Politics of Sri Lanka

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Politics of Sri Lanka

National Emblem of Sri Lanka

Polity type| Unitary multi-party semi-presidential representative democratic republic
Constitution| Constitution of Sri Lanka
Legislative branch
Name| Parliament
Type| Unicameral
Meeting place| Sri Lanka Parliament
Presiding officer| Mahinda Yapa Abeywardena, Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka
Executive branch
Head of state
Title| President
Currently| Anura Kumara Dissanayake
Appointer| Direct election
Head of government
Title| Prime Minister
Currently| Harini Amarasuriya
Appointer| President
Cabinet
Name| Cabinet of Sri Lanka
Current cabinet| Dissanayake cabinet
Leader| President
Appointer| President
Ministries| 29
Judicial branch
Name| Judiciary
Supreme Court
Chief judge| Jayantha Jayasuriya
This article is part of a series on the

Politics of
Sri Lanka

Constitution

* Amendments
* Law
* Human rights
* Taxation

* * *

* Previous Constitutions:
* 1931
* 1947
* 1972

Executive

* President of Sri Lanka (10th)

* Anura Kumara Dissanayake

* * *

* Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (16th)

* Harini Amarasuriya

* * *

* Cabinet
* Cabinet Ministers
* Ministers
* Ministries

Legislature

Parliament of Sri Lanka (16th)

* * *

* Speaker

* Mahinda Yapa Abeywardena

* * *

* Deputy Speaker

* Ajith Rajapaksa

* * *

* Deputy Chairman of Committees

* Angajan Ramanathan

* * *

* Leader of the House

* Susil Premajayantha

* * *

* Leader of the Opposition

* Sajith Premadasa

* * *

* Chief Government Whip

* Prasanna Ranatunga

* * *

* Chief Opposition Whip

* Lakshman Kiriella

* * *

* Secretary General

* Kushani Anusha Rohanadeera

* * *

* Constitutional Council
* COPE

Judiciary

Supreme Court of Sri Lanka

* Chief Justice

* Murdu Nirupa Fernando (Acting)

* * *

* Puisne Justices

* P. Padman Surasena
* S. Thurairaja
* Gamini Amarasekera
* Yasantha Kodagoda
* A. H. M. D.Nawaz
* Kumuduni Wickremasinghe
* A. L. Shiran Gooneratne
* Janak De Silva
* Achala Wengappuli
* Mahinda Samayawardhena
* Arjuna Obeyesekere
* K. Priyantha Fernando

* * *

* Court of Appeal
* High Court
* District Court
* Magistrate's Court
* Primary Court
* Labour Tribunal
* Judicial Service Commission
* Bar Association
* Law enforcement

Ministry of Justice

* Cabinet Minister

* Harini Amarasuriya

* * *

* Attorney General

* Parinda Ranasinghe

* * *

* Solicitor General

* Ayesha Jinasena

Elections

Election Commission

* Chairman

* R. M. A. L. Rathnayake

* * *

* Members

* M. A. P. C. Perera
* Ameer Faaiz
* Anusuya Shanmuganathan
* Lakshman Dissanayake

Elections

* Presidential

* 2015
* 2019
* 2024

* * *

* Parliamentary

* 2015
* 2020
* 2024

* * *

* Provincial council

* 2013
* 2014 (Mar)
* 2014 (Sep)

* * *

* Local government

* 2018
* 2019
* 2024

Referendum

* 1982

* * *

* Electoral districts
* Polling divisions
* Political parties

Administrative divisions

Provinces

* Central
* Eastern
* North Central
* Northern
* North Western
* Sabaragamuwa
* Southern
* Uva
* Western

Districts

* Ampara
* Anuradhapura
* Badulla
* Batticaloa
* Colombo
* Galle
* Gampaha
* Hambantota
* Jaffna
* Kalutara
* Kandy
* Kegalle
* Kilinochchi
* Kurunegala
* Mannar
* Matale
* Matara
* Monaragala
* Mullaitivu
* Nuwara Eliya
* Polonnaruwa
* Puttalam
* Ratnapura
* Trincomalee
* Vavuniya

* * *

* District Secretariats
* Divisional Secretariats
* Grama Niladhari divisions
* Cities
* Towns
* Capital city

Devolution

* 13th Amendment
* Indo-Sri Lanka Accord

* * *

* Provincial Councils
* Provincial Governors
* Provincial Chief Ministers
* Provincial Councillors

* * *

* Local government
* Municipal Councils
* Urban Councils
* Pradeshiya Sabhas

Ministry of Provincial Councils
and Local Government

* Cabinet Minister

* Harini Amarasuriya

* * *

* Secretary to the Ministry

* S. Alokabandara

Central Bank

* Governor

* Nandalal Weerasinghe

* * *

* Senior Deputy Governor

* K. M. A. N. Daulagala

* * *

* Currency
* Banknotes
* Economy

Ministry of Finance

* Cabinet Minister

* Anura Kumara Dissanayake

* * *

* Secretary to the Ministry

* K. M. Mahinda Siriwardana

Foreign relations

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

* Cabinet Minister

* Vijitha Herath

* * *

* Secretary to the Ministry

* Aruni Wijewardane

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of / in Sri Lanka
* Heads of missions of Sri Lanka

* * *

* Passports
* Visa requirements
* Visa policy

Related topics

* Sri Lanka
* History
* Flag
* Emblem
* Anthem
* Military

* Sri Lanka portal
* Politics portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

Part of the Politics series

Elections

Basic types

* By-election
* Corporate
* Direct / Indirect
* Fixed-term
* General
* Local
* Mid-term
* Plurality
* Primary
* Partisan
* Nonpartisan
* Proportional
* Recall
* Snap
* Sortition
* Two-round system

Terminology

* Anonymous elector
* Apportionment
* Audits
* Competition
* Boundary delimitation
* Crossover voting
* Electoral college
* Election law
* Election silence
* Gerrymandering
* Initiative
* Psephology
* Secret ballot
* Suffrage
* Right to stand for election

Subseries

* Administration
* Political party
* Voting
* Electoral systems

Lists

* Elections by country
* Close elections
* Most recent
* Next general elections

* National and local elections in 2024

Related

* Election security
* Electoral fraud
* Referendum (by country)
* Electoral reform
* Election science
* Paper candidate

Politics portal

* v
* t
* e

Sri Lanka is a unitary multi-party semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Sri Lanka is both head of state and head of government. Executive power is exercised by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers. Legislative power is vested in the Parliament. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

Starting from the early 1950s, the two main parties of Sri Lanka were the social democratic Sri Lanka Freedom Party and the liberal conservative United National Party for several decades. Recently, however, the influence of the two parties has diminished significantly; currently, the two main parties are the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna and the Samagi Jana Balawegaya, both of which split from one of the two previous parties, respectively. Other notable parties include the Tamil National Alliance, the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna and the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress.

The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Sri Lanka a "flawed democracy" in 2022.[1][needs update]

## Executive branch

[edit]

Main office-holders  Office  | Name  | Party  | Since

|
|
|

President | Anura Kumara Dissanayake | National People's Power | 23 September 2024
Prime Minister | Harini Amarasuriya | National People's Power | 24 September 2024

The president, directly elected for a five-year term, is the head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The election occurs under the Sri Lankan form of the contingent vote. Responsible to Parliament for the exercise of duties under the constitution and laws, the president may be removed from office by a two-thirds vote of Parliament with the concurrence of the Supreme Court.

The president appoints and heads a cabinet of ministers responsible to Parliament. The president's deputy is the prime minister, who leads the ruling party in Parliament. A parliamentary no-confidence vote requires dissolution of the cabinet and the appointment of a new one by the President.

## Legislative branch

[edit]

The Parliament has 225 members, elected for a five-year term: 196 members elected in multi-seat constituencies and 29 by proportional representation.

The primary modification is that the party that receives the largest number of valid votes in each constituency gains a unique "bonus seat" (see Hickman, 1999). The president may summon, suspend, or end a legislative session and can dissolve Parliament at any time once a year has passed since the last general elections (except in a few limited circumstances). The President can also dissolve Parliament before the completion of one year, if requested to do so by a resolution signed by at least half the MPs. Parliament reserves the power to make all laws. Since its independence in 1948, Sri Lanka has remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

## Political parties and elections

[edit]

For other political parties, see List of political parties in Sri Lanka. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Sri Lanka.

In August 2005, the Supreme Court ruled that presidential elections would be held in November 2005, resolving a long-running dispute on the length of President Kumaratunga's term. Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa was nominated the SLFP candidate and former Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe as the UNP candidate. The election was held on 17 November 2005, and Mahinda Rajapaksa was elected the 5th Executive President of Sri Lanka winning 50.3% of valid votes, compared to Ranil Wickremesinghe's 48.4%. Mahinda Rajapaksa took oath as president on 19 November 2005. Ratnasiri Wickremanayake was appointed the 22nd Prime Minister on 21 November 2005, to fill the post vacated by Mahinda Rajapaksa. He was previously Prime Minister from 2000 until 2001.

President Mahinda Rajapaksa lost the 2015 presidential elections, ending his ten-year presidency. However, his successor, President Maithripala Sirisena, decided not to seek re-election in 2019.[2] This enabled the Rajapaksa family to regain power in the 2019 presidential elections. Mahinda Rajapaksa's younger brother and former wartime defence chief Gotabaya Rajapaksa won the election, and was sworn in as the 7th Executive President of Sri Lanka.[3][4] The Rajapaksa's firm grip of power consolidated in the parliamentary elections held in August 2020. The family's political party, the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (known by its initials SLPP) won a landslide victory and a clear majority in the parliament, and five members of the Rajapaksa family won a seat in the parliament. Former President Mahinda Rajapaksa became the new prime minister.[5]

On 23 September 2024, Anura Kumara Dissanayake was sworn in as Sri Lanka's new president after winning the presidential election as a left-wing candidate.[6]

### 2024 presidential election

[edit]

Candidate| Party| First preference| Total votes

|
|
|

Votes| %| Votes| %
| Anura Kumara Dissanayake| National People's Power| 5,634,915| 42.31| 5,740,179| 55.89
| Sajith Premadasa| Samagi Jana Balawegaya| 4,363,035| 32.76| 4,530,902| 44.11
| Ranil Wickremesinghe| Independent[a]| 2,299,767| 17.27|
| Namal Rajapaksa| Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna| 342,781| 2.57|
| P. Ariyanethiran| Independent| 226,343| 1.70|
| Dilith Jayaweera| Communist Party of Sri Lanka| 122,396| 0.92|
| K. K. Piyadasa| Independent| 47,543| 0.36|
| D. M. Bandaranayake| Independent| 30,660| 0.23|
| Sarath Fonseka| Independent| 22,407| 0.17|
| Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe| National Democratic Front| 21,306| 0.16|
| Anuruddha Polgampola| Independent| 15,411| 0.12|
| Sarath Keerthirathne| Independent| 15,187| 0.11|
| K. R. Krishan| Arunalu People's Front| 13,595| 0.10|
| Suranjeewa Anoj de Silva| Democratic United National Front| 12,898| 0.10|
| Priyantha Wickremesinghe| Nava Sama Samaja Party| 12,760| 0.10|
| Namal Rajapaksha| Samabima Party| 12,700| 0.10|
| Akmeemana Dayarathana Thero| Independent| 11,536| 0.09|
| Nuwan Bopege| Socialist People's Forum| 11,191| 0.08|
| Ajantha de Zoyza| Ruhunu People's Party| 10,548| 0.08|
| Victor Anthony Perera| Independent| 10,374| 0.08|
| Siripala Amarasinghe| Independent| 9,035| 0.07|
| Siritunga Jayasuriya| United Socialist Party| 8,954| 0.07|
| Battaramulle Seelarathana Thero| People's Welfare Front| 6,839| 0.05|
| Abubakar Mohamed Infaz| Democratic Unity Alliance| 6,531| 0.05|
| Pemasiri Manage| Independent| 5,822| 0.04|
| Mahinda Dewage| Socialist Party of Sri Lanka| 5,338| 0.04|
| Keerthi Wickremeratne| Our People's Power Party| 4,676| 0.04|
| Pani Wijesiriwardena| Socialist Equality Party| 4,410| 0.03|
| Oshala Herath| New Independent Front| 4,253| 0.03|
| Roshan Ranasinghe| Independent| 4,205| 0.03|
| P. W. S. K. Bandaranayake| National Development Front| 4,070| 0.03|
| Ananda Kularatne| Independent| 4,013| 0.03|
| Lalith de Silva| United National Freedom Front| 3,004| 0.02|
| Sidney Jayarathna| Independent| 2,799| 0.02|
| Janaka Ratnayake| United Lanka People's Party| 2,405| 0.02|
| M. Thilakarajah| Independent| 2,138| 0.02|
| Sarath Manamendra| New Sinhala Heritage| 1,911| 0.01|
| A. S. P. Liyanage| Sri Lanka Labour Party| 1,860| 0.01|
Total| 13,319,616| 100.00| 10,271,081| 100.00
Valid votes| 13,319,616| 97.80| 10,271,081| 75.41
Invalid/blank votes| 300,300| 2.20| 3,348,835| 24.59
Total votes| 13,619,916| 100.00| 13,619,916| 100.00
Registered voters/turnout| 17,140,354| 79.46| 17,140,354| 79.46
Source: Election Commission of Sri Lanka[7][8][9][10]

### 2020 parliamentary election

[edit]

Summary of the 2020 Sri Lankan parliamentary election[11][12][13]

Alliances and parties | Votes | % | Seats
District | National | Total

Sri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance[v]

* Ceylon Workers' Congress
* Mahajana Eksath Peramuna
* National Congress[i]
* National Freedom Front
* Pivithuru Hela Urumaya
* Socialist Alliance
* Communist Party of Sri Lanka
* Democratic Left Front[ii]
* Lanka Sama Samaja Party[iii]
* National Liberation People's Party
* Sri Lanka People's Party
* Sri Lanka Freedom Party[iv]
* Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna

| 6,853,690 | 59.09% | 128 | 17 | 145

Samagi Jana Balawegaya

* All Ceylon Makkal Congress[vi]
* Jathika Hela Urumaya
* Sri Lanka Muslim Congress[vii]
* Tamil Progressive Alliance
* National Union of Workers
* United Progressive Alliance
* Democratic People's Front
* Up-Country People's Front
* United National Party (Sajith wing)

| 2,771,980 | 23.90% | 47 | 7 | 54

Tamil National Alliance[viii]

* Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi
* People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam
* Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization

| 327,168 | 2.82% | 9 | 1 | 10

National People's Power

* Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna

| 445,958 | 3.84% | 2 | 1 | 3

Tamil National People's Front[ix]

* All Ceylon Tamil Congress

| 67,766 | 0.58% | 1 | 1 | 2
| Eelam People's Democratic Party | 61,464 | 0.53% | 2 | 0 | 2
| United National Party (Ranil wing) | 249,435 | 2.15% | 0 | 1 | 1

Our Power of People's Party

* Bodu Bala Sena

| 67,758 | 0.58% | 0 | 1 | 1
| Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal | 67,692 | 0.58% | 1 | 0 | 1
| Sri Lanka Freedom Party[iv] | 66,579 | 0.57% | 1 | 0 | 1
| Muslim National Alliance | 55,981 | 0.48% | 1 | 0 | 1

Tamil People's National Alliance

* Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front
* Eelam Tamil Self Rule Party
* Tamil National Party
* Tamil People's Council

| 51,301 | 0.44% | 1 | 0 | 1
| All Ceylon Makkal Congress[vi] | 43,319 | 0.37% | 1 | 0 | 1
| National Congress[i] | 39,272 | 0.34% | 1 | 0 | 1
| Sri Lanka Muslim Congress[vii] | 34,428 | 0.30% | 1 | 0 | 1
| Independents | 223,622 | 1.93% | 0 | 0 | 0
| United Peace Alliance | 31,054 | 0.27% | 0 | 0 | 0
| All Lanka Tamil Mahasabha | 30,031 | 0.26% | 0 | 0 | 0
| National Development Front | 14,686 | 0.13% | 0 | 0 | 0
| Frontline Socialist Party | 14,522 | 0.13% | 0 | 0 | 0
| Social Democratic Party of Tamils | 11,464 | 0.10% | 0 | 0 | 0
| Tamil United Liberation Front | 9,855 | 0.08% | 0 | 0 | 0
| Socialist Party of Sri Lanka | 9,368 | 0.08% | 0 | 0 | 0
| People's Welfare Front | 7,361 | 0.06% | 0 | 0 | 0
| Sinhalese National Front | 5,056 | 0.04% | 0 | 0 | 0
| New Democratic Front | 4,883 | 0.04% | 0 | 0 | 0
| United Left Front | 4,879 | 0.04% | 0 | 0 | 0
| Liberal Party of Sri Lanka | 4,345 | 0.04% | 0 | 0 | 0
| National People's Party | 3,813 | 0.03% | 0 | 0 | 0
| Democratic United National Front | 3,611 | 0.03% | 0 | 0 | 0
| National Democratic Front | 3,488 | 0.03% | 0 | 0 | 0
| Sri Lanka Labour Party | 3,134 | 0.03% | 0 | 0 | 0
| Democratic Left Front | 2,964 | 0.03% | 0 | 0 | 0
| New Sinhala Heritage | 1,397 | 0.01% | 0 | 0 | 0
| United Socialist Party | 1,189 | 0.01% | 0 | 0 | 0
| Motherland People's Party | 1,087 | 0.01% | 0 | 0 | 0
| Eelavar Democratic Front | 1,035 | 0.01% | 0 | 0 | 0
| Socialist Equality Party | 780 | 0.01% | 0 | 0 | 0
| Lanka Sama Samaja Party[iii] | 737 | 0.01% | 0 | 0 | 0
| All Are Citizens All Are Kings Organization | 632 | 0.01% | 0 | 0 | 0
| Democratic Unity Alliance | 145 | 0.00% | 0 | 0 | 0
Valid Votes | 11,598,929 | 100.00% | 196 | 29 | 225
Rejected Votes | 744,373 | 6.03% |
Total Polled | 12,343,302 | 75.89% |
Registered Electors | 16,263,885 |

Footnotes:

*     1. ^ a b The NC contested separately in two districts (Ampara and Polonnaruwa) and with the SLPFA in other districts.
2. ^ The DLF contested separately in two districts (Jaffna and Vanni) and with the SLPFA in other districts.
3. ^ a b The LSSP contested separately in one district (Jaffna) and with the SLPFA in other districts.
4. ^ a b The SLFP contested separately in three districts (Jaffna, Kalutara and Nuwara Eliya) and with the SLPFA in other districts.
5. ^ The SLPFA contested under the name and symbol of SLPP.
6. ^ a b The ACMC contested separately in one district (Ampara) and with the SJB in other districts.
7. ^ a b The SLMC contested separately in one district (Batticaloa) and with the SJB in other districts.
8. ^ The TNA contested under the name and symbol of ITAK.
9. ^ The TNPF contested under the name and symbol of ACTC.

## Administrative divisions

[edit]

The local government is divided into two parallel structures, the civil service, which dates back to colonial times, and the provincial councils, established in 1987.

### Civil Service structure

[edit]

The country is divided into 25 districts, each of which has a district secretary (the government agent or GA) who is appointed. Each district has 5–16 divisions, each with a divisional secretary who is also appointed. At a village level, Grama Niladari (Village Officers), Samurdhi Niladari (Development Officers) and agriculture extension officers all work for their respective divisional secretaries.

### Provincial Council structure

[edit]

Under the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord signed in 1987 and the subsequent 13th Amendment to the Constitution, the Government of Sri Lanka agreed to devolve some authority to the provinces. Provincial councils are directly elected for five-year terms. The leader of the council majority serves as the province's Chief Minister with a board of ministers; a provincial governor is appointed by the president.

The Provincial Councils have full statute making power with respect to the Provincial Council List, and shared statute making power respect to the Concurrent List. While all matters set out in the Reserved List are under the central government.

Despite the existence of the 13th amendment, provincial council elections have not been held since 2014.

### Local government structure

[edit]

Main article: Local government in Sri Lanka

Below the provincial level are elected Municipal Councils and Urban Councils, responsible for municipalities and cities respectively, and below this level Pradeshiya Sabhas (village councils), again elected. There are 24 Municipal Councils, 41 Urban Councils and 276 Pradeshiya Sabhas.

## Judicial branch

[edit]

Sri Lanka's judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, High Court, and a number of subordinate courts. Sri Lanka's legal system is reflective of the country's diverse cultural influences. Criminal law is fundamentally British. Basic civil law is Roman-Dutch, but laws pertaining to marriage, divorce, and inheritance are communal, known as respectively as Kandyan, Thesavalamai (Jaffna Tamil) and Muslim (Roman-Dutch law applies to Low-country Sinhalese, Estate Tamils and others).

Courts of law

* Supreme Court of Sri Lanka
* Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka
* High Court of Sri Lanka
* District Courts
* Magistrate's Courts
* Primary Courts

## Foreign relations of Sri Lanka

[edit]

Main article: Foreign relations of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka generally follows a non-aligned foreign policy but has been seeking closer relations with the United States since 1977. It participates in multilateral diplomacy, particularly at the United Nations, where it seeks to promote sovereignty, independence, and development in the developing world. Sri Lanka was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). It also is a member of the Commonwealth, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Asian Development Bank, and the Colombo Plan. Sri Lanka continues its active participation in the NAM, while also stressing the importance it places on regionalism by playing a strong role in SAARC.

Sri Lanka is member of the IAEA, IBRD, ADB, C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, and WTrO.

The growing interest of other countries in making their claims to Sri Lanka's strategic assets has been generating heated discussion both within national and international circles. China, India and Japan's involvement in Sri Lankan seaport developments is a direct consequence of the ongoing tussle among the three nations to establish a firm foothold in the strategically located island state.[14]

## Political pressure groups

[edit]

Civil society participation in decision-making and opinion-shaping in Sri Lanka is very poor. Professionals, civil society groups, and media rarely play significant roles in Sri Lankan politics, and as a result many aspects of the lives of ordinary citizens are politicized. In addition, the vacuum created by the silence and inactivity of civil society has led to radical groups such as ethnic/religious-based groups, trade unions and NGOs assuming lead roles as political pressure groups.

## See also

[edit]

* List of rulers of Ceylon
* List of presidents of Sri Lanka
* List of prime ministers of Sri Lanka
* Leftist parties in Sri Lanka

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Member of the United National Party officially running as independent, endorsed by the UNP and SLPP breakaway faction

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Democracy Index 2023: Age of Conflict (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit (Report). 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-06-09. Retrieved 2024-07-22.
2. ^ "President Maithripala Sirisena to not contest Sri Lanka polls". www.aljazeera.com.
3. ^ "Sri Lanka's ruling party calls an election, hoping for a landslide". The Economist. 5 March 2020.
4. ^ Bastians, Dharisha; Schultz, Kai (17 November 2019). "Gotabaya Rajapaksa Wins Sri Lanka Presidential Election". The New York Times.
5. ^ "Mahinda Rajapaksa sworn in as Sri Lanka's PM".
6. ^ "Anura Kumara Dissanayake sworn in as Sri Lanka's president". www.bbc.com.
7. ^ "Presidential Election 2024 – All island result – Without preferences" (PDF). Election Commission of Sri Lanka. 22 September 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
8. ^ "Presidential Election 2024 – All island preferences result" (PDF). Election Commission of Sri Lanka. 22 September 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
9. ^ "Presidential Election 2024 – Final result" (PDF). Election Commission of Sri Lanka. 22 September 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
10. ^ "Presidential Election Results – 2024". Election Commission of Sri Lanka. 22 September 2024. Archived from the original on 26 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
11. ^ "2020 Sri Lankan Parliamentary Elections". Rajagiriya, Sri Lanka: Election Commission of Sri Lanka. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
12. ^ "Parliamentary Election 2020". The Daily Mirror. Colombo, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
13. ^ "Official Election Results Parliamentary Election - 2020 - Sri Lanka". news.lk. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Department of Government Information. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
14. ^ Weerakoon, Dushni (June 20, 2019). "Rivals Competing over Sri Lanka's Seaports". OpedColumn.News.Blog.

## Sources

[edit]

* Hickman, J. 1999. "Explaining the Two-Party System in Sri Lanka's National Assembly." Contemporary South Asia, Volume 8, Number 1 (March), pp. 29–40 (A detailed description of the effects of the bonus seat provision).
* James Jupp, Sri Lanka: Third World Democracy, London: Frank Cass and Company, Limited, 1978.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Robert C. Oberst. "Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka", Publius, Vol. 18, No. 3, The State of American Federalism, 1987 (Summer, 1988), pp. 175–193

## External links

[edit]

* Office of the Governor – Uva / ඌව පලාත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවර කාර්යාලය

Wikiversity has learning resources about Beneath the Sandy Beaches: A Tale of Disarray

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Politics of Sri Lanka

Law|

* Kandyan Constitution
* Donoughmore Constitution (1931)
* Soulbury Constitution (1947)
* Republican Constitution (1972)
* 1997 Draft Constitution (1997)
* 2000 Draft Constitution (2000)
* Constitution
* Proposed Constitution
* Acts of the Parliament
* Kandyan law
* Thesavalamai
* Muslim law
* Roman-Dutch law
* English law

Flag of Sri Lanka

Political history|

* Kandyan independence movement (1470s)
* Crisis of the Sixteenth Century (1505–1594)
* Wijayaba Kollaya (1521)
* Sinhalese–Portuguese War (1527–1658)
* Portuguese conquest of Jaffna (1560–1619)
* Fall of Kotte (1597)
* British invasion of Ceylon (1795)
* Kandyan Wars (1796–1818)
* American Ceylon Mission (1813)
* Kandyan Convention (1815)
* Sri Lankan independence movement (1817–1948)
* Great Rebellion of 1817–18 (1817–1818)
* Colebrooke-Cameron Commission (1829)
* Matale rebellion (1848)
* Temperance movement (1895)
* 1915 Ceylonese riots (1915)
* Ceylon National Congress (1919)
* Jaffna Youth Congress (1924)
* Donoughmore Commission (1927)
* Suriya-Mal Movement (1933–1939)
* Bracegirdle Incident (1937)
* Cocos Islands mutiny (1942)
* Soulbury Commission (1944)
* Independence Day (1948)
* Ceylon Citizenship Act (1948)
* State-sponsored colonisation schemes (1950s–2000s)
* 1953 Ceylonese Hartal (1953)
* Nehru-Kotelawala Pact (1954)
* Sinhala Only Act (1956)
* 1956 anti-Tamil pogrom (1956)
* Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact (1957)
* 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom (1958)
* Coup d'état attempt (1962)
* Sirima–Shastri Pact (1964)
* Alleged coup d'état attempt (1966)
* Policy of standardisation (1971)
* 1971 JVP insurrection (1971)
* Republic Day (1972)
* Sirima–Gandhi Pact (1974)
* Vaddukoddai Resolution (1976)
* 1977 Sri Lankan riots (1977)
* Burning of Jaffna Public Library (1981)
* Black July (1983)
* Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)
* Indo-Sri Lanka Accord (1987)
* 1987 anti-Sinhalese riots (1987)
* 1987–1989 JVP insurrection (1987–1989)
* Mawanella riots (2001)
* 2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka (2014)
* Alleged coup d'état attempt (2015)
* 2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka (2018)
* 2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis (2018)
* 2019 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka (2019)
* 2022 Sri Lankan protests (2022)
* 2022 Sri Lankan political crisis (2022)

Political
movements|

| Ideologies|

* Capitalism
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|

Political parties|

* Current parties
* United National Party
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* Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna
* Defunct political parties
* Leftist parties in Sri Lanka

Other groups|

* Tamil militant groups
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Government|

| Executive|

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|

Judiciary|

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Political culture|

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