Toxostoma

Genus of birds

Toxostoma

Brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum)
Scientific classification
Domain:  | Eukaryota
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Chordata
Class:  | Aves
Order:  | Passeriformes
Family:  | Mimidae
Genus:  | Toxostoma
Wagler, 1831
Type species
Toxostoma vetula[1]

Wagler, 1831

Toxostoma is a genus of bird in the family Mimidae. This genus contains most of the birds called thrashers, and accordingly members of this genus are sometimes referred to as the "typical thrashers".

## Description[edit]

They measure 22 to 32 cm long. Its tail is straight and quite long, as much or more than the body. As in the mulattoes and the mockingbirds, the bill is curved downwards, and is generally long, although it varies according to the species. Its plumage is opaque, brownish or greyish, with darker wings and tail. On the wings there are usually stripes of a lighter shade. The feathers on the throat, chest and belly are usually light (white or greyish) and in most species these parts of the body have dark spots. The eyes can be yellow, orange or reddish.

They generally feed on insects, but also on fruits, seeds, worms, molluscs and, occasionally, small reptiles.

Most are songbirds that make musical sounds, and are therefore prized as cage birds. Some species also have migratory habits, since in summer they move to the south of their nesting area. They prefer desert or semi-desert habitats and areas of shrubby vegetation; some species inhabit forests, and only one (T. guttatum) is tropical.

## Species[edit]

The genus name Toxostoma comes from the Ancient Greek toxon, "bow" or "arch" and stoma, "mouth".[2]

The genus contains the following species:

Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution

|
|
|

| Toxostoma ocellatum | Ocellated thrasher | Mexico between Puebla and Oaxaca
| Toxostoma rufum | Brown thrasher | eastern and central United States and southern and central Canada
| Toxostoma guttatum | Cozumel thrasher | island of Cozumel off the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico.
| Toxostoma bendirei | Bendire's thrasher | southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.
| Toxostoma curvirostre | Curve-billed thrasher | Mexico and to the deserts of southwestern United States.
| Toxostoma lecontei | LeConte's thrasher | southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.
| Toxostoma crissale | Crissal thrasher | Southwestern United States (western Texas, southern New Mexico, southern Arizona, southeastern California, extreme southern Nevada, and extreme southwestern Utah) to central Mexico.
| Toxostoma redivivum | California thrasher | California and Baja California.
| Toxostoma cinereum | Gray thrasher | Baja California peninsula of Mexico.
| Toxostoma longirostre | Long-billed thrasher | South Texas and eastern Mexico.

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Mimidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
2. ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 389. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

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Genera of passerides and their extinct allies

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Chordata
* Class: Aves
* Suborder: Passeri
* Infraorder: Passerida

Passerida

| Chaetopidae?|

* Chaetops

|

Chloropseidae?|

* Chloropsis

Hyliotidae?|

* Hyliota

Irenidae|

* Irena

Paridae|

* Baeolophus
* Cyanistes
* Cephalopyrus
* Lophophanes
* Machlolophus
* Melaniparus
* Melanochlora
* Pardaliparus
* Parus
* Periparus
* Poecile
* Pseudopodoces
* Sittiparus
* Sylviparus

Picathartidae?|

* Picathartes

Promeropidae?|

* Promerops

Remizidae|

* Anthoscopus
* Auriparus
* Remiz

Stenostiridae|

* Chelidorhynx
* Culicicapa
* Elminia
* Stenostira

Muscicapida|

*     * See below ↓

Sylvioidea|

*     * See below ↓

Passeroidea|

*     * See Passeroidea

Muscicapida

| Regulidae|

* Corthylio
* Regulus

|

Bombycilloidea|

| Bombycillidae|

* Bombycilla

|

Dulidae|

* Dulus

Hylocitreidae|

* Hylocitrea

Hypocoliidae|

* Hypocolius

†Mohoidae|

* Chaetoptila
* Moho

Ptiliogonatidae|

* Phainopepla
* Phainoptila
* Ptiliogonys

Certhioidea|

| incertae sedis|

* †Certhiops
* †Kischinskinia

|

Certhiidae|

* Certhia
* Salpornis

Polioptilidae|

* Microbates
* Polioptila
* Ramphocaenus

Sittidae|

* Sitta

Tichodromidae|

* Tichodroma

Troglodytidae|

* Campylorhynchus
* Cantorchilus
* Catherpes
* Cinnycerthia
* Cistothorus
* Cyphorhinus
* Ferminia
* Henicorhina
* Hylorchilus
* Microcerculus
* Odontorchilus
* Pheugopedius
* Salpinctes
* Thryomanes
* Thryophilus
* Thryorchilus
* Thryothorus
* Troglodytes
* Uropsila

Muscicapoidea|

| Buphagidae|

* Buphagus

|

Cinclidae|

* Cinclus

Elachuridae|

* Elachura

Mimidae|

* Allenia
* Cinclocerthia
* Dumetella
* Margarops
* Melanotis
* Mimus
* Oreoscoptes
* Ramphocinclus
* Toxostoma

Muscicapidae|

| Erithacinae|

* Chamaetylas
* Cichladusa
* Cossypha
* Cossyphicula
* Dessonornis
* Erithacus
* Pogonocichla
* Sheppardia
* Stiphrornis
* Swynnertonia
* Xenocopsychus

|

Muscicapinae|

| Copsychini|

* Alethe
* Cercotrichas
* Copsychus

|

Muscicapini|

* Agricola
* Bradornis
* Empidornis
* Fraseria
* Humblotia
* Melaenornis
* Muscicapa
* Namibornis
* Sigelus

Niltavinae|

* Anthipes
* Cyanoptila
* Cyornis
* Eumyias
* Leucoptilon
* Niltava
* Sholicola

Saxicolinae|

* Brachypteryx
* Calliope
* Campicoloides
* Cinclidium
* Emarginata
* Enicurus
* Ficedula
* Heinrichia
* Heteroxenicus
* Irania
* Larvivora
* Leonardina
* Luscinia
* Monticola
* Myiomela
* Myophonus
* Myrmecocichla
* Oenanthe
* Phoenicurus
* Pinarochroa
* Saxicola
* Tarsiger
* Thamnolaea
* Vauriella

Sturnidae|

* Acridotheres
* Agropsar
* Ampeliceps
* Aplonis
* Arizelopsar
* Basilornis
* Cinnyricinclus
* Creatophora
* †Cryptopsar
* Enodes
* †Fregilupus
* Goodfellowia
* Gracula
* Gracupica
* Grafisia
* Hartlaubius
* Hylopsar
* Lamprotornis
* Leucopsar
* Mino (bird)
* †Necropsar
* Neocichla
* Notopholia
* Onychognathus
* Pastor
* Pholia
* Poeoptera
* Rhabdornis
* Sarcops
* Saroglossa
* Scissirostrum
* Speculipastor
* Spodiopsar
* Streptocitta
* Sturnia
* Sturnornis
* Sturnus

Turdidae|

* †Meridiocichla
* Pinarornis

Myadestinae|

* Grandala
* Myadestes
* Neocossyphus
* Sialia
* Stizorhina

Turdinae|

* Catharus
* Chlamydochaera
* Cichlopsis
* Cochoa
* Entomodestes
* Geokichla
* Hylocichla
* Ridgwayia
* Ixoreus
* Turdus
* Zoothera

Sylvioidea

| Acrocephalidae|

* Acrocephalus
* Calamonastides
* Chloropeta
* Hippolais
* Iduna
* Nesillas

|

Aegithalidae|

* Aegithalos
* Leptopoecile
* Psaltriparus

Alaudidae|

| Alaudinae|

* Alauda
* Alaudala
* Calandrella
* Chersophilus
* Eremalauda
* Eremophila
* Galerida
* Lullula
* Melanocorypha
* Spizocorys

|

Certhilaudinae|

* Alaemon
* Ammomanes
* Ammomanopsis
* Certhilauda
* Chersomanes
* Eremopterix
* Pinarocorys
* Ramphocoris

Mirafrinae|

* Calendulauda
* Heteromirafra
* Mirafra

Alcippeidae|

* Alcippe

Bernieridae|

* Bernieria
* Crossleyia
* Cryptosylvicola
* Hartertula
* Oxylabes
* Randia
* Thamnornis
* Xanthomixis

Cettiidae|

* Abroscopus
* Cettia
* Hemitesia
* Horornis
* Phyllergates
* Tesia
* Tickellia
* Urosphena

Cisticolidae|

* Apalis
* Artisornis
* Bathmocercus
* Calamonastes
* Camaroptera
* Cisticola
* Drymocichla
* Eminia
* Eremomela
* Euryptila
* Hypergerus
* Incana
* Malcorus
* Micromacronus
* Neomixis
* Oreolais
* Oreophilais
* Orthotomus
* Phragmacia
* Phyllolais
* Poliolais
* Prinia
* Scepomycter
* Schistolais
* Spiloptila
* Urolais

Donacobiidae|

* Donacobius

Erythrocercidae|

* Erythrocercus

Hirundinidae|

* Alopochelidon
* Atronanus
* Atticora
* Cecropis
* Cheramoeca
* Delichon
* Hirundo
* Neophedina
* Orochelidon
* Petrochelidon
* Phedina
* Phedinopsis
* Progne
* Psalidoprocne
* Pseudhirundo
* Pseudochelidon
* Ptyonoprogne
* Pygochelidon
* Riparia
* Stelgidopteryx
* Tachycineta

Hyliidae|

* Hylia
* Pholidornis

Leiothrichidae|

* Actinodura
* Argya
* Cutia
* Garrulax
* Grammatoptila
* Heterophasia
* Ianthocincla
* Laniellus
* Leioptila
* Leiothrix
* Liocichla
* Minla
* Montecincla
* Pterorhinus
* Trochalopteron
* Turdoides

Locustellidae|

* Bradypterus
* Catriscus
* Cincloramphus
* Elaphrornis
* Helopsaltes
* Locustella
* Malia
* Megalurus
* Poodytes
* Robsonius
* Schoenicola

Macrosphenidae|

* Achaetops
* Cryptillas
* Macrosphenus
* Melocichla
* Sphenoeacus
* Sylvietta

Nicatoridae|

* Nicator

Panuridae|

* Panurus

Paradoxornithidae|

* Chamaea
* Chrysomma
* Fulvetta
* Lioparus
* Moupinia
* Myzornis
* Paradoxornis
* Rhopophilus
* Suthora

Pellorneidae|

* Gampsorhynchus
* Graminicola
* Gypsophila
* Illadopsis
* Kenopia
* Laticilla
* Malacocincla
* Malacopteron
* Napothera
* Pellorneum
* Ptilocichla
* Schoeniparus
* Turdinus

Phylloscopidae|

* Phylloscopus

Pnoepygidae|

* Pnoepyga

Pycnonotidae|

* Acritillas
* Alcurus
* Alophoixus
* Altimastillas
* Andropadus
* Arizelocichla
* Baeopogon
* Bleda
* Brachypodius
* Calyptocichla
* Chlorocichla
* Criniger
* Euptilotus
* Eurillas
* Hemixos
* Hypsipetes
* Iole
* Ixodia
* Ixonotus
* Ixos
* Microtarsus
* Neolestes
* Nok
* Phyllastrephus
* Poliolophus
* Pycnonotus
* Rubigula
* Setornis
* Spizixos
* Stelgidillas
* Thescelocichla
* Tricholestes

Scotocercidae|

* Scotocerca

Sylviidae|

* Curruca
* Sylvia

Timaliidae|

* Cyanoderma
* Dumetia
* Erythrogenys
* Macronus
* Melanocichla
* Mixornis
* Pomatorhinus
* Spelaeornis
* Stachyris
* Timalia

Zosteropidae|

* Apalopteron
* Cleptornis
* Dasycrotapha
* Heleia
* Megazosterops
* Parayuhina
* Rukia
* Staphida
* Sterrhoptilus
* Tephrozosterops
* Yuhina
* Zosterops
* Zosterornis

Taxon identifiers

Toxostoma|

* Wikidata: Q430477
* Wikispecies: Toxostoma
* ADW: Toxostoma
* BOLD: 4712
* CoL: 647YX
* EPPO: 1TOXSG
* Fauna Europaea (new): c29d4dec-833d-4519-a8ad-ce5f997b6e17
* GBIF: 2494943
* iNaturalist: 14889
* ITIS: 178626
* NBN: NHMSYS0000530667
* NCBI: 55418
* Open Tree of Life: 410207
* Paleobiology Database: 129840

Authority control databases: National |

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*[†]: Extinct