Psychogeography

Creative view of the built environment that emphasizes playfulness and dérive

For scientific disciplines, see Cognitive geography and Environmental psychology.

Psychogeography is the exploration of urban environments that emphasizes interpersonal connections to places and arbitrary routes. It was developed by members of the Letterist International and Situationist International, which were revolutionary groups influenced by Marxist and anarchist theory as well as the attitudes and methods of Dadaists and Surrealists.[1][2][3]

In 1955, Guy Debord defined psychogeography as "the study of the precise laws and specific effects of the geographical environment, consciously organized or not, on the emotions and behavior of individuals."[4] One of the key tactics for exploring psychogeography is the loosely defined urban walking practice known as the dérive. As a practice and theory, psychogeography has influenced a broad set of cultural actors, including artists, activists and academics.[2][3][5]

## Development

[edit]

Part of the Politics series on

The Situationist International

"It is forbidden to forbid"

Concepts

* Anti-art
* Class consciousness
* Class struggle
* Communism
* Dérive
* Détournement
* General strike
* Internationalism
* Psychogeography
* Recuperation
* Situation (Sartre)
* Situationist prank
* Spectacle
* Unitary urbanism
* Workers' council
* World revolution

People

* Michèle Bernstein
* Ivan Chtcheglov
* Guy Debord
* Jacqueline de Jong
* Asger Jorn
* Attila Kotányi
* Jørgen Nash
* Constant Nieuwenhuys
* Charles Radcliffe
* Ralph Rumney
* Gianfranco Sanguinetti
* Alexander Trocchi
* Raoul Vaneigem
* René Viénet

Works

* Can Dialectics Break Bricks?
* Mémoires
* On the Poverty of Student Life
* Report on the Construction
of Situations

* The Revolution of Everyday Life
* The Society of the Spectacle

Organizations

* Letterist International
* Golden Fleet
* Gruppe SPUR
* International Movement for an
Imaginist Bauhaus (IMIB)

* Situationist International
* Council for Maintaining
the Occupations

* Second Situationist International

Related articles

* Anarchist communism
* Autonomism
* Constructivism
* Council communism
* Left communism
* Libertarian Marxism
* Libertarian socialism
* Ultra-leftism
* Youth International Party

* Anarchism portal
* Socialism portal
* Communism portal
* Politics portal

* v
* t
* e

Psychogeography was originally developed by the Letterist International 'around the summer of 1953'.[4] Debord describes psychogeography as 'charmingly vague' and emphasises the importance of practice in psychogeographical explorations.[4] The first published discussion of psychogeography was in the Lettrist journal Potlatch (1954), which included a 'Psychogeographical Game of the Week':

> Depending on what you are after, choose an area, a more or less populous city, a more or less lively street. Build a house. Furnish it. Make the most of its decoration and surroundings. Choose the season and the time. Gather together the right people, the best records and drinks. Lighting and conversation must, of course, be appropriate, along with the weather and your memories. If your calculations are correct, you should find the outcome satisfying. (Please inform the editors of the results.)[6]

The Lettrists' reimagining of the city has its precursors in aspects of Dadaism and Surrealism.[2][3][7] The concept of the flâneur is also cited as an influence on the development of psychogeography.[5]:3;[8]18 Widely credited to Charles Baudelaire, who was influenced by Edgar Allen Poe's "The Man of the Crowd", it was further developed theoretically by Walter Benjamin.[5][8][9]

Ivan Chtcheglov, in his highly influential[citation needed] 1953 essay "Formulaire pour un urbanisme nouveau" ("Formulary for a New Urbanism"), established many of the concepts that would inform the development of psychogeography.[10] Forwarding a theory of unitary urbanism, Chtcheglov wrote "Architecture is the simplest means of articulating time and space, of modulating reality, of engendering dreams".[10] Similarly, the Situationists found contemporary architecture both physically and ideologically restrictive, combining with outside cultural influence, effectively creating an undertow, and forcing oneself into a certain system of interaction with their environment: "[C]ities have a psychogeographical relief, with constant currents, fixed points and vortexes which strongly discourage entry into or exit from certain zones".[11] Following Chtcheglov's exclusion from the Lettrists in 1954,[citation needed] Guy Debord and others worked to clarify the concept of unitary urbanism, in a bid to demand a revolutionary approach to architecture.[citation needed]

The Situationists' response was to create designs of new urbanized space, promising better opportunities for experimenting through mundane expression. Their intentions remained completely as abstractions. Guy Debord's truest intention was to unify two different factors of "ambiance" that, he felt, determined the values of the urban landscape: the soft ambiance — light, sound, time, the association of ideas — with the hard, the actual physical constructions. Debord's vision was a combination of the two realms of opposing ambiance, where the play of the soft ambiance was actively considered in the rendering of the hard. The new space creates a possibility for activity not formerly determined by one besides the individual.[citation needed]

At a conference in Cosio di Arroscia, Italy in 1956, the Lettrists joined the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus to set a proper definition for the idea announced by Gil J. Wolman: "Unitary Urbanism - the synthesis of art and technology that we call for — must be constructed according to certain new values of life, values which now need to be distinguished and disseminated."[12] It demanded the rejection of functional, Euclidean values in architecture, as well as the separation between art and its surroundings. The implication of combining these two negations is that by creating abstraction, one creates art, which, in turn, creates a point of distinction that unitary urbanism insists must be nullified. This confusion is also fundamental to the execution of unitary urbanism as it corrupts one's ability to identify where "function" ends and "play" (the "ludic") begins, resulting in what the Lettrist International and Situationist International believed to be a utopia where one was constantly exploring, free of determining factors.[citation needed]

One of the first collaborations between Debord and Danish Asger Jorn is their screen printed Guide psychogéographique de Paris: discours sur les passions de l’armour (Psychogeographic Guide of Paris: 1957). Later they created The Naked City (psychogeographic map of Paris:1958), for which they cut apart a typical map of Paris and repositioned the pieces. The resulting map corresponded with parts of Paris that were ‘stimulating’ and “worthy of study and preservation”;[citation needed] they then drew red arrows between these parts of the city to represent the fastest and most direct connections from one place to another, preferably made by taxi,[citation needed] as it was seen as the most independent and free way to travel through the city as opposed to buses.[citation needed]

Eventually, Debord and Asger Jorn resigned themselves to the fate of "urban relativity". Debord readily admits in his 1961 film A Critique of Separation, "The sectors of a city…are decipherable, but the personal meaning they have for us is incommunicable, as is the secrecy of private life in general, regarding which we possess nothing but pitiful documents". Despite the ambiguity of the theory, Debord committed himself firmly to its practical basis in reality, even as he later confesses, "none of this is very clear. It is a completely typical drunken monologue…with its vain phrases that do not await response and its overbearing explanations. And its silences."[13] "This apparently serious term 'psychogeography'", writes Debord biographer Vincent Kaufman, "comprises an art of conversation and drunkenness, and everything leads us to believe that Debord excelled at both."[14]:114

Before settling on the impossibility of true psychogeography, Debord made another film, On the Passage of a Few Persons Through a Rather Brief Unity of Time (1959). The film's narrated content concerns itself with the evolution of a generally passive group of unnamed people into a fully aware, anarchistic assemblage, and might be perceived as a biography of the situationists themselves.[original research?] Among the rants which construct the film (regarding art, ignorance, consumerism, militarism) is a desperate call for psychogeographic action:

> When freedom is practised in a closed circle, it fades into a dream, becomes a mere image of itself. The ambiance of play is by nature unstable. At any moment, "ordinary life" may prevail once again. The geographical limitation of play is even more striking than its temporal limitation. Every game takes place within the boundaries of its own spatial domain.[15]

Moments later, Debord elaborates on the important goals of unitary urbanism in contemporary society:

> The atmosphere of a few places gave us a few intimations of the future powers of an architecture that it would be necessary to create in order to provide the setting for less mediocre games.[15]

Giving a quote that he attributed to Karl Marx, Debord says:

> People can see nothing around them that is not their own image; everything speaks to them of themselves. Their very landscape is animated. Obstacles were everywhere. And they were all interrelated, maintaining a unified reign of poverty.[15]

While a reading of the texts included in the journal Internationale Situationniste may lead to an understanding of psychogeography as dictated by Guy Debord, a more comprehensive elucidation of the term would come from research into those who have put its techniques into a more developed practise.[original research?] While Debord's influence in bringing Chtchglov's text to an international audience is undoubted, his skill with the 'praxis' of unitary urbanism has been placed into question by almost all the subsequent protagonists of the Formulary's directives.[original research?] Debord was indeed a notorious drunk (see his Panegyrique, Gallimard 1995) and this altered state of consciousness must be considered along with assertions he made regarding his attempts at psychogeographical activities such as dérive and constructed situation.[original research?] The researches undertaken by WNLA, AAA and the London Psychogeographical Association during the 1990s support the contention of Asger Jorn and the Scandinavian Situationniste (Drakagygett 1962 - 1998) that the psychogeographical is a concept only known through practise of its techniques.[citation needed] Without undertaking the programme expounded by Chtchglov, and the resultant submission to the urban unknown, comprehension of the Formulary is not possible.[original research?] As Debord himself suggested, an understanding of the 'beautiful language' of situationist urbanism necessitates its practice.[citation needed]

## Dérive

[edit]

Main article: Dérive

Along with détournement, one of the main Situationist practices is the dérive (French: [de.ʁiv], "drift").[3][5][7] The dérive is a method of drifting through space to explore how the city is constructed, as well as how it makes us feel. Guy Debord defined the dérive as "a mode of experimental behavior linked to the conditions of urban society: a technique of rapid passage through varied ambiances."[16] He gave a fuller explanation in "Theory of the Dérive" (1956), first written as a member of the Letterist International:

> In a dérive one or more persons during a certain period drop their usual motives for movement and action, their relations, their work and leisure activities, and let themselves be drawn by the attractions of the terrain and the encounters they find there… But the dérive includes both this letting go and its necessary contradiction: the domination of psychogeographical variations by the knowledge and calculation of their possibilities.[17]

The dérive's goals include studying the terrain of the city (psychogeography) and emotional disorientation, both of which lead to the potential creation of Situations.[17]

## Contemporary psychogeography

[edit]

A proliferation of psychogeographical groups in the 90s and early 00s was credited to the re-emergence of the London Psychogeographical Association. evoL PsychogeogrAphix 2003 evoL PsychogeogrAphix 2004

Since the 1990s, as situationist theory became popular in artistic and academic circles, avant-garde, neoist, and revolutionary groups emerged, developing psychogeographical praxis in various ways. Influenced primarily through the re-emergence of the London Psychogeographical Association and the foundation of The Workshop for Non-Linear Architecture, these groups have assisted in the development of a contemporary psychogeography.[18] Between 1992 and 1996 The Workshop for Non-Linear Architecture undertook an extensive programme of practical research into classic (situationist) psychogeography in both Glasgow and London. The discoveries made during this period, documented in the group's journal Viscosity, expanded the terrain of the psychogeographic into that of urban design and architectural performance. Morag Rose has identified three dominant strands in contemporary psychogeography: literary, activist and creative.[19]:29

The journal Transgressions: A Journal of Urban Exploration (which appears to have ceased publication sometime in 2000) collated and developed a number of post-avant-garde revolutionary psychogeographical themes. The journal also contributed to the use and development of psychogeographical maps which have, since 2000, been used in political actions, drifts and projections, distributed as flyers.[citation needed] Since 2003 in the United States, separate events known as Provflux and Psy-Geo-conflux have been dedicated to action-based participatory experiments, under the academic umbrella of psychogeography. An article on the second annual Psy-Geo-conflux described psychogeography as "a slightly stuffy term that's been applied to a whole toy box full of playful, inventive strategies for exploring cities."[20]

Psychogeography also became a device used in literature. In Britain in particular, psychogeography has become a recognised descriptive term used in discussion of successful writers such as Iain Sinclair and Peter Ackroyd.[5][21] Sinclair is '[a]rguably the most high-profile British psychogeographer' and is credited with having a strong influence on the term's greater public use in the United Kingdom.[5]:9 Though Sinclair makes infrequent use of the jargon associated with the Situationists, he has certainly popularized the term by producing a large body of work based on pedestrian exploration of the urban and suburban landscape.[citation needed] Scholar Duncan Hay asserts that Sinclair's work does not represent the utopian and revolutionary foundations of Situationist practice, and instead 'finds its expression as a literary mode, a position that would have appeared paradoxical to its original practitioners'.[5]:3 Sinclair has distanced himself from the term, declaring it a 'very nasty set of branding'.[8]:19 Will Self also contributed to the popularisation of the term in Great Britain through a column in the Saturday magazine of the national broadsheet The Independent.[5]:11;[22] The column, which started out in the British Airways inflight magazine, ran in The Independent until October 2008. [citation needed]

Sinclair and similar thinkers draw on a longstanding British literary tradition of the exploration of urban landscapes, predating the Situationists, found in the work of writers William Blake, Arthur Machen, and Thomas de Quincey. The nature and history of London were a central focus of these writers, utilising romantic, gothic, and occult ideas to describe and transform the city. Sinclair drew on this tradition combined with his own explorations as a way of criticising modern developments of urban space in the key text Lights Out for the Territory. Peter Ackroyd's bestselling London: A Biography was partially based on similar sources. Merlin Coverley gives prominence to this literary tradition in his book Psychogeography (2006).[21] Coverley recognises the situationist origins of psychogeographic practice are sometimes overshadowed by literary traditions, but that they had a shared tradition through writers like Edgar Allan Poe, Daniel Defoe, and Charles Baudelaire.

The documentaries of filmmaker Patrick Keiller are also considered to be an example of psychogeography.[23]

The concepts and themes seen in the popular comics' writer Alan Moore in From Hell are also now seen as significant works of psychogeography. Other key figures in this version of the idea are Walter Benjamin, J. G. Ballard, and Nicholas Hawksmoor. Part of this development saw increasing use of ideas and terminology by some psychogeographers from Fortean and occult areas including earth mysteries, ley lines and chaos magic, a course pioneered by Sinclair. A core element in virtually all these developments remains a dissatisfaction with the nature and design of the modern environment, and a desire to make the everyday world more interesting.[citation needed]

Aleksandar Janicijevic, the initiator of the Urban Squares Initiative,[24] defined psychogeography for the group in the following terms: "The subjective analysis–mental reaction, to neighbourhood behaviours related to geographic location. A chronological process based on the order of appearance of observed topics, with the time delayed inclusion of other relevant instances".[25] In 2013 Aleksandar Janicijevic published "Urbis – Language of the urban fabric" as a visual attempt to rediscover lost or neglected urban symbols. In 2015 another book was published, "MyPsychogeography", an attempt to synthesize sketches and ideas which have informed his art practice.[26][self-published source?]

## Groups involved in psychogeography

[edit]

Psychogeography is practiced both experimentally and formally in groups or associations, which sometimes consist of just one member. Known groups, some of whom are still operating, include:

* Bay Area Rapid Transit Psychogeographical Association
* Glowlab
* Loiterers Resistance Movement
* London Psychogeographical Association
* Nottingham Psychogeographical Unit
* Providence Initiative for Psychogeographic Studies
* The Unilalia Group (see Unilalianism)
* The Workshop for Non-Linear Architecture

## Noted psychogeographers

[edit]

* Peter Ackroyd
* Michèle Bernstein
* Pat Barker
* Paul Conneally
* Guy Debord
* Stewart Home
* Jacqueline de Jong
* Robert Macfarlane
* Geoff Nicholson
* Iain Sinclair
* Laura Oldfield Ford
* Nick Papadimitriou
* Will Self
* Cathy Turner (artist)
* Jean Rolin
* Philippe Vasset

## Applications for mobile devices

[edit]

A number of applications have been made for mobile devices to facilitate dérives:

* Dérive app
* Serendipitor
* Drift
* Dérive

## See also

[edit]

* Desire path
* Ecocriticism
* Edgelands
* Environmental psychology
* Flâneur
* Graffiti
* Hypergraphy
* Landscape zodiac
* Parkour
* Psychohistory
* Psychonaut
* Rhizome (philosophy)
* Schizophrenia
* Social trail
* Urban acupuncture
* Urban exploration
* Wayfinding

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 546\. ISBN 9780415252256.
2. ^ a b c Marcus, Greil (2014-10-09). Lipstick Traces: A Secret History of the Twentieth Century. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-26120-8.
3. ^ a b c d Plant, Sadie (2002-01-22). The Most Radical Gesture: The Situationist International in a Postmodern Age. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-92530-8.
4. ^ a b c "Introduction to a Critique of Urban Geography". The Situationist International Text Library.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h Richardson, Tina (2015-07-07). Walking Inside Out: Contemporary British Psychogeography. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-78348-087-6.
6. ^ "potlach #1: information bulletin of the french section of the lettrist international". www.cddc.vt.edu. 22 June 1954. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
7. ^ a b Morris, Blake (2019-11-05). Walking Networks: The Development of an Artistic Medium. Rowman & Littlefield International. ISBN 978-1-78661-022-5.
8. ^ a b c Elkin, Lauren (2016-07-28). Flaneuse: Women Walk the City in Paris, New York, Tokyo, Venice and London. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4481-9195-6.
9. ^ Baudelaire, Charles (1964-01-01). The Painter of Modern Life and Other Essays Translated and Edited by Jonathan Mayne. Phaidon Press.
10. ^ a b Chtcheglov, Ivan. "Formulary for a New Urbanism". Bureau of Public Secrets.
11. ^ Knabb 1995, p. 50.
12. ^ Wolman, Gil (1956). Address by the Lettrist International Delegate to the Alba Conference of September 1956. ALba: Lettrist International.
13. ^ A Critique of Separation (1961). Complete Cinematic Works (AK Press, 2003, Trans. Knabb. K)
14. ^ Kaufmann, Vincent, 1955- (2006). Guy Debord : revolution in the service of poetry. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-4455-1. OCLC 65165348.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
15. ^ a b c Debord G. Sur le passage de quelques personnes à travers une assez courte unité de temps (1959)
16. ^ Guy Debord (June 1958). "Definitions". Internationale Situationniste (1). Translated by Ken Knabb. Paris.
17. ^ a b Debord, Guy (November 1956). "Theory of the Dérive". Les Lèvres Nues (9). Translated by Ken Knabb.
18. ^ "psychogeography.org weblog and archive". Retrieved 2017-07-28.
19. ^ Rose, Morag (2017). Women walking Manchester : desire lines through the original modern city (Ph.D. thesis). University of Sheffield.
20. ^ Hart, Joseph (Jun 1, 2004). "A New Way of Walking". Utne Reader.
21. ^ a b Coverley, Merlin (2018-06-28). Psychogeography. Oldcastle Books. ISBN 978-0-85730-270-0.
22. ^ Self, Will. Psychogeography: Disentangling the Modern Conundrum of Psyche and Place. Ralph Steadman. ASIN 1596914661.
23. ^ "Psychogeography – Art Term".
24. ^ Yılmaz, Ebru (2016). "Subjectivity in Design Education: The Perception of the City through Personal Maps". International Journal of Art & Design Education. 35 (1): 121–139. doi:10.1111/jade.12005. hdl:11147/6126. ISSN 1476-8070.
25. ^ "Psychogeography Maps". urbansquares.com. 2008-12-26. Archived from the original on March 30, 2009.
26. ^ "psychogeography now – window to the urban future | ……". Photoblog.urbansquares.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-06. Retrieved 2013-04-18.

### Sources

[edit]

* Kaufman, Vincent (2006). Guy Debord: Revolution in the Service of Poetry. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
* Knabb, Ken, ed. (1995). Situationist International Anthology. Berkeley: Bureau of Public Secrets.
* McDonough, Tom, ed. (2004). Guy Debord and the Situationist International: Texts and Documents. Boston: October Press.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Balsebre, Gianluigi (September 1995). Della critica radicale. Bibliografia ragionata sul'internazionale situazionista con testi inediti in italiano (in Italian). Bologna: Grafton.
* Balsebre, Gianluigi (1997). Il territorio dello spettacolo (in Italian). Bologna: Potlatch.
* Coverley, Merlin (2006). Psychogeography. London: Pocket Essentials.
* Debord, Guy, ed. (1996). Guy Debord presente Potlatch. Paris: Folio.
* Ford, Simon (2005). The Situationist International: A User's Guide. London: Black Dog Publishing.
* Home, Stewart (1997). Mind Invaders: A Reader in Psychic Warfare, Cultural Sabotage and Semiotic Terrorism. London: Serpent's Tail.
* Larry Miller's Flux-Tour at NYU's Grey Art Gallery. https://greyartgallery.nyu.edu/2011/11/performing-in-larry-millers-flux-tour-at-the-grey/
* George Maciunas Flux-Tours. https://www.fondazionebonotto.org/en/collection/fluxus/maciunasgeorge/10/1520.html
* Janicijevic, Aleksandar (June 2008). "Psychogeography Now - Window to the Urban Future". (Toronto) (International Journal for Neighbourhood Renewal, Liverpool, UK)
* Law, Larry; Chris Gray, editors (1998). Leaving the 20th Century: the Incomplete Work of the Situationist International. London: Rebel P.
* Sadler, Simon (1998). The Situationist City. Cambridge: MIT P.
* Smith, Phil. Mythogeography: A Guide to Walking Sideways
* Vazquez, Daniele (2010). Manuale di Psicogeografia. Cuneo: Nerosubianco edizioni.
* Wark, McKenzie (2008). 50 Years of Recuperation of the Situationist International. New York, Princeton Architectural.

## External links

[edit]

Library resources about
Psychogeography

* * *

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

* Guide psychogeographique de Paris. Guy Debord's famous map of Paris
* Interview with Merlin Coverley
* 4th World Congress of Psychogeography- annual conference

* v
* t
* e

Sub-fields of and approaches to human geography

Sub-fields|

* Agricultural
* Behavioral
* Cognitive
* Cultural
* Development
* Economic
* Health
* Historical
* Internet
* Language
* Marketing
* Military
* Political
* Population
* Religion
* Settlement
* Regional
* Transport
* Urban
* Social
* Strategic
* Tourism

Approaches|

* Critical
* Culture theory
* Feminist
* Marxist
* Modernism
* Structuralism
* Semiotics
* Non-representational theory
* Postmodernism
* Post-structuralism
* Deconstruction
* Scientific method
* Sexuality and space
* Time

* Category
* Portal
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Culture jamming

Forms|

* Art intervention
* Billboard hacking
* Broadcast signal intrusion
* Détournement
* Flash mob
* Guerrilla communication
* Hacktivism
* Media prank
* Subvertising
* Tactical frivolity

Groups|

* Adbusters
* Anonymous
* Barbie Liberation Organization
* Billboard Liberation Front
* Billionaires for Bush
* The Bubble Project
* Cacophony Society
* Guerrilla Girls
* Improv Everywhere
* Luther Blissett
* Merry Pranksters
* monochrom
* Negativland
* RTMark
* Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence
* Society for Indecency to Naked Animals
* Space Hijackers
* Veterans of Future Wars
* Whirl-Mart
* Wu Ming
* The Yes Men
* Yippies

Movements|

* Discordianism
* Church of the SubGenius
* Provo
* Psychogeography
* Reverend Billy and the Church of Stop Shopping

People|

* Alan Abel
* Banksy
* Reverend Billy
* Captain Midnight
* Captain Crunch
* Ron English
* Abbie Hoffman
* John Law
* Malaclypse the Younger
* Ben Masel
* Sal Randolph
* Jerry Rubin
* Joey Skaggs
* Ivan Stang
* Kerry Wendell Thornley
* Bill Wasik
* Robert Anton Wilson

Works|

* The Illuminatus! Trilogy
* Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy
* Principia Discordia
* Book of the SubGenius
* Temporary Autonomous Zone
* No Logo
* Steal This Book

Events|

* Notre-Dame Affair (1950)
* Saint Stupid's Day Parade (late 1970s)
* Burning Man (1986)
* Max Headroom signal hijacking (1987)
* Grunge speak (1992)
* K Foundation (1993)
* SantaCon (1994)
* Portland Urban Iditarod (2001)
* Pillow fight flash mob (2008)

Related|

* Anti-consumerism
* Artivist
* Critique of work
* List of culture jamming organizations and people
* Performance art
* Street art
* Subculture
* Surreal humour
* Operation Mindfuck

* v
* t
* e

Environmental humanities

Art|

* Crop art
* Environmental art
* Environmental sculpture
* Land art
* Landscape painting
* Photography
* conservation
* landscape
* nature
* wildlife
* Sculpture trail
* Site-specific art
* Sustainable art

Culture|

* Cultural ecology
* Cultural landscape
* Ecolinguistics
* Ecological anthropology
* Ecosemiotics
* Environmental anthropology
* Ethnoecology
* Traditional ecological knowledge

Literature|

* Ecocomposition
* Ecocriticism
* Ecopoetry
* Geocriticism
* Nature writing
* Outdoor literature

Philosophy|

* Aesthetics of nature
* Critical realism
* Deep ecology
* Ecofeminism
* Ecophenomenology
* Ecosophy
* Environmental ethics
* Environmental justice
* Environmental philosophy
* Predation problem
* Social ecology

Religion|

* Ecotheology
* Environmental theology
* Religion and environmentalism
* Spiritual ecology
* Stewardship

Other|

* Anthrozoology
* Ecomusicology
* Environmental communication
* Environmental education
* adult
* arts-based
* Environmental history
* Environmental interpretation
* Environmental journalism
* Environmental law
* Outdoor education
* Psychogeography
* Thematic interpretation

Related|

* Animal studies
* Bioethics
* Biophilia hypothesis
* Do it yourself (ethic)
* Natural history (museums)
* Popular science
* Property theory (common property)
* Sexecology
* Science, technology and society
* science studies
* Simple living
* Slow food
* Spirit of place
* Sustainability studies

Applied|

* Arts and Crafts movement
* Acoustic ecology
* Biomimicry
* Ecological design
* Ecomuseum
* Educational trail
* Environmental design
* Landscape architecture
* assessment
* planning
* Nature center
* New Urbanism
* Sustainable architecture
* Sustainable design
* Sustainable fashion
* Themed walk

* Environment portal
* Category
* Commons
* Journals
* Degrees

* v
* t
* e

Anarchism

Concepts|

* Anarchy
* Anarchist Black Cross
* Anarchist criminology
* Anationalism
* Anti-authoritarianism
* Anti-capitalism
* Anti-militarism
* Affinity group
* Autonomous social center
* Black bloc
* Classless society
* Class struggle
* Consensus decision-making
* Conscientious objector
* Critique of work
* Decentralization
* Deep ecology
* Direct action
* Free association
* Free love
* Freethought
* Horizontalidad
* Individualism
* Isocracy
* Law
* Mutual aid
* Participatory politics
* Permanent autonomous zone
* Prefigurative politics
* Proletarian internationalism
* Propaganda of the deed
* Refusal of work
* Revolution
* Revolutionary spontaneity
* Rewilding
* Security culture
* Self-ownership
* Social ecology
* Sociocracy
* Somatherapy
* Spontaneous order
* Squatting
* Temporary autonomous zone
* Union of egoists
* Voluntary association
* Workers' council

Issues|

* Animal rights
* Capitalism
* Education
* Love and sex
* Nationalism
* Religion
* Violence

Schools of thought|

| Classical|

* Individualist

* Egoist
* Illegalist
* Naturist
* Philosophical

* Mutualist
* Social

* Collectivist
* Communist
* Magonist

|

Post-classical|

* Feminist
* Green
* Primitivist
* Social ecology
* Independence
* Insurrectionary
* Pacifist
* Religious
* Christian
* Buddhist
* Jewish
* Without adjectives

Contemporary|

* Black
* Free-market
* Postcolonial
* Post-anarchist
* Post-left
* Queer

Types of federation|

* Affinity group
* Anarcho-syndicalism
* Platformism
* Synthesis anarchism
* Union of egoists

Economics|

* Communization
* Cooperative
* Cost the limit of price
* General strike
* Gift economy
* Give-away shop
* Free association
* Labour voucher
* Market abolitionism
* Mutual aid
* Mutual credit
* Participatory economics
* Social ownership
* Wage slavery
* Workers' self-management

Culture|

* A las Barricadas
* Anarchist bookfair
* Anarcho-punk
* Arts
* Culture jamming
* DIY ethic
* Films
* Freeganism
* Glossary
* Infoshop
* Independent Media Center
* The Internationale
* Jewish anarchism
* Lifestylism
* "No gods, no masters"
* Popular education
* "Property is theft!"
* Radical cheerleading
* Radical environmentalism
* Squatting
* Symbolism

History|

* Paris Commune
* Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
* Cantonal rebellion
* Hague Congress
* International Conference of Rome
* Trial of the Thirty
* Haymarket affair
* May Day
* Congress of Amsterdam
* Tragic Week
* High Treason Incident
* Manifesto of the Sixteen
* Individualist anarchism in the United States
* 1919 United States bombings
* Biennio Rosso
* German Revolution of 1918–1919
* Bavarian Soviet Republic
* Kronstadt rebellion
* Makhnovshchina
* Amakasu Incident
* Escuela Moderna
* Individualist anarchism in Europe
* Spanish Revolution of 1936
* Barcelona May Days
* Red inverted triangle
* Labadie Collection
* May 1968
* Provo
* LIP
* Kate Sharpley Library
* Australian Anarchist Centenary
* Carnival Against Capital
* 1999 Seattle WTO protests
* Really Really Free Market
* Occupy movement

People|

* Armand
* Ba
* Bakunin
* Berkman
* Bonanno
* Bookchin
* Chomsky
* Cleyre
* Day
* Durruti
* Ellul
* Ervin
* Faure
* Ferrer
* Feyerabend
* Godwin
* Goldman
* González Prada
* Graeber
* Guillaume
* He-Yin
* Kaczynski
* Kanno
* Kōtoku
* Kropotkin
* Landauer
* Liu
* Magón
* Makhno
* Malatesta
* Michel
* Most
* Parsons
* Pi
* Pouget
* Proudhon
* Rocker
* Santillán
* Spooner
* Stirner
* Thoreau
* Tolstoy
* Tucker
* Volin
* Ward
* Warren
* Zerzan

Lists|

* Anarcho-punk bands
* Books
* Communities
* Fictional characters
* Films
* Jewish anarchists
* Musicians
* Periodicals

By region|

* Africa
* Albania
* Algeria
* Andorra
* Argentina
* Armenia
* Australia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bolivia
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Brazil
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* Chile
* China
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Croatia
* Cuba
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Dominican Republic
* East Timor
* Ecuador
* Egypt
* El Salvador
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* French Guiana
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Guatemala
* Hong Kong
* Hungary
* Iceland
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Ireland
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Korea
* Latvia
* Malaysia
* Mexico
* Monaco
* Mongolia
* Morocco
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Nicaragua
* Nigeria
* Norway
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Philippines
* Poland
* Portugal
* Puerto Rico
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Singapore
* South Africa
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Tunisia
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela
* Vietnam

Related topics|

* Anti-corporatism
* Anti-consumerism
* Anti-fascism
* Anti-globalization
* Anti-statism
* Anti-war movement
* Autarchism
* Autonomism
* Communism
* Counter-economics
* Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
* Labour movement
* Left communism
* Left-libertarianism
* Libertarianism
* Libertarian Marxism
* Libertarian socialism
* Marxism
* Situationist International
* Socialism
* Spontaneous order
* Voluntaryism

* Anarchism portal
* Category
* Outline

Authority control databases: National |

* Germany
* Czech Republic

|

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template