Sino-Vietnamese War

War between China and Vietnam in 1979

This article is about the 1979 war. For other Sino-Vietnamese military conflicts, see Sino-Vietnamese War (disambiguation).

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Sino-Vietnamese War

Part of the Third Indochina War, the Sino-Soviet split and the Cold War

Map of Vietnamese cities that were attacked by China
| Date| 17 February - 16 March 1979
(3 weeks and 6 days)

|

Location|

China–Vietnam border, Northwest Vietnam, Northeast Vietnam

Result|

Status quo ante bellum; both sides claim victory

* Chinese troops temporarily occupy Vietnamese territory along the China–Vietnam border before withdrawing [1][2][3]
* Continued Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia until 1989[4]
* Vietnamese authorities increase their expulsions of overseas Chinese from Vietnam[5]
* Continuation of border clashes between China and Vietnam until 1991

Belligerents
China|  Vietnam
Supported by:
Soviet Union
Commanders and leaders

* Hua Guofeng
(CCP Chairman, Premier)
* Deng Xiaoping
(PLA Chief of Staff)
* Ye Jianying
(National Congress Chairman)
* Xu Xiangqian
(Defense Minister)
* Yang Dezhi
(Commander of the Kunming Military Region)
* Xu Shiyou
(Commander of the Guangzhou Military Region)

* Lê Duẩn
(General Secretary)
* Võ Nguyên Giáp
(Defence Minister)
* Tôn Đức Thắng
(President)
* Văn Tiến Dũng
(Commander in Chief)
* Đàm Quang Trung
(Commander of the First Military Region)
* Vũ Lập [vi]
(Commander of the Second Military Region)

Strength

* Chinese claim:
* 200,000 soldiers[6]
* 400–550 tanks[6] and 60 APCs[7]
* Vietnamese claim:
* 600,000 soldiers[8]

* 70,000–100,000 soldiers
* 150,000 irregulars and militia[9]

Casualties and losses

* Chinese estimate:
* 6,954 killed
* 14,800–21,000 wounded
* 238 captured[6][10][11]
* 76 tanks/APCs destroyed, 533 damaged[7]
* Vietnamese estimate:
* 62,000 casualties, including 48,000 deaths[12][13][14][15]
* 420 tanks/APCs destroyed[16]
66 heavy mortars and guns destroyed[16]
* Western estimate:
* 26,000 killed
* 37,000 wounded
* 260 captured[17]

* Chinese estimate:
* 42,000[13]–57,000 soldiers killed
* 70,000 militia killed[10]
* 1,636 captured[14][15]
* 185 tanks/APCs destroyed[16]
* 200 heavy mortars and guns destroyed[16]
* 6 missile launchers destroyed[16]
* Western estimate:
* 30,000 killed
* 32,000 wounded
* 1,638 captured[11]

* v
* t
* e

Indochina Wars

* Masterdom

* First

Second

*     * Laotian Civil War
* Cambodian Civil War

Third

* Khmer Rouge–Vietnamese
* Cambodian Conflict
* Cambodian–Thai border
* Sino-Vietnamese
* Sino-Vietnamese border and naval conflicts
* Hmong insurgency
* FULRO insurgency against Vietnam
* Thai–Laotian Border War

* v
* t
* e

Sino-Vietnamese War

* Lạng Sơn
* Đồng Đăng
* Lào Cai
* Cao Bằng
* Tong Chup
* Móng Cái
* Cao Ba Lanh

* v
* t
* e

Sino-Soviet split

* Soviet–Albanian split
* 1959 Tibetan uprising
* Sino-Indian War
* Xinjiang conflict
* Rhodesian Bush War
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* Soviet–Afghan War
* Sino-Vietnamese War

Sino-Vietnamese War

Chinese name
Simplified Chinese| 中越战争
Traditional Chinese| 中越戰爭
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Zhōng Yuè zhànzhēng
Official name in the PRC
Simplified Chinese| 对越自卫反击战
Traditional Chinese| 對越自衛反擊戰
Literal meaning| Self-defensive war against Vietnam
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| duì yuè zìwèi fǎnjī zhàn
Wade–Giles| tui yüeh tzu-wei fan-chi chan
IPA| [twêɪ ɥê tsɹ̩̂wêɪ fàntɕí ʈʂân]
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping| deoi3 jyut6 zi6 wai6 faan2 gik1 zin3
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese| Chiến tranh biên giới Việt-Trung
Hán-Nôm| 戰爭邊界越中
Literal meaning| Vietnamese-Chinese border war
History of the
People's Republic of China

1949–1976

Mao era

* Revolution
* Proclamation
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* Three-anti and Five-anti
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* Two Bombs, One Satellite

Great Leap Forward
(Great Chinese Famine)

* Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
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* Restoring legitimate seat in the UN
* 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

1976–1989

Transition and Deng era

* Arrest of the Gang of Four
* Boluan Fanzheng
* 1978 Truth Criterion Controversy
* Message to Compatriots in Taiwan [zh]
* Reforms and Opening-up
* Establishment of China-US Relations (Three Communiques)
* Four Modernizations
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The Sino-Vietnamese War (also known by other names) was a brief conflict that occurred in early 1979 between China and Vietnam. China launched an offensive in response to Vietnam's invasion and occupation of Cambodia in 1978, which ended the rule of the Chinese-backed Khmer Rouge and put a stop to Pol Pot’s Cambodian Genocide.[18] The conflict lasted for about a month, with China withdrawing its troops in March 1979.

In February 1979, Chinese forces launched a surprise invasion of northern Vietnam and captured several cities near the border. They were met with resistance from local militias and some regular army reinforcements. Vietnam withdraw a few units, namely the 2nd Corps, from the forces in Cambodia to reinforce the defense of the border. On 6 March of that year, China decided to withdrew from Vietnam. However[19] The conflict had a lasting impact on the relationship between China and Vietnam, and diplomatic relations between the two countries were not fully restored until 1991. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Sino-Vietnamese border was finalized. Although unable to deter Vietnam from ousting Pol Pot from Cambodia, China demonstrated that the Soviet Union, its Cold War communist adversary, was unable to protect its Vietnamese ally.[20]

## Names[edit]

The Sino-Vietnamese War is known by various names in Chinese and Vietnamese. The neutral names for the war are 中越战争 (Sino-Vietnamese war) in Chinese and Chiến tranh biên giới Việt-Trung (Vietnamese-Chinese border war) in Vietnamese. The Chinese government refers to the war as the "Self-defensive war against Vietnam" (对越自卫反击战)[21] or the "Self-defensive counterattack against Vietnam" (对越自卫还击保卫边疆作战).[22][23][page needed] The Vietnamese government calls it the "War against Chinese expansionism" (Chiến tranh chống bành trướng Trung Hoa).[24]

The Sino-Vietnamese War is also known as the Third Indochina War in Western historiography.[25]

## Background[edit]

Just as the First Indochina War—which emerged from the complex situation following World War II—and the Vietnam War both arose from the indecisive aftermath of political relations, the Third Indochina War again followed the unresolved problems of the earlier wars.[26]

The major allied victors of World War II, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union, all agreed that the area belonged to the French.[27] As the French did not have the means to immediately retake Indochina, the major powers agreed that the British would take control and troops would occupy the south while Nationalist Chinese forces would move in from the north.[27] Nationalist Chinese troops entered the country to disarm Japanese troops north of the 16th parallel on 14 September 1945. The parallel divided Indochina into Chinese and British controlled zones (see Timeline of World War II (1945)).[28] The British landed in the south and rearmed the small body of interned French forces as well as parts of the surrendered Japanese forces to aid in retaking southern Vietnam, as there were not enough British troops immediately available.[27]

On the urging of the Soviet Union, Ho Chi Minh initially attempted to negotiate with the French, who were slowly reestablishing their control across the area, although still under British control until hostilities had ceased. Once hostilities had ended, the British handed over the territory to the French.[29] In January 1946, the Viet Minh won elections across central and northern Vietnam.[30] On 6 March 1946, Ho signed an agreement allowing French forces to replace Nationalist Chinese forces, in exchange for French recognition of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as a "free" republic within the French Union, with the specifics of such recognition to be determined by future negotiation.[31][32][33] British forces departed on 26 March 1946, leaving Vietnam in the control of the French.[34] The French landed in Hanoi by March 1946 and in November of that year they ousted the Viet Minh from the city.[29] Soon thereafter, the Viet Minh began a guerrilla war against the French Union forces, beginning the first Indochina War.

### French colonialism and the First Indochina War[edit]

Main article: First Indochina War

Vietnam first became a French colony when France invaded in 1858. By the 1880s, the French had expanded their sphere of influence in Southeast Asia to include all of Vietnam, and by 1893 both Laos and Cambodia had become French colonies as well.[35] Rebellions against French colonial power were common up to World War I. The European war heightened revolutionary sentiment in Southeast Asia, and the independence-minded population rallied around revolutionaries such as Hồ Chí Minh and others, including royalists.

Prior to their attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese occupied French Indochina, but left civil administration to the Vichy French administration.[36][37] On 9 March 1945, fearing that the Vichy French were about to switch sides to support the Allies, the Japanese overthrew the Vichy administration and forces taking control of Indochina and establishing their own puppet administration, the Empire of Vietnam. The Japanese surrender in August 1945 created a power vacuum in Indochina, as the various political factions scrambled for control.[38]

The events leading to the First Indochina War are subject to historical dispute.[39] When the Việt Minh hastily sought to establish the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the remaining French acquiesced while waiting for the return of French forces to the region.[37][39] The Kuomintang supported French restoration, but Viet Minh efforts towards independence were helped by Chinese communists under the Soviet Union's influence. The Soviet Union at first indirectly supported Vietnamese communists, but later directly supported Hồ Chí Minh.[40][41] The Soviets nonetheless remained less supportive than China until after the Sino-Soviet split, during the time of Leonid Brezhnev when the Soviet Union became communist Vietnam's key ally.

The war itself involved numerous events that had major impacts throughout Indochina. Two major conferences were held to bring about a resolution. Finally, on 20 July 1954, the Geneva Conference resulted in a political settlement to reunite the country, signed with support from China, the Soviet Union, and Western European powers.[40] While the Soviet Union played a constructive role in the agreement, it again was not as involved as China.[40][41] The U.S. did not sign the agreement and swiftly moved to back South Vietnam.

### Sino-Soviet split[edit]

Main article: Sino-Soviet split

The Chinese Communist Party and the Viet Minh had a long history. During the initial stages of the First Indochina War with France, the recently founded communist People's Republic of China continued the Soviet mission to expand communism. Therefore, they aided the Viet Minh and became the connector between Soviets and the Viet Minh. In early 1950, the Viet Minh fought independently from the Chinese Military Advisory Group under Wei Guoqing. This was one of the reasons for China to cut the arms support for the Viet Minh.

After the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953, relations between the Soviet Union and China began to deteriorate. Mao Zedong believed the new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev had made a serious error in his Secret Speech denouncing Stalin in February 1956, and criticized the Soviet Union's interpretation of Marxism–Leninism, in particular Khrushchev's support for peaceful co-existence and its interpretation. This led to increasingly hostile relations, and eventually the Sino-Soviet split. From here, Chinese communists played a decreasing role in helping their former allies because the Viet Minh did not support China against the Soviets.

Following worsening relations between the Soviet Union and China as a result of the Sino-Soviet split of 1956–1966, as many as 1.5 million Chinese troops were stationed along the Sino-Soviet border in preparation for a full-scale war against the Soviets.

Vietnam antagonized China by increasing its alignment with the Soviet Union by joining the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) (and signing the Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation with the Soviet Union, which had the Soviet Union pledge to aid Vietnam if attacked.[42]

Following the death of Mao in September 1976, the overthrow of the Gang of Four and the ascent of Deng Xiaoping, the Chinese leadership revised its own positions to become compatible with market aspects, denounced the Cultural Revolution, and collaborated with the US against the Soviet Union.

### Vietnam War[edit]

Main article: Vietnam War

See also: China in the Vietnam War

As France withdrew from a provisionally divided Vietnam in late 1954, the United States increasingly stepped in to support the South Vietnamese leaders due to the Domino theory, which theorized that if one nation would turn to communism, the surrounding nations were likely to fall like dominoes and become communist as well. The Soviet Union and North Vietnam became important allies together due to the fact that if South Vietnam was successfully taken over by North Vietnam, then communism in East Asia would find its strategic position bolstered. In the eyes of the People's Republic of China, the growing Soviet-Vietnamese relationship was a disturbing development; they feared an encirclement by the less-than-hospitable Soviet sphere of influence.

The United States and the Soviet Union could not agree on a plan for a proposed 1956 election meant to unify the partitioned Vietnam. Instead, the South held a separate election that was widely considered fraudulent, leading to continued internal conflict with communist factions led by the Viet Cong that intensified through the late 1950s. With supplies and support from the Soviet Union, North Vietnamese forces became directly involved in the ongoing guerrilla war by 1959 and openly invaded the South in 1964.

The United States played an ever-increasing role in supporting South Vietnam through the period. The U.S. had supported French forces in the First Indochina War, sent supplies and military advisers to South Vietnam throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, and eventually took over most of the fighting against both North Vietnam and the Viet Cong by the mid-1960s. By 1968, over 500,000 American troops were involved in the Vietnam War. Due to a lack of clear military success and facing increasingly strident opposition to the war in the U.S., American forces began a slow withdrawal in 1969 while attempting to bolster South Vietnam's military so that they could take over the fighting. In accordance with the Paris Peace Accords by 29 March 1973 all U.S. combat forces had left South Vietnam, however North Vietnamese combat forces were allowed to remain in place. North Vietnam attacked South Vietnam in early 1975 and South Vietnam fell on 30 April 1975.

The People's Republic of China started talks with the United States in the early 1970s, culminating in high level meetings with Henry Kissinger and later Richard Nixon. These meetings contributed to a re-orientation of Chinese foreign policy toward the United States.

### Cambodia[edit]

Main article: Cambodian–Vietnamese War

Although the Vietnamese Communists and the Khmer Rouge had previously cooperated, the relationship deteriorated when Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot came to power and established Democratic Kampuchea on 17 April 1975. The People's Republic of China, on the other hand, also supported the Maoist Khmer Rouge against Lon Nol's regime during the Cambodian Civil War and its subsequent take-over of Cambodia. China provided extensive political, logistical and military support for the Khmer Rouge during its rule.[43] After numerous clashes along the border between Vietnam and Cambodia, and with encouragement from Khmer Rouge defectors fleeing purges of the Eastern Zone, Vietnam invaded Cambodia on 25 December 1978. By 7 January 1979 Vietnamese forces had entered Phnom Penh and the Khmer Rouge leadership had fled to western Cambodia. The offensive took the Chinese by surprise, and its Phnom Penh embassy fled to the jungle with the Khmer Rouge where it remained for 15 days.[44]

However, the fall of the Khmer Rouge was not a surprise, but from China's perspective, Vietnam's occupation of Cambodia threatened China's interests on the Indochina peninsula and its position among non-communist Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) states of Southeast Asia.[45] Members of ASEAN saw Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia as a blatant violation of international borders and an act of aggression.[46]

### Ethnic minorities[edit]

Main articles: United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races, FULRO insurgency against Vietnam, Degar, and Hmong insurgency

China supported the ethnic minority United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races against Vietnam during the FULRO insurgency against Vietnam.[citation needed]

The Vietnamese executed collaborators who worked for the Chinese, regardless of ethnicity.[47]

The Chinese received a significant number of defectors from the Thu Lao ethnic minority in Vietnam during the war.[48] During the war China received as migrants the entire A Lù based population of the Phù Lá ethnic minority.[49] China received so many defectors from the ethnic minorities in Vietnam that it raised shock among Vietnam which had to launch a new effort to re-assert dominance over the ethnic minorities and classify them.[50] Post Vietnam War, an insurgency against Vietnam lasted among the indigenous Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesians of the Central Highlands.[51] Assistance was sought from China by the Hmong ethnic minority.[52] The border was frequently crossed by Chinese, Lao, Kinh, Hmong, Yao, Nung, and Tai.[53] The Laotian Hmong and FULRO were both supported against Vietnam by China and Thailand.[47][54]

### China attacks Vietnam[edit]

China, now under Deng Xiaoping, was starting the Chinese economic reform and opening trade with the West, in turn, growing increasingly defiant of the Soviet Union. China grew concerned about the strong Soviet influence in Vietnam, fearing that Vietnam could become a pseudo-protectorate of the Soviet Union.[55] Vietnam's claim to be the world's third largest military power following its victory in the Vietnam War also increased Chinese apprehensions.[55] In the Chinese view, Vietnam was pursuing a regional hegemonic policy in an attempt to control Indochina.[55] In July 1978, the Chinese Politburo discussed possible military action against Vietnam in order to disrupt Soviet deployments and, two months later, PLA General Staff recommended punitive actions against Vietnam.[55]

The major breakdown in the Chinese view of Vietnam occurred in November 1978.[55] Vietnam joined the CMEA and, on 3 November, the Soviet Union and Vietnam signed a 25-year mutual defense treaty, which made Vietnam the "linchpin" in the Soviet Union's "drive to contain China".[56] (However, the Soviet Union had shifted from open animosity towards more normalized relations with China soon after.)[57] Vietnam called for a special relationship between the three Indochinese countries, but the Khmer Rouge regime of Democratic Kampuchea rejected the idea.[55] On 25 December 1978, Vietnam invaded Democratic Kampuchea, overrunning most of the country, deposing the Khmer Rouge, and installing Heng Samrin as the head of the new Cambodian government.[58] The move antagonized China, which now viewed the Soviet Union as capable of encircling its southern border.[59]

On 29 January 1979, Chinese Vice-premier Deng Xiaoping visited the United States for the first time and told U.S. President Jimmy Carter: "The child is getting naughty, it is time he got spanked" (小朋友不听话，该打打屁股了).[60] Deng sought an endorsement from the United States in order to deter the Soviet Union from intervening when China launched a punitive attack against Vietnam.[59] He informed Carter that China could not accept Vietnam's "wild ambitions" and was prepared to teach it a lesson.[59] According to United States National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, Carter reserved judgment, an action which Chinese diplomats interpreted as tacit approval.[59]

Deng returned to China on 8 February 1979, and on 9 February, made the final decision to invade Vietnam.[61] On 15 February, the first day that China could have officially announced the termination of the 1950 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, Deng Xiaoping declared that China planned to conduct a limited attack on Vietnam. Thus, he further developed China's burgeoning cooperation with the United States against the Soviet Union and would take a similar stance later regarding Afghanistan.[62] According to academic Suisheng Zhao, "The proximity in the timing of the military thrust against Vietnam, was to take advantage of the normalization to bluff the Soviets with a nonexistent US endorsement."[61]

The reason cited for the attack was to support China's ally, the Khmer Rouge of Cambodia, in addition to the mistreatment of Vietnam's ethnic Chinese minority and the Vietnamese occupation of the Spratly Islands which were claimed by China. To prevent Soviet intervention on Vietnam's behalf, Deng warned Moscow the next day that China was prepared for a full-scale war against the Soviet Union; in preparation for this conflict, China put all of its troops along the Sino-Soviet border on an emergency war alert, set up a new military command in Xinjiang, and even evacuated an estimated 300,000 civilians from the Sino-Soviet border.[63] In addition, the bulk of China's active forces (as many as one-and-a-half million troops) were stationed along China's border with the Soviet Union.[64]

## Order of battle[edit]

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### Chinese forces[edit]

Although the People's Liberation Army vastly outnumbered the Vietnamese forces, the Soviet-Vietnamese alliance compelled the Chinese to deploy the majority of their forces along China's northern frontier with the Soviet Union (as well as, to a lesser extent, Soviet-allied Mongolia) as a deterrent to Soviet intervention.

The Chinese force that engaged the Vietnamese consisted of units from the Kunming Military Region, Chengdu Military Region, Wuhan Military Region and Guangzhou Military Region, but commanded by the headquarters of Kunming Military Region on the western front and Guangzhou Military Region in the eastern front.

* Guangxi Direction (East Front) commanded by the Front Headquarter of Guangzhou Military Region in Nanning. Commander-Xu Shiyou, Political Commissar-Xiang Zhonghua, Chief of Staff-Zhou Deli
* North Group: Commander-Ou Zhifu (Deputy Commander of Guangzhou Military Region)
* 41st Army Commander-Zhang Xudeng, Political Commissar-Liu Zhanrong
* 121st Infantry Division Commander-Zheng Wenshui
* 122nd Infantry Division Commander-Li Xinliang
* 123rd Infantry Division Commander-Li Peijiang
* South Group: Commander-Wu Zhong (Deputy Commander of Guangzhou Military Region)
* 42nd Army Commander-Wei Huajie, Political Commissar-Xun Li
* 124th Infantry Division Commander-Gu Hui
* 125th Infantry Division
* 126th Infantry Division
* East Group: Commander-Jiang Xieyuan (Deputy Commander of Guangzhou Military Region)
* 55th Army Commander-Zhu Yuehua, Temporary Political Commissar-Guo Changzeng
* 163rd Infantry Division Commander-Bian Guixiang, Political Commissar-Wu Enqing, Chief of Staff-Xing Shizhong
* 164th Infantry Division Commander-Xiao Xuchu (also Deputy Commander of 55th Corps)
* 165th Infantry Division
* 1st Artillery Division
* Reserve Group (came from Wuhan Military Region except 50th Corps from Chengdu Military Region), Deputy Commander-Han Huaizhi (Commander of 54th Corps)
* 43rd Army Commander-Zhu Chuanyu, Temporary Political Commissar-Zhao Shengchang
* 127th Infantry Division Commander-Zhang Wannian (also as the Deputy Commander of 43rd Corps)
* 128th Infantry Division
* 129th Infantry Division
* 54th Army Commander-Han Huaizhi (pluralism), Political Commissar-Zhu Zhiwei
* 160th Infantry Division (commanded by 41st Corp in this war) Commander-Zhang Zhixin, Political Commissar-Li Zhaogui
* 161st Infantry Division
* 162nd Infantry Division Commander-Li Jiulong
* 50th Army Temporary Commander-Liu Guangtong, Political Commissar-Gao Xingyao
* 148th Infantry Division
* 150th Infantry Division
* 20th Army (only dispatched the 58th Division into the war)
* 58th Infantry Division (commanded by the 50th Corps during the war)
* Guangxi Military Region (as a provincial military region) Commander-Zhao Xinran Chief of Staff-Yin Xi
* 1st Regiment of Frontier Defense in Youyiguan Pass
* 2nd Regiment of Frontier Defense in Baise District
* 3rd Regiment of Frontier Defense in Fangcheng County
* The Independent Infantry Division of Guangxi Military Region[65]
* Air Force of Guangzhou Military Region (armed patrol in the sky of Guangxi, did not see combat)
* 7th Air Force Corps
* 13th Air Force Division (aerotransport unit came from Hubei province)
* 70th Antiaircraft Artillery Division
* The 217 Fleet of South Sea Fleet
* 8th Navy Aviation Division
* The Independent Tank Regiment of Guangzhou Military Region
* 83rd Bateau Boat Regiment
* 84th Bateau Boat Regiment
* Yunnan Direction (the West Front) commanded by the Front Headquarter of Kunming Military Region in Kaiyuan. Commander-Yang Dezhi, Political Commissar-Liu Zhijian, Chief of Staff-Sun Ganqing
* 11th Army (consisted of two divisions) Commander-Chen Jiagui, Political Commissar-Zhang Qi
* 31st Infantry Division
* 32nd Infantry Division
* 13th Army(camed from Chengdu Military Region) Commander-Yan Shouqing, Political Commissar-Qiao Xueting
* 37th Infantry Division
* 38th Infantry Division
* 39th Infantry Division
* 14th Army Commander-Zhang Jinghua, Political Commissar-Fan Xinyou
* 40th Infantry Division
* 41st Infantry Division
* 42nd Infantry Division
* 149th Infantry Division (from Chengdu Military Region, belonged to 50th Corps, assigned to Yunnan Direction during the war)
* Yunnan Military Region (as a provincial military region)
* 11th Regiment of Frontier Defence in Maguan County
* 12th Regiment of Frontier Defence in Malipo County
* 13th Regiment of Frontier Defence in
* 14th Regiment of Frontier Defence in
* 1st Garrison Division of Chengdu Military Region commanded by 11th Army in the war
* 65th Antiaircraft Artillery Division
* 4th Artillery Division
* Independent Tank Regiment of Kunming Military Region
* 86th Bateau Boat Regiment
* 23rd Logistic Branch (consisted of five army service stations, six hospitals, eleven medical establishments)
* 17th Automobile Regiment commanded by 13th Corps during the war
* 22nd Automobile Regiment
* 5th Air Force Corps
* 44th Air Force Division (fighter unit)
* Independent unit of 27th Air Force Division
* 15th Air Force Antiaircraft Artillery Division

### Vietnamese forces[edit]

The Vietnamese government claimed they only had a force of about 70,000 including several army regular divisions in its northern area. However, the Chinese estimates indicate more than twice this number.[unreliable source?] Some Vietnamese forces used American military equipment captured during the Vietnam War.

1st Military Region: commanded by Major General Đàm Quang Trung, responsible for the defense at Northeast region.[66]

* Main forces:
* 3rd Infantry Division (Golden Star Division), consisted of 2nd Infantry Regiment, 12th Infantry Regiment, 141st Infantry Regiment and 68th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Dong Dang, Van Dang, Cao Loc and Lạng Sơn town of Lạng Sơn Province
* 338th Infantry Division, consisted of 460th Infantry Regiment, 461st Infantry Regiment, 462nd Infantry Regiment and 208th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Loc Binh and Dinh Lap of Lạng Sơn Province
* 346th Infantry Division (Lam Son Division), consisted of 246th Infantry Regiment, 677th Infantry Regiment, 851st Infantry Regiment and 188th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Tra Linh, Ha Quang and Hoa An of Cao Bằng Province
* 325th-B Infantry Division, consisted of 8th Infantry Regiment, 41st Infantry Regiment, 288th Infantry Regiment and 189th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Tien Yen and Binh Lieu of Quảng Ninh Province
* 242nd Infantry Brigade, located at coastlines and islands of Quảng Ninh Province
* Local forces:
* At Cao Bằng Province: 567th Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion, 1 battalion of air defense artillery and 7 infantry battalions
* At Lạng Sơn Province: 123rd Infantry Regiment, 199th Infantry Regiment and 7 infantry battalions
* At Quảng Ninh Province: 43rd Infantry Regiment, 244th Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion, 4 battalions of air defense artillery and 5 infantry battalions
* Armed police forces (Border guard): 12th Mobile Regiment at Lang Son, 4 battalions at Cao Bang and Quang Ninh, some companies and 24 border posts

2nd Military Region: commanded by Major General Vũ Lập [vi], responsible for the defense at Northwest region.[66]

* Main forces:
* 316th Infantry Division (Bong Lau Division), consisted of 98th Infantry Regiment, 148th Infantry Regiment, 147th Infantry Regiment and 187th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Binh Lu and Phong Tho of Lai Châu Province
* 345th Infantry Division, consisted of 118th Infantry Regiment, 121st Infantry Regiment, 124th Infantry Regiment and 190th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Bao Thang of Hoang Lien Son province
* 326th Infantry Division, consisted of 19th Infantry Regiment, 46th Infantry Regiment, 541st Infantry Regiment and 200th Artillery Regiment. All were located at Tuan Giao and Dien Bien of Lai Châu Province
* Local forces:
* At Ha Tuyen: 122nd Infantry Regiment, 191st Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion and 8 infantry battalions
* At Hoang Lien Son: 191st Infantry Regiment, 254th Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion and 8 infantry battalions
* At Lai Châu: 193rd Infantry Regiment, 741st Infantry Regiment, 1 artillery battalion and 5 infantry battalions
* Armed police forces (Border guard): 16th Mobile Regiment at Hoang Lien Son, some companies and 39 border posts

In addition, Vietnamese forces were supported by about 50,000 militia at each Military Region

Air force

* 372nd Air Division[67]
* 1 air flight of ten F-5s (captured after Vietnam War)
* 1 air flight of ten A-37s (captured after Vietnam War)
* 1 air flight of seven UH-1s and three UH-7s (captured after Vietnam War)
* 919th Air Transport Regiment[67] responsible for transporting troops
* Several C-130, C-119 and C-47 (captured after Vietnam War)
* 371st Air Division[68]
* 916th Helicopter Regiment
* Several Mi-6 and Mi-8
* 918th Air Transport Regiment
* 923rd Fighter Regiment
* Several MiG-17s and MiG-21

The Vietnam People's Air Force did not participate in the combat directly, instead they provided support to the ground troops, transported troops from Cambodia to northern Vietnam as well as performed reconnaissance missions.

Air Defence[69]

* Northern and Northwestern regions:
* 267th Air Defence Regiment
* 276th Air Defence Regiment
* 285th Air Defence Regiment
* 255th Air Defence Regiment
* 257th Air Defence Regiment
* Northeastern region:
* 274th Air Defence Regiment

## History and conscriptions[edit]

### Course of the war[edit]

See also: Battle of Lạng Sơn (1979), Battle of Dong Dang (1979), Battle of Lao Cai, and Battle of Cao Bang (1979)

On 17 February 1979, a People's Liberation Army (PLA) force of about 200,000 troops supported by 200 Type 59, Type 62, and Type 63 tanks entered northern Vietnam in the PLA's first major combat operation since the end of the Korean War in 1953.[70]

The PLA invasion was conducted in two directions: western and eastern

* Western direction, commanded by Xu Shiyou, aimed to attack Cao Bằng, Lạng Sơn and Quảng Ninh Provinces:[71]
* Eastern direction, commanded by Yang Dezhi, aimed to attack Ha Tuyen, Hoang Lien Son and Lai Châu Provinces

Vietnam quickly mobilized all its main forces in Cambodia, southern Vietnam and central Vietnam to the northern border. From 18 to 25 February, the 327th Infantry Division of Military District 3 and the 337th Infantry Division of Military District 4 were deployed to join Military District 1 for the defense of northwestern region. From 6 to 11 March the Second Corp (Huong Giang Corp) stationed in Cambodia was deployed back to Hanoi.

The 372nd Air Division in central Vietnam as well as the 917th, 935th and 937th Air Regiments in southern Vietnam were quickly deployed to the north.[69]

The PLA quickly advanced about 15–20 kilometres into Vietnam, with fighting mainly occurring in the provinces of Cao Bằng, Lào Cai and Lạng Sơn. The Vietnamese avoided mobilizing their regular divisions, and held back some 300,000 troops for the defence of Hanoi.[citation needed] The People's Army of Vietnam (VPA) tried to avoid direct combat and often used guerrilla tactics.[citation needed]

The initial PLA attack soon lost its momentum and a new attack wave was sent in with eight PLA divisions joining the battle. After capturing the northern heights above Lạng Sơn, the PLA surrounded and paused in front of the city in order to lure the VPA into reinforcing it with units from Cambodia. This was the main strategic ploy in the Chinese war plan as Deng did not want to risk escalating tensions with the Soviet Union. After three days of bloody house-to-house fighting, Lạng Sơn fell on 6 March. The PLA then took the southern heights above Lạng Sơn[72] and occupied Sa Pa. The PLA claimed to have crushed several of the VPA regular units.[10] Supporting attacks were also conducted by the PLA at Quảng Ninh Province in the Battle of Mong Cai and Battle of Cao Ba Lanh but were unsuccessful.[73] However, Bangkok analysts gave a completely different count, heavy Vietnamese resistance near Lao Cai in the west and Cao Bang in the middle of the front also resulted in Vietnamese defeats. The Chinese also captured the far northeastern provincial capital, Mong Cai, analysts said.[74] According to Vietnam,[71] since January 1979 Chinese forces performed numerous reconnaissance activities across the border and made 230 violations into Vietnamese land. To prepare for a possible Chinese invasion, the Central Military Committee of the Communist Party ordered all armed forces across the border to be on stand-by mode.

On 6 March, China declared that the gate to Hanoi was open and that their punitive mission had been achieved. Coincidentally, the Vietnamese government called, on the same day, for a nationwide general mobilization for the war.[75] Some analysts said that the belligerent Vietnamese language could indicate a desire to counterattack, or simply an attempt to mount a propaganda campaign that would end in a declaration of Vietnamese victory as the Chinese leave the country.[76] During the withdrawal, the PLA used a scorched-earth policy, destroying local infrastructure and looting useful equipment and resources (including livestock), this severely weakened the economy of Vietnam's northernmost provinces.[10] The PLA crossed the border back into China on 16 March. Both sides declared victory with China claiming to have crushed the Vietnamese resistance and Vietnam claiming to have repelled the invasion using mostly border militias. Henry J. Kenny, a research scientist for US Center for Naval Analyses, noted most Western writers agree that while Vietnam outperformed the PLA on the battlefield, the PLA's seizure of Lang Son did allow the Chinese the option of moving into the Red River Delta and thence into Hanoi. However, Kenny also mentions that Lang Son is farther from Hanoi than it is from the Chinese border, and at least 5 PAVN divisions in the delta remained ready for a counterattack and thirty thousand additional PAVN troops from Cambodia along with several regiments from Laos were moving to their support. Thus, had the PLA decided to attack Hanoi, the PLA would have suffered huge losses.[77]

Contrary to the views above, it was reported by the New York Times that Western intelligence analysts believed that even though the border war was coming to an end, and that the provincial Vietnamese troops, who took the brunt of the fighting that started on February 17, suffered such high casualties and became so disorganized as a result of the invasion, they had to be replaced with regular troops.[78] Vietnam sent one regular division, as well as armor and artillery support units, into the fight at the height of the fighting for Lang Son, which was captured by Chinese forces, but the regular division failed to take the town. The Chinese made their withdrawal announcement following their victory at Lang Son, which Hanoi refused to recognize. Analysts interpreted this as a warning to Vietnam that any military objective there may be taken by China. Analysts claimed that regardless of the outcome of the combat, China had managed to permanently divert Vietnamese troops, supplies, attention, and energy to the border region. This was due to Vietnam's intensive resupply and remanning of the border zone.[79]

Despite using a force that did not see major combat since the early 1950s and whose weaponry was inferior to the Vietnamese forces, the PLA was considered to have fought well.[80] Most of the weaponry and military vehicles used by the PLA were either outdated or unfit for combat.[80] In contrast, the Vietnamese forces had a combat-seasoned force and modern weaponry from America and the Soviet Union.[80] The PLA pushed Vietnamese forces 25 miles (40 km) from the border and succeeded in severely damaging the area they occupied.[80]

## Soviet support to Vietnam[edit]

The Soviet Union, although it did not take direct military action, provided intelligence and equipment support for Vietnam.[81] A large airlift was established by the Soviet Union to move Vietnamese troops from Cambodia to Northern Vietnam. Moscow also provided a total of 400 tanks and armored personnel carriers (APCs), 500 mortar artillery and air defense artillery, 50 BM-21 rocket launchers, 400 portable surface-to-air missiles, 800 anti-tank missiles and 20 jet fighters. About 5,000 to 8,000 Soviet military advisers were present in Vietnam in 1979 to train Vietnamese soldiers.

During the Sino-Vietnamese War, the Soviet Union deployed troops at the Sino-Soviet border and Mongolian-Chinese border as an act of showing support to Vietnam, as well as tying up Chinese troops. However, the Soviets refused to take any direct action to defend their ally.[82]

The Soviet Pacific Fleet also deployed 15 ships to the Vietnamese coast to relay Chinese battlefield communications to Vietnamese forces.[83]

### Soviet inaction[edit]

While the Soviet Union deployed naval vessels and supplied materiel to Vietnam, they felt that there was simply no way that they could directly support Vietnam against China; the distances were too great to be an effective ally, and any sort of reinforcements would have to cross territory controlled by China or U.S. allies.[citation needed] The only realistic option would be to restart the unresolved border conflict with China.[citation needed] Vietnam was important to Soviet policy but not enough for the Soviets to go to war over.[84] When Moscow did not intervene, Beijing publicly proclaimed that the Soviet Union had broken its numerous promises to assist Vietnam.

Another reason why Moscow did not intervene was because Beijing had promised both Moscow and Washington that the invasion was only a limited war, and that Chinese forces would withdraw after a short incursion. After moderation by the U.S., Moscow decided to adopt a "wait and see" approach to see if Beijing would actually limit their offense. Because Vietnam's anti-air capabilities were among the best in the world at the time and in order to reassure Moscow it was conducting a limited war, Deng Xiaoping ordered the Chinese navy and air force to remain out of the war; only limited support was provided by the air force.[85] When Beijing kept its promise, Moscow did not retaliate.

## Aftermath[edit]

Nam Quan Gate

China and Vietnam each lost thousands of troops, and China lost 3.45 billion yuan in overhead, which delayed completion of their 1979–80 economic plan.[86] Following the war, the Vietnamese leadership took various repressive measures to deal with the problem of real or potential collaboration. In the spring of 1979, the authorities expelled approximately 8,000 Hoa people from Hanoi to the southern "New Economic Zones", and partially resettled the Hmong tribes and other ethnic minorities from the northernmost provinces. In response to the defection of Hoàng Văn Hoan, the Communist Party of Vietnam removed from its ranks pro-Chinese elements and persons who had surrendered to the advancing Chinese troops during the war. In 1979, a total of 20,468 members were expelled from the party.[87]

After the invasion, Vietnam created a puppet government in Cambodia led by Heng Samrin.[88] Samrin was obligated to consult with the Vietnamese on major decisions.[89] Although Vietnam continued to occupy Cambodia, China successfully mobilized international opposition to the occupation, rallying such leaders as Cambodia's deposed king Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodian anticommunist leader Son Sann, and high-ranking members of the Khmer Rouge to deny the pro-Vietnamese Cambodian People's Party in Cambodia diplomatic recognition beyond the Soviet bloc.

The majority of diplomats and analysts concluded that China's long-term strategy was to stretch Vietnamese resources by having the Vietnamese divert their resources from other problems to the border conflict. Problems include Vietnam's difficulties integrating South Vietnam with the North, the burden of administrating Laos and occupying Cambodia, and economic problems caused by two years of disastrous weather.[90]

After the war, border skirmishes at the Chinese-Vietnamese border continued; the Vietnamese government intensified its discriminatory policies against the Chinese community in Vietnam; and the Vietnamese were not deterred from maintaining their occupation of Cambodia, increasing its control over Laos and threatening the security of Thailand, which turned Vietnam into a greater threat to ASEAN than before.[5] The Vietnamese government intensified its persecution of overseas Chinese living in Vietnam. Vietnamese authorities confiscated property owned in Vietnam by overseas Chinese, and expelled many Chinese from Vietnam to a number of provinces in southern China.[91]

However, China caused Vietnam to suffer from serious economic and military hardship by threatening to launch a second invasion, and by supporting Pol Pot guerrillas in Cambodia. The Vietnamese government had to spend money on maintaining a military presence at the Chinese-Vietnamese border, and on supporting its puppet government in Cambodia. Vietnam's scarce resources were drained, and economic conditions were bad throughout Vietnam.[5]

Assessments of the strategic consequences of the war vary considerably. Journalist Howard W. French quoted some historians of the opinion that "the war was started by Mr. Deng (China's then paramount leader Deng Xiaoping) to keep the army preoccupied while he consolidated power ..."[92] However, China strengthened its relations with ASEAN countries – particularly Thailand and Singapore – due to their fear of Vietnamese aggression. Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew wrote in 2000: "The Western press wrote off the Chinese punitive action as a failure. I believe it changed the history of East Asia."[93] In contrast, Vietnam's decreasing prestige in the region led it to be more dependent on the Soviet Union, to which it leased a naval base at Cam Ranh Bay.[94] Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger wrote that "China succeeded in exposing the limits of...[Soviet] strategic reach" and speculated that the desire to "compensate for their ineffectuality" contributed to the Soviets' decision to intervene in Afghanistan a year later.[95]

### Chinese casualties[edit]

The number of casualties during the war is disputed. Shortly after China had announced the withdrawal of its troops from Vietnam, the state-run Vietnam News Agency claimed that the PLA had suffered over 44,000 casualties, a figure which Western analysts at the time considered to be greatly inflated.[96] Other Vietnamese sources claimed the PLA had suffered 62,500 total casualties, including 550 military vehicles and 115 artillery pieces destroyed.[97] Leaks from Chinese military sources indicate that China suffered 6,954 dead.[6][10][98]

Deputy chief of the General Staff Wu Xiuquan revealed in a meeting with a French military delegation that Vietnam suffered 50,000 casualties, whereas China had suffered 20,000 casualties. Regardless of the accuracy of the Vietnamese casualties, it can be concluded that the Chinese losses were severe, according to Daniel Tretiak.[99]

### Vietnamese casualties[edit]

Like their Chinese counterparts, the Vietnamese government has never officially announced any information on its actual military casualties. China estimated that Vietnam lost 57,000 soldiers and 70,000 militia members during the war.[100][101][102] The Vietnamese state newspaper Nhân Dân claimed that Vietnam suffered more than 10,000 civilian deaths during the Chinese invasion[103][104] and earlier on 17 May 1979, reported statistics on heavy losses of industry and agricultural properties.[103]

### Prisoners[edit]

Captured Vietnamese soldiers at a Chinese prison camp Chinese POWs guarded by the Vietnamese

The Chinese held 1,636 Vietnamese prisoners and the Vietnamese held 238 Chinese prisoners; they were exchanged in May–June 1979.[14][15]

### PLA reforms[edit]

Deng subsequently used the PLA's poor performance to overcome resistance from PLA leadership to further military reforms.[105]

### Sino-Vietnamese relations after the war[edit]

Main article: China–Vietnam relations

See also: Sino-Vietnamese conflicts, 1979–1991; Battle of the Paracel Islands; and Johnson South Reef Skirmish

Border skirmishes continued throughout the 1980s, including a significant skirmish in April 1984 and a naval battle over the Spratly Islands in 1988 known as the Johnson South Reef Skirmish. Armed conflict only ended in 1989 after the Vietnamese agreed to fully withdraw from Cambodia. Both nations planned the normalization of their relations in a secret summit in Chengdu in September 1990, and officially normalized ties in November 1991.

In 1999, after many years of negotiations, China and Vietnam signed a border pact.[106] There was an adjustment of the land border, resulting in Vietnam giving China part of its land which was lost during the battle, including the Ai Nam Quan Gate which served as the traditional border marker and entry point between Vietnam and China, which caused widespread frustration within Vietnamese communities.[107]

A new bridge spanning the Red River between Hekou and Kim Thành, on the main road between Kunming and Hanoi

The December 2007 announcement of a plan to build a Hanoi–Kunming highway was a landmark in Sino-Vietnamese relations. The road will traverse the border that once served as a battleground. It is predicted to contribute to demilitarizing the border region, as well as facilitating trade and industrial cooperation between the nations.[108]

## In popular culture[edit]

### Chinese media[edit]

There are a number of Chinese songs, movies and TV programs depicting and discussing this conflict from the Chinese viewpoint. These vary from the patriotic song "Bloodstained Glory" originally written to laud the sacrifice and service of the Chinese military, to the 1986 film The Big Parade which carried veiled criticism of the war.[citation needed] The 1984 Xie Jin film Wreaths at the Foot of the Mountain was the earliest mainland China film to depict the war, although its narrative was that the Chinese were on the defensive after Vietnamese attacked the Chinese border first with the objective of Nanning. The male protagonist of the television series Candle in the Tomb was a veteran of conflict.[109] The 2017 Chinese movie Youth covers the period of the Sino-Vietnamese conflict from the perspective of the larger cultural changes taking place in China during that period of time.

### Vietnamese media[edit]

The war was mentioned in the film Đất mẹ (Motherland) directed by Hải Ninh in 1980 and Thị xã trong tầm tay (Town at the Fingertips) directed by Đặng Nhật Minh in 1982.[110] Besides in 1982, a documentary film called Hoa đưa hương nơi đất anh nằm (Flowers over Your Grave) was directed by Truong Thanh, the film told a story of a Japanese journalist who died during the war.[111] During the war, there were numerous patriotic songs produced to boost the nationalism of Vietnamese people, including "Chiến đấu vì độc lập tự do" ("Fight for Independence and Freedom") composed by Phạm Tuyên, "Lời tạm biệt lúc lên đường" ("Farewell When Leaving") by Vu Trong Hoi, "40 thế kỷ cùng ra trận" ("40 Centuries We Fought Side By Side") by Hong Dang, "Những đôi mắt mang hình viên đạn" ("The Eyes Shaped Like Bullets") by Tran Tien and "Hát về anh" (Sing for you) by The Hien. The Sino-Vietnamese War also appeared in some novels such as: Đêm tháng Hai (Night of February) written by Chu Lai in 1979 and Chân dung người hàng xóm (Portrait of My Neighbors[112]) written by Duong Thu Huong in 1979.

## See also[edit]

* China portal
* Vietnam portal

* List of wars involving the People's Republic of China
* List of wars involving Vietnam
* China–Vietnam relations
* Cambodia–Vietnam relations
* Cambodian–Vietnamese War
* Sino-Soviet border conflict
* Sino-Soviet relations
* Sino-Soviet split
* Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)

## Notes[edit]

## References[edit]

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69. ^ a b "Chiến tranh Biên giới 1979: Cuộc chuyển quân thần tốc". soha.vn. 18 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
70. ^ "ChinaDefense.com – The Political History of Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979, and the Chinese Concept of Active Defense". Archived from the original on 5 December 2004.
71. ^ a b "Biên giới phía Bắc 1979: 30 ngày không thể nào quên (1)". soha.vn. 16 February 2015. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
72. ^ Armchair General magazine[volume & issue needed]
73. ^ O’Dowd, page 64
74. ^ "China Announces End of Invasion". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
75. ^ King C. Chen, China's war Against Vietnam: a Military Analysis, 1983, P22
76. ^ China Announces End of Invasion, By Jay Mathews and Lee Lescaze, the Washington Post
77. ^ Xiabing Li. A History of the Modern Chinese Army. University Press of Kentucky. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
78. ^ "China Quitting Vietnam, Leaving a Trail of Debris (Published 1979)". The New York Times. 9 March 1979. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
79. ^ "China Quitting Vietnam, Leaving a Trail of Debris (Published 1979)". The New York Times. 9 March 1979. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
80. ^ a b c d Tretiak 1979, p. 751.
81. ^ "Liên Xô "chia lửa" với Việt Nam trong chiến tranh biên giới thế nào?". dantri.com.vn. 7 May 2013. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
82. ^ "Sino-Soviet Relations and the February 1979 Sino-Vietnamese Conflict". ttu.edu. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
83. ^ Kelemen, Paul (March 1984). "Soviet Strategy in Southeast Asia: The Vietnam Factor". Asian Survey. University of California Press. 24 (3): 342. doi:10.2307/2644070. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2644070.
84. ^ Legvold, Robert (28 January 2009). "The Soviet Union and the Vietnam War". Foreign Affairs. No. September/October 1996. ISSN 0015-7120. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
85. ^ Gin, Christopher M. (2016). How China wins : a case study of the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: The Army Press. ISBN 9781940804309. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
86. ^ "China "Should Learn from its Losses" in the War against Vietnam" from "August 1" Radio, People's Republic of China, 1400 GMT, 17 February 1980, as reported by BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 22 February 1980
87. ^ Szalontai, Balazs (15 April 2010). "Hoàng Văn Hoan và vụ thanh trừng sau 1979". BBC News Tiếng Việt (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
88. ^ "Sovereignty principle was at stake in Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia in 1978 | the Straits Times". The Straits Times. 8 June 2019. Archived from the original on 7 September 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
89. ^ "Sovereignty principle was at stake in Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia in 1978 | the Straits Times". The Straits Times. 8 June 2019. Archived from the original on 7 September 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
90. ^ "China Quitting Vietnam, Leaving a Trail of Debris (Published 1979)". The New York Times. 9 March 1979. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
91. ^ Tretiak 1979, p. 740.
92. ^ French, Howard W. (1 March 2005). "Was the War Pointless? China Shows How to Bury It". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2009.
93. ^ Lee, Kuan Yew, 1923–2015 (2000), From Third World to first : the Singapore story, 1965–2000 / Kuan Yew Lee, HarperCollins Publishers, p. 603, ISBN 0060197765`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
94. ^ MacFarquhar, Roderick; Fairbank, John K., eds. (1991). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 15: The People's Republic, Part 2: Revolutions Within the Chinese Revolution, 1966–1982. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 447–449. ISBN 978-0-521-24337-7.
95. ^ Kissinger, H. (2011), On China, New York:Penguin Press, p. 304-305, ISBN 9781101445358
96. ^ Mathews, Jay; Lescaze, Lee (6 March 1979). "China Announces End of Invasion". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
97. ^ "35 năm cuộc chiến biên giới phía Bắc". vnexpress.net. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
98. ^ Tom Hancock. "China's Vietnam veterans fighting new battle". abs-cbnnews.com. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
99. ^ Tretiak 1979, p. 757.
100. ^ "TestPage". Archived from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
101. ^ 许世友的最后一战 [The last fight of General Xu Shiyou]. Zhou Deli, Jiangshu People's press. June 1990. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014.
102. ^ 中越战俘生活实录 [Life of war prison camp in 1979 count strike war]. Shi Wenying. Spring breeze literature press. March 1991. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014.
103. ^ a b Xem các nguồn Edward C. O'Dowd, Bùi Xuân Quang, Laurent Cesari, Gilles Férier. P148
104. ^ "35 năm cuộc chiến biên giới phía Bắc". vnexpress.net. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
105. ^ Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 230\. doi:10.1017/9781108784788. ISBN 978-1-108-78478-8. OCLC 1145096137. S2CID 218936313.
106. ^ "China-Vietnam pact signed". BBC News. 25 December 2000. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
107. ^ "In Westminster, an Internet Bid to Restore Viet Land". Los Angeles Times. 30 June 2002. Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
108. ^ Greenlees, Donald "Approval near for Vietnam–China highway" International Herald Tribune, 13 December 2007
109. ^ 精绝古城 纪录片第1集 战争戏把靳东虐哭了 [Candle in The Tomb Episode 1: This War Scene Made Jin Dong Cru]. China TV. 22 December 2016. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
110. ^ "Cha – con và chiến tranh". 24 December 2005. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012.
111. ^ Nguyễn Duy Chiến + theo dõi (1225) (23 June 2008). "Thăm một nhà văn vừa ... mãn hạn tù treo". Tienphong.vn. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.+...+mãn+hạn+tù+treo&rft.pub=Tienphong.vn&rft.date=2008-06-23&rft.au=Nguyễn+Duy+Chiến+++theo+dõi+(1225)&rft_id=http://www.tienphong.vn/Van-Hoa/127182/Tham-mot-nha-van-vua-man-han-tu-treo.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sino-Vietnamese+War" class="Z3988">`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
112. ^ Kiernan, Ben (2017). Viet Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present. Oxford University Press. p. 582.

### Sources[edit]

#### Books[edit]

* Ito, Masako (2013). Politics of Ethnic Classification in Vietnam. Kyoto University Press. ISBN 978-1-920901-72-1. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
* Liegl, Markus B. China's use of military force in foreign affairs: The dragon strikes (Taylor & Francis, 2017). excerpt Archived 12 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine
* Neale, Jonathan (2001). The American War: Vietnam 1960–1975. Bookmarks. ISBN 978-1-898876-67-0.
* O'Dowd, Edward C. (16 April 2007). Chinese Military Strategy in the Third Indochina War: The Last Maoist War. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-12267-7. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
* Willbanks, James H. (2009). Vietnam War almanac. Facts On File. ISBN 9781438126883.
* Zhang, Xiaoming. Deng Xiaoping's Long War: The Military Conflict Between China and Vietnam, 1979–1991 (U of North Carolina Press 2015) excerpt Archived 2 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine

#### Journal articles[edit]

* Copper, John F. (2009). "The Sino-Vietnam War's Thirtieth Anniversary". American Journal of Chinese Studies. 16 (1): 71–74. ISSN 2166-0042. JSTOR 44289310. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
* Path, Kosal. "China's Economic Sanctions against Vietnam, 1975–1978." China Quarterly (2012) Vol. 212, pp 1040–1058.
* Path, Kosal. "The economic factor in the Sino-Vietnamese split, 1972–75: an analysis of Vietnamese archival sources." Cold War History 11.4 (2011): 519–555.
* Path, Kosal. "The Sino-Vietnamese Dispute over Territorial Claims, 1974–1978: Vietnamese Nationalism and its Consequences." International Journal of Asian Studies 8.2 (2011): 189–220. online
* Tretiak, Daniel (1979). "China's Vietnam War and Its Consequences". The China Quarterly. 80 (80): 740–767. doi:10.1017/S0305741000046038. JSTOR 653041. S2CID 154494165. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
* Zhang, Xiaoming. "Deng Xiaoping and China's Decision to go to War with Vietnam." Journal of Cold War Studies 12.3 (2010): 3–29 online Archived 12 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine
* Zhang, Xiaoming. "China's 1979 war with Vietnam: a reassessment." China Quarterly (2005): 851–874. online Archived 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine

#### Other[edit]

* Kurlantzick, Joshua. China-Vietnam Military Clash (Washington: Council on Foreign Relations, 2015). online Archived 25 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine

## External links[edit]

Library resources about
Sino-Vietnamese War

* * *

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sino-Vietnamese War.

* Air Power in the War
* G. D. Bakshi: The Sino-Vietnam War – 1979: Case Studies in Limited Wars
* "China's War Against Vietnam, 1979: A Military Analysis" at the School of Law, University of Maryland

* v
* t
* e

Vietnam War

Outline

Participants|

* North Vietnam (Việt Minh / PAVN, PRG, Viet Cong)
* South Vietnam (ARVN)
* International participants
* United States
* Thailand
* Australia
* People's Republic of China
* Republic of China
* South Korea
* New Zealand

Related conflicts|

* Laotian Civil War
* Cambodian Civil War
* Cold War (1962–1979)
* Cold War in Asia

Background|

* French Indochina
* Japanese occupation
* State of Vietnam (1949-1955)
* First Indochina War (Việt Minh, Battle of Dien Bien Phu)
* 1954 Geneva Conference
* Vietnamese migration of 1954–55
* 1955 referendum
* North Vietnamese invasion of Laos
* 1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt

Events|

* 1962: Strategic Hamlet Program
* Independence Palace bombing
* 1963: Buddhist crisis
* Coup against Diem
* 1964: Coup against Minh
* Gulf of Tonkin incident / Resolution
* December coup
* 1965: U.S. escalation / "Americanization"
* 1965 South Vietnamese coup
* Bombing of North Vietnam
* 1966: Buddhist Uprising
* 1968: Tet Offensive (Khe Sanh, Hue)
* 1970: Cambodian campaign
* 1971: Vietnamization policy, ARVN campaign in Laos
* 1972: Easter Offensive
* Christmas bombings
* 1973: Paris Peace Accords
* 1974: Battle of Phước Long
* 1975: 1975 spring offensive
* Fall of Saigon

Conflict|

* Củ Chi tunnels
* Ho Chi Minh trail
* Sihanouk Trail
* Operation Popeye
* Weapons
* Agent Orange
* Land mines
* Rape
* United States prisoners of war
* War crimes (Huế, My Lai, Đắk Sơn)

Impacts|

* Casualties
* Body count controversy
* POW/MIA issue
* Impact of Agent Orange
* Environmental impact

Aftermath|

* Cambodian–Vietnamese War
* Indochina refugee crisis
* Vietnamese boat people
* Sino-Vietnamese War
* Veterans
* Normalization of US-Vietnam relations

Reactions|

* Draft evasion in the Vietnam War
* Opposition to United States involvement
* Protests
* United States news media
* In popular culture
* Film
* Games
* Songs

Other topics|

* Awards and decorations
* Canada and the Vietnam War
* CIA activities in Vietnam
* Henry Kissinger’s involvement
* Pentagon Papers
* SEATO
* Women in the Vietnam War

* Category
* Battles and operations
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Cold War

* United States
* USSR
* NATO
* Warsaw Pact
* ANZUS
* METO
* NEATO
* SEATO
* TIAR
* Non-Aligned Movement

1940s|

* Morgenthau Plan
* Hukbalahap Rebellion
* Jamaican political conflict
* Dekemvriana
* Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
* Operation Priboi
* Operation Jungle
* Occupation of the Baltic states
* Cursed soldiers
* Operation Unthinkable
* Gouzenko Affair
* Division of Korea
* Indonesian National Revolution
* Operation Masterdom
* Operation Beleaguer
* Operation Blacklist Forty
* Iran crisis of 1946
* Greek Civil War
* Baruch Plan
* Corfu Channel incident
* Turkish straits crisis
* Restatement of Policy on Germany
* First Indochina War
* 1947 Polish parliamentary election
* Truman Doctrine
* Asian Relations Conference
* May 1947 crises
* Partition of India
* Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
* 1947–1949 Palestine war
* 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
* 1948 Arab–Israeli War
* 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
* Marshall Plan
* Comecon
* 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
* Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
* Al-Wathbah uprising
* Tito–Stalin split
* Berlin Blockade
* Annexation of Hyderabad
* Madiun Affair
* Western betrayal
* Iron Curtain
* Eastern Bloc
* Western Bloc
* Chinese Civil War
* Chinese Communist Revolution
* Malayan Emergency
* March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
* Operation Valuable

1950s|

* Bamboo Curtain
* McCarthyism
* Political violence in the United States during the Cold War
* Korean War
* Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
* 1952 Egyptian Revolution
* Iraqi Intifada (1952)
* Mau Mau rebellion
* East German uprising of 1953
* 1953 Iranian coup d'état
* Pact of Madrid
* Bricker Amendment
* 1954 Syrian coup d'état
* Petrov Affair
* Domino theory
* 1954 Geneva Conference
* 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
* Capture of the Tuapse
* First Taiwan Strait Crisis
* Jebel Akhdar War
* Algerian War
* Kashmir Princess
* Bandung Conference
* Geneva Summit (1955)
* Vietnam War
* Cyprus Emergency
* "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences"
* 1956 Poznań protests
* Hungarian Revolution of 1956
* Polish October
* Suez Crisis
* "We will bury you"
* Operation Gladio
* Syrian Crisis of 1957
* Sputnik crisis
* Ifni War
* Iraqi 14 July Revolution
* 1958 Lebanon crisis
* Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
* 1959 Mosul uprising
* 1959 Tibetan uprising
* Laotian Civil War
* Kitchen Debate
* Cuban Revolution
* Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
* Sino-Soviet split

1960s|

* Congo Crisis
* Simba rebellion
* 1960 U-2 incident
* Bay of Pigs Invasion
* 1960 Turkish coup d'état
* Albanian–Soviet split
* Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
* Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
* First Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Berlin Crisis of 1961
* Berlin Wall
* Annexation of Goa
* Papua conflict
* Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
* Sand War
* Portuguese Colonial War
* Angolan War of Independence
* Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
* Mozambican War of Independence
* Cuban Missile Crisis
* El Porteñazo
* Sino-Indian War
* Communist insurgency in Sarawak
* Ramadan Revolution
* Eritrean War of Independence
* North Yemen Civil War
* 1963 Syrian coup d'état
* Assassination of John F. Kennedy
* Aden Emergency
* Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
* Shifta War
* Mexican Dirty War
* Tlatelolco massacre
* Guatemalan Civil War
* Colombian conflict
* 1964 Brazilian coup d'état
* Dominican Civil War
* Rhodesian Bush War
* Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
* Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
* ASEAN Declaration
* 1966 Syrian coup d'état
* Cultural Revolution
* Argentine Revolution
* South African Border War
* Korean DMZ Conflict
* 12-3 incident
* Greek junta
* 1967 Hong Kong riots
* Years of Lead (Italy)
* Six-Day War
* War of Attrition
* Dhofar War
* Al-Wadiah War
* Nigerian Civil War
* Protests of 1968
* May 68
* Prague Spring
* USS Pueblo incident
* 1968 Polish political crisis
* Communist insurgency in Malaysia
* Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
* 17 July Revolution
* 1968 Peruvian coup d'état
* Revolutionary Government
* 1969 Sudanese coup d'état
* 1969 Libyan revolution
* Goulash Communism
* Sino-Soviet border conflict
* New People's Army rebellion

1970s|

* Détente
* Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
* Black September
* Alcora Exercise
* Corrective Movement (Syria)
* Western Sahara conflict
* Cambodian Civil War
* Communist insurgency in Thailand
* 1970 Polish protests
* Koza riot
* Realpolitik
* Ping-pong diplomacy
* 1971 JVP insurrection
* Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
* 1971 Turkish military memorandum
* 1971 Sudanese coup d'état
* Four Power Agreement on Berlin
* Bangladesh Liberation War
* 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
* North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
* Yemenite War of 1972
* Munich massacre
* 1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
* Eritrean Civil Wars
* 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
* 1973 Afghan coup d'état
* 1973 Chilean coup d'état
* Yom Kippur War
* 1973 oil crisis
* Carnation Revolution
* Spanish transition to democracy
* Metapolitefsi
* Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
* Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Turkish invasion of Cyprus
* Angolan Civil War
* Cambodian genocide
* June 1976 protests
* Mozambican Civil War
* Oromo conflict
* Ogaden War
* 1978 Somali coup attempt
* Western Sahara War
* Ethiopian Civil War
* Lebanese Civil War
* Albanian–Chinese split
* Third Indochina War
* Cambodian–Vietnamese War
* Operation Condor
* Dirty War (Argentina)
* 1976 Argentine coup d'état
* Egyptian–Libyan War
* German Autumn
* Korean Air Lines Flight 902
* Nicaraguan Revolution
* Uganda–Tanzania War
* NDF Rebellion
* Chadian–Libyan War
* Yemenite War of 1979
* Grand Mosque seizure
* Iranian Revolution
* Saur Revolution
* Sino-Vietnamese War
* New Jewel Movement
* 1979 Herat uprising
* Seven Days to the River Rhine
* Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

1980s|

* Salvadoran Civil War
* Soviet–Afghan War
* 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
* Gera Demands
* Peruvian Revolution
* Gdańsk Agreement
* Solidarity
* Eritrean Civil Wars
* 1980 Turkish coup d'état
* Ugandan Bush War
* Gulf of Sidra incident
* Martial law in Poland
* Casamance conflict
* Falklands War
* 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
* Ndogboyosoi War
* United States invasion of Grenada
* Able Archer 83
* Star Wars
* 1985 Geneva Summit
* Iran–Iraq War
* Somali Rebellion
* Reykjavík Summit
* 1986 Black Sea incident
* South Yemen Civil War
* Toyota War
* 1987 Lieyu massacre
* Operation INFEKTION
* 1987–1989 JVP insurrection
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
* 1988 Black Sea bumping incident
* 8888 Uprising
* Solidarity (Soviet reaction)
* Contras
* Central American crisis
* Operation RYAN
* Korean Air Lines Flight 007
* People Power Revolution
* Glasnost
* Perestroika
* Bougainville conflict
* First Nagorno-Karabakh War
* Afghan Civil War
* United States invasion of Panama
* 1988 Polish strikes
* Polish Round Table Agreement
* 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
* Revolutions of 1989
* Fall of the Berlin Wall
* Fall of the inner German border
* Velvet Revolution
* Romanian Revolution
* Peaceful Revolution

1990s|

* Mongolian Revolution of 1990
* Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
* Gulf War
* Min Ping Yu No. 5202
* German reunification
* Yemeni unification
* Fall of communism in Albania
* Breakup of Yugoslavia
* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* 1991 August Coup
* Dissolution of Czechoslovakia

Frozen conflicts|

* Abkhazia
* China-Taiwan
* Korea
* Kosovo
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria
* Sino-Indian border dispute
* North Borneo dispute

Foreign policy|

* Truman Doctrine
* Containment
* Eisenhower Doctrine
* Domino theory
* Hallstein Doctrine
* Kennedy Doctrine
* Peaceful coexistence
* Ostpolitik
* Johnson Doctrine
* Brezhnev Doctrine
* Nixon Doctrine
* Ulbricht Doctrine
* Carter Doctrine
* Reagan Doctrine
* Rollback
* Kinmen Agreement

Ideologies|

| Capitalism|

* Liberalism
* Chicago school
* Conservatism
* American conservatism
* Keynesianism
* Libertarianism
* Monetarism
* Neoclassical economics
* Reaganomics
* Supply-side economics
* Democratic capitalism

|

Socialism|

* Communism
* Marxism–Leninism
* Castroism
* Eurocommunism
* Guevarism
* Hoxhaism
* Juche
* Ho Chi Minh Thought
* Maoism
* Trotskyism
* Stalinism
* Titoism

Other|

* Imperialism
* Anti-imperialism
* Nationalism
* Ultranationalism
* Chauvinism
* Ethnic nationalism
* Racism
* Zionism
* Anti-Zionism
* Fascism
* Neo-Nazism
* Islamism
* Totalitarianism
* Authoritarianism
* Autocracy
* Liberal democracy
* Illiberal democracy
* Guided democracy
* Social democracy
* Third-Worldism
* White supremacy
* White nationalism
* White separatism
* Apartheid

Organizations|

* NATO
* SEATO
* METO
* EEC
* Warsaw Pact
* Comecon
* Non-Aligned Movement
* NN States
* ASEAN
* SAARC
* Safari Club

Propaganda|

| Pro-communist|

* Active measures
* Izvestia
* Neues Deutschland
* Pravda
* Rudé právo
* Trybuna Ludu
* TASS
* Soviet Life

|

Pro-Western|

* Amerika
* Crusade for Freedom
* Paix et Liberté
* Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
* Radio Free Asia
* Red Scare
* Voice of America

Technological
competition|

* Arms race
* Nuclear arms race
* Space Race

Historians|

* Gar Alperovitz
* Thomas A. Bailey
* Michael Beschloss
* Archie Brown
* Warren H. Carroll
* Adrian Cioroianu
* John Costello
* Michael Cox
* Nicholas J. Cull
* Norman Davies
* Willem Drees
* Robert D. English
* Herbert Feis
* Robert Hugh Ferrell
* André Fontaine
* Anneli Ute Gabanyi
* John Lewis Gaddis
* Lloyd Gardner
* Timothy Garton Ash
* Gabriel Gorodetsky
* Fred Halliday
* Jussi Hanhimäki
* John Earl Haynes
* Patrick J. Hearden
* Tvrtko Jakovina
* Tony Judt
* Harvey Klehr
* Gabriel Kolko
* Walter LaFeber
* Walter Laqueur
* Melvyn P. Leffler
* Geir Lundestad
* Vojtech Mastny
* Jack F. Matlock Jr.
* Thomas J. McCormick
* Timothy Naftali
* Marius Oprea
* David S. Painter
* William B. Pickett
* Ronald E. Powaski
* Yakov M. Rabkin
* Mary Elise Sarotte
* Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
* Ellen Schrecker
* Giles Scott-Smith
* Shen Zhihua
* Timothy Snyder
* Athan Theoharis
* Andrew Thorpe
* Vladimir Tismăneanu
* Patrick Vaughan
* Alex von Tunzelmann
* Odd Arne Westad
* William Appleman Williams
* Jonathan Reed Winkler
* Rudolph Winnacker
* Ken Young

Espionage and
intelligence|

* List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
* Soviet espionage in the United States
* Russian espionage in the United States
* American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
* CIA and the Cultural Cold War
* CIA
* MI5
* MI6
* United States involvement in regime change
* Soviet involvement in regime change
* MVD
* KGB
* Stasi

See also|

* Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
* Soviet Union–United States relations
* Soviet Union–United States summits
* Russia–NATO relations
* War on terror
* Brinkmanship
* Second Cold War
* Russian Revolution

* Category
* List of conflicts
* Timeline

* v
* t
* e

Armed conflicts involving China (including Imperial and Republican times)

Related|

* Early modern warfare
* Military history of China
* Before 1912
* People's Liberation Army
* Republic of China Armed Forces

Lists by opponent|

* Sino-British wars
* Sino-Burmese wars
* Sino-Cham wars and conflicts
* Sino–Dutch conflicts
* Sino-French conflicts
* Sino-Indian border dispute
* Sino-Japanese War
* Sino-Korean War
* Sino-Mongol wars and conflicts
* Sino-Nepalese conflicts
* Sino-Portuguese conflicts
* Sino-Russian border conflicts
* Sino-Spanish conflicts
* Taiwan Strait Crises
* Sino-Tibetan Wars
* Sino-Turkic wars and conflicts
* Sino-Vietnamese Wars
* List of wars involving China
* Republic of China
* List of wars involving Taiwan
* People's Republic of China

Internal wars/conflicts|

* Spring and Autumn period
* Warring States period
* Qin's wars of unification
* Chu–Han Contention
* Yellow Turban Rebellion
* Three Kingdoms
* War of the Eight Princes
* Sixteen Kingdoms
* Transition from Sui to Tang
* An Lushan rebellion
* Huang Chao Rebellion
* Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
* Song reunification conquests
* Song conquest of Later Shu
* Song conquest of Southern Han
* Conquest of Southern Tang by Song
* Conquest of Northern Han by Song
* Song–Xia wars
* Jin–Song Wars
* Red Turban Rebellions
* Miao rebellions
* Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
* Ordos campaign
* Transition from Ming to Qing
* Jinchuan campaigns
* Revolt of the Three Feudatories
* White Lotus Rebellion
* Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
* Taiping Rebellion
* Nian Rebellion
* Panthay Rebellion
* Dungan revolts
* First
* Second
* Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
* Xinhai Revolution
* Warlord Era
* Chinese Civil War
* Xinjiang Wars
* Incorporation of Xinjiang
* Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
* Annexation of Tibet
* Tibetan uprisings (1950–today)
* Xinjiang conflict

External wars/conflicts|

| Ancient and
Imperial China|

* Gojoseon–Yan War
* Zhao–Xiongnu War
* Qin campaign against the Baiyue
* Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu
* Han campaigns against Minyue
* Han conquest of Central Asia
* Han–Xiongnu War
* Han conquest of Nanyue
* Han conquest of Gojoseon
* War of the Heavenly Horses
* First Chinese domination of Vietnam
* Korea under Chinese rule
* Trung sisters' rebellion
* Second Chinese domination of Vietnam
* Cham rebellion (100)
* Cham rebellion (136–144)
* Cham rebellion (192)
* Cham raid in Southern China (248)
* Lady Triệu rebellion
* Champa–Funan raid (270)
* Western Jin–Champa war (282)
* Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
* Goguryeo–Wei War
* First Eastern Jin–Champa war (344)
* Second Eastern Jin–Champa war (347–349)
* Third Eastern Jin–Champa war (351–359)
* Forth Eastern Jin–Champa war (399)
* Fifth Eastern Jin–Champa war (407–411)
* Cham raids in Southern China (410–420)
* Sixth Eastern Jin–Champa war (420)
* Cham raids in Southern China (424–429)
* First Liu Song–Champa war (431)
* Second Liu Song–Champa war (445–446)
* Early Lý rebellion
* Goguryeo–Sui War
* Sui–Early Lý War
* Third Chinese domination of Vietnam
* Sui–Lâm Ấp war
* Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks
* Tang campaign against Tuyuhun
* Tibetan attack on Songzhou
* Tang campaign against Xueyantuo
* Tang conquest of Central Asia
* Tang campaigns against the Western Turks
* Tang campaign against the Western Regions
* Tang campaign against Karakhoja
* Tang campaign against Karasahr
* Tang invasion of Tibet
* Tang campaign against Kucha
* Tang campaign against Kannauj
* Conquest of the Western Turks
* Goguryeo–Tang War
* Baekje–Tang War
* Tang campaign in Tarim Basin
* Silla–Tang War
* Umayyad–Tang War
* Abbasid–Tang War
* Tang–Champa war (803–809)
* Vietnamese uprising and Nanzhao invasion
* Ngô Quyền rebellion
* Song–Đại Cồ Việt war
* Goryeo–Liao War
* First
* Second
* Third
* Song–Đại Việt war
* Mongol conquest of China
* Mongol–Jin War
* Mongol siege of Kaifeng
* Siege of Caizhou
* Siege of Diaoyu fortress
* Battle of Xiangyang
* Battle of Yamen
* Yuan invasions of Korea
* Yuan invasions of Tibet
* Yuan invasions of Vietnam
* Yuan invasions of Japan
* Yuan invasions of Burma
* First
* Second
* Yuan invasions of Java
* Yuan invasions of Sakhalin
* Chagatai–Yuan War
* Ming–Turpan conflict
* Ming–Hồ War
* Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam
* Ming–Kotte War
* Ming–Samudera War
* Ming campaigns against the Mongols
* Lam Sơn uprising
* Tumu Crisis and Defense of Beijing
* War in the Philippines (1500s–1800s)
* Sino-Portuguese War
* Battle of Tunmen
* Battle of Sincouwaan
* Sino–Japanese War over Korea (1592–1598)
* Sino-Dutch War (1622–1662)
* Later Jin invasion of Joseon
* Qing invasion of Joseon
* Sino-Russian War (1652–1689)
* Qing conquest of Central Asia
* Dzungar–Qing Wars
* Afaqi Khoja revolts
* Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
* Sino-Burmese War
* Sino-Nepalese War
* Campaign in Vietnam
* First Opium War
* Sino-Sikh War
* Second Opium War
* Sino-French War
* Keelung campaign
* First Sino-Japanese War
* Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)
* Boxer Rebellion

|

Modern China
(1912–today)|

* World War I
* Mongolian rebellion
* Sino-Tibetan War of 1930–1932
* Qinghai–Tibet War
* Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
* Second Sino-Japanese War
* World War II
* Pacific War
* First Indochina War
* Kuomintang in Burma
* Annexation of Tibet
* Korean War
* Vietnam War
* Battle of the Paracel Islands
* Laotian Civil War
* Sino-Soviet conflict
* Sino-Soviet border conflict
* Sino-Indian War
* Nathu La and Cho La clashes
* Sino-Vietnamese War
* Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)
* Johnson South Reef Skirmish
* Sumdorong Chu standoff
* Mali War
* Scarborough Shoal standoff
* 2013 Depsang standoff
* 2017 China–India border standoff
* 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes

Taiwan
(1949–today)|

* Kuningtou
* Dengbu Island
* Hainan Island
* Nanri Island
* Dongshan Island
* First Taiwan Strait Crisis
* Yijiangshan Islands
* Dachen Archipelago
* Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
* Burmese border
* Dong-Yin
* Third Taiwan Strait Crisis

* Chinese Revolution
* Chinese Dream
* Cold War
* Sphere of influence

* v
* t
* e

Armed conflicts involving the People's Republic of China

Mainland China|

* Chinese Civil War (1927–50)
* Kuomintang insurgency (1949–1961)
* Kuomintang Islamic insurgency (1950–1958)
* Battle of Chamdo (1950)
* Tibetan uprising (1959)
* Xinjiang conflict (1980–present)
* 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre (1989)

Cross-Taiwan Strait
(vs Taiwan)
(after 1 Oct 1949)|

* Kuningtou (1949)
* Dengbu Island (1949)
* Hainan Island (1950)
* Nanri Island (1952)
* Dongshan Island (1953)
* Yijiangshan Islands (1955)
* Dachen Archipelago (1955)
* Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958)
* Burmese border (1960–61)
* Dong-Yin (1965)
* Third Taiwan Strait Crisis (1995–96)

International|

| vs USSR|

* Sino-Soviet border conflict (1969)

|

vs United States and allies|

* Korean War (1950–1953)
* Vietnam War (1965–1970)

vs India|

* Sino-Indian War (1962)
* Chola incident (1967)
* Sino-Indian skirmish (1986-1987)
* Daulat Beg Oldi incident (2013)
* Sino-Indian Standoff (2017)
* Sino-Indian skirmishes (2020-2021)

vs South Vietnam/Vietnam|

* Paracel Islands (1974)
* Sino-Vietnamese War (1979)
* Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)
* Battle of Fakashan (1981)
* Battle of Laoshan (1984)
* Johnson South Reef Skirmish (1988)

See also|

* Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
* Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China

* v
* t
* e

Wars of the 20th century

1900s|

* Thousand Days' War
* Second Boer War
* War of the Golden Stool
* Shoubak revolt of 1900
* Russian invasion of Manchuria
* Sharjah conquest of Ras Al Khaimah
* Somaliland campaign
* Kuwaiti–Rashidi war
* Revolución Libertadora [es]
* Anglo-Aro War
* Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery
* 1901 Mapondera Rebellion
* Holy Man's Rebellion
* Kuanhama Rebellion of 1902-1904
* Bailundo revolt
* Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903
* Battle of Jo-Laban
* Theriso revolt
* May Coup (Serbia)
* Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
* British expedition to Tibet
* British conquest of the Sokoto Caliphate
* Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907)
* South West African Revolt of 1904-1906
* Portuguese campaign against the Ovambo
* Vaccine Revolt
* Revolution of 1904
* 1904 Sasun uprising
* Herero Wars
* Russo-Japanese War
* Yemeni Rebellion of 1904
* Macedonian Struggle
* Argentine Revolution of 1905
* Shoubak Revolt of 1905
* Łódź insurrection
* Batang uprising
* 1905 Russian Revolution
* Maji Maji Rebellion
* Yemeni Expedition of 1905
* Sokoto Uprising of 1906
* 1906 Mesopotamia uprising
* Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)
* Bambatha Rebellion
* Dembos War of 1907-1910
* Anti-Foreign Revolt
* Mutair revolt
* 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt
* Honduran-Nicaraguan War
* Beipu uprising
* Buraida rebellion
* Dersim insurgencies
* Battle of Marrakesh
* Mau uprising [de]
* Young Turk Revolution
* Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)
* Dutch–Venezuelan crisis of 1908
* Estrada's rebellion
* Kolašin Affair (1909)
* Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910)
* Crazy Snake Rebellion
* Second Melillan campaign
* Hauran Druze Rebellion
* Wadai War

1910s|

* Battle of Hadia [ar]
* Karak revolt
* Albanian revolt of 1910
* 5 October 1910 revolution
* Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
* Sokehs rebellion
* Mexican Revolution
* Mexican Border War (1910–1919)
* Bandit War
* Magonista rebellion of 1911
* Paraguayan Civil War (1911–1912)
* Russian occupation of Tabriz
* Albanian revolt of 1911
* Second Guangzhou Uprising
* Dominican Civil War (1911–1912)
* French conquest of Morocco
* Italo-Turkish War
* East Timorese Rebellion
* 1911 Revolution
* War of the Generals
* Sirte revolt
* Khost rebellion (1912)
* First Balkan War
* Albanian revolt of 1912
* Contestado War
* United States occupation of Nicaragua
* Royalist attack on Chaves
* Negro Rebellion
* Urtatagai conflict (1913)
* Atmene uprising [ru]
* Conquest of al-Hasa
* Second Balkan War
* Tikveš uprising
* Ohrid–Debar uprising
* Second Revolution (Republic of China)
* Bai Lang Rebellion
* Operations in the Tochi
* Revolt of Juazeiro [pt]
* Zaian War
* Dominican Civil War (1914)
* Peasant Revolt in Albania
* Truku War
* World War I
* United States occupation of Veracruz
* Bluff War
* Ovambo insurrection in Portuguese Angola [fr]
* Maritz rebellion
* Tapani incident
* Battle of Kinzaan
* Battle of Jarrab
* Chilembwe uprising
* Bussa rebellion
* 1915 Singapore Mutiny
* Volta-Bani War
* National Protection War
* Senussi campaign
* United States occupation of Haiti
* Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915
* Mohmand blockade
* Cuban Civil War
* Kaocen revolt
* 1916 Cochinchina uprising
* Battle of Segale
* Noemvriana
* Central Asian revolt of 1916
* Easter Rising
* United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)
* Arab Revolt
* Basmachi movement
* February Revolution
* July Days
* Manchu Restoration
* Thái Nguyên uprising
* Polubotkivtsi uprising
* Toplica Uprising
* Kornilov affair
* Green Corn Rebellion
* October Revolution
* Kerensky–Krasnov uprising
* Russian Civil War
* Constitutional Protection Movement
* Ukrainian War of Independence
* Golok conflicts (1917–1949)
* Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes
* Adubi War
* Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)
* Judenburg mutiny
* Cattaro mutiny
* Aster Revolution
* Radomir Rebellion
* Left SR uprising
* Finnish Civil War
* Armeno-Georgian War
* Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts
* Viena expedition
* First Pechenga expedition
* Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia
* German Revolution of 1918–1919
* Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)
* Hungarian–Czechoslovak War
* Polish–Ukrainian War
* Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
* Sochi conflict
* Armenian–Azerbaijani War
* Estonian War of Independence
* Latvian War of Independence
* Lithuanian–Soviet War
* Al-Khurma dispute
* Vue Pa Chay's revolt
* Revolt of the Ingrian Finns
* Franco-Turkish War
* Punjab Rebellion
* Black Sea mutiny
* 1919 Royalist uprising in Northern Portugal
* Christmas Uprising
* Spartacist uprising
* Lithuanian War of Independence (War against the Bermontians)
* Sejny Uprising
* First Barzanji Revolt
* Polish–Czechoslovak War
* Khotyn Uprising
* Hungarian–Romanian War
* Turkish War of Independence
* Third Anglo-Afghan War
* Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)
* Italian Regency of Carnaro
* Italo-Yugoslav War
* First Honduran Civil War
* Polish–Soviet War
* First Silesian Uprising
* Aunus expedition
* Alawite revolt of 1919
* Irish War of Independence
* Kuwait–Najd War
* Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
* Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence

1920s|

* Zhili–Anhui War
* Franco-Turkish War
* Red Army invasion of Georgia
* East Karelian uprising
* First Zhili–Fengtian War
* Second Zhili–Fengtian War
* Rif War
* Irish Civil War
* Paraguayan Civil War (1922)
* Cristero War
* Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)

1930s|

* Sino-Tibetan War
* Japanese invasion of Manchuria
* Chaco War
* Colombia–Peru War
* Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)
* Austrian Civil War
* Second Italo-Ethiopian War
* Spanish Civil War
* Second Sino-Japanese War
* Battle of Lake Khasan
* Polish–Czechoslovak War
* Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine
* Slovak–Hungarian War
* Battles of Khalkhin Gol
* World War II
* Soviet invasion of Poland
* Winter War
* Italian invasion of Albania

1940s|

* Greco-Italian War
* Franco-Thai War
* German–Soviet War
* Continuation War
* Anglo-Iraqi War
* Lapland War
* Soviet–Japanese War
* Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
* Indonesian National Revolution
* First Indochina War
* Greek Civil War
* Paraguayan Civil War (1947)
* Chinese Civil War
* Costa Rican Civil War
* Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
* La Violencia
* 1947–1949 Palestine war
* Malayan Emergency

1950s|

* Korean War
* Algerian War
* First Sudanese Civil War
* Laotian Civil War
* Suez Crisis
* Hungarian Revolution of 1956
* Cuban Revolution
* Ifni War
* Vietnam War
* 1958 Lebanon crisis

1960s|

* Guatemalan Civil War
* Congo Crisis
* Bay of Pigs Invasion
* Bizerte crisis
* Annexation of Goa
* Angolan War of Independence
* Eritrean War of Independence
* Sino-Indian War
* Dhofar Rebellion
* Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
* Sand War
* Colombian conflict
* Mozambican War of Independence
* Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
* Dominican Civil War
* South African Border War
* Rhodesian Bush War
* 1967 Opium War
* Chadian Civil War (1965–1979)
* Six-Day War
* Nigerian Civil War
* Cambodian Civil War
* Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
* Football War
* Sino-Soviet border conflict
* Tielieketi

1970s|

* Black September
* Bangladesh Liberation War
* Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
* Yom Kippur War
* Western Sahara War
* Turkish invasion of Cyprus
* Ethiopian Civil War
* Cod Wars
* Cambodian–Vietnamese War
* Lebanese Civil War
* Angolan Civil War
* Mozambican Civil War
* Indonesian occupation of East Timor
* Egyptian–Libyan War
* Ogaden War
* 1978 South Lebanon conflict
* Opération Lamantin
* Uganda–Tanzania War
* Chadian–Libyan conflict
* Sino-Vietnamese War
* Soviet–Afghan War
* Salvadoran Civil War

1980s|

* Iran–Iraq War
* Paquisha War
* Falklands War
* 1982 Lebanon War
* United States invasion of Grenada
* Second Sudanese Civil War
* Sri Lankan Civil War
* Operation Blue Star
* Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)
* Agacher Strip War
* Somali Civil War
* United States invasion of Panama
* First Liberian Civil War
* Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)

1990s|

* 1991–1992 South Ossetia War
* Rwandan Civil War
* Georgian Civil War
* Djiboutian Civil War
* Invasion of Kuwait
* Gulf War
* Yugoslav Wars
* Slovenian Independence War
* Croatian War of Independence
* Bosnian War
* First Nagorno-Karabakh War
* Algerian Civil War
* Sierra Leone Civil War
* Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)
* Transnistria War
* Abkhaz–Georgian conflict
* War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
* War in Abkhazia (1998)
* Tajikistani Civil War
* Burundian Civil War
* Yemeni Civil War (1994)
* First Chechen War
* Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
* Cenepa War
* First Congo War
* Nepalese Civil War
* Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)
* Kosovo War
* NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
* Guinea-Bissau Civil War
* Second Congo War
* Eritrean–Ethiopian War
* War of Dagestan
* Kargil War
* Second Chechen War
* Second Liberian Civil War

* Lists of wars of the 20th century
* 1900–1944
* 1945–1989
* 1990–2002

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* United States
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