^ The Modern State. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
58. ^ a b c "Revolutionary Studies". The Anarchist Library. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
59. ^ "XI. CAN THE STATE BE USED FOR THE EMANCIPATION OF THE WORKERS?". The Modern State. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
60. ^ "The Russian Revolution and the Soviet Government: Letter to the Workers of Western Europe". The Anarchist Library. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
61. ^ "Letter to Lenin (4 March 1920)". The Anarchist Library. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
62. ^ "Letter To Lenin (21 December 1920)". The Anarchist Library. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
63. ^ a b Sale, Kirkpatrick (1 July 2010) Are Anarchists Revolting? Archived 12 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, The American Conservative
64. ^ Kropotkin, Peter (1902). quotation from Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution. Archived from the original on 16 March 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
65. ^ Gallaher, Carolyn; Dahlman, Carl T.; Gilmartin, Mary; Mountz, Alison; Shirlow, Peter (2009). Key Concepts in Political Geography. London: SAGE. p. 392\. ISBN 9781412946728.
66. ^ Vucinich, Alexander (1988). Darwin in Russian Thought. University of California Press. p. 349\. ISBN 9780520062832.
67. ^ Roy, Debarati (2012). The Power of Money. Vij Books India Private Limited. p. 201\. ISBN 9789382573173.
68. ^ Kropotkin, Peter (1892). The Conquest of Bread. Putnam. pp. 201.
69. ^ Kropotkin wrote: "After the Collectivist Revolution instead of saying 'twopence' worth of soap, we shall say 'five minutes' worth of soap." (quoted in Brauer, Fae (2009). "Wild Beasts and Tame Primates: 'Le Douanier' Rosseau's Dream of Darwin's Evolution". In Larsen, Barbara Jean (ed.). The Art of Evolution: Darwin, Darwinisms, and Visual Culture. UPNE. p. 211\. ISBN 9781584657750.)
70. ^ Avrich, Paul (2005). The Russian Anarchists. AK Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN 9781904859482.
71. ^ Adams, Matthew S. (4 June 2015). Kropotkin, Read, and the Intellectual History of British Anarchism: Between Reason and Romanticism. Springer. ISBN 9781137392626.
72. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 20–21.
73. ^ Eds (18 September 2021). "Sophia Kropotkin (and a trip to Hartlepool)". Freedom News. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
74. ^ a b Osofsky 1979, p. 22.
75. ^ Osofsky 1979, p. 20.
76. ^ Osofsky 1979, p. 21.
77. ^ a b Osofsky 1979, p. 19.
78. ^ * Osofsky 1979, p. 19: "Paul Avrich sees Kropotkin as the foremost libertarian theorist and most venerated figure of the anarchist movement" ... "Alexander Gray ... 'probably the most representative, as he is certainly the most attractive and engaging, of the modern anarchist'"
79. ^ Drinnon, Richard (1982) [1961]. "The Dream". Rebel in Paradise: A Biography of Emma Goldman. Paul Avrich Collection (Library of Congress). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-226-16364-2. OCLC 1319580316 - via Internet Archive.
80. ^ Osofsky 1979, pp. 21–22.
81. ^ Jabado, Salwa (2008). Fodor's Moscow and St. Petersburg. Fodor's. ISBN 9781400007172.
82. ^ Everett-Heath, John (7 December 2017). The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-255646-2.
83. ^ Alberts, Fred G. (1995). "Geographic Names of the Antarctic".

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Avrich, Paul (1988). Anarchist Portraits. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 53–106. ISBN 0-691-04753-7. OCLC 17727270.
* Crowder, George (2003). "Petr Alekseevich Kropotkin". In Dinega, Alyssa W. (ed.). Russian Literature in the Age of Realism. Vol. 277\. Detroit, MI: Gale. pp. 191–198. Gale OOSVCP062651800.
* Green, Lara (2022). "The Transnational Life and Death of Peter Kropotkin, 1881-1921: Terrorism, the Anarchist Body, and the Russian Revolution". Anarchist Studies. 30 (1): 83–. ISSN 0967-3393. Gale A708386012.
* Marshall, Peter (1992). "Peter Kropotkin: The Revolutionary Evolutionist". Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: HarperCollins. pp. 309–338. ISBN 978-0-00-217855-6.
* Osofsky, Stephen (1979). Peter Kropotkin. Boston: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-7724-6. OCLC 4497420.
* Kropotkin, Peter; Walter, Nicolas (1971). Memoirs of a Revolutionist. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-22485-5.
* Woodcock, George (1986). "The Explorer". Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements (2nd ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 153–182. ISBN 978-0-14-022697-3. OCLC 489971695.

## Further reading

[edit]

### Books on Kropotkin

[edit]

* Butterworth, Alex (9 August 2011). The World That Never Was: A True Story of Dreamers, Schemers, Anarchists, and Secret Agents. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-38675-5. OCLC 676726867.
* Cahm, Caroline (1989). Kropotkin and the Rise of Revolutionary Anarchism 1872–1886. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36445-0. OCLC 19553164.
* Davis, Mike (2018). "The Coming Desert: Kropotkin, Mars and the Pulse of Asia". Old Gods, New Enigmas: Marx's Lost Theory. London: Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-78873-217-8. OCLC 1014051592.
* Engelbert, Arthur (2012). Help! Gegenseitig behindern oder helfen. Eine politische Skizze zur Wahrnehmung heute. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. ISBN 978-3-8260-5017-6. OCLC 822991908.
* Joll, James (1980). The Anarchists. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03641-3. OCLC 6016024.
* Mac Laughlin, Jim (4 November 2023). Kropotkin and the Anarchist Intellectual Tradition. London: Pluto Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt19qgdvc. ISBN 9780745335131. JSTOR j.ctt19qgdvc. OCLC 937451696.
* Maíz, Jordi, ed. (2021). Kropotkin. Cien años después. Madrid: Fundación de Estudios Libertarios Anselmo Lorenzo. ISBN 978-84-123507-1-5. OCLC 1264877365.
* Miller, Martin A. (1976). Kropotkin. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-52594-5. OCLC 1035901653.
* Morris, Brian (2004). Kropotkin: The Politics of Community. Oakland, California: PM Press. ISBN 9781629635057. OCLC 1030892242.
* Walter, Nicolas (2004). "Kropotkin, Peter". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/42326. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
* Woodcock, George; Avakumović, Ivan (1950). The Anarchist Prince: A Biographical Study of Peter Kropotkin. Kraus Reprint. ISBN 9780805203059. OCLC 242229.

### Periodical articles

[edit]

* Afinogenov, Greg (4 May 2023). "What should the action be?". London Review of Books. Vol. 45, no. 9\. ISSN 0260-9592.
* Alan, Barnard (March 2004). "Mutual Aid and the Foraging Mode of Thought: Re-reading Kropotkin on the Khoisan". Social Evolution & History. 3 (1): 3–21. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.515.4372.
* Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivich" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 928.
* Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivich, Prince" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 31 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 688.
* Efremenko, Dmitry; Evseeva, Yaroslava (2012). "Studies of Social Solidarity in Russia: Tradition and Modern Trends". The American Sociologist. 43 (4): 349–365. doi:10.1007/s12108-012-9165-2. ISSN 0003-1232. JSTOR 23319618. S2CID 255519594.
* Gould, S. J. (June 1997). "Kropotkin Was No Crackpot". Natural History. 106: 12–21.
* "Prince P. A. Kropotkin". Nature. 106 (2675): 735–736. February 1921. Bibcode:1921Natur.106..735.. doi:10.1038/106735a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4292571.

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* Psychology portal
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Freedom Press

Periodicals|

* Anarchy
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Books|

* Anarchism and Anarcho-syndicalism
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People|

* Alan Albon
* Marie Louise Berneri
* Richard Boston
* Tom Brown
* Thomas Cantwell
* George Cores
* Nora Dryhurst
* Leah Feldman
* Clifford Harper
* John Hewetson
* Thomas Keell
* Harry Kelly
* Peter Kropotkin
* Alfred Marsh
* Albert Meltzer
* Arthur Moyse
* Max Nettlau
* Vernon Richards
* Jack Robinson
* Donald Rooum
* Philip Sansom
* Rufus Segar
* John Turner
* Nicolas Walter
* Colin Ward
* Woolf Wess
* Charlotte Wilson
* Lilian Wolfe

Related|

* Freedom Defence Committee
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Revolutionary socialism

Concepts|

* Class conflict
* Communist revolution
* Communization
* Foco
* Impossibilism
* People's war
* Permanent revolution
* Platformism
* Proletarian internationalism
* Proletarian revolution
* Revolutionary base area
* Revolutionary terror
* Situationist prank
* Social revolution
* United front
* Vanguardism
* World revolution

Tendencies|

* Blanquism
* De Leonism
* Insurrectionary anarchism
* Mao-spontex
* Syndicalism

Groups|

* The Invisible Committee
* Situationist International

People|

* Mikhail Bakunin
* Louis Auguste Blanqui
* Daniel De Leon
* Régis Debray
* Friedrich Engels
* Che Guevara
* Abimael Guzmán
* Karl Kautsky
* Peter Kropotkin
* Vladimir Lenin
* Karl Liebknecht
* Rosa Luxemburg
* Mao Zedong
* Karl Marx
* Thomas Sankara
* Joseph Stalin
* Leon Trotsky

Related topics|

* Anarchist communism
* Anarcho-pacifism
* Collectivist anarchism
* General strike
* Popular front
* Radical feminism
* Reformism
* Refusal of work

* Socialism portal

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Socialism

History \- Outline

Schools of
thought|

* 21st century
* Agrarian
* Communist
* Democratic
* Ethical
* Feminist
* Green
* Guild
* Labourism
* Syndicalism
* Liberal
* Market
* Marxian
* Nationalist
* Reformist
* Revolutionary
* Scientific
* Social democracy
* Utopian
* Fourierism
* Icarianism
* Owenism
* Saint-Simonianism
* Technocracy

| Libertarian
(from below)|

* Anarchism
* Collectivist
* Communist
* Free-market
* Left-wing laissez-faire
* Left-wing market
* Green
* Individualist
* Insurrectionary
* Magonism
* Mutualism
* Neozapatismo
* Platformism
* Communalism
* Social
* Syndicalist
* Left-libertarianism
* Libertarian Marxism
* Left communism
* Council communism
* Luxemburgism
* Mao-Spontex
* Trotskyism
* Pabloism
* Posadism
* Orthodox
* Third camp

|

Authoritarian
(from above)|

* Barracks
* Nechayevism
* Blanquism
* Bolshevism
* Leninism
* Marxism–Leninism
* Brezhnevism
* Castroism
* Ceaușism
* Guevarism
* Ho Chi Minh Thought
* Hoxhaism
* Husakism
* Juche
* Kadarism
* Khrushchevism
* Maoism
* Dengism
* Maoism–Third Worldism
* Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
* Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought
* Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path
* Xi Jinping Thought
* Stalinism
* Neo-Stalinism
* National
* Tkachevism
* State
* Lassallism

Religious|

* Buddhist
* Christian
* anarchism
* communism
* Islamic
* Jewish

Regional variants|

* African
* African-Caribbean
* Arab
* Bolivarian
* Chinese
* Communist
* Nationalist
* Chiangist
* European
* Eurocommunism
* Indian
* Israeli
* Indonesian
* Melanesian
* Mexican
* Soviet
* In one country
* Real
* Sri Lankan
* Third World
* Yugoslav

Key topics
and issues|

* Anarchist economics
* Anti-revisionism
* Criticism of capitalism
* Criticism of socialism
* Critique of political economy
* Critique of work
* Class struggle
* Democracy
* Dictatorship of the proletariat
* Egalitarianism
* Equal liberty
* Equality of opportunity
* Equality of outcome
* History of anarchism
* History of communism
* History of socialism
* History of social democracy
* Impossibilism
* "The Internationale"
* Internationalism
* State-owned enterprise
* Land reform
* Left-wing politics
* Mixed economy
* Mode of production
* Nanosocialism
* Nationalization
* Planned economy
* Post-capitalism
* Proletarian revolution
* Reformism
* Revisionism
* Socialisation of production
* Socialist economics
* Socialist market economy
* Socialist state
* State capitalism
* Trade union
* Welfare state
* Workers' council

Concepts|

* Adhocracy
* Anarchist economics
* Basic income
* Calculation in kind
* Common ownership
* Cooperative ownership
* Decentralized planning
* Direct democracy
* Economic democracy
* Economic planning
* Equal opportunity
* Free association of producers
* Industrial democracy
* Labor-time calculation
* Labour voucher
* Organizational self-management
* Production for use
* Public ownership
* Social dividend
* Socialist mode of production
* Technocracy
* Workplace democracy

People|

| 16th c.|

* Tommaso Campanella
* Thomas More

|

18th c.|

* Gracchus Babeuf
* Victor d'Hupay
* Gabriel Bonnot de Mably
* Sylvain Maréchal
* Étienne-Gabriel Morelly

19th c.|

* Stephen Pearl Andrews
* Mikhail Bakunin
* John Goodwyn Barmby
* Enrico Barone
* August Bebel
* Edward Bellamy
* Eduard Bernstein
* Louis Blanc
* Louis Auguste Blanqui
* Philippe Buchez
* Georg Büchner
* Philippe Buonarroti
* Francisco Largo Caballero
* Étienne Cabet
* Edward Carpenter
* Nikolay Chernyshevsky
* James Connolly
* Victor Prosper Considerant
* Claire Démar
* Théodore Dézamy
* W. E. B. Du Bois
* Prosper Enfantin
* Friedrich Engels
* Charles Fourier
* Emma Goldman
* William Batchelder Greene
* Charles Hall
* Alexander Herzen
* Thomas Hodgskin
* Jean Jaurès
* Mother Jones
* Karl Kautsky
* Peter Kropotkin
* Paul Lafargue
* Ferdinand Lassalle
* Pyotr Lavrov
* Alexandre Ledru-Rollin
* Pierre Leroux
* Helen Macfarlane
* Errico Malatesta
* Karl Marx
* Louise Michel
* Nikolay Mikhaylovsky
* William Morris
* Robert Owen
* Antonie Pannekoek
* Giovanni Pascoli
* Constantin Pecqueur
* Georgi Plekhanov
* Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
* Luis Emilio Recabarren
* Henri de Saint-Simon
* Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin
* George Sand
* Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz
* Eugène Sue
* Lysander Spooner
* Fred M. Taylor
* William Thompson
* Pyotr Tkachev
* Benjamin Tucker
* Suzanne Voilquin
* Alfred Russel Wallace
* Josiah Warren
* Wilhelm Weitling
* Oscar Wilde

20th c.|

* Tariq Ali
* Salvador Allende
* Inejirō Asanuma
* Hafez al-Assad
* Clement Attlee
* Aung San
* Deng Xiaoping
* Jiang Zemin
* Henri Barbusse
* Jyoti Basu
* Simone de Beauvoir
* Walter Benjamin
* Tony Benn
* Léon Blum
* Grace Lee Boggs
* Murray Bookchin
* Bertolt Brecht
* Aristide Briand
* Nikolai Bukharin
* Cornelius Castoriadis
* Noam Chomsky
* M. N. Roy
* G. D. H. Cole
* Jeremy Corbyn
* Marcel Déat
* Guy Debord
* Eugene V. Debs
* John Dewey
* Alexander Dubček
* Albert Einstein
* Faiz Ahmad Faiz
* Muammar Gaddafi
* Einar Gerhardsen
* Mikhail Gorbachev
* Maxim Gorky
* Antonio Gramsci
* Safdar Hashmi
* Eric Hobsbawm
* Saddam Hussein
* Dolores Ibárruri
* Pablo Iglesias Posse
* Jayaprakash Narayan
* Russell Jacoby
* Kim Jong-il
* Kim Il Sung
* Martin Luther King Jr.
* Alexandra Kollontai
* James Larkin
* E. M. S. Namboodiripad
* Jack Layton
* Henri Lefebvre
* Claude Lefort
* Vladimir Lenin
* György Lukács
* Rosa Luxemburg
* Lu Xun
* Alasdair MacIntyre
* Nestor Makhno
* Nelson Mandela
* José Carlos Mariátegui
* Adrien Marquet
* Mao Dun
* Salama Moussa
* François Mitterrand
* Imre Nagy
* Gamal Abdel Nasser
* Jawaharlal Nehru
* Ernst Niekisch
* Ne Win
* George Orwell
* Sylvia Pankhurst
* Fred Paterson
* Karl Polanyi
* Pierre Renaudel
* B. T. Ranadive
* Bertrand Russell
* Gaetano Salvemini
* Bernie Sanders
* Jean-Paul Sartre
* Arthur Scargill
* Léopold Sédar Senghor
* George Bernard Shaw
* Sukarno
* Sun Yat-sen
* R. H. Tawney
* E. P. Thompson
* Ernst Toller
* Leon Trotsky
* Ram Manohar Lohia
* H. G. Wells
* Cornel West
* Clara Zetkin
* Howard Zinn
* J. Posadas

21st c.|

* Pedro Castillo
* Hugo Chávez
* Bob Crow
* Hu Jintao
* Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu
* Kim Jong Un
* Lula da Silva
* Evo Morales
* Yanis Varoufakis
* Xi Jinping
* Vaush

Organizations|

* International socialist organizations
* Socialist parties

See also|

* Anarchism
* Communism
* Economic calculation problem
* Marxist philosophy
* New Left
* Old Left
* Socialism by country
* Socialist calculation debate

* Categories
* Socialism WikiProject
* Socialism portal
* Communism portal
* Organized Labour portal

* v
* t
* e

Social philosophy

Concepts|

* Agency
* Anomie
* Convention
* Cosmopolitanism
* Customs
* Cultural heritage
* Culturalism
* Inter
* Mono
* Multi
* Culture
* Counter
* Familialism
* History
* Honour
* Human nature
* Identity
* Formation
* Ideology
* Institutions
* Invisible hand
* Loyalty
* Modernity
* Morality
* Public
* Mores
* National character
* Natural law
* Reification
* Ressentiment
* Rights
* Sittlichkeit
* Social alienation
* Social norms
* Spontaneous order
* Stewardship
* Traditions
* Values
* Family
* Volksgeist
* Worldview

Schools|

* Budapest School
* Catholic social teaching
* Distributism
* Communitarianism
* Confucianism
* Conservatism
* Social
* Frankfurt School
* Personalism

Philosophers|

| Ancient|

* Augustine
* Cicero
* Confucius
* Lactantius
* Laozi
* Mencius
* Mozi
* Origen
* Philo
* Plato
* Plutarch
* Polybius
* Tertullian
* Thucydides
* Xunzi

|

Medieval|

* Alpharabius
* Aquinas
* Avempace
* Bruni
* Dante
* Gelasius
* Ibn Khaldun
* Maimonides
* Muhammad
* Photios
* Plethon
* Ibn Tufayl

Early modern|

* Calvin
* Erasmus
* Guicciardini
* Locke
* Luther
* Milton
* Montaigne
* Müntzer

18th and 19th
centuries|

* Arnold
* Bentham
* Bonald
* Burke
* Carlyle
* Comte
* Condorcet
* Emerson
* Engels
* Fichte
* Fourier
* Franklin
* Hegel
* Helvétius
* Herder
* Hume
* Jefferson
* Kant
* Kierkegaard
* Le Bon
* Le Play
* Marx
* Mill
* Nietzsche
* Owen
* Renan
* Rousseau
* Royce
* Ruskin
* Smith
* Spencer
* de Staël
* Stirner
* Taine
* Thoreau
* Tocqueville
* Vico
* Vivekananda
* Voltaire

20th and 21st
centuries|

* Adorno
* Agamben
* Arendt
* Aron
* Badiou
* Baudrillard
* Bauman
* Benoist
* Berlin
* Butler
* Camus
* de Beauvoir
* Debord
* Deleuze
* Dewey
* Du Bois
* Durkheim
* Eco
* Evola
* Foucault
* Fromm
* Gandhi
* Gehlen
* Gentile
* Gramsci
* Guénon
* Habermas
* Han
* Heidegger
* Hoppe
* Irigaray
* Kirk
* Kołakowski
* Kropotkin
* Land
* Lasch
* MacIntyre
* Marcuse
* Maritain
* Negri
* Niebuhr
* Nussbaum
* Oakeshott
* Ortega
* Pareto
* Polanyi
* Radhakrishnan
* Röpke
* Santayana
* Scruton
* Shariati
* Simmel
* Skinner
* Sombart
* Sowell
* Spengler
* Taylor
* Voegelin
* Walzer
* Weber
* Weil
* Zinn
* Žižek

Works|

* De Officiis (44 BC)
* Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486)
* A Vindication of Natural Society (1756)
* Democracy in America (1835–1840)
* Civilization and Its Discontents (1930)
* The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (1935)
* The Second Sex (1949)
* One-Dimensional Man (1964)
* The Society of the Spectacle (1967)
* The History of Sexuality (1976)
* The Culture of Narcissism (1979)
* A Conflict of Visions (1987)
* The Closing of the American Mind (1987)
* Gender Trouble (1990)
* The Malaise of Modernity (1991)
* Intellectuals and Society (2010)

See also|

* Agnotology
* Axiology
* Critical theory
* Cultural criticism
* Cultural pessimism
* Ethics
* Historism
* Historicism
* Humanities
* Philosophy of culture
* Philosophy of education
* Philosophy of history
* Political philosophy
* Social criticism
* Social science
* Social theory
* Sociology

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Political philosophy

Terms|

* Authority
* Citizenship‎
* Duty
* Elite
* Emancipation
* Freedom
* Government
* Hegemony
* Hierarchy
* Justice
* Law
* Legitimacy
* Liberty
* Monopoly
* Nation
* Obedience
* Peace
* People
* Pluralism
* Power
* Progress
* Propaganda
* Property
* Regime
* Revolution
* Rights
* Ruling class
* Society
* Sovereignty‎
* State
* Utopia
* War

Government|

* Aristocracy
* Autocracy
* Bureaucracy
* Dictatorship
* Democracy
* Gerontocracy
* Meritocracy
* Monarchy
* Oligarchy
* Plutocracy
* Technocracy
* Theocracy

Ideologies|

* Agrarianism
* Anarchism
* Capitalism
* Christian democracy
* Colonialism
* Communism
* Communitarianism
* Confucianism
* Conservatism
* Corporatism
* Distributism
* Environmentalism
* Fascism
* Feminism
* Feudalism
* Imperialism
* Islamism
* Liberalism
* Libertarianism
* Localism
* Marxism
* Monarchism
* Multiculturalism
* Nationalism
* Nazism
* Populism
* Republicanism
* Social Darwinism
* Social democracy
* Socialism
* Third Way

Concepts|

* Balance of power
* Bellum omnium contra omnes
* Body politic
* Clash of civilizations
* Common good
* Consent of the governed
* Divine right of kings
* Family as a model for the state
* Monopoly on violence
* Natural law
* Negative and positive rights
* Night-watchman state
* Noble lie
* Noblesse oblige
* Open society
* Ordered liberty
* Original position
* Overton window
* Separation of powers
* Social contract
* State of nature
* Statolatry
* Tyranny of the majority

Philosophers|

| Antiquity|

* Aristotle
* Chanakya
* Cicero
* Confucius
* Han Fei
* Lactantius
* Mencius
* Mozi
* Plato
* political philosophy
* Polybius
* Shang
* Sun Tzu
* Thucydides
* Xenophon

|

Middle Ages|

* Alpharabius
* Aquinas
* Averroes
* Bruni
* Dante
* Gelasius
* al-Ghazali
* Ibn Khaldun
* Marsilius
* Muhammad
* Nizam al-Mulk
* Ockham
* Plethon
* Wang

Early modern
period|

* Boétie
* Bodin
* Bossuet
* Calvin
* Campanella
* Filmer
* Grotius
* Guicciardini
* Hobbes
* political philosophy
* James
* Leibniz
* Locke
* Luther
* Machiavelli
* Milton
* More
* Müntzer
* Pufendorf
* Spinoza
* Suárez

18th and 19th
centuries|

* Bakunin
* Bastiat
* Beccaria
* Bentham
* Bolingbroke
* Bonald
* Burke
* Carlyle
* Comte
* Condorcet
* Constant
* Cortés
* Engels
* Fichte
* Fourier
* Franklin
* Godwin
* Haller
* Hegel
* Herder
* Hume
* Iqbal
* political philosophy
* Jefferson
* Kant
* political philosophy
* Le Bon
* Le Play
* Madison
* Maistre
* Marx
* Mazzini
* Mill
* Montesquieu
* Nietzsche
* Owen
* Paine
* Renan
* Rousseau
* Sade
* Saint-Simon
* Smith
* Spencer
* de Staël
* Stirner
* Taine
* Thoreau
* Tocqueville
* Tucker
* Voltaire

20th and 21st
centuries|

* Agamben
* Ambedkar
* Arendt
* Aron
* Badiou
* Bauman
* Benoist
* Berlin
* Bernstein
* Burnham
* Chomsky
* Dmowski
* Du Bois
* Dugin
* Dworkin
* Evola
* Foucault
* Fromm
* Fukuyama
* Gandhi
* Gentile
* Gramsci
* Guénon
* Habermas
* Hayek
* Hoppe
* Huntington
* Kautsky
* Kirk
* Kropotkin
* Laclau
* Lenin
* Luxemburg
* Mansfield
* Mao
* Marcuse
* Maurras
* Michels
* Mises
* Mosca
* Mouffe
* Negri
* Nozick
* Nussbaum
* Oakeshott
* Ortega
* Pareto
* Popper
* Qutb
* Rand
* Rawls
* Röpke
* Rothbard
* Russell
* Sartre
* Schmitt
* Scruton
* Shariati
* Sorel
* Spann
* Spengler
* Strauss
* Sun
* Taylor
* Voegelin
* Walzer
* Weber

Works|

* Republic (c. 375 BC)
* Politics (c. 350 BC)
* De re publica (51 BC)
* Treatise on Law (c. 1274)
* Monarchia (1313)
* The Prince (1532)
* Leviathan (1651)
* Two Treatises of Government (1689)
* The Spirit of Law (1748)
* The Social Contract (1762)
* Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
* Rights of Man (1791)
* Elements of the Philosophy of Right (1820)
* Democracy in America (1835–1840)
* The Communist Manifesto (1848)
* On Liberty (1859)
* The Revolt of the Masses (1929)
* The Road to Serfdom (1944)
* The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945)
* The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)
* A Theory of Justice (1971)
* The End of History and the Last Man (1992)

Related|

* Authoritarianism
* Collectivism and individualism
* Conflict theories
* Contractualism
* Critique of political economy
* Egalitarianism
* Elite theory
* Elitism
* History of political thought
* Institutional discrimination
* Jurisprudence
* Justification for the state
* Machiavellianism
* Political ethics
* Political spectrum
* Left-wing politics
* Centrism
* Right-wing politics
* Political theology
* Political violence
* Separation of church and state
* Separatism
* Social justice
* Statism
* Totalitarianism
* Index

* Category:Political philosophy

Authority control databases

International|

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Academics|

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Artists|

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People|

* Trove
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Other|

* IdRef
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* SNAC

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