Sequoia National Park

National park in the Sierra Nevada mountains, California, U.S.

Sequoia National Park

IUCN category II (national park)[1]

The General Sherman Tree, the largest tree in the world (measured by volume), in 2022

Location in California

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Location in the United States

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Location| Tulare County, California, United States
Nearest city| Visalia, California
Coordinates| 36°33′53″N 118°46′22″W﻿ / ﻿36.56472°N 118.77278°W﻿ / 36.56472; -118.77278
Area| 404,064 acres (1,635.19 km2)[2]
Established| September 25, 1890
Visitors| 1,153,198 (in 2022)[3]
Governing body| National Park Service
Website| www.nps.gov/seki

Sequoia National Park is an American national park in the southern Sierra Nevada east of Visalia, California. The park was established on September 25, 1890, and today protects 404,064 acres (631 sq mi; 163,519 ha; 1,635 km2)[2] of forested mountainous terrain. Encompassing a vertical relief of nearly 13,000 feet (4,000 m), the park contains the highest point in the contiguous United States, Mount Whitney, at 14,505 feet (4,421 m) above sea level. The park is south of, and contiguous with, Kings Canyon National Park; both parks are administered by the National Park Service together as the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. UNESCO designated the areas as Sequoia-Kings Canyon Biosphere Reserve in 1976.[4]

The park is notable for its giant sequoia trees, including the General Sherman tree, the largest tree on Earth by volume. The General Sherman tree grows in the Giant Forest, which contains five of the ten largest trees in the world. The Giant Forest is connected by the Generals Highway to Kings Canyon National Park's General Grant Grove, home of the General Grant tree among other giant sequoias. The park's giant sequoia forests are part of 202,430 acres (316 sq mi; 81,921 ha; 819 km2) of old-growth forests shared by Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.[5] The parks preserve a landscape that was first cultivated by the Monache tribe, the southern Sierra Nevada before Euro-American settlement.[6][failed verification]

## Front country[edit]

Many park visitors enter Sequoia National Park through its southern entrance near the town of Three Rivers at Ash Mountain at 1,700 ft (520 m) elevation. The lower elevations around Ash Mountain contain the only National Park Service-protected California Foothills ecosystem, consisting of blue oak woodlands, foothills chaparral, grasslands, yucca plants, and steep, mild river valleys. Seasonal weather results in a changing landscape throughout the foothills with hot summer yielding an arid landscape while spring and winter rains result in blossoming wildflowers and lush greens.[7] The region is also home to abundant wildlife: bobcats, foxes, ground squirrels, rattlesnakes, and mule deer are commonly seen in this area, and more rarely, reclusive mountain lions and the Pacific fisher are seen as well. The last California grizzly was killed in this park in 1922 (at Horse Corral Meadow).[8] The California Black Oak is a key transition species between the chaparral and higher elevation conifer forest.[9]

At higher elevations in the front country, between 5,500 and 9,000 feet (1,700 and 2,700 m) in elevation, the landscape becomes montane forest-dominated coniferous belt. Found here are Ponderosa, Jeffrey, sugar, and lodgepole pine trees, as well as abundant white and red fir. Found here too are the giant sequoia trees, the most massive living single-stem trees on earth. Between the trees, spring and summer snowmelts sometimes fan out to form lush, though delicate, meadows. In this region, visitors often see mule deer, Douglas squirrels, and American black bears, which sometimes break into unattended cars to eat food left by careless visitors. There are plans to reintroduce the bighorn sheep to this park.[10]

## Back country[edit]

The High Sierra Trail above Hamilton Lake passes over the Great Western Divide Mount Whitney

The vast majority of the park is roadless wilderness; no road crosses the Sierra Nevada within the park's boundaries. 84 percent of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks is designated wilderness[11] and is accessible only by foot or by horseback. The majority was designated Sequoia-Kings Canyon Wilderness in 1984[12] and the southwest portion was protected as John Krebs Wilderness in 2009.[13]

## History[edit]

The area which now is Sequoia National Park shows evidence of Native American settlement as early as AD 1000.[14] The area was first home to "Monachee" (Western Mono) Native Americans, who resided mainly in the Kaweah River drainage in the Foothills region of what is now the park, though evidence of seasonal habitation exists as high as the Giant Forest. Members of this tribe were permanent residents of the park, with a population estimate of around 2,000.[14] In the summertime the Tubatulabal Native Americans used the eastern part of the area (the Kern River drainage) as their summer hunting grounds.[15] During this time, the Western Mono tribe would travel over the high mountain passes to trade with tribes to the East. To this day, pictographs can be found at several sites within the park, notably at Hospital Rock and Potwisha, as well as bedrock mortars used to process acorns, a staple food for the Monachee people.

Tharp's Log, a cabin formed out of a hollowed-out giant sequoia log

The first European settler to homestead in the area was Hale Tharp, who famously built a home out of a hollowed-out fallen giant sequoia log in the Giant Forest next to Log Meadow. Tharp arrived in 1858 to the region and encountered several groups of Native Americans, the largest being around 600 with several other smaller groups found at higher elevations.[14] After becoming friendly with the Western Mono tribe, Tharp was shown the Giant Forest Sequoia Grove. After his settlement, more settlers came around 1860. Shortly thereafter - between 1860 and 1863, epidemics of smallpox, measles, and scarlet fever killed the majority of the Native Americans living in the area. After this, the rest of the Native Americans left with the largest campsite (Hospital Rock) abandoned by 1865.[14] During their time in the area, the Monachee used periodic fire burning to aid in hunting and agriculture. This technique played an important role in the ecology of the region and allowed for a "natural" vegetation cover development.[14] After they left, Tharp and other settlers allowed sheep and cattle to graze the meadow, while at the same time maintaining a respect for the grandeur of the forest and led early battles against logging in the area. From time to time, Tharp received visits from John Muir, who would stay at Tharp's log cabin. Tharp's Log can still be visited today in its original location in the Giant Forest.

However, Tharp's attempts to conserve the giant sequoias were at first met with only limited success. In the 1880s, white settlers seeking to create a utopian society founded the Kaweah Colony, which sought economic success in trading Sequoia timber. However, Giant Sequoia trees, unlike their coast redwood relatives, were later discovered to splinter easily and therefore were ill-suited to timber harvesting, though thousands of trees were felled before logging operations finally ceased. Benjamin Harrison ultimately signed legislation that established the Sequoia National Park on 25 September 1890, ending logging in the area.[16]

A boulder found in Sequoia National Park honoring Captain Charles Young.

Another consequence of the Giant Forest becoming Sequoia National Park was the shift in park employment. Prior to the incorporation by the National Park Service, the park was managed by US army troops of the 24th Regiment of Infantry and the 9th Regiment of Cavalry, better known as the Buffalo Soldiers.[17] These segregated troops, founded in 1866, were African-American men from the South, an invaluable demographic to the military with the lowest rates of desertion. The Buffalo Soldiers completed park infrastructure projects as well as park management duties, helping to shape the role of the modern-day park ranger. The Buffalo Soldiers rose to this position due to a lack of funding for the park which led to an inability to hire civilians.[18] The third African American West Point graduate, Captain Charles Young led the cavalries of Buffalo Soldiers in the Sequoia and General Grant Parks. Young landed this post as a result of the segregation rampant throughout the Army: as a black man, he was not permitted to head any combat units.[19] He did, however, demonstrate his leadership capability through his initiatives in the National Park delegating park infrastructure projects, hosting tourists and politicians, and setting a standard of a strong work ethic into his men. Young was also a prominent figure regarding the early conservation of Sequoia National Park. He greenlighted the dedication of trees in honor of prominent figures as a means of promoting their preservation. One such example is the Redwood dedicated to the escaped slave and activist, Booker T Washington. Young also argued to the Secretary of the Interior that the lack of enforcement of forest protection laws allowed the detrimental practices of logging and the popular tourist hobby of carving names into the redwoods to continue.[18]

One of the most recent expansions occurred in 1978, when grassroots efforts, spearheaded by the Sierra Club, fought off attempts by the Walt Disney Corporation to purchase a high-alpine former mining site south of the park for use as a ski resort. This site known as Mineral King was annexed to the park. Its name dates back to early 1873 when the miners in the area formed the Mineral King Mining District.[20] Mineral King is the highest-elevation developed site within the park and a popular destination for backpackers.

The national park was partially closed in September 2020 due to the SQF Complex Fire,[21][22] and fully closed in mid-September through mid-December 2021 due to the KNP Complex Fire.[23][24]

## Climate[edit]

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Sequoia National Park encompasses five climate types listed here from highest to lowest elevation; Tundra (ET), Mediterranean-influenced Subarctic climate (Dsc), Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer Humid continental climate (Dsb), Warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb), and Hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa). Precipitation also decreases with elevation. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the Plant Hardiness zone at Giant Forest Visitor Center (6,444 ft (1,964 m)) is 8a with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of 12.0 °F (−11.1 °C).[25]

Climate data for Lodgepole, California, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1968-2021, elev: 6,735 ft (2,053 m)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °F (°C)  | 65
(18)  | 65
(18)  | 66
(19)  | 73
(23)  | 85
(29)  | 89
(32)  | 92
(33)  | 89
(32)  | 91
(33)  | 81
(27)  | 67
(19)  | 60
(16)  | 92
(33)
Mean maximum °F (°C)  | 50.1
(10.1)  | 53.8
(12.1)  | 58.7
(14.8)  | 66.1
(18.9)  | 73.5
(23.1)  | 80.9
(27.2)  | 85.4
(29.7)  | 84.5
(29.2)  | 81.0
(27.2)  | 72.3
(22.4)  | 60.6
(15.9)  | 50.9
(10.5)  | 86.9
(30.5)
Average high °F (°C)  | 39.2
(4.0)  | 41.0
(5.0)  | 45.3
(7.4)  | 50.0
(10.0)  | 58.4
(14.7)  | 68.4
(20.2)  | 76.1
(24.5)  | 75.9
(24.4)  | 70.0
(21.1)  | 58.9
(14.9)  | 46.6
(8.1)  | 37.3
(2.9)  | 55.6
(13.1)
Daily mean °F (°C)  | 28.3
(−2.1)  | 29.7
(−1.3)  | 33.6
(0.9)  | 37.8
(3.2)  | 45.7
(7.6)  | 54.0
(12.2)  | 61.0
(16.1)  | 60.0
(15.6)  | 54.6
(12.6)  | 45.0
(7.2)  | 35.0
(1.7)  | 27.3
(−2.6)  | 42.7
(5.9)
Average low °F (°C)  | 17.4
(−8.1)  | 18.4
(−7.6)  | 21.8
(−5.7)  | 25.7
(−3.5)  | 33.1
(0.6)  | 39.5
(4.2)  | 45.9
(7.7)  | 44.1
(6.7)  | 39.2
(4.0)  | 31.1
(−0.5)  | 23.4
(−4.8)  | 17.2
(−8.2)  | 29.7
(−1.3)
Mean minimum °F (°C)  | 3.5
(−15.8)  | 5.5
(−14.7)  | 7.8
(−13.4)  | 13.2
(−10.4)  | 23.1
(−4.9)  | 29.6
(−1.3)  | 37.8
(3.2)  | 36.3
(2.4)  | 29.9
(−1.2)  | 21.8
(−5.7)  | 11.8
(−11.2)  | 4.2
(−15.4)  | −0.8
(−18.2)
Record low °F (°C)  | −10
(−23)  | −12
(−24)  | −2
(−19)  | −1
(−18)  | 9
(−13)  | 23
(−5)  | 28
(−2)  | 28
(−2)  | 19
(−7)  | 1
(−17)  | −3
(−19)  | −16
(−27)  | −16
(−27)
Average precipitation inches (mm)  | 8.72
(221)  | 7.87
(200)  | 6.42
(163)  | 3.24
(82)  | 2.05
(52)  | 0.69
(18)  | 0.61
(15)  | 0.15
(3.8)  | 0.65
(17)  | 2.27
(58)  | 3.65
(93)  | 6.87
(174)  | 43.19
(1,096.8)
Average snowfall inches (cm)  | 42.4
(108)  | 61.5
(156)  | 37.1
(94)  | 22.2
(56)  | 6.0
(15)  | 1.1
(2.8)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 3.4
(8.6)  | 11.7
(30)  | 35.0
(89)  | 220.4
(559.4)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)  | 49.9
(127)  | 66.9
(170)  | 73.6
(187)  | 53.1
(135)  | 15.3
(39)  | 1.7
(4.3)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 2.4
(6.1)  | 10.3
(26)  | 30.3
(77)  | 79.9
(203)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 8.8  | 10.0  | 9.5  | 7.7  | 5.7  | 2.4  | 2.1  | 1.5  | 2.2  | 3.9  | 5.6  | 8.2  | 67.6
Average snowy days (≥ 0.01 in) | 7.7  | 8.4  | 7.4  | 4.6  | 2.0  | 0.3  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.9  | 3.7  | 6.6  | 41.6
Source 1: NOAA[26]
Source 2: National Weather Service[27]

Climate data for Giant Forest Visitor Center, Sequoia National Park. Elev: 5,646 ft (1,721 m)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Average high °F (°C)  | 47.2
(8.4)  | 47.7
(8.7)  | 50.5
(10.3)  | 55.0
(12.8)  | 63.8
(17.7)  | 72.4
(22.4)  | 80.1
(26.7)  | 80.3
(26.8)  | 74.5
(23.6)  | 64.3
(17.9)  | 53.0
(11.7)  | 45.9
(7.7)  | 61.3
(16.3)
Daily mean °F (°C)  | 38.0
(3.3)  | 38.2
(3.4)  | 40.7
(4.8)  | 44.6
(7.0)  | 52.5
(11.4)  | 60.6
(15.9)  | 68.4
(20.2)  | 67.7
(19.8)  | 62.3
(16.8)  | 53.5
(11.9)  | 43.8
(6.6)  | 37.9
(3.3)  | 50.8
(10.4)
Average low °F (°C)  | 28.9
(−1.7)  | 28.8
(−1.8)  | 31.0
(−0.6)  | 34.3
(1.3)  | 41.3
(5.2)  | 48.8
(9.3)  | 56.7
(13.7)  | 55.2
(12.9)  | 50.2
(10.1)  | 42.6
(5.9)  | 34.6
(1.4)  | 29.8
(−1.2)  | 40.2
(4.6)
Average precipitation inches (mm)  | 7.59
(193)  | 7.16
(182)  | 6.81
(173)  | 3.61
(92)  | 1.78
(45)  | 0.67
(17)  | 0.33
(8.4)  | 0.14
(3.6)  | 0.71
(18)  | 1.96
(50)  | 4.32
(110)  | 6.11
(155)  | 41.19
(1,046)
Average relative humidity (%)  | 48.3  | 61.7  | 64.9  | 61.5  | 56.5  | 47.3  | 41.7  | 38.6  | 38.1  | 42.6  | 49.3  | 50.4  | 50.0
Average dew point °F (°C)  | 20.2
(−6.6)  | 26.2
(−3.2)  | 29.8
(−1.2)  | 32.2
(0.1)  | 37.5
(3.1)  | 40.4
(4.7)  | 44.2
(6.8)  | 41.6
(5.3)  | 36.4
(2.4)  | 31.3
(−0.4)  | 26.0
(−3.3)  | 21.1
(−6.1)  | 32.3
(0.2)
Source: PRISM Climate Group[28]

Climate data for Ash Mountain, California, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1927-2021

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °F (°C)  | 84
(29)  | 85
(29)  | 89
(32)  | 97
(36)  | 106
(41)  | 114
(46)  | 118
(48)  | 116
(47)  | 112
(44)  | 103
(39)  | 94
(34)  | 82
(28)  | 118
(48)
Mean maximum °F (°C)  | 72.6
(22.6)  | 76.6
(24.8)  | 80.4
(26.9)  | 87.3
(30.7)  | 96.4
(35.8)  | 104.6
(40.3)  | 108.2
(42.3)  | 107.5
(41.9)  | 103.9
(39.9)  | 95.5
(35.3)  | 82.3
(27.9)  | 72.6
(22.6)  | 109.8
(43.2)
Average high °F (°C)  | 57.6
(14.2)  | 60.3
(15.7)  | 64.2
(17.9)  | 68.9
(20.5)  | 78.8
(26.0)  | 89.5
(31.9)  | 97.1
(36.2)  | 96.6
(35.9)  | 91.2
(32.9)  | 79.1
(26.2)  | 65.6
(18.7)  | 56.8
(13.8)  | 75.5
(24.2)
Daily mean °F (°C)  | 47.9
(8.8)  | 50.4
(10.2)  | 53.5
(11.9)  | 57.2
(14.0)  | 66.3
(19.1)  | 75.9
(24.4)  | 83.0
(28.3)  | 82.3
(27.9)  | 76.9
(24.9)  | 66.2
(19.0)  | 54.7
(12.6)  | 47.4
(8.6)  | 63.5
(17.5)
Average low °F (°C)  | 38.3
(3.5)  | 40.6
(4.8)  | 42.8
(6.0)  | 45.4
(7.4)  | 53.7
(12.1)  | 62.4
(16.9)  | 69.0
(20.6)  | 68.1
(20.1)  | 62.5
(16.9)  | 53.4
(11.9)  | 43.8
(6.6)  | 38.0
(3.3)  | 51.5
(10.8)
Mean minimum °F (°C)  | 28.6
(−1.9)  | 30.5
(−0.8)  | 31.3
(−0.4)  | 33.4
(0.8)  | 41.1
(5.1)  | 47.7
(8.7)  | 57.6
(14.2)  | 57.8
(14.3)  | 50.2
(10.1)  | 40.9
(4.9)  | 32.5
(0.3)  | 27.2
(−2.7)  | 24.8
(−4.0)
Record low °F (°C)  | 18
(−8)  | 21
(−6)  | 20
(−7)  | 25
(−4)  | 33
(1)  | 38
(3)  | 47
(8)  | 45
(7)  | 40
(4)  | 28
(−2)  | 20
(−7)  | 17
(−8)  | 17
(−8)
Average precipitation inches (mm)  | 4.89
(124)  | 4.29
(109)  | 4.02
(102)  | 2.48
(63)  | 1.23
(31)  | 0.37
(9.4)  | 0.14
(3.6)  | 0.02
(0.51)  | 0.18
(4.6)  | 1.24
(31)  | 2.41
(61)  | 3.72
(94)  | 24.99
(633.11)
Average snowfall inches (cm)  | 0.1
(0.25)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.1
(0.25)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.2
(0.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 9.3  | 10.6  | 9.6  | 6.6  | 4.6  | 1.3  | 0.9  | 0.4  | 1.5  | 3.5  | 6.1  | 8.4  | 62.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 0.2  | 0.0  | 0.1  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.3
Source: NOAA[29][30]

## Geology[edit]

Sequoia National Park contains a significant portion of the Sierra Nevada. The park's mountainous landscape includes the tallest mountain in the contiguous United States, Mount Whitney, which rises to 14,505 feet (4,421 m) above sea level.[31] The Great Western Divide parallels the Sierran crest and is visible at various places in the park, for example, Mineral King, Moro Rock, and the Giant Forest. Peaks in the Great Western Divide rise to more than 12,000 feet (3,700 m). Deep canyons lie between the mountains, including Tokopah Valley above Lodgepole, Deep Canyon on the Marble Fork of the Kaweah River, and Kern Canyon in the park's backcountry, which is more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) deep for 30 miles (50 km).[32]

Great Western Divide from the summit of Mount Kaweah

Most of the mountains and canyons in the Sierra Nevada are composed of granitic rocks. These rocks, such as granite, diorite and monzonite, formed when molten rock cooled far beneath the surface of the earth. The molten rock was the result of a geologic process known as subduction. Powerful forces in the earth forced the landmass under the waters of the Pacific Ocean beneath and below an advancing North American Continent. Super-hot water driven from the subducting ocean floor migrated upward and melted rock as it proceeded. This process took place during the Cretaceous Period, 100 million years ago. Granitic rocks have a speckled salt-and-pepper appearance because they contain various minerals including quartz, feldspars and micas. Valhalla, or the Angel Wings, are prominent granitic cliffs that rise above the headwaters of the Middle Fork of the Kaweah River.[32]

The Sierra Nevada is a young mountain range, probably not more than 10 million years old. Forces in the earth, probably associated with the development of the Great Basin, forced the mountains to rise. During the last 10 million years, at least four ice ages have coated the mountains in a thick mantle of ice. Glaciers form and develop during long periods of cool and wet weather. Glaciers move very slowly through the mountains, carving deep valleys and craggy peaks. The extensive history of glaciation within the range and the erosion resistant nature of the granitic rocks that make up most of the Sierra Nevada have together created a landscape of hanging valleys, waterfalls, craggy peaks, alpine lakes (such as Tulainyo Lake) and glacial canyons.[32]

Calcite formations in Crystal Cave

Park caves, like most caves in the Sierra Nevada of California, are mostly solutional caves dissolved from marble. Marble rock is essentially limestone that was metamorphosed by the heat and pressure of the formation and uplift of the Sierra Nevada Batholith. The batholith's rapid uplift over the past 10 million years led to a rapid erosion of the metamorphic rocks in the higher elevations, exposing the granite beneath; therefore, most Sierra Nevada caves are found in the middle and lower elevations (below 7,000 ft or 2,100 m), though some caves are found in the park at elevations as high as 10,000 ft (3,000 m) such as the White Chief cave and Cirque Cave in Mineral King. These caves are carved out of the rock by the abundant seasonal streams in the park. Most of the larger park caves have, or have had, sinking streams running through them.

The park contains more than 270 known caves, including Lilburn Cave which is California's longest cave with nearly 17 miles (27 km) of surveyed passages.[32] The only commercial cave open to park visitors is Crystal Cave, the park's second-longest cave at over 3.4 miles (5.5 km). Crystal Cave was discovered on April 28, 1918, by Alex Medley and Cassius Webster.[33] The cave is a constant 48 °F (9 °C), and is only accessible by guided tour.

Caves are discovered every year in the park with the most recently discovered major cave being Ursa Minor in August 2006.[34][35]

## Flora and fauna[edit]

General Sherman tree looking up Tunnel Tree in 1940 Crescent Meadow in the Giant Forest, called the "Gem of the Sierra" by John Muir

According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. Potential natural vegetation Types, Sequoia National Park encompasses five classifications listed here from highest to lowest elevation; Alpine tundra & barren vegetation type with an Alpine tundra vegetation form...Pinus contorta/ Subalpine zone vegetation type with a California Conifer Forest vegetation form...Abies magnifica vegetation type with a California Conifer Forest vegetation form...Mixed conifer vegetation type with a California Conifer Forest vegetation form...and Chaparral vegetation type with a California chaparral and woodlands vegetation form.[36]

Animals that inhabit this park are coyote, badger, black bear, bighorn sheep, deer, fox, cougar, eleven species of woodpecker, various species of turtle, three species of owl, opossum, various species of snake, wolverine, beaver, various species of frog, and muskrat.

## See also[edit]

* Fauna of the Sierra Nevada
* African-American Heritage Sites
* Bibliography of the Sierra Nevada
* Buffalo Soldier
* Ecology of the Sierra Nevada
* List of giant sequoia groves
* List of largest giant sequoias
* List of national parks of the United States
* List of plants of the Sierra Nevada
* National parks in California
* National Register of Historic Places listings in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Parks
* Protected areas of the Sierra Nevada
* Seven Horticultural Wonders of the World

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Sequoia-Kings Canyon". protectedplanet.net. Protected Planet. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
2. ^ a b "Listing of acreage – December 31, 2012" (XLSX). Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved September 22, 2013. (National Park Service Acreage Reports)
3. ^ "Annual Park Ranking Report for Recreation Visits in: 2022". nps.gov. National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
4. ^ "UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory". Archived from the original on February 24, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
5. ^ Bolsinger, CL; Waddell, KL (1993). "Area of old-growth forests in California, Oregon, and Washington" (PDF). United States Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Resource Bulletin PNW-RB-197. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2012. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
6. ^ Franklin, Jerry, F; Fites-Kaufmann, Jo Ann (1996). "Status of the Sierra Nevada". Assessment of Late-Successional Forests of the Sierra Nevada (III: Biological and Physical Elements of the Sierra Nevada ed.). Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project. Final Report to Congress: 627–71. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
7. ^ Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Pamphlet Archived October 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
8. ^ Grinnell, Joseph (1937). Fur Bearing mammals of California.
9. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Stromberg, Nicklas (ed.). "California Black Oak: Quercus kelloggii". GlobalTwitcher.com. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
10. ^ US NPS. "Mammals". Archived from the original on March 7, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
11. ^ "Sequoia and Kings Canyon Wilderness". Sierra Nevada Wilderness Education Project. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
12. ^ "Sequoia-Kings Canyon Wilderness". wilderness.net. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2019.
13. ^ "John Krebs Wilderness". wilderness.net. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2019.
14. ^ a b c d e VANKAT, JOHN L. (March 1977). "FIRE AND MAN IN SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK∗". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 67 (1): 17–27. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1977.tb01117.x. ISSN 0004-5608. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
15. ^ Steward, Julian Haynes (1993). Indian tribes of Sequoia National Park region. California Indian Library Collections [distributor]. OCLC 58907982.
16. ^ History & Culture Archived June 2, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, accessed 3 September 2023
17. ^ Johnson, Shelton (February 15, 2022). "Invisible Men: Buffalo Soldiers of the Sierra Nevada" (PDF). NPS History. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
18. ^ a b Mason, Kathy S. (March 1, 2019). "Buffalo Soldiers as Guardians of the Parks: African‐American Troops in the California National Parks in the Early Twentieth Century". The Historian. 81 (1): 84–98. doi:10.1111/hisn.13064. ISSN 0018-2370. S2CID 151217879.
19. ^ "First Posting to Fort Robinson", Black Officer in a Buffalo Soldier Regiment, UNP - Bison Original, pp. 9–30, doi:10.2307/j.ctt1dfnsb0.9, retrieved March 22, 2022
20. ^ Jackson, Louise A. (1988). Beulah: A Biography of the Mineral King Valley of California. Tucson, Arizona: Westernlore Press. p. 18\. ISBN 0-87026-065-0. OCLC 17830966.
21. ^ Johnson, Brian; Staff, ABC30 Com (September 14, 2020). "SQF Complex Fire: 90,845 acres burned, evacuation orders issued for Three Rivers area". ABC30 Fresno. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
22. ^ Romero, Joe Jacquez and Sheyanne N. "SQF Complex Fire grows, portions of Three Rivers under mandatory evacuations. What we know". VisaliaTimesDelta.com. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
23. ^ Paterson, Rebecca (December 8, 2021). "Giant Forest in Sequoia National Park to Reopen on Select Days Beginning December 11, 2021". NPS.gov. National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 10, 2022. Retrieved July 10, 2022. "SEQUOIA AND KINGS CANYON NATIONAL PARKS, Calif. December 8, 2021 – The Giant Forest in Sequoia National Park will reopen to the public on a limited schedule beginning on Saturday, December 11. This area has been closed to public access since mid-September due to the KNP Complex Fire, which has burned more than 88,000 acres, mostly within Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks."
24. ^ Yeager, Joshua (December 19, 2021). "After four months and thousands of slain sequoia, KNP Complex Fire reaches full containment". Visalia Times-Delta. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
25. ^ "USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
26. ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Lodgepole, CA". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
27. ^ "NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Hanford". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on June 3, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
28. ^ "PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University". www.prism.oregonstate.edu. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
29. ^ "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
30. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
31. ^ "Whitney". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce.
32. ^ a b c d This article incorporates public domain material from Geology Overview. National Park Service.
33. ^ Despain, Joel (1995). Crystal Cave: A Guidebook to the Underground World of Sequoia National Park. Sequoia Natural History Association. ISBN 1-878441-06-X.
34. ^ Squatriglia, Chuck (September 24, 2006). "Magical underground world". sfgate.com. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 3, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
35. ^ Blake de Pastino (September 26, 2006). "Photo in the News: Giant Crystal-Filled Cave Discovered in California". news.nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
36. ^ "U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions)". Data Basin. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2019.

## External links[edit]

Sequoia National Park at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Travel information from Wikivoyage

* Official website of the National Park Service
* Geologic Map of Southwestern Sequoia National Park – United States Geological Survey
* Virtual reality scenes in Sequoia National Park
* Lary M. Dilsaver and William C. Tweed, Challenge of the Big Trees – natural and human history of the park
* The short film Giant Sequoia (1979) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.

* v
* t
* e

Sequoia National Park

Giant sequoias|

* Atwell Mill Grove
* Franklin Tree
* Garfield Grove
* General Sherman Tree
* Giant Forest
* Hazelwood Tree
* King Arthur
* Lincoln Tree
* Mark Twain Tree
* Muir Grove
* President
* Tharp's Log
* Washington Tree

Mountains|

* Alta Peak
* Mount Barnard
* Black Kaweah
* Florence Peak
* Junction Peak
* Kaweah Peaks Ridge
* Kaweah Queen
* Mount Kaweah
* Mount Langley
* Mount Le Conte
* Mount Mallory
* Mount McAdie
* Milestone Mountain
* Mount Muir
* Red Kaweah
* Mount Russell
* Sawtooth Peak
* Mount Stewart
* Table Mountain
* Triple Divide Peak
* Mount Tyndall
* Thunder Mountain
* Mount Whitney

Historic places|

* Ash Mountain Entrance Sign
* Cabin Creek Ranger Residence
* Cattle Cabin
* Giant Forest Lodge Historic District
* Giant Forest Village–Camp Kaweah Historic District
* Hockett Meadow Ranger Station
* Hospital Rock
* Pear Lake Ski Hut
* Quinn Ranger Station
* Redwood Meadow Ranger Station
* Smithsonian Institution Shelter
* Squatter's Cabin

Other attractions|

* Crystal Cave
* Eagle Lake
* Forester Pass
* Generals' Highway
* Generals' Highway Stone Bridges
* Great Western Divide
* High Sierra Trail
* John Muir Trail
* Kaweah Gap
* Kern Plateau salamander
* Lilliput Glacier
* Mineral King
* Moro Rock
* Ursa Minor Cave
* Wuksachi Village and Lodge

People|

* C.C. Curtis
* John Muir
* Stephen T. Mather
* Hale D. Tharp
* John Tyndall
* Josiah Whitney
* George W. Stewart
* Yokuts

Nearby municipalities|

* Three Rivers
* Lemon Cove
* Kaweah
* Visalia
* Tulare
* Lone Pine

* Category
* California Portal

Related links

* v
* t
* e

Sierra Nevada

Mountains|

| Peaks >14,000 ft|

* Whitney
* Williamson
* North Palisade
* Sill
* Russell
* Split
* Langley
* Tyndall
* Muir
* Middle Palisade

|
|

Northern peaks|

* Lola
* Castle
* Granite Chief
* Rose
* Tallac
* Pyramid
* Freel

Central peaks|

* Red Lake
* Round Top
* Mokelumne
* Sonora
* Leavitt
* Dana
* Lyell
* Banner
* Ritter
* Mammoth

Southern peaks|

* Humphreys
* Tom
* Bear Creek Spire
* Darwin
* Agassiz
* Kaweah
* Brewer
* Olancha
* Kern
* Double

Climbing|

* Peak list
* First ascents

Passes|

* Fredonyer
* Beckwourth
* Yuba
* Donner
* Mt. Rose
* Spooner
* Echo
* Carson
* Monitor
* Ebbetts
* Sonora
* Tioga
* Minaret
* Kaweah
* Sherman
* Tehachapi

Rivers|

* Feather
* Yuba
* Bear
* American
* Mokelumne
* Cosumnes
* Calaveras
* Stanislaus
* Tuolumne
* Merced
* Chowchilla
* Fresno
* San Joaquin
* Kings
* Kaweah
* Tule
* Kern
* Truckee
* Carson
* Walker
* Owens

Lakes|

* Tahoe
* Aloha
* Echo
* Fallen Leaf
* Spooner
* Mono
* Almanor
* Oroville
* Isabella
* Donner
* Independence
* Shaver
* Huntington
* Florence
* Edison
* Wishon
* Courtright
* Tenaya
* Mammoth
* Bass
* Crowley
* Convict
* Hell for Sure

Protected
areas|

| National parks
& monuments|

* Kings Canyon
* Sequoia
* Yosemite
* Devils Postpile
* Giant Sequoia

|

National forests|

* Eldorado
* Humboldt–Toiyabe
* Inyo
* Lake Tahoe Basin
* Lassen
* Plumas
* Sequoia
* Sierra
* Stanislaus
* Tahoe

Wilderness areas|

* Ansel Adams
* Bright Star
* Bucks Lake
* Carson–Iceberg
* Chimney Peak
* Dinkey Lakes
* Domeland
* Emigrant
* Golden Trout
* Hoover
* Ishi
* Jennie Lakes
* John Krebs
* John Muir
* Kaiser
* Kiavah
* Mokelumne
* Monarch
* Mount Rose
* Owens Peak
* Owens River Headwaters
* Sacatar Trail
* Sequoia-Kings Canyon
* Yosemite

State parks|

* Burton Creek
* Calaveras Big Trees
* D. L. Bliss
* Donner Memorial
* Ed Z'berg Sugar Pine Point
* Emerald Bay
* Grover Hot Springs
* Lake Tahoe Nevada
* Plumas-Eureka
* South Yuba River
* Van Sickle

Communities|

* Angels Camp
* Auburn
* Bridgeport
* Chester
* Colfax
* Grass Valley
* Incline Village
* Jackson
* Kernville
* Loyalton
* Mammoth Lakes
* Mariposa
* Markleeville
* Nevada City
* Oakhurst
* Paradise
* Placerville
* Portola
* Quincy
* San Andreas
* Sonora
* South Lake Tahoe
* Susanville
* Sutter Creek
* Tahoe City
* Tehachapi
* Truckee

Ski areas|

* Alpine Meadows
* Badger Pass
* Bear Valley
* Boreal
* China Peak
* Dodge Ridge
* Donner Ski Ranch
* Heavenly
* Homewood
* June Mountain
* Kirkwood
* Mammoth Mountain
* Northstar
* Sierra at Tahoe
* Palisades Tahoe
* Sugar Bowl
* Tahoe Donner

Trails|

* High Sierra Trail
* John Muir Trail
* Pacific Crest Trail
* Sierra High Route

* v
* t
* e

National parks of the United States

* Acadia
* American Samoa
* Arches
* Badlands
* Big Bend
* Biscayne
* Black Canyon of the Gunnison
* Bryce Canyon
* Canyonlands
* Capitol Reef
* Carlsbad Caverns
* Channel Islands
* Congaree
* Crater Lake
* Cuyahoga Valley
* Death Valley
* Denali
* Dry Tortugas
* Everglades
* Gates of the Arctic
* Gateway Arch
* Glacier
* Glacier Bay
* Grand Canyon
* Grand Teton
* Great Basin
* Great Sand Dunes
* Great Smoky Mountains
* Guadalupe Mountains
* Haleakalā
* Hawaiʻi Volcanoes
* Hot Springs
* Indiana Dunes
* Isle Royale
* Joshua Tree
* Katmai
* Kenai Fjords
* Kings Canyon
* Kobuk Valley
* Lake Clark
* Lassen Volcanic
* Mammoth Cave
* Mesa Verde
* Mount Rainier
* New River Gorge
* North Cascades
* Olympic
* Petrified Forest
* Pinnacles
* Redwood
* Rocky Mountain
* Saguaro
* Sequoia
* Shenandoah
* Theodore Roosevelt
* Virgin Islands
* Voyageurs
* White Sands
* Wind Cave
* Wrangell–St. Elias
* Yellowstone
* Yosemite
* Zion

List of national parks of the United States (by elevation)

* v
* t
* e

Protected areas of California

National Park System

| National Parks|

* Channel Islands
* Death Valley
* Joshua Tree
* Kings Canyon
* Lassen Volcanic
* Pinnacles
* Redwood
* Sequoia
* Yosemite

|

National Preserves|

Mojave

National Monuments|

* Cabrillo
* Castle Mountains
* César E. Chávez
* Devils Postpile
* Lava Beds
* Muir Woods
* Tule Lake

National Seashores|

Point Reyes

National Historical Parks|

* Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front
* San Francisco Maritime

National Historic Sites|

* Eugene O'Neill
* Fort Point
* John Muir
* Manzanar

National Memorials|

* Port Chicago Naval Magazine

National Recreation Areas|

* Golden Gate
* Santa Monica Mountains
* Whiskeytown

State Parks

| State Parks|

* Ahjumawi Lava Springs
* Andrew Molera
* Angel Island
* Año Nuevo
* Anza-Borrego Desert
* Arthur B. Ripley Desert Woodland
* Bidwell–Sacramento River
* Big Basin Redwoods
* Border Field
* Bothe-Napa Valley
* Burton Creek
* Butano
* Calaveras Big Trees
* Castle Crags
* Castle Rock
* Caswell Memorial
* China Camp
* Chino Hills
* Clear Lake
* Coast Dairies
* Crystal Cove
* Cuyamaca Rancho
* D. L. Bliss
* Del Norte Coast Redwoods
* Donner Memorial
* Ed Z'berg Sugar Pine Point
* Emerald Bay
* The Forest of Nisene Marks
* Fort Ord Dunes
* Fremont Peak
* Garrapata
* Gaviota
* Great Valley Grasslands
* Grizzly Creek Redwoods
* Grover Hot Springs
* Hearst San Simeon
* Hendy Woods
* Henry Cowell Redwoods
* Henry W. Coe
* Humboldt Lagoons
* Humboldt Redwoods
* Jedediah Smith Redwoods
* Julia Pfeiffer Burns
* Leo Carrillo
* Limekiln
* MacKerricher
* Malibu Creek
* Manchester
* McArthur–Burney Falls Memorial
* McLaughlin Eastshore
* Mendocino Headlands
* Mendocino Woodlands
* Montaña de Oro
* Morro Bay
* Mount Diablo
* Mount San Jacinto
* Mount Tamalpais
* Navarro River Redwoods
* Pacheco
* Palomar Mountain
* Pfeiffer Big Sur
* Placerita Canyon
* Plumas-Eureka
* Point Mugu
* Portola Redwoods
* Prairie Creek Redwoods
* Red Rock Canyon
* Richardson Grove
* Rio de Los Angeles
* Robert Louis Stevenson
* Russian Gulch
* Saddleback Butte
* Salt Point
* Samuel P. Taylor
* San Bruno Mountain
* Sinkyone Wilderness
* South Yuba River
* Sue-meg
* Sugarloaf Ridge
* Sutter Buttes
* Tolowa Dunes
* Tomales Bay
* Topanga
* Trione-Annadel
* Van Damme
* Washoe Meadows
* Wilder Ranch

|

State
Natural Reserves|

* Antelope Valley California Poppy
* Armstrong Redwoods
* Azalea
* Caspar Headlands
* John B. Dewitt
* John Little
* Jug Handle
* Kruse Rhododendron
* Los Osos Oaks
* Mailliard Redwoods
* Mono Lake Tufa
* Montgomery Woods
* Point Lobos
* Smithe Redwoods
* Torrey Pines
* Tule Elk

State
Marine Reserves|

* Albany
* Big Creek
* Carmel Pinnacles
* Del Mar Landing
* Emeryville Crescent
* Estero de Limantour
* Fitzgerald
* Laguna Beach
* Lovers Point
* Montara
* Moro Cojo Slough
* Natural Bridges
* Point Lobos
* Point Sur
* Russian River
* Stewarts Point

State
Historic Parks|

* Anderson Marsh
* Antelope Valley Indian Museum
* Bale Grist Mill
* Benicia Capitol
* Bidwell Mansion
* Bodie
* California Citrus
* California State Indian Museum
* Chumash Painted Cave
* Colonel Allensworth
* Columbia
* El Presidio de Santa Barbara
* Empire Mine
* Folsom Powerhouse
* Fort Humboldt
* Fort Ross
* Fort Tejon
* Governor's Mansion
* Hearst San Simeon
* Indian Grinding Rock
* Jack London
* La Purísima Mission
* Leland Stanford Mansion
* Los Angeles
* Los Encinos
* Malakoff Diggins
* Marconi Conference Center
* Marsh Creek
* Marshall Gold Discovery
* Monterey
* Old Sacramento
* Old Town San Diego
* Olompali
* Petaluma Adobe
* Pigeon Point Light Station
* Pío Pico
* Point Sur
* Railtown 1897
* San Juan Bautista
* San Pasqual Battlefield
* Santa Cruz Mission
* Santa Susana Pass
* Shasta
* Sonoma
* Sutter's Fort
* Tomo-Kahni
* Wassama Round House
* Watts Towers of Simon Rodia
* Weaverville Joss House
* Will Rogers
* William B. Ide Adobe
* Woodland Opera House

State Beaches|

* Asilomar
* Bean Hollow
* Bolsa Chica
* Cardiff
* Carlsbad
* Carmel River
* Carpinteria
* Caspar Headlands
* Cayucos
* Corona del Mar
* Dockweiler
* Doheny
* El Capitán
* Emma Wood
* Gray Whale Cove
* Greenwood
* Half Moon Bay
* Huntington
* Leucadia
* Lighthouse Field
* Little River
* Malibu Lagoon
* Mandalay
* Manresa
* Marina
* McGrath
* Montara
* Monterey
* Moonlight
* Morro Strand
* Moss Landing
* Natural Bridges
* New Brighton
* Pacifica
* Pelican
* Pescadero
* Pismo
* Point Dume
* Point Sal
* Pomponio
* Refugio
* Robert H. Meyer Memorial
* Robert W. Crown Memorial
* Salinas River
* San Buenaventura
* San Clemente
* San Elijo
* San Gregorio
* San Onofre
* Santa Monica
* Schooner Gulch
* Seacliff
* Silver Strand
* Sonoma Coast
* South Carlsbad
* Sunset
* Thornton
* Torrey Pines
* Trinidad
* Twin Lakes
* Westport-Union Landing
* Will Rogers
* William Randolph Hearst Memorial
* Zmudowski

State
Recreation Areas|

* Admiral William Standley
* Auburn
* Austin Creek
* Benbow
* Benicia
* Bethany Reservoir
* Brannan Island
* Candlestick Point
* Castaic Lake
* Colusa-Sacramento River
* Folsom Lake
* Franks Tract
* George J. Hatfield
* Harry A. Merlo
* Kenneth Hahn
* Kings Beach
* Lake Del Valle
* Lake Oroville
* Lake Perris
* Lake Valley
* Martial Cottle Park
* McConnell
* Millerton Lake
* Picacho
* Providence Mountains
* Salton Sea
* San Luis Reservoir
* Silverwood Lake
* Standish-Hickey
* Tahoe
* Turlock Lake
* Woodson Bridge

State Vehicular
Recreation Areas|

* Carnegie
* Clay Pit
* Heber Dunes
* Hollister Hills
* Hungry Valley
* Oceano Dunes
* Ocotillo Wells
* Prairie City

Other|

* Burleigh H. Murray Ranch
* California State Mining and Mineral Museum
* California State Capitol Museum
* California State Railroad Museum
* Castro Adobe
* Delta Meadows
* Estero Bay
* Hatton Canyon
* Indio Hills Palms
* Point Cabrillo Light Station
* Point Lobos Ranch
* Point Montara Light Station
* Reynolds Wayside Campground
* San Timoteo Canyon
* Stone Lake
* Verdugo Mountains
* Ward Creek
* Wildwood Canyon

National Forests and Grasslands

| National Forests
and Grasslands|

* Angeles
* Butte Valley NG
* Cleveland
* Eldorado
* Humboldt-Toiyabe
* Inyo
* Klamath
* Lake Tahoe Basin
* Lassen
* Los Padres
* Mendocino
* Modoc
* Plumas
* Rogue River – Siskiyou
* San Bernardino
* Sequoia
* Shasta–Trinity
* Sierra
* Six Rivers
* Stanislaus
* Tahoe

|

National Wilderness
Preservation System|

* Agua Tibia
* Ansel Adams
* Bucks Lake
* Caribou
* Carson-Iceberg
* Castle Crags
* Cucamonga
* Desolation
* Dick Smith
* Dinkey Lakes
* Emigrant
* Golden Trout
* Hoover
* Inyo Mountains
* Ishi
* Jennie Lakes
* John Muir
* Kaiser
* Marble Mountain
* Mokelumne
* Mount Shasta Wilderness
* North Fork
* Pine Creek
* San Gabriel
* Sanhedrin
* San Jacinto
* San Rafael
* Sespe
* Siskiyou
* Snow Mountain
* South Fork Eel River
* South Sierra
* South Warner
* Thousand Lakes
* Trinity Alps
* Ventana
* Yolla Bolly–Middle Eel
* Yuki

National Monuments
and Recreation Areas|

* Giant Sequoia National Monument
* San Gabriel Mountains National Monument
* Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument
* Smith River National Recreation Area
* Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area
* Sand to Snow National Monument

State Forests

* Boggs Mountain Demonstration
* Ellen Pickett
* Jackson Demonstration
* Las Posadas
* LaTour Demonstration
* Mount Zion
* Mountain Home Demonstration
* Soquel Demonstration

National Wildlife Refuges

* Antioch Dunes
* Bitter Creek
* Blue Ridge
* Butte Sink
* Castle Rock
* Clear Lake
* Coachella Valley
* Colusa
* Delevan
* Don Edwards San Francisco Bay
* Ellicott Slough
* Farallon
* Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes
* Hopper Mountain
* Humboldt Bay
* Kern
* Lower Klamath
* Marin Islands
* Merced
* Modoc
* Pixley
* Sacramento
* Sacramento River
* Salinas River
* San Diego Bay
* San Diego
* San Joaquin River
* San Luis
* San Pablo Bay
* Seal Beach
* Sonny Bono Salton Sea
* Stone Lakes
* Sutter
* Tijuana Slough
* Tule Lake

State Wildlife Areas

| Wildlife
Areas|

* Antelope Valley
* Ash Creek
* Bass Hill
* Battle Creek
* Big Lagoon
* Big Sandy
* Biscar
* Butte Valley
* Buttermilk Country
* Cache Creek
* Camp Cady
* Cantara/Ney Springs
* Cedar Roughs
* Cinder Flats
* Collins Eddy
* Colusa Bypass
* Coon Hollow
* Cottonwood Creek
* Crescent City Marsh
* Crocker Meadows
* Daugherty Hill
* Decker Island
* Doyle
* Dutch Flat
* Eastlker River
* Eel River
* Elk Creek Wetlands
* Elk River
* Fay Slough
* Feather River
* Fitzhugh Creek
* Fremont Weir
* Grass Lake
* Gray Lodge
* Green Creek
* Grizzly Island
* Hallelujah Junction
* Heenan Lake
* Hill Slough
* Hollenbeck Canyon
* Honey Lake
* Hope Valley
* Horseshoe Ranch
* Imperial
* Indian Valley
* Kelso Peak and Old Dad Mountains
* Kinsman Flat
* Knoxville
* Laguna
* Lake Berryessa
* Lake Earl
* Lake Sonoma
* Little Panoche Reservoir
* Los Banos
* Lower Sherman Island
* Mad River Slough
* Marble Mountains
* Mendota
* Merrill's Landing
* Miner Slough
* Monache Meadows
* Morro Bay
* Moss Landing
* Mouth of Cottonwood Creek
* Napa-Sonoma Marshes
* North Grasslands
* O'Neill Forebay
* Oroville
* Petaluma Marsh
* Pickel Meadow
* Pine Creek
* Point Edith
* Putah Creek
* Rector Reservoir
* Red Lake
* Rhode Island
* Sacramento River
* San Felipe Valley
* San Jacinto
* San Luis Obispo
* San Luis Reservoir
* San Pablo Bay
* Santa Rosa
* Shasta Valley
* Silver Creek
* Slinkard/Little Antelope
* Smithneck Creek
* South Fork
* Spenceville
* Surprise Valley
* Sutter Bypass
* Tehama
* Truckee River
* Upper Butte Basin
* Volta
* Warner Valley
* Waukell Creek
* West Hilmar
* Westlker River
* White Slough
* Willow Creek
* Yolo Bypass

|

Ecological
Reserves|

* Albany Mudflats
* Alkali Sink
* Allensworth
* Atascadero Creek Marsh
* Bair Island
* Baldwin Lake
* Batiquitos Lagoon
* Blue Sky
* Boden Canyon
* Boggs Lake
* Bolsa Chica
* Bonny Doon
* Buena Vista Lagoon
* Butler Slough
* Butte Creek Canyon
* Butte Creek House
* Buttonwillow
* By Day Creek
* Calhoun Cut
* Canebrake
* Carlsbad Highlands
* Carmel Bay
* Carrizo Canyon
* Carrizo Plains
* China Point
* Clover Creek
* Coachella Valley
* Coal Canyon
* Corte Madera Marsh
* Crestridge
* Dairy Mart Ponds
* Dales Lake
* Del Mar Landing
* Eden Landing
* Elkhorn Slough
* Estelle Mountain
* Fall River Mills
* Fish Slough
* Fremont Valley
* Goleta Slough
* Indian Joe Spring
* Kaweah
* Kerman
* King Clone
* Laguna Laurel
* Loch Lomond Vernal Pool
* Lokern
* Magnesia Spring
* Marin Islands
* Mattole River
* McGinty Mountain
* Morro Dunes
* Morro Rock
* Napa River
* North Table Mountain
* Oasis Spring
* Panoche Hills
* Peytonia Slough
* Phoenix Vernal Pools
* Pine Hill
* Piute Creek
* Pleasant Valley
* Rancho Jamul
* Redwood Shores
* River Springs Lakes
* Saline Valley
* San Dieguito Lagoon
* San Elijo Lagoon
* San Felipe Creek
* San Joaquin River
* Santa Rosa Plateau
* Springville
* Stone Corral
* Sycamore Canyon
* Sycuan Peak
* Thomes Creek
* Tomales Bay
* Upper Newport Bay
* Watsonville Slough
* West Mojave Desert
* Woodbridge
* Yaudanchi

Marine
Protected
Areas|

* Abalone Cove
* Albany Mudflats
* Anacapa
* Anacapa
* Año Nuevo
* Asilomar
* Atascadero Beach
* Bair Island
* Batiquitos Lagoon
* Big Creek
* Big Creek
* Big Sycamore Canyon
* Bodega
* Bolsa Chica
* Cambria
* Cardiff and San Elijo
* Carmel Bay
* Carmel Pinnacles
* Carrington Point
* Catalina Marine Science Center
* Corte Madera Marsh
* Crystal Cove
* Dana Point
* Del Mar Landing
* Doheny
* Doheny
* Duxbury Reef
* Edward F. Ricketts
* Elkhorn Slough
* Encinitas
* Estero de Limantour
* Fagan Marsh
* Farallon Islands
* Farnsworth Bank
* Fort Ross
* Gerstle Cove
* Goleta Slough
* Greyhound Rock
* Gull Island
* Harris Point
* Heisler Park
* Hopkins
* Irvine Coast
* James V. Fitzgerald
* Judith Rock
* Julia Pfeiffer Burns
* La Jolla
* Laguna Beach
* Lovers Cove (Catalina Island)
* Lovers Point
* MacKerricher
* Manchester and Arena Rock
* Marin Islands
* Mia J. Tegner
* Moro Cojo Slough
* Morro Bay
* Morro Bay
* Morro Beach
* Natural Bridges
* Niguel
* Pacific Grove Marine Gardens
* Painted Cave
* Peytonia Slough
* Piedras Blancas
* Piedras Blancas
* Pismo
* Pismo-Oceano Beach
* Point Buchon
* Point Buchon
* Point Cabrillo
* Point Fermin
* Point Lobos
* Point Reyes Headlands
* Point Sur
* Point Sur
* Portuguese Ledge
* Punta Gorda
* Redwood Shores
* Refugio
* Richardson Rock
* Robert E. Badham
* Robert W. Crown
* Russian Gulch
* Russian River
* Salt Point
* San Diego-Scripps
* San Dieguito Lagoon
* San Elijo Lagoon
* Santa Barbara Island
* Scorpion
* Skunk Point
* Sonoma Coast
* Soquel Canyon
* South Laguna Beach
* South Point
* Swami’s
* Tomales Bay
* Upper Newport Bay
* Van Damme
* Vandenberg
* White Rock (Cambria)

Bureau of Land Management National Landscape Conservation System

| National Monuments|

* Berryessa Snow Mountain
* California Coastal
* Carrizo Plain
* Cascade-Siskiyou
* Fort Ord
* Mojave Trails
* Sand to Snow
* Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains

|

National
Conservation Areas|

* California Desert
* King Range

Wilderness Areas|

* Argus Range
* Big Maria Mountains
* Bigelow Cholla Garden
* Bighorn Mountain
* Black Mountain
* Bright Star
* Bristol Mountains
* Cadiz Dunes
* Carrizo Gorge
* Chemehuevi Mountains
* Chimney Peak
* Chuckwalla Mountains
* Chumash
* Cleghorn Lakes
* Clipper Mountain
* Coso Range
* Coyote Mountains
* Darwin Falls
* Dead Mountains
* Dick Smith
* El Paso Mountains
* Fish Creek Mountains
* Funeral Mountains
* Garcia
* Golden Valley
* Grass Valley
* Headwaters Forest Reserve
* Hollow Hills
* Ibex
* Indian Pass
* Inyo Mountains
* Jacumba
* Kelso Dunes
* Kiavah
* Kingston Range
* Little Chuckwalla Mountains
* Little Picacho
* Machesna Mountain
* Matilija
* Malpais Mesa
* Manly Peak
* Mecca Hills
* Mesquite
* Newberry Mountains
* Nopah Range
* North Algodones Dunes
* North Mesquite Mountains
* Old Woman Mountains
* Orocopia Mountains
* Otay Mountain
* Owens Peak
* Pahrump Valley
* Palen/McCoy
* Palo Verde Mountains
* Picacho Peak
* Piper Mountain
* Piute Mountains
* Red Buttes
* Resting Spring Range
* Rice Valley
* Riverside Mountains
* Rodman Mountains
* Sacatar Trail
* Saddle Peak Hills
* San Gorgonio
* Santa Lucia
* Santa Rosa
* Sawtooth Mountains
* Sespe
* Sheephole Valley
* South Nopah Range
* Stateline
* Stepladder Mountains
* Surprise Canyon
* Sylvania Mountains
* Trilobite
* Turtle Mountains
* Whipple Mountains

National Marine Sanctuaries

* Channel Islands
* Cordell Bank
* Greater Farallones
* Monterey Bay

National Estuarine Research Reserves

* Elkhorn Slough
* San Francisco Bay
* Tijuana River Estuary

University of California Natural Reserve System

* Angelo Coast Range Reserve
* Año Nuevo Island
* Blue Oak Ranch Reserve
* Bodega Marine
* Box Springs
* Boyd Deep Canyon Desert Research Center
* Burns Piñon Ridge
* Carpinteria Salt Marsh
* Chickering American River
* Coal Oil Point
* Dawson Los Monos Canyon
* Eagle Lake Field Station
* Elliott Chaparral
* Emerson Oaks
* Fort Ord
* Hastings
* James San Jacinto Mountains
* Jenny Pygmy Forest
* Jepson Prairie
* Kendall-Frost Mission Bay Marsh
* Kenneth S. Norris Rancho Marino
* Landels-Hill Big Creek
* McLaughlin
* Motte Rimrock
* Quail Ridge
* Sagehen Creek Field Station
* San Joaquin Freshwater Marsh
* Santa Cruz Island
* Scripps Coastal
* Sedgwick
* Stebbins Cold Canyon
* Steele Burnand Anza-Borrego
* Stunt Ranch Santa Monica Mountains
* Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center
* Valentine Eastern Sierra
* Younger Lagoon

Private Conservation Land Trusts

* Agua Hedionda Lagoon
* Arastradero Preserve
* Arroyo Conejo Open Space
* Audubon Canyon Ranch
* Bear Creek Redwoods Open Space Preserve
* Blue Ridge Berryessa Natural Area
* Bluff Lake (San Bernardino County, California)
* Big Sur Land Trust
* California Rangeland Trust
* Catalina Island Conservancy
* Claremont Canyon Conservancy
* Cosumnes River Preserve
* Fairfield Osborn Preserve
* Land Conservancy of San Luis Obispo County
* Pacific Forest Trust
* Palos Verdes Peninsula Land Conservancy
* Peninsula Open Space Trust
* Pepperwood Preserve
* Sanctuary Forest
* Santa Cruz Island
* Santa Lucia Preserve
* Sempervirens Fund
* Sierra Nevada Alliance
* Sogorea Te Land Trust
* The Nature Conservancy
* The Trust for Public Land
* The Wildlands Conservancy

Heritage registers
National Natural Landmarks

* v
* t
* e

National Park Travelers Club Conventions

* 2003: Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area
* 2004: Rocky Mountain National Park
* 2005: Mammoth Cave National Park
* 2006: Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore
* 2007: Olympic National Park
* 2008: Lowell National Historical Park
* 2009: Sequoia National Park
* 2010: El Malpais National Monument
* 2011: National Mall
* 2012: Apostle Islands National Lakeshore
* 2013: Shiloh National Military Park
* 2014: Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park
* 2015: Chamizal National Memorial
* 2016: Independence National Historical Park
* 2017: Mount Rushmore National Memorial
* 2018: New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park
* 2019: Flagstaff, Arizona area national monuments
* 2020: Virtual due to the COVID-19 pandemic

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* Czech Republic

Other|

* NARA

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