Petroleum industry

Extraction and sale of petroleum products

"Oil patch" redirects here. For the magazine, see Oil Patch Hotline.

World oil reserves as of 2013

The petroleum industry, also known as the oil industry or the oil patch, includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transportation (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing of petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol). Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, synthetic fragrances, and plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream, and downstream. Upstream regards exploration and extraction of crude oil, midstream encompasses transportation and storage of crude, and downstream concerns refining crude oil into various end products.

Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is necessary for the maintenance of industrial civilization in its current configuration, making it a critical concern for many nations. Oil accounts for a large percentage of the world's energy consumption, ranging from a low of 32% for Europe and Asia, to a high of 53% for the Middle East.

Other geographic regions' consumption patterns are as follows: South and Central America (44%), Africa (41%), and North America (40%). The world consumes 36 billion barrels (5.8 km3) of oil per year,[1] with developed nations being the largest consumers. The United States consumed 18% of the oil produced in 2015.[2] The production, distribution, refining, and retailing of petroleum taken as a whole represents the world's largest industry in terms of dollar value.

## History

[edit]

Main article: History of the petroleum industry

Oil Field in Baku, Azerbaijan, 1926

### Prehistory

[edit]

Natural oil spring in Korňa, Slovakia.

Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations. It consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus other organic compounds. It is generally accepted that oil is formed mostly from the carbon rich remains of ancient plankton after exposure to heat and pressure in Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. Over time, the decayed residue was covered by layers of mud and silt, sinking further down into Earth's crust and preserved there between hot and pressured layers, gradually transforming into oil reservoirs.[3]

### Early history

[edit]

Petroleum in an unrefined state has been utilized by humans for over 5000 years. Oil in general has been used since early human history to keep fires ablaze and in warfare.

Its importance to the world economy however, evolved slowly, with whale oil being used for lighting in the 19th century and wood and coal used for heating and cooking well into the 20th century. Even though the Industrial Revolution generated an increasing need for energy, this was initially met mainly by coal, and from other sources including whale oil. However, when it was discovered that kerosene could be extracted from crude oil and used as a lighting and heating fuel, the demand for petroleum increased greatly, and by the early twentieth century had become the most valuable commodity traded on world markets.[4]

### Modern history

[edit]

See also: Petroleum Trail and Industrial development in the Principality of Wallachia

Oil wells in Boryslav Galician oil wells Net income of the global oil and gas industry reached a record US$4 trillion in 2022.[5] After recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic, energy company profits increased with greater revenues from higher fuel prices resulting from the Russian invasion of Ukraine, falling debt levels, tax write-downs of projects shut down in Russia, and backing off from earlier plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[6] Record profits sparked public calls for windfall taxes.[6] World crude oil production from wells (excludes surface-mined oil, such as from Canadian heavy oil sands), 1930–2012

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

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Top oil-producing countries[7]

Imperial Russia produced 3,500 tons of oil in 1825 and doubled its output by mid-century.[8] After oil drilling began in the region of present-day Azerbaijan in 1846, in Baku, the Russian Empire built two large pipelines: the 833 km long pipeline to transport oil from the Caspian to the Black Sea port of Batum (Baku-Batum pipeline), completed in 1906, and the 162 km long pipeline to carry oil from Chechnya to the Caspian. The first drilled oil wells in Baku were built in 1871–1872 by Ivan Mirzoev, an Armenian businessman who is referred to as one of the 'founding fathers' of Baku's oil industry.[9][10]

At the turn of the 20th century, Imperial Russia's output of oil, almost entirely from the Apsheron Peninsula, accounted for half of the world's production and dominated international markets.[11] Nearly 200 small refineries operated in the suburbs of Baku by 1884.[12] As a side effect of these early developments, the Apsheron Peninsula emerged as the world's "oldest legacy of oil pollution and environmental negligence".[13] In 1846 Baku (Bibi-Heybat settlement) featured the first ever well drilled with percussion tools to a depth of 21 meters for oil exploration. In 1878 Ludvig Nobel and his Branobel company "revolutionized oil transport" by commissioning the first oil tanker and launching it on the Caspian Sea.[11]

Samuel Kier established America's first oil refinery in Pittsburgh on Seventh avenue near Grant Street in 1853. Ignacy Łukasiewicz built one of the first modern oil-refineries near Jasło (then in the Austrian dependent Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria in Central European Galicia), present-day Poland, in 1854–56.[14] Galician refineries were initially small, as demand for refined fuel was limited. The refined products were used in artificial asphalt, machine oil and lubricants, in addition to Łukasiewicz's kerosene lamp. As kerosene lamps gained popularity, the refining industry grew in the area.

The first commercial oil-well in Canada became operational in 1858 at Oil Springs, Ontario (then Canada West).[15] Businessman James Miller Williams dug several wells between 1855 and 1858 before discovering a rich reserve of oil four metres below ground.[16][17] Williams extracted 1.5 million litres of crude oil by 1860, refining much of it into kerosene-lamp oil.[15] Some historians challenge Canada's claim to North America's first oil field, arguing that Pennsylvania's famous Drake Well was the continent's first. But there is evidence to support Williams, not least of which is that the Drake well did not come into production until August 28, 1859. The controversial point might be that Williams found oil above bedrock while Edwin Drake's well located oil within a bedrock reservoir. The discovery at Oil Springs touched off an oil boom which brought hundreds of speculators and workers to the area. Canada's first gusher (flowing well) erupted on January 16, 1862, when local oil-man John Shaw struck oil at 158 feet (48 m).[18] For a week the oil gushed unchecked at levels reported as high as 3,000 barrels per day.

The first modern oil-drilling in the United States began in West Virginia and Pennsylvania in the 1850s. Edwin Drake's 1859 well near Titusville, Pennsylvania, typically considered[by whom?] the first true[citation needed] modern[citation needed] oil well, touched off a major boom.[19][20][21][need quotation to verify] In the first quarter of the 20th century, the United States overtook Russia as the world's largest oil producer. By the 1920s, oil fields had been established in many countries including Canada, Poland, Sweden, Ukraine, the United States, Peru and Venezuela.[21]

The first successful oil tanker, the Zoroaster, was built in 1878 in Sweden, designed by Ludvig Nobel. It operated from Baku to Astrakhan.[22] A number of new tanker designs developed in the 1880s.

In the early 1930s the Texas Company developed the first mobile steel barges for drilling in the brackish coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico. In 1937 Pure Oil Company (now part of Chevron Corporation) and its partner Superior Oil Company (now part of ExxonMobil Corporation) used a fixed platform to develop a field in 14 feet (4.3 m) of water, one mile (1.6 km) offshore of Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana. In early 1947 Superior Oil erected a drilling/production oil-platform in 20 ft (6.1 m) of water some 18 miles[vague] off Vermilion Parish, Louisiana. Kerr-McGee Oil Industries, as operator for partners Phillips Petroleum (ConocoPhillips) and Stanolind Oil & Gas (BP), completed its historic Ship Shoal Block 32 well in November 1947, months before Superior actually drilled a discovery from their Vermilion platform farther offshore. In any case, that made Kerr-McGee's Gulf of Mexico well, Kermac No. 16, the first oil discovery drilled out of sight of land.[23][page needed][24] Forty-four Gulf of Mexico exploratory wells discovered 11 oil and natural gas fields by the end of 1949.[25]

During World War II (1939–1945) control of oil supply from Romania, Baku, the Middle East and the Dutch East Indies played a huge role in the events of the war and the ultimate victory of the Allies. The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (1941) secured Allied control of oil-production in the Middle East. The expansion of Imperial Japan to the south aimed largely at accessing the oil-fields of the Dutch East Indies. Germany, cut off from sea-borne oil supplies by Allied blockade, failed in Operation Edelweiss to secure the Caucasus oil-fields for the Axis military in 1942, while Romania deprived the Wehrmacht of access to Ploesti oilfields – the largest in Europe – from August 1944. Cutting off the East Indies oil-supply (especially via submarine campaigns) considerably weakened Japan in the latter part of the war. After World War II ended in 1945, the countries of the Middle East took the lead in oil production from the United States. Important developments since World War II include deep-water drilling, the introduction of the drillship, and the growth of a global shipping network for petroleum – relying upon oil tankers and pipelines. In 1949 the first offshore oil-drilling at Oil Rocks (Neft Dashlari) in the Caspian Sea off Azerbaijan eventually resulted in a city built on pylons. In the 1960s and 1970s, multi-governmental organizations of oil–producing nations – OPEC and OAPEC – played a major role in setting petroleum prices and policy. Oil spills and their cleanup have become an issue of increasing political, environmental, and economic importance. New fields of hydrocarbon production developed in places such as Siberia, Sakhalin, Venezuela and North and West Africa.

With the advent of hydraulic fracturing and other horizontal drilling techniques, shale play has seen an enormous uptick in production. Areas of shale such as the Permian Basin and Eagle-Ford have become huge hotbeds of production for the largest oil corporations in the United States.[26]

## Structure

[edit]

NIS refinery in Pančevo, Serbia

The American Petroleum Institute divides the petroleum industry into five sectors:[27]

* upstream (exploration, development and production of crude oil or natural gas)
* downstream (oil tankers, refiners, retailers and consumers)
* pipeline
* marine
* service and supply

### Upstream

[edit]

Oil companies used to be classified by sales as "supermajors" (BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil, ConocoPhillips, Shell, Eni and TotalEnergies), "majors", and "independents" or "jobbers". In recent years however, National Oil Companies (NOC, as opposed to IOC, International Oil Companies) have come to control the rights over the largest oil reserves; by this measure the top ten companies all are NOC. The following table shows the ten largest national oil companies ranked by reserves[28][29] and by production in 2012.[30]

Top 10 largest world oil companies by reserves and production  Rank  | Company (Reserves)  | Worldwide Liquids Reserves (109 bbl)  | Worldwide Natural Gas Reserves (1012 ft3)  | Total Reserves in Oil Equivalent Barrels (109 bbl)  |  | Company (Production)  | Output (Millions bbl/day)[1]

|
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1  |  Saudi Aramco | 260  | 254  | 303  |  |  Saudi Aramco | 12.5
2  |  NIOC | 138  | 948  | 300  |  |  NIOC | 6.4
3  |  QatarEnergy | 15  | 905  | 170  |  |  ExxonMobil | 5.3
4  |  INOC | 116  | 120  | 134  |  |  PetroChina | 4.4
5  |  PDVSA | 99  | 171  | 129  |  |  BP | 4.1
6  |  ADNOC | 92  | 199  | 126  |  |  Royal Dutch Shell | 3.9
7  |  Pemex | 102  | 56  | 111  |  |  Pemex | 3.6
8  |  NNPC | 36  | 184  | 68  |  |  Chevron | 3.5
9  |  NOC | 41  | 50  | 50  |  |  Kuwait Petroleum Corporation | 3.2
10  |  Sonatrach | 12  | 159  | 39  |  |  ADNOC | 2.9
^1 : Total energy output, including natural gas (converted to bbl of oil) for companies producing both.

Most upstream work in the oil field or on an oil well is contracted out to drilling contractors and oil field service companies.[citation needed]

Aside from the NOCs which dominate the Upstream sector, there are many international companies that have a market share. For example:[31]

* BG Group
* BHP
* ConocoPhillips
* Chevron
* Eni
* ExxonMobil
* First Texas Energy Corporation
* Hess
* Marathon Oil
* OMV
* TotalEnergies
* Tullow Oil
* Rosneft

### Midstream

[edit]

Midstream operations are sometimes classified within the downstream sector, but these operations compose a separate and discrete sector of the petroleum industry. Midstream operations and processes include the following:

* Gathering: The gathering process employs narrow, low-pressure pipelines to connect oil- and gas-producing wells to larger, long-haul pipelines or processing facilities.[32]
* Processing/refining: Processing and refining operations turn crude oil and gas into marketable products. In the case of crude oil, these products include heating oil, gasoline for use in vehicles, jet fuel, and diesel oil.[33] Oil refining processes include distillation, vacuum distillation, catalytic reforming, catalytic cracking, alkylation, isomerization and hydrotreating.[33] Natural gas processing includes compression; glycol dehydration; amine treating; separating the product into pipeline-quality natural gas and a stream of mixed natural gas liquids; and fractionation, which separates the stream of mixed natural gas liquids into its components. The fractionation process yields ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, and natural gasoline.
* Transportation: Oil and gas are transported to processing facilities, and from there to end users, by pipeline, tanker/barge, truck, and rail. Pipelines are the most economical transportation method and are most suited to movement across longer distances, for example, across continents.[34] Tankers and barges are also employed for long-distance, often international transport. Rail and truck can also be used for longer distances but are most cost-effective for shorter routes.
* Storage: Midstream service providers provide storage facilities at terminals throughout the oil and gas distribution systems. These facilities are most often located near refining and processing facilities and are connected to pipeline systems to facilitate shipment when product demand must be met. While petroleum products are held in storage tanks, natural gas tends to be stored in underground facilities, such as salt dome caverns and depleted reservoirs.
* Technological applications: Midstream service providers apply technological solutions to improve efficiency during midstream processes. Technology can be used during compression of fuels to ease flow through pipelines; to better detect leaks in pipelines; and to automate communications for better pipeline and equipment monitoring.

While some upstream companies carry out certain midstream operations, the midstream sector is dominated by a number of companies that specialize in these services. Midstream companies include:

* Aux Sable
* Bridger Group
* DCP Midstream Partners
* Enbridge Energy Partners
* Enterprise Products Partners
* Genesis Energy
* Gibson Energy
* Inergy Midstream
* Kinder Morgan Energy Partners
* Oneok Partners
* Plains All American
* Sunoco Logistics
* Targa Midstream Services
* Targray Natural Gas Liquids
* TransCanada
* Williams Companies

## Social impact

[edit]

The oil and gas industry spends only 0.4% of its net sales on research & development (R&D) which is in comparison with a range of other industries the lowest share.[35] Governments such as the United States government provide a heavy public subsidy to petroleum companies, with major tax breaks at various stages of oil exploration and extraction, including the costs of oil field leases and drilling equipment.[36] In recent years, enhanced oil recovery techniques – most notably multi-stage drilling and hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") – have moved to the forefront of the industry as this new technology plays a crucial and controversial role in new methods of oil extraction.[37]

## Environmental impact

[edit]

Main article: Environmental impact of the petroleum industry

### Water pollution

[edit]

See also: Oil pollution toxicity to marine fish

Some petroleum industry operations have been responsible for water pollution through by-products of refining and oil spills. Though hydraulic fracturing has significantly increased natural gas extraction, there is some belief and evidence to support that consumable water has seen increased in methane contamination due to this gas extraction.[38] Leaks from underground tanks and abandoned refineries may also contaminate groundwater in surrounding areas. Hydrocarbons that comprise refined petroleum are resistant to biodegradation and have been found to remain present in contaminated soils for years.[39] To hasten this process, bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants is often employed by means of aerobic degradation.[40] More recently, other bioremediative methods have been explored such as phytoremediation and thermal remediation.[41][42]

### Air pollution

[edit]

See also: Air pollution

The industry is the largest industrial source of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a group of chemicals that contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone (smog).[43] The combustion of fossil fuels produces greenhouse gases and other air pollutants as by-products. Pollutants include nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, volatile organic compounds and heavy metals.

Researchers have discovered that the petrochemical industry can produce ground-level ozone pollution at higher amounts in winter than in summer.[44]

### Climate change

[edit]

See also: Fossil fuel phase-out

Greenhouse gases caused by burning fossil fuels drive climate change. In 1959, at a symposium organised by the American Petroleum Institute for the centennial of the American oil industry, the physicist Edward Teller warned of the danger of global climate change.[45] Edward Teller explained that carbon dioxide "in the atmosphere causes a greenhouse effect" and that burning more fossil fuels could "melt the icecaps and submerge New York".[45]

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, founded by the United Nations in 1988, concludes that human-sourced greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the twentieth century.

As a result of climate change concerns, many people have begun using other methods of energy such as solar and wind. This recent shift has some petroleum enthusiasts skeptical about the future of the industry.[46]

## See also

[edit]

Industry pioneers

* Faustino Piaggio, an early oil industry pioneer

Oil production

* Corrosion inhibitors for petroleum industry
* Peak oil
* Oil terminal
* Oil supplies
* Integrated operations
* Instrumentation in petrochemical industries
* Standardization in oil industry
* ISO/TC 67
* List of crude oil products

Financial and political

* List of oil exploration and production companies
* List of largest oil and gas companies by revenue
* Chronology of world oil market events (1970–2005)
* Energy crisis: 1973 oil crisis, 1979 energy crisis
* Energy development
* Petroleum politics
* Oil imperialism theories
* World oil market chronology from 2003
* Oil-storage trade
* Oil and gas law in the United States
* Fossil fuels lobby

Environmental issues

* Environmental impact of the petroleum industry
* Greenhouse gases
* Routine flaring
* Oil spills

Oil geology

* Abiogenic petroleum origin
* Fossil fuel
* Oil sands
* Petroleum geology
* Thermal depolymerization

Oil-producing areas

* History of the petroleum industry in Canada
* History of the petroleum industry in the United States
* List of oil fields
* Oil megaprojects
* List of countries by oil production
* Oil industry in Azerbaijan

Industry Research Projects

* TaskForceMajella

Other articles

* All pages with titles containing oil industry
* All pages with titles containing petroleum industry
* All pages with titles containing gas industry

## Notes and references

[edit]

1. ^ Sönnichsen, N. "Daily global crude oil demand 2006–2020". Statista. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
2. ^ "Country Comparison :: Refined Petroleum Products – Consumption". Central Intelligence Agency – World Factbook. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
3. ^ Speight, James (2014). The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum. Chemical Industries (5th ed.). CRC Press. doi:10.1201/b16559. ISBN 978-1439873892.
4. ^ Halliday, Fred. The Middle East in International Relations: Cambridge University Press: US, p. 270 [ISBN missing]
5. ^ "World Energy Investment 2023" (PDF). IEA.org. International Energy Agency. May 2023. p. 61\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2023.
6. ^ a b Bousso, Ron (8 February 2023). "Big Oil doubles profits in blockbuster 2022". Reuters. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Details for 2020 from the more detailed diagram in King, Ben (12 February 2023). "Why are BP, Shell, and other oil giants making so much money right now?". BBC. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023.
7. ^ "Crude oil including lease condensate production (Mb/d)". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
8. ^ N.Y. Krylov, A.A. Bokserman, E.R.Stavrovsky. The Oil Industry of the Former Soviet Union. CRC Press, 1998. P. 187.
9. ^ Altstadt, Audrey L. (1980). Economic Development and Political Reform in Baku: The Response of the Azerbaidzhani Bourgeoisie. Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies.
10. ^ Daintith, Terence (2010). Finders Keepers?: How the Law of Capture Shaped the World Oil Industry. Earthscan. ISBN 978-1-936331-76-5.
11. ^ a b Shirin Akiner, Anne Aldis. The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security. Routledge, 2004. p. 5.
12. ^ United States Congress, Joint Economic Committee. The Former Soviet Union in Transition. M.E. Sharpe, 1993. p. 463.
13. ^ Quoted from: Tatyana Saiko. Environmental Crises. Pearson Education, 2000. p. 223.
14. ^ Frank, Alison Fleig (2005). Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia (Harvard Historical Studies). Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01887-7.
15. ^ a b "Black Gold: Canada's Oil Heritage". The Corporation of the County of Lambton. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013. "The North American oil industry began in Oil Springs in 1858 in less spectacular fashion. James Miller Williams, a coachmaker from Hamilton, dug into the tar-like gum beds of Enniskillen Township to find their source. At a depth of fourteen feet, he struck oil. Williams immediately built a small refinery and began to produce illuminating oil for lamps – kerosene. It was Williams who was able to take full advantage of the ancient resource. Not only was he astute enough to look below the surface of the gum beds to find oil and to realize its commercial potential, but the timing of his discovery was perfect."
16. ^ Turnbull Elford, Jean. Canada West's Last Frontier. Lambton County Historical Society, 1982, p. 110
17. ^ Sarnia Observer and Lambton Advertiser, "Important Discovery in the Township of Enniskillen Archived 2015-04-03 at the Wayback Machine," 5 August 1858, p. 2.
18. ^ "Extraordinary Flowing Oil Well". Hamilton Times. 20 January 1862. p. 2\. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2013. "Our correspondent writes us from the Oil Springs, under date of the 16th inst., [an] interesting account of a flowing Oil well which has just been tapped. He says: I have just time to mention that to-day at half past eleven o'clock, a.m., Mr. John Shaw, from Kingston, C. W., tapped a vein of oil in his well, at a depth of one hundred and fifty-eight feet in the rock, which filled the surface well, (forty-five feet to the rock) and the conductors [sic] in the course of fifteen minutes, and immediately commenced flowing. It will hardly be credited, but nevertheless such is the case, that the present enormous flow of oil cannot be estimated at less than two thousand barrels per day, (twenty-four hours), of pure oil, and the quantity increasing every hour. I saw three men in the course of one hour, fill fifty barrels from the flow of oil, which is running away in every direction; the flat presenting the appearance of a sea of oil. The excitement is intense, and hundreds are rushing from every quarter to see this extraordinary well. Experience oil well diggers from the other side, affirm that this week equals their best flowing wells in Pennsylvania, and they pronounced the oil as being of a superior quality. This flowing well is situation on lot No. 10, Range B, Messrs. Sanborn & Co.'s Oil Territory."
19. ^ John Steele Gordon Archived 2008-04-20 at the Wayback Machine "10 Moments That Made American Business," American Heritage, February/March 2007, "Drake, who seems to have awarded himself the title of colonel by which he is often known, had a great deal of trouble persuading a salt-drilling crew to try to drill for oil, but on August 27, 1859, he struck it at 69 feet."
20. ^ Vassiliou, Marius S. (2 March 2009). "Titusville". Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry. Historical Dictionaries of Professions and Industries, No. 3. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press (published 2009). p. 508\. ISBN 978-0810862883. Retrieved 22 February 2021. "In August 1859, an important early well was drilled by Edwin Drake outside Titusville, initiating the Pennsylvania oil boom."
21. ^ a b Vassiliou, Marius (2018). Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry, 2nd Ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 621 pp.
22. ^ Tolf, Robert W. (1976). "4: The World's First Oil Tankers". The Russian Rockefellers: The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry. Hoover Press. ISBN 0-8179-6581-5. p. 55.
23. ^ Ref accessed 02-12-89 by technical aspects and coast mapping. Kerr-McGee
24. ^ "Project Redsand". www.project-redsand.com.
25. ^ Wells, Bruce. "Offshore Petroleum History". American Oil & Gas Historical Society. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
26. ^ Farah, Stanley, Rachel (24 July 2018). "Comparison of Two Active Hydrocarbon Production Regions in Texas to Determine Boomtown Growth and Development: A Geospatial Analysis of Active Well Locations and Demographic Changes, 2000–2017". `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
27. ^ "Industry Sectors", American Petroleum Institute, archived from the original on 25 January 2012, retrieved 12 May 2008
28. ^ "Ranked in order of 2007 worldwide oil equivalent reserves as reported in "OGJ 200/100"". Oil & Gas Journal. 15 September 2008.
29. ^ Pirog, Robert (21 August 2007). "The Role of National Oil Companies in the International Oil Market" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 17 September 2009. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)Ranking by oil reserves and production, 2006 values
30. ^ "The World's 25 Biggest Oil Companies". Forbes. 16 July 2012.
31. ^ "Membership". International Association of oil and Gas Producers. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
32. ^ "The Transportation of Natural Gas". NaturalGas.org. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
33. ^ a b "Refining and Product Specifications Module Overview". Petroleum Online. International Human Resources Development Corporation. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
34. ^ Trench, Cheryl J. (December 2001). "How Pipelines Make the Oil Market Work – Their Networks, Operation and Regulation" (PDF). Allegro Energy Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2013.
35. ^ "The Pharmaceutical Industry in Figures Key Data 2021" (PDF). European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
36. ^ Kocieniewski, David (3 July 2010). "As Oil Industry Fights a Tax, It Reaps Subsidies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
37. ^ Boudet, Hilary; Clarke, Christopher; Bugden, Dylan; Maibach, Edward; Roser-Renouf, Connie; Leiserowitz, Anthony (1 February 2014). "'Fracking' controversy and communication: Using national survey data to understand public perceptions of hydraulic fracturing". Energy Policy. 65: 57–67. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.017. ISSN 0301-4215.
38. ^ Osborn, Stephen G.; Vengosh, Avner; Warner, Nathaniel R.; Jackson, Robert B. (17 May 2011). "Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (20): 8172–8176. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.8172O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100682108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3100993. PMID 21555547.
39. ^ Diphare, Motshumi., Muzenda, Edison., Remediation of Contaminated Soils: A Review. Intl' Conf. on Chemical, Integrated Waste Management & Environmental Engineering (ICCIWEE'2014) April 15–16, 2014 Johannesburg.
40. ^ M D Yuniati 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 118 012063
41. ^ Liu, Rui., Jadeja, N. Rajendrasinh., Zhou, Qixing., Liu, Zhe. Treatment and Remediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils Using Selective Ornament Plants. Environmental Engineering Sci. 2012 Jun; 29(6): 494–501.
42. ^ Lim, Wei Mei., Lau, Von Ee., Poh, Eong Phaik. A comprehensive guide of remediation technologies for oil contaminated soil — Present works and future directions. Marine Pollution Bulletin. Volume 109, Issue 1, 15 August 2016, Pages 14-45.
43. ^ "Air Quality Planning and Standards".
44. ^ Zamora, Robert; Yuan, Bin; Young, Cora J.; Wild, Robert J.; Warneke, Carsten; Washenfelder, Rebecca A.; Veres, Patrick R.; Tsai, Catalina; Trainer, Michael K.; Thompson, Chelsea R.; Sweeney, Colm; Stutz, Jochen; Soltis, Jeffrey; Senff, Christoph J.; Parrish, David D.; Murphy, Shane M.; Stuart A. McKeen; Li, Shao-Meng; Li, Rui; Lerner, Brian M.; Lefer, Barry L.; Langford, Andrew O.; Koss, Abigail; Helmig, Detlev; Graus, Martin; Gilman, Jessica B.; Flynn, James H.; Field, Robert A.; Dubé, William P.; deGouw, Joost A.; Banta, Robert M.; Ahmadov, Ravan; Roberts, James M.; Brown, Steven S.; Edwards, Peter M. (1 October 2014). "High winter ozone pollution from carbonyl photolysis in an oil and gas basin". Nature. 514 (7522): 351–354. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..351E. doi:10.1038/nature13767. PMID 25274311. S2CID 4466316.
45. ^ a b Benjamin Franta, "On its 100th birthday in 1959, Edward Teller warned the oil industry about global warming", The Guardian, 1 January 2018 (page visited on 2 January 2018).
46. ^ Martín, Mariano, ed. (2016). Alternative Energy Sources and Technologies. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28752-2. ISBN 978-3-319-28750-8.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Mau, Mark; Edmundson, Henry (2015). Groundbreakers: the Story of Oilfield Technology and the People Who Made It Happen. UK: FastPrint. ISBN 978-178456-187-1.
* Nevins, Alan. John D. Rockefeller The Heroic Age Of American Enterprise (1940); 710pp; favorable scholarly biography; online
* Ordons Oil & Gas Information & News
* Robert Sobel The Money Manias: The Eras of Great Speculation in America, 1770–1970 (1973) reprinted (2000).
* Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power, (Simon and Schuster 1991; paperback, 1993), ISBN 0-671-79932-0.
* Matthew R. Simmons, Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy, John Wiley & Sons, 2005, ISBN 0-471-73876-X.
* Matthew Yeomans, Oil: Anatomy of an Industry (New Press, 2004), ISBN 1-56584-885-3.
* Smith, GO (1920): Where the World Gets Its Oil: National Geographic, February 1920, pp 181–202
* Marius Vassiliou, Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry, 2nd Ed.. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2018, 621 pp. ISBN 978-1-5381-1159-8.
* Ronald W. Ferrier; J. H. Bamberg (1982). The History of the British Petroleum Company: Volume 1, The Developing Years, 1901–1932. Cambridge UP. pp. A–13. ISBN 978-0521246477.
* Miryusif Mirbabayev, Concise History of Azerbaijani Oil. Baku, Azerneshr, (2008), 340pp.
* Miryusif Mirbabayev, "Brief history of the first drilled oil well; and the people involved". Oil-Industry History (USA), 2017, v. 18, #1, pp. 25–34.
* James Douet, The Heritage of the Oil Industry TICCIH Thematic Study , The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2020, 79pp.

## External links

[edit]

Look up oil patch or oilpatch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petroleum industry.

* Mir-Yusif Mir-Babayev: Petroleum History. The first Baku oil magazine
* Mir-Yusif Mir-Babayev: The construction of unique pipeline in the Trans-Caucasus
* Mir-Yusif Mir-Babayev: Brief history of oil and gas production

* v
* t
* e

Petroleum industry

* Petroleum
* Primary energy

Benchmarks|

* Argus Sour
* Bonny Light
* Brent
* Dubai
* Indian Basket
* Indonesian
* Isthmus-34 Light
* Japan Cocktail
* OPEC Reference Basket
* Tapis
* Urals
* West Texas Intermediate
* Western Canadian Select

Data|

| Natural gas|

* Consumption
* Production
* Reserves
* Imports
* Exports
* Price

|

Petroleum|

* Consumption
* Production
* Reserves
* Imports
* Exports
* Posted oil price
* Price
* of gasoline and diesel

Exploration|

* Core sampling
* Geophysics
* Integrated asset modelling
* Petroleum engineering
* Reservoir simulation
* Reservoir modeling
* Petroleum geology
* Petrophysics
* Reflection seismology
* Seismic inversion
* Seismic source

Drilling|

* Blowout
* Completion
* Squeeze job
* Differential sticking
* Directional drilling
* Geosteering
* Drill stem test
* Drilling engineering
* Drilling fluid
* invasion
* Lost circulation
* Measurement
* Shale oil extraction
* Ljungström method
* Tracers
* Underbalanced drilling
* Well logging

Production|

* Petroleum fiscal regime
* Concessions
* Production sharing agreements
* Artificial lift
* Gas lift
* Pumpjack
* Submersible pump (ESP)
* Downstream
* Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
* Gas reinjection
* Steam injection
* Midstream
* Petroleum product
* Pipeline
* Refining
* Upstream
* Water injection
* Well intervention
* XT

History|

* 1967 Oil Embargo
* 1973 oil crisis
* 1979 oil crisis
* 1980s oil glut
* 1990 oil price shock
* 2000s energy crisis
* 2010s oil glut
* 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
* Nationalization
* GECF
* OPEC
* Seven Sisters
* Standard Oil
* Canada
* France
* India
* Iraq
* Norway
* Saudi Arabia
* United States
* Venezuela

Provinces
and fields|

* List of natural gas fields
* List of oil fields
* Caspian Sea
* East Midlands Oil Province
* East Texas
* Gulf of Mexico
* Niger Delta
* North Sea
* Permian Basin
* Persian Gulf
* Prudhoe Bay
* Russia
* Venezuela
* Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin

Other topics|

* Abbreviations
* Classification
* sweet oil
* sour oil
* Oil shale gas
* Orphan wells
* Peak oil
* fossil fuel phase-out
* timing
* Petrocurrency
* Petrodollar recycling
* Petrofiction
* Shale band
* Shale gas
* Swing producer
* Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
* heavy crude
* oil sands
* oil shale
* tight oil

Companies and
organisations|

Major
petroleum
companies

| Supermajors|

* BP
* Chevron
* Eni
* ExxonMobil
* Shell
* TotalEnergies

|

National oil
companies

* Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
* ANCAP
* Bharat Petroleum
* China National Offshore Oil Corporation
* China National Petroleum Corporation
* Ecopetrol
* Equinor
* Gazprom
* Hindustan Petroleum
* Indian Oil Corporation
* Iraq National Oil Company
* KazMunayGas
* Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
* Lotos
* Naftogaz
* National Iranian Oil Company
* National Iranian South Oil Company
* NNPC Limited
* Oil & Gas Development Company
* Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
* Orlen
* PDVSA
* Pemex
* Pertamina
* Petrobangla
* Petrobras
* PetroChina
* Petronas
* Petrovietnam
* PTT Public Company Limited
* QatarEnergy
* Rosneft
* Saudi Aramco
* Sinopec
* SOCAR
* Sonangol
* Sonatrach
* TPAO
* YPF

Energy trading|

* Enron
* Glencore
* Gunvor
* Mercuria
* Naftiran Intertrade
* Trafigura
* Vitol

Others|

* APA Corporation
* Cenovus Energy
* Cepsa
* ConocoPhillips
* Devon Energy
* Eneos Holdings
* Galp Energia
* Hess Corporation
* Husky Energy
* Imperial Oil
* Lukoil
* Marathon Oil
* Marathon Petroleum
* Occidental Petroleum
* OMV
* Phillips 66
* Port Harcourt Refining Company
* Reliance Industries
* Repsol
* Suncor Energy
* Sunoco
* Surgutneftegas
* TechnipFMC
* TNK-BP
* Tullow Oil
* Tüpraş
* Valero Energy

Major
services
companies

* Amec Foster Wheeler
* Baker Hughes
* Cameron International
* CGG
* CH2M
* Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
* China Oilfield Services
* Enbridge
* GE Power
* Halliburton
* Nabors Industries
* Naftiran Intertrade
* NOV Inc.
* Petrofac
* Saipem
* Schlumberger
* Snam
* Subsea 7
* TC Energy
* Transocean
* Valaris Limited
* Weatherford International
* John Wood Group

Others|

* American Petroleum Institute
* Canadian petroleum companies
* Intercontinental Exchange Futures
* International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
* International Energy Agency
* Society of Petroleum Engineers
* World Petroleum Council

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Major industries

Natural sector

| Biotic|

| Agriculture|

* Arable farming
* Cereals
* Legumes
* Vegetables
* Fiber crops
* Oilseeds
* Sugar
* Tobacco
* Permanent crops
* Apples et al.
* Berries
* Citrus
* Stone fruits
* Tropical fruit
* Viticulture
* Cocoa
* Coffee
* Tea
* Nuts
* Olives
* Medicinal plants
* Spices
* Horticulture
* Flowers
* Seeds
* Animal husbandry
* Beef cattle
* Dairy farming
* Fur farming
* Horses
* Other livestock
* Pig
* Wool
* Poultry
* Beekeeping
* Cochineal
* Shellac
* Silk
* Hunting
* Fur trapping

|

Forestry|

* Silviculture
* Bamboo
* Logging
* Firewood
* Rattan
* Tree tapping
* Frankincense
* Gum arabic
* Gutta-percha
* Maple syrup
* Mastic
* Natural rubber
* Palm sugar, syrup, & wine
* Pine resin
* Wild mushrooms
* Fungiculture
* Truffles

Aquatic|

* Fishing
* Anchovies
* Herring
* Sardines
* Cod
* Haddock
* Pollock
* Mackerel
* Shark
* Swordfish
* Tuna
* Crabs
* Lobsters
* Sea urchins
* Squid
* Whaling
* Aquaculture
* Carp
* Catfish
* Tilapia
* Abalone
* Mussels
* Oysters
* Pearls
* Microalgae
* Seaweed
* Both
* Clams
* Sea cucumbers
* Scallops
* Salmon
* Shrimp

Geological|

* Fossil fuels
* Coal
* Peat
* Natural gas
* Oil shale
* Petroleum
* Tar sands
* Mining of ores
* Aluminum
* Copper
* Iron
* Gold
* Silver
* Palladium
* Platinum
* Lithium
* Rare-earth metals
* Uranium
* Other minerals
* Gemstones
* Phosphorus
* Potash
* Salt
* Sulfur
* Quarrying
* Gravel
* Sand
* Chalk
* Clay
* Gypsum
* Limestone
* Dimension stone
* Granite
* Marble

Industrial sector

| Manufacturing|

| Light industry|

* Food
* Animal feed
* Baking
* Canning
* Dairy products
* Flour
* Meat
* Prepared
* Preserved
* Sweets
* Vegetable oils
* Beverages
* Beer
* Bottled water
* Liquor
* Soft drinks
* Wine
* Textiles
* Carding
* Dyeing
* Prints
* Spinning
* Weaving
* Carpets
* Lace
* Linens
* Rope
* Clothing
* Accessories
* Dressmaking
* Furs
* Hatmaking
* Sewing
* Shoemaking
* Tailoring
* Printing
* Bookbinding
* Embossing
* Engraving
* Secure
* Typesetting
* Media reproduction
* Cassette tapes
* Phonographs
* Optical discs
* Metal fabrication
* Boilermaking
* Builders' & household hardware
* Cutlery
* Gunsmithing
* Locksmithing
* Machining
* Other smithing
* Powder metallurgy
* Prefabrication
* Surface finishing
* Other fabrication
* 3D printing
* Blow molding
* Drawing
* Extrusion
* Glassblowing
* Injection moulding
* Pottery
* Sintering
* Stonemasonry
* Woodworking
* Furniture
* Other goods
* Baggage
* Bicycles
* Jewellery
* Medical supplies
* Musical instruments
* Office supplies
* Outdoors & sports equipment
* Personal protective equipment
* Toys

|

Electrical
& optical|

* Electronics
* Components
* Circuit boards
* Semiconductors
* Computers
* Computer systems
* Parts & peripherals
* Blank storage media
* Communications equipment
* Mobile phones
* Network infrastructure
* Consumer electronics
* Televisions
* Video game consoles
* Instrumentation
* Clocks & watches
* GPS devices
* Scientific instruments
* Medical imaging systems
* Optical instruments
* Cameras
* Gun & spotting scopes
* Laser construction
* Lens grinding
* Microscopes
* Telescopes
* Electrical equipment
* Batteries
* Electrical & fiber optic cables
* Electric lighting
* Electric motors
* Home appliances
* Transformers

Chemicals|

* Coal & oil refining
* Bitumen
* Coke
* Diesel fuel
* Fuel oil
* Gasoline
* Jet fuel
* Kerosene
* Mineral oil
* Paraffin wax
* Petrochemicals
* Petroleum jelly
* Propane
* Synthetic oil
* Tar
* Commodity chemicals
* Fertilizers
* Industrial gases
* Pigments
* Pure elements
* Speciality chemicals
* Adhesives
* Agrochemicals
* Aroma compounds
* Cleaning products
* Cosmetics
* Explosives
* Fireworks
* Paints & inks
* Perfumes
* Soap
* Toiletries
* Fine chemicals
* Pharmaceuticals
* Antibiotics
* Blood products
* Chemical & hormonal contraceptives
* Generic drugs
* Illegal drugs
* Supplements
* Vaccines

Materials|

* Leather
* Liming & deliming
* Tanning
* Currying & oiling
* Wood
* Drying
* Sawmilling
* Engineered
* Lumber
* Composite
* Paper
* Sizing
* Cardboard
* Pulp
* Tissue
* Rubber
* Tires
* Vulcanized rubber
* Plastics
* Commodity
* Engineered
* Specialty
* Pellets
* Synthetic fibers
* Thermoplastics & thermosets
* Glass
* Borosilicate
* Fused quartz
* Soda-lime
* Float glass
* Glass fiber
* Glass wool & fiberglass
* Safety glass
* Ceramics
* Brick
* Earthenware
* Porcelain
* Refractory
* Tile
* Cement
* Mortar
* Plaster
* Ready-mix concrete
* Other mineral
* Abrasives
* Carbon fibers & advanced materials
* Mineral wool
* Synthetic gems
* Metal refining
* Iron
* Aluminum
* Copper
* Alloys
* Steel
* Formed metal
* Rolled
* Forged
* Cast metal

Heavy industry|

* Machinery
* Conveyors
* Heavy
* Hydraulic
* Machine tools
* Power & wind turbines
* Automobiles
* Other heavy vehicles
* Aerospace & space
* Rail vehicles
* Ships & offshore platforms
* Weapons

Utilities|

* Power
* Electric
* Gas distribution
* Renewable
* Water
* Sewage
* Waste management
* Collection
* Dumping
* Hazardous
* Recycling
* Remediation
* Telecom networks
* Cable TV
* Internet
* Mobile
* Satellite
* Telephone

Construction|

* Buildings
* Commercial
* Industrial
* Residential
* Civil engineering
* Bridges
* Railways
* Roads
* Tunnels
* Canals
* Dams
* Dredging
* Harbors
* Specialty trades
* Cabinetry
* Demolition
* Electrical wiring
* Elevators
* HVAC
* Painting and decorating
* Plumbing
* Site preparation

Service sector

| Sales|

* Retail
* Car dealership
* Consumer goods
* General store
* Grocery store
* Department store
* Mail order
* Online shopping
* Specialty store
* Wholesale
* Auction
* Brokerage
* Distribution

|

Transport
& Storage|

* Cargo
* Air cargo
* Intermodal
* Mail
* Moving company
* Rail
* Trucking
* Passenger transport
* Airlines
* Car rentals
* Passenger rail
* Ridesharing
* Taxis
* Warehousing
* Self storage

Hospitality|

* Foodservice
* Drink service
* Cafés
* Catering
* Fast food
* Food delivery
* Restaurants
* Teahouses
* Hotels

Asset management|

* Financial services
* Banking
* Credit
* Financial advice
* Holding company
* Money transfer
* Payment cards
* Risk management
* Securities
* Insurance
* Health
* Life
* Pension funding
* Property
* Reinsurance
* Real estate
* Brokerage
* Property management

Professional|

* Accounting
* Assurance
* Audit
* Bookkeeping
* Tax advice
* Architecture & engineering
* Inspection
* Surveying
* Physical, product, & system testing
* Design
* Fashion
* Interior
* Product
* Legal services
* Management
* Consulting
* Public relations
* Marketing
* Advertising

Healthcare|

* Medicine
* Dentist offices
* Hospitals
* Nursing
* Residential care
* Veterinary medicine

Entertainment
& leisure|

* Gambling
* Online
* Sport
* Venues
* Arcades
* Amusement parks
* Fairgrounds
* Nightclubs

Other|

* Administrative
* Customer service
* Leasing
* Renting
* Staffing
* Private investigation & security
* Maintenance
* Janitors
* Landscaping
* Repairs
* Personal services
* Beauty
* Dry cleaning
* Funeral
* Maid service
* Pet care
* Sex
* Poverty
* Travel
* Business travel
* Cruise lines
* Tourism

Information sector

| Publishing
& Mass media|

* Written
* Books
* Periodicals
* Software
* Audio-visual
* Film
* Music
* Video games
* Broadcasting
* News
* Radio
* Television
* Internet
* Hosting
* Social networks
* Streaming
* Websites

|

Education|

* Primary
* Secondary
* Tertiary
* Vocational school
* University
* Testing
* Tutoring

Other|

* Creative
* Language
* Research and development
* Basic research

Related

| Classification
standards|

* Production-based
* ANZSIC
* ISIC
* NACE
* NAICS
* SIC
* UKSIC
* Market-based
* GICS
* ICB
* TRBC

|

Inputs
& outputs|

* Externalities
* Community
* Crime
* Culture
* Pollution
* Well-being
* Funding
* Goods
* Commodities
* Final
* Intermediate
* Raw material
* Innovation
* Primary inputs
* Labor
* Natural resources
* Physical capital
* Services
* Technology

Organization|

* Centralization
* Cartel
* Conglomerate
* Horizontal integration
* Mergers and acquisitions
* Monopoly
* Monopsony
* Vertical integration
* Decentralization
* Enforced breakup
* Freelancing
* Homesteading
* Outsourcing
* Putting-out system
* Spinning-off
* Temporary work
* Ownership
* Cooperative
* Joint-stock company
* Nationalization
* Nonprofit organization
* Partnership
* Privatization
* Sole proprietorship
* State-owned enterprise

* Category
* Commons
* Outline

Portals:

* Energy
* Companies
* Global warming

Authority control databases

National|

* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic
* 2

Other|

* NARA

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