Pteromalidae

Family of wasps

Pteromalidae

Temporal range: Aptian–Present

PreꞒ

Catolaccus grandis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Arthropoda
Class:  | Insecta
Order:  | Hymenoptera
Superfamily:  | Chalcidoidea
Family:  | Pteromalidae
Dalman, 1820
Subfamilies

Many (see text)

Diversity
32-35 subfamilies
c. 640 genera
c. 3450 species

The Pteromalidae are a very large family of mostly parasitoid wasps, with some 3,450 described species in about 640 genera (the number was greater, but many species and genera have been reduced by synonymy in recent years). The subfamily-level divisions of the family are highly contentious and unstable, and the family thought to be "artificial", composed of numerous, distantly related groups (polyphyletic). Accordingly, details of their life histories range over nearly the entire range possible within the Chalcidoidea, though the majority are (as with most chalcidoids) parasitoids of other insects. They are found throughout the world in virtually all habitats, and many are important as biological control agents. The oldest known fossil is known from the Early Cretaceous[1]

In essence, a "pteromalid" is any member of the Chalcidoidea that has five-segmented tarsi and does not have the defining features of any of the remaining families with five-segmented tarsi. It is highly probable that this family will be divided into several families in the near future.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Description
* 2 Ecology
* 3 Subfamilies (32-35)
* 3.1 List of genera (591 + 1†)
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Description[edit]

Usually metallic Chalcidoids of varying body size (from 1–48 mm long) and build (slender to quite robust), with the tarsi of the fore and hind legs consisting of five segments, which carry antennae consisting of eight to thirteen segments (including up to 3 annelli), and that in fully winged forms have in the fore wing a marginal vein that is at least several times longer than broad, very often with well-developed postmarginal and stigmal veins, although these are rarely quite short, and nearly always a distinct speculum.[3]

## Ecology[edit]

The life strategies of the species in this family vary greatly. There are both solitary and gregarious species, living outside (ectoparasitoid) or inside their prey (endoparasitoid), koinobionts and idiobionts, primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids and even predators that kill and consume the prey immediately;[3] they also include fig wasp genera. Because of their parasitoid nature, wasps of this family are often used as biological control agents for destructive pests such as american serpentine leafminers.[4] Pteromalus cassotis is a parasitoid of the monarch butterfly.[5]

## Subfamilies (32-35)[edit]

Asaphesinae \- Austrosystasinae \- Austroterobiinae \- Ceinae \- Cerocephalinae \- Chromeurytominae \- Cleonyminae \- Coelocybinae \- Colotrechninae \- Cratominae \- Diparinae \- Ditropinotellinae \- Elatoidinae \- Epichrysomallinae \- Erotolepsiinae \- Eunotinae \- Herbertiinae \- Keiraninae \- Leptofoeninae \- Louriciinae \- Macromesinae \- Miscogasterinae \- Nefoeninae \- Neodiparinae \- Ormocerinae \- Panstenoninae \- Parasaphodinae \- Pireninae \- Pteromalinae \- Spalangiinae \- Storeyinae \- Sycoecinae \- Sycoryctinae

### List of genera (591 + 1†)[edit]

Ablaxia \- Abomalus \- Acaenacis \- Acerocephala \- Acoelocyba \- Acroclisella \- Acroclisis \- Acroclisissa \- Acroclisoides \- Acroclypa \- Acrocormus \- Aditrochus \- Aeschylia \- Afropsilocera \- Agamerion \- Aggelma \- Agiommatus \- Agrilocida \- Aiemea \- Allocricellius \- Alloderma \- Alticornis \- Alyxiaphagus \- Amandia \- Amazonisca \- Amblyharma \- Amblypachus \- Ambogaster \- Amerostenus \- Ammeia \- Amoturella \- Amphidocius \- Andersena \- Angulifrons \- Anisopteromalus \- Ankaratrella \- Anogmoides \- Anogmus \- Anorbanus \- Apelioma \- Aphobetus \- Apsilocera \- Apycnetron \- Arachnopteromalus \- Ardilea \- Arriva \- Arthrolytus \- Asaphes \- Asaphoideus \- Asparagobius \- Atrichomalus \- Ausasaphes \- Australeunotus \- Australicesa \- Australolaelaps \- Australurios \- Austrosystasis \- Austroterobia \- Bairamlia \- Balrogia \- Baridobius \- Blascoa \- Bofuria \- Boharticus \- Bohpa \- Bomburia \- Bonitoa \- Boucekina \- Boucekius \- Brachycaudonia \- Brachyscelidiphaga \- Bruesisca \- Bubekia \- Bubekiana \- Bugacia \- Bulolosa \- Bupronotum \- Caenacis \- Caenocrepis \- Callicarolynia \- Callimerismus \- Callimomoides \- Calliprymna \- Callitula \- Callocleonymus \- Calolelaps \- Cameronella \- Canada \- Canberrana \- Capellia \- Catolaccus \- Cavitas \- Cea \- Cecidellis \- Cecidolampa \- Cecidostiba \- Cecidoxenus \- Cephaleta \- Ceratetra \- Cerocephala \- Cerodipara \- Chadwickia \- Chalcedectus \- Chalcidiscelis \- Cheiropachus \- Chimaerolelaps \- Chlorocytus \- Choetospilisca \- Chromeurytoma \- Chrysoglyphe \- Cleonymus \- Coelocyba \- Coelocyboides \- Coelopisthia \- Collentis \- Collessina \- Colotrechnus \- Conigastrus \- Conodipara \- Conomorium \- Conophorisca \- Cooloolana \- Coruna \- Cratomus \- Cryptoprymna \- Cybopella \- Cyclogastrella \- Cyrtogaster \- Cyrtophagoides \- Cyrtoptyx \- Dasycleonymus \- Dasyneurophaga \- Delisleia \- Delucchia \- Desantisiana \- Dibrachoides \- Dibrachys \- Diconocara \- Diglochis \- Dimachus \- Dinarmoides \- Dinarmolaelaps \- Dinarmus \- Dineuticida \- Dinotiscus \- Dinotoides \- Diourbelia \- Dipachystigma \- Dipara \- Dirhicnus \- Ditropinotella \- Divna \- Doddifoenus \- Doganlaria \- Dorcatomophaga \- Dozodipara \- Drailea \- Dudichilla \- Dvalinia \- Ecrizotes \- Ecrizotomorpha \- Elachertodomyia \- Elachertoidea \- Elatoides \- Elderia \- Encyrtocephalus \- Endomychobius \- Enoggera \- Eopteromalites \- Epanogmus \- Epelatus \- Epicatolaccus \- Epicopterus \- Epipteromalus \- Epistenia \- Epiterobia \- Erdoesia \- Erdoesina \- Erixestus \- Erotolepsia \- Erotolepsiella \- Errolia \- Erythromalus \- Espinosa \- Eucoelocybomyia \- Eulonchetron \- Eumacepolus \- Euneura \- Eunotomyiia \- Eunotopsia \- Eunotus \- Eupelmophotismus \- Eurydinota \- Eurydinoteloides \- Eurydinotomorpha \- Eurytomomma \- Eutelisca \- Euteloida \- Ezgia \- Fanamokala \- Fedelia \- Ferrierelus \- Ficicola \- Fijita \- Frena \- Fusiterga \- Gahanisca \- Gastracanthus \- Gastrancistrus \- Gbelcia \- Genangula \- Globimesosoma \- Globonila \- Glorimontana \- Glyphognathus \- Glyphotoma \- Gnathophorisca \- Goidanichium \- Golovissima \- Grissellium \- Grooca \- Guancheria \- Gugolzia \- Guinea \- Guolina \- Gyrinophagus \- Habritella \- Habritys \- Habromalina \- Hadroepistenia \- Haliplogeton \- Halomalus \- Halticoptera \- Halticopterella \- Halticopterina \- Halticopteroides \- Hansonita \- Harrizia \- Hedqvistia \- Hedqvistina \- Helocasis \- Hemadas \- Hemitrichus \- Herbertia \- Heteroprymna \- Heteroschema \- Hetreulophus \- Heydenia \- Heydeniopsis \- Hillerita \- Hirtonila \- Hlavka \- Hobbya \- Holcaeus \- Homoporus \- Hubena \- Huberina \- Hyperimerus \- Hypopteromalus \- Idioporus \- Indoclava \- Inkaka \- Ischyroptyx \- Ismaya \- Isocyrtella \- Isocyrtus \- Isoplatoides \- Jaliscoa \- Janssoniella \- Kaleva \- Kazina \- Keesia \- Keirana \- Kerya \- Klabonosa \- Kneva \- Kratinka \- Kratka \- Krivena \- Ksenoplata \- Kukua \- Kumarella \- Laesthiola \- Lampoterma \- Lamprotatus \- Lanthanomyia \- Lariophagus \- Lasallea \- Laticlypa \- Lelaps \- Lelapsomorpha \- Lenka \- Leodamus \- Leptofoenus \- Leptogasterites \- Leptomeraporus \- Licteria \- Liepara \- Lincolna \- Lisseurytoma \- Lomonosoffiella \- Lonchetron \- Longinucha \- Lycisca \- Lyrcus \- Lysirina \- Lyubana \- Macroglenes \- Macromesus \- Makaronesa \- Manineura \- Maorita \- Marxiana \- Mauleus \- Mayrellus \- Mazinawa \- Megadicylus \- Megamelanosoma \- Melancistrus \- Merallus \- Meraporus \- Merismoclea \- Merismomorpha \- Merismus \- Merisus \- Mesamotura \- Mesolelaps \- Mesolelaps \- Mesopeltita \- Mesopolobus \- Metacolus \- Metastenus \- Meximalus \- Micradelus \- Mimencyrtus \- Mirekia \- Miristhma \- Miscogaster \- Miscogasteriella \- Mnoonema \- Mokrzeckia \- Monazosa \- Monoksa \- Moranila \- Morodora \- Muesebeckisia \- Muscidifurax \- Myrmicolelaps \- Nadelaia \- Nambouria \- Narendrella \- Nasonia \- Nazgulia \- Neanica \- Neapterolelaps \- Neboissia \- Nedinotus \- Nefoenus \- Neocalosoter \- Neocatolaccus \- Neochalcissia \- Neocylus \- Neodipara \- Neoepistenia \- Neolelaps \- Neolyubana \- Neoperilampus \- Neopolycystus \- Neosciatheras \- Neoskeloceras \- Neotoxeumorpha \- Nephelomalus \- Nepistenia \- Nerotolepsia \- Netomocera \- Nikolskayana \- Nodisoplata \- Norbanus \- Nosodipara \- Notanisus \- Notoglyptus \- Notoprymna \- Novitzkyanus \- Nuchata \- Oaxa \- Obalana \- Ogloblinisca \- Omphalodipara \- Oniticellobia \- Oodera \- Oomara \- Ophelosia \- Oricoruna \- Ormocerus \- Ormyromorpha \- Ottaria \- Ottawita \- Oxyglypta \- Oxyharma \- Oxysychus \- Pachycrepoideus \- Pachyneuron \- Pachyneuronella \- Pandelus \- Panstenon \- Papuopsia \- Parabruchobius \- Paracarotomus \- Paracerocephala \- Paracroclisis \- Paradinarmus \- Paraiemea \- Paralaesthia \- Paralamprotatus \- Paralycisca \- Parasaphodes \- Paratomicobia \- Parepistenia \- Paroxyharma \- Patiyana \- Peckianus \- Pegopus \- Peridesmia \- Perilampella \- Perilampidea \- Perilampomyia \- Perniphora \- Pestra \- Petipirene \- Pezilepsis \- Phaenocytus \- Plastobelyta \- Platecrizotes \- Platneptis \- Platygerrhus \- Platypteromalus \- Playaspalangia \- Ploskana \- Plutothrix \- Podivna \- Polstonia \- Premiscogaster \- Procallitula \- Proglochin \- Promerisus \- Promuscidea \- Propicroscytus \- Propodeia \- Proshizonotus \- Protoepistenia \- Pseudanogmus \- Pseudetroxys \- Pseudocatolaccus \- Pseudoceraphron \- Psilocera \- Psilonotus \- Psychophagoides \- Psychophagus \- Pterapicus \- Pterisemoppa \- Pteromalinites \- Pteromalus \- Pterosemigastra \- Pterosemopsis \- Ptinocida \- Pycnetron \- Pyramidophoriella \- Queenslandia \- Quercanus \- Rakosina \- Raspela \- Rhaphitelus \- Rhicnocoelia \- Rhopalicus \- Riekisura \- Rivasia \- Rohatina \- Romanisca \- Roptrocerus \- Scaphepistenia \- Sceptrothelys \- Schimitschekia \- Schizonotus \- Sciatherellus \- Scutellista \- Sedma \- Seladerma \- Selimnus \- Semiotellus \- Sennia \- Shedoepistenia \- Sigynia \- Sirovena \- Sisyridivora \- Solenura \- Sorosina \- Spalangia \- Spalangiopelta \- Spaniopus \- Spathopus \- Sphaeripalpus \- Sphegigaster \- Sphegigastrella \- Sphegipterosema \- Sphegipterosemella \- Spilomalus \- Spinancistrus \- Spintherus \- Spodophagus \- Staurothyreus \- Stenetra \- Stenomalina \- Stenophrus \- Stenoselma \- Stichocrepis \- Stictolelaps \- Stictomischus \- Stinoplus \- Storeya \- Strejcekia \- Striatacanthus \- Sympotomus \- Synedrus \- Syntomopus \- Systasis \- Systellogaster \- Systolomorpha \- Szelenyinus \- Tanina \- Tanzanicesa \- Teasienna \- Telepsogina \- Termolampa \- Terobiella \- Thaumasura \- Thektogaster \- Theocolax \- Thinodytes \- Thureonella \- Tomicobia \- Tomicobiella \- Tomicobomorpha \- Tomicobomorphella \- Tomocerodes \- Toxeuma \- Toxeumella \- Toxeumelloides \- Toxeumorpha \- Trichargyrus \- Trichilogaster \- Trichokaleva \- Trichomalopsis \- Trichomalus \- Tricolas \- Tricyclomischus \- Trigonoderopsis \- Trigonoderus \- Trigonogastrella \- Trinotiscus \- Tripteromalus \- Tritneptis \- Trjapitzinia \- Trychnosoma \- Tsela \- Tumor \- Uniclypea \- Uriellopteromalus \- Urolepis \- Urolycisca \- Usubaia \- Uzka \- Velepirene \- Veltrusia \- Vespita \- Vrestovia \- Watshamia \- Westra \- Westwoodiana \- Wubina \- Xantheurytoma \- Xestomnaster \- Xiphydriophagus \- Yanchepia \- Yosemitea \- Yrka \- Yusufia \- Zdenekiana \- Zeala \- Zebe \- Zolotarewskya †- Dominocephala[6]

## References[edit]

1. ^ Barling, Nathan; Heads, Sam W.; Martill, David M. (October 2013). "A new parasitoid wasp (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil: The first Mesozoic Pteromalidae". Cretaceous Research. 45: 258–264. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.05.001. ISSN 0195-6671.
2. ^ Several. "Pteromalidae". BugGuide.
3. ^ a b B.R. Pitkin. "Pteromalidae". Universal Chalcidoidea Database.
4. ^ "American serpentine leafminer - Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)". entnemdept.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-20.
5. ^ Stenoien, Carl; McCoshum, Shaun; Caldwell, Wendy; Anda, Alma De; Oberhauser, Karen (1 January 2015). "New reports that Monarch butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Danaus plexippus Linnaeus) are hosts for a pupal parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidae, Pteromalus cassotis Walker)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 88 (1): 16–26. doi:10.2317/JKES1402.22.1. S2CID 52231552.
6. ^ "Pteromalidae". Nederlands soortenregister [nl].+[nl]&rft.atitle=Pteromalidae&rft_id=http://www.nederlandsesoorten.nl/linnaeus_ng/app/views/species/nsr_taxon.php?id=159614&cat;=&epi;=1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pteromalidae" class="Z3988">

## External links[edit]

| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pteromalidae.

|

| Wikispecies has information related to Pteromalidae.

|

* Universal Chalcidoidea Database
* Catolaccus grandis Cornell U. Parasitoid of boll weevil
* Bugguide.net

* v
* t
* e

Extant Hymenopteran families

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Arthropoda
* Class: Insecta
* Subclass: Pterygota
* Infraclass: Neoptera
* Superorder: Endopterygota

| Xyeloidea|

Xyelidae

|

Pamphilioidea|

* Megalodontesidae
* Pamphiliidae (web-spinning sawflies)

Tenthredinoidea|

* Argidae (argid sawflies)
* Blasticotomidae (fern sawflies)
* Cimbicidae (cimbicid sawflies)
* Diprionidae (conifer sawflies)
* Pergidae (pergid sawflies)
* Tenthredinidae (common sawflies)

c.|

| Cephoidea|

* Cephidae (stem sawflies)

|

Siricoidea|

* Anaxyelidae (cedar wood wasps)
* Siricidae (horntails)

Xiphydrioidea|

* Xiphydriidae (wood wasps)

Orussoidea|

* Orussidae (parasitic wood wasps)

| U

| P

| Ichneumonoidea|

* Braconidae (braconids)
* Ichneumonidae (ichneumon wasps)
* Trachypetidae

|

Ceraphronoidea|

* Ceraphronidae
* Megaspilidae

Proctotrupomorpha|

| Platygastroidea|

* Nixoniidae
* Platygastridae
* Scelionidae

|

Cynipoidea|

* Austrocynipidae
* Cynipidae (gall wasps)
* Figitidae
* Ibaliidae
* Liopteridae

Proctotrupoidea (s.str.)|

* Proctorenyxidae
* Roproniidae
* Heloridae
* Pelecinidae
* Peradeniidae
* Proctotrupidae
* Vanhorniidae

Diaprioidea|

* Austroniidae
* Diapriidae
* Ismaridae
* Maamingidae
* Monomachidae

Mymarommatoidea|

* Mymarommatidae

Chalcidoidea
(chalcid wasps)|

* Agaonidae (fig wasps)
* Aphelinidae
* Chalcididae
* Encyrtidae
* Eucharitidae
* Eulophidae
* Eupelmidae
* Eurytomidae
* Leucospidae
* Mymaridae (fairyflies)
* Ormyridae
* Perilampidae
* Pteromalidae
* Rotoitidae
* Signiphoridae
* Tanaostigmatidae
* Tetracampidae
* Torymidae
* Trichogrammatidae

Evanioidea|

* Aulacidae
* Evaniidae (ensign wasps)
* Gasteruptiidae

Stephanoidea|

* Stephanidae

Megalyroidea|

* Megalyridae

Trigonaloidea|

* Trigonalidae

| Chrysidoidea|

* Bethylidae
* Chrysididae (cuckoo wasps)
* Dryinidae
* Embolemidae
* Plumariidae
* Sclerogibbidae
* Scolebythidae

|

Vespoidea|

* Rhopalosomatidae (rhopalosomatid wasps)
* Vespidae (paper wasps, potter wasps, pollen wasps, yellowjackets, hornets)

Tiphioidea|

* Bradynobaenidae
* Tiphiidae (tiphiid wasps)

Thynnoidea|

* Chyphotidae
* Thynnidae (flower wasps)
* Sierolomorphidae (sierolomorphid wasps)

Pompiloidea|

* Mutillidae (velvet ants)
* Myrmosidae
* Pompilidae (spider wasps)
* Sapygidae (sapygid, or club-horned wasps)

Scolioidea|

* Scoliidae (scoliid wasps)

Formicoidea|

* Formicidae (ants)

Apoidea|

| Spheciformes
(sphecoid wasps)|

* Ammoplanidae
* Ampulicidae (cockroach wasps)
* Astatidae
* Bembicidae
* Crabronidae
* Mellinidae
* Pemphredonidae
* Philanthidae
* Psenidae
* Sphecidae (thread-waisted wasps)

|

Anthophila
(bees)|

* Andrenidae (mason bees)
* Apidae (honey bees, bumblebees, cuckoo bees, carpenter bees, orchid bees, stingless bees)
* Colletidae (plasterer bees)
* Halictidae (sweat bees)
* Megachilidae (mason bees, leafcutter bees)
* Melittidae
* Stenotritidae

|

* Italic are paraphyletic groups
* Based on Malm and Nyman (2015) and Peters et al (2017)

Taxon identifiers|

* Wikidata: Q1930883
* Wikispecies: Pteromalidae
* AFD: Pteromalidae
* BioLib: 17520
* BOLD: 125219
* BugGuide: 16408
* EoL: 706
* EPPO: 1PTEMF
* Fauna Europaea: 11320
* Fauna Europaea (new): 5a1b75b3-9483-4983-a190-aeb1f76040aa
* Fossilworks: 150527
* GBIF: 9447
* iNaturalist: 125448
* IRMNG: 101086
* ITIS: 153974
* NBN: NBNSYS0000160838
* NCBI: 7423
* NZOR: 0d06483e-d8e3-4c75-ae90-af7571476595
* Plazi: 76728780-FFC9-6071-FF62-E7A1CBC0ED62

|

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