UFO conspiracy theories

Conspiracy theories relating to UFOs or extraterrestrials

UFOs and ufology

Notable sightings

* Kenneth Arnold sighting
* 1947 wave
* Roswell
* Mantell crash
* Chiles-Whitted
* Gorman dogfight
* McMinnville photos
* Mariana film
* 1952 flap
* Sightings in outer space
* Flatwoods monster
* Barney and Betty Hill
* 'Swamp gas'
* Travis Walton
* Rendlesham Forest
* Belgian wave
* Calvine photo
* Ariel School Landing
* Phoenix Lights
* Pentagon UFO videos

* Government investigations

* Operação Prato - Brazil
* Project Magnet - Canada
* GEIPAN - France
* Institute 22 - Soviet Union
* Flying Saucer Working Party - UK
* Project Condign - UK
* History of government investigations - US
* All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office - US
* NASA's UAP independent study team - US
* Condon Committee - US
* Project Blue Book - US
* Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act - US

Other Relevant Topics

* Area 51
* Bob Lazar
* Majestic 12
* Men in black
* Evidence Suppression

Religions that have UFOs in their Literature

* Aetherius Society
* Church of the SubGenius
* Heaven's Gate
* Nation of Islam
* Raëlism
* Scientology
* Unarius Academy of Science

Lists of organizations, sightings, studies, etc.

* UFO organizations
* Reported UFO sightings
* Sightings by country
* Investigations of UFOs by governments
* Identification studies of UFOs
* Ufologists
* Alleged extraterrestrial beings

* v
* t
* e

UFO conspiracy theories are a subset of conspiracy theories which argue that various governments and politicians globally, in particular the United States government, are suppressing evidence that unidentified flying objects are controlled by a non-human intelligence or built using alien technology.[1] Such conspiracy theories usually argue that Earth governments are in communication or cooperation with extraterrestrial visitors despite public disclaimers, and further that some of these theories claim that the governments are explicitly allowing alien abduction.[2]

Individuals who have suggested that UFO evidence is being suppressed include Stanford University immunologist Garry Nolan,[3][4] United States Senator Barry Goldwater, British Admiral Lord Hill-Norton (former NATO head and chief of the British Defence Staff), American Vice Admiral Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter (first CIA director), Israeli brigadier general Haim Eshed (former director of space programs for the Israel Ministry of Defense),[5] astronauts Gordon Cooper[6][7] and Edgar Mitchell,[8] and former Canadian Defence Minister Paul Hellyer. Beyond their testimonies and reports they have presented no evidence to substantiate their statements and claims. According to the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry little or no evidence exists to support them despite significant research on the subject by non-governmental scientific agencies.[9][10][11][12]

Scholars of religion have identified some new religious movements among the proponents of UFO conspiracy theories, most notably Heaven's Gate, the Nation of Islam, and Scientology.[1]

## Overview

[edit]

The earliest flying disc conspiracy theories claimed that the objects were secret American or Soviet technology. By December 1949, author Donald Keyhoe promoted the idea that the Air Force was withholding knowledge of interplanetary spaceships, culminating in his 1955 work The Flying Saucer Conspiracy. The following year, the book They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers introduced the concept of the Men in Black.

Beginning in the late 1960s, theories began to include stories of crash retrievals, culminating in the 1980 book about titled The Roswell Incident. In the 1970s, a supposed coverup was termed a "Cosmic Watergate".

## Background

[edit]

Personnel in the mid-1940s reported unidentified objects under various names.

### Roswell balloon and 'recovered disc' hoaxes

[edit]

Main articles: Roswell incident and Twin Falls saucer hoax

Army officials pose with balloon debris from Roswell.

On July 8, 1947, Roswell Army Air Field issued a press release stating that they had recovered a "flying disc". The Army quickly retracted the statement and clarified that the crashed object was a conventional weather balloon.[13] The Roswell incident did not surface again until the late 1970s, when it was incorporated into conspiracy literature.

The Roswell balloon was far from the only misidentified "disc".[14] One potential disc, recovered from the yard of a priest in Grafton, Wisconsin, was identified as an ordinary circular saw-blade.[14] More elaborate hoax saucers were found in Shreveport, Louisiana; in Black River Falls, Wisconsin; and in Clearwater, Florida.[14] On July 9, press reported the recovery of a thirty-inch disc from a Hollywood back yard; the hoaxer was never identified.[14]

On July 11, press reported the recovery of a 30-inch disc from the yard of a Twin Falls, Idaho home.[15][14] On July 12, it was reported nationally that the Twin Falls disc was a hoax. Photos of the object were publicly released. The object was described as containing radio tubes, electric coils, and wires underneath a plexiglass dome. Press reported that four teenagers had confessed to creating the disc.[16]

## Chronology of UFO conspiracy theories

[edit]

### 1949

[edit]

#### Winchell and the Soviets

[edit]

On April 3, 1949, radio personality Walter Winchell broadcast the claim that it had been definitively established that the flying saucers were guided missiles fired from Russia.[17][18][19] In response, the Air Force denied any such conclusion.[20][17] The Air Force reportedly requested an FBI investigation into Winchell's claims, a request that was denied.[21]

#### Keyhoe and the Air Force knowledge of UFOs

[edit]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

"The Flying Saucers are Real" (1949) by Donald Keyhoe

On December 26, 1949, True magazine published an article by Donald Keyhoe titled "The Flying Saucers Are Real".[22] Keyhoe, a former Major in the US Marines, claimed that elements within the Air Force knew that saucers existed and had concluded they were likely 'inter-planetary'.[22]

The article examined the Mantell UFO incident and quoted an unnamed pilot who opined that the Air Force's explanation "looks like a cover up to me". The Gorman Dogfight and the Chiles-Whitted UFO encounter were also described. The article cited a supposed report from Air Material Command and claimed a "rocket authority at Wright field" had concluded saucers were interplanetary. Concern over a public panic, of the kind that supposedly occurred after the 1938 War of the Worlds broadcast, is cited in the article as a possible motive for the cover up. Citing historic sources, Keyhoe speculated that similar sightings have likely occurred for at least several centuries.

The True article caused a sensation.[23] Though such figures are always difficult to verify, Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, the first head of Project Blue Book, reported that "It is rumored among magazine publishers that Don Keyhoe's article in True was one of the most widely read and widely discussed magazine articles in history." When Keyhoe expanded the article into a book, The Flying Saucers Are Real (1950), it sold over half a million copies in paperback.

In March 1950, the Air Force denied "flying saucers" exist and further denied that they were US technology being covered-up.[23][24][25]

#### Scully and alien bodies

[edit]

Main article: Aztec, New Mexico UFO hoax

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Scully's Scrapbook of October 8, 1949

In October and November 1949, journalist Frank Scully published two columns in Variety, claiming that dead extraterrestrial beings were recovered from a flying saucer crash, based on what he said was reported to him by a scientist involved.[26][27][28] His 1950 book Behind the Flying Saucers expanded on the theme, adding that there had been two such incidents in Arizona and one in New Mexico, a 1948 incident that involved a saucer that was nearly 100 feet (30 m) in diameter.[note 1][29] In January 1950, Time Magazine skeptically repeated stories of crashed saucers with humanoid occupants.[30]

It was later revealed that Scully had been the victim of "two veteran confidence artists".[31] In 1952 and 1956, True magazine published articles by San Francisco Chronicle reporter John Philip Cahn[32][33] that exposed Newton and "Dr. Gee" (identified as Leo A. GeBauer) as oil con artists who had hoaxed Scully.[34]

### 1950s

[edit]

The 1950s saw an increase in both governmental and civilian investigative efforts and reports of public disinformation and suppression of evidence.

The UK Ministry of Defence's UFO Project has its roots in a study commissioned in 1950 by the MOD's then Chief Scientific Adviser, radar scientist Henry Tizard. As a result of his insistence that UFO sightings should not be dismissed without some form of proper scientific study, the department set up the Flying Saucer Working Party (or FSWP).[35]

In August 1950, Montanan baseball manager Nicholas Mariana filmed several UFOs with his color 16mm camera. Project Blue Book was called in and, after inspecting the film, Mariana claimed it was returned to him with critical footage removed, clearly showing the objects as disc-shaped. The incident sparked nationwide media attention.

In April 1952, Life Magazine published "Have We Visitors From Space?", which was sympathetic to the extraterrestrial hypothesis. The article is thought to have contributed to the 1952 UFO flap.[36]

Canadian radio engineer Wilbert B. Smith, who worked for the Canadian Department of Transport, was interested in flying saucer propulsion technology and wondered if the assertions in the just-published Scully and Keyhoe books were factual. In September 1950, he had the Canadian embassy in Washington D.C. arrange contact with U.S. officials to try to discover the truth of the matter. Smith was briefed by Robert Sarbacher, a physicist and consultant to the Defense Department's Research and Development Board. Other correspondence, having to do with Keyhoe needing to get clearance to publish another article on Smith's theories of UFO propulsion, indicated that Bush and his group were operating out of the Research and Development Board.[37] Smith then briefed superiors in the Canadian government, leading to the establishment of Project Magnet, a small Canadian government UFO research effort. Canadian documents and Smith's private papers were uncovered in the late 1970s, and by 1984, other alleged documents emerged claiming the existence of a highly secret UFO oversight committee of scientists and military people called Majestic 12, again naming Vannevar Bush. Sarbacher was also interviewed in the 1980s and corroborated the information in Smith's memos and correspondence. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, Smith granted public interviews, and among other things stated that he had been lent crashed UFO material for analysis by a highly secret U.S. government group which he wouldn't name.[38]

A few weeks after the Robertson Panel, the Air Force issued Regulation 200–2, ordering air base officers to publicly discuss UFO incidents only if they were judged to have been solved, and to classify all the unsolved cases to keep them out of the public eye. In addition, UFO investigative duties started to be taken on by the newly formed 4602nd Air Intelligence Squadron (AISS) of the Air Defense Command. The 4602nd AISS was tasked with investigating only the most important UFO cases having intelligence or national security implications. These were deliberately siphoned away from Blue Book, leaving Blue Book to deal with the more trivial reports.[39]

#### Keyhoe and The Flying Saucer Conspiracy

[edit]

Main article: The Flying Saucer Conspiracy

In 1955, Donald Keyhoe authored a new book that pointedly accused elements of the United States government of engaging in a conspiracy to cover up knowledge of flying saucers.[40] Keyhoe claims the existence of a "silence group" orchestrating this conspiracy.[41] Historian of Folklore Curtis Peebles argues: "The Flying Saucer Conspiracy marked a shift in Keyhoe's belief system. No longer were flying saucers the central theme; that now belonged to the silence group and its coverup. For the next two decades Keyhoe's beliefs about this would dominate the flying saucer myth."[41]

The book features claims of a possible discovery of an "orbiting space base" or a "moon base", knowledge of which might trigger a public panic.[42] The Flying Saucer Conspiracy also incorporated legends of the Bermuda Triangle disappearances.[41] Keyhoe sensationalized claims, ultimately stemming from optical illusions, of unusual structures on the moon.[43]

#### Carl Allen and the Philadelphia Experiment

[edit]

Main article: Philadelphia Experiment

In 1955, Morris K. Jessup achieved some notoriety with his book The Case for the UFO, in which he argued that UFOs represented a mysterious subject worthy of further study. Jessup speculated that UFOs were "exploratory craft of 'solid' and 'nebulous' character."[44] Jessup also "linked ancient monuments with prehistoric superscience".[45]

In January 1956, Jessup began receiving a series of letters from "Carlos Miguel Allende", later identified as Carl Meredith Allen.[46][47][48] "Allende" warned Jessup not to investigate the levitation of UFOs and spun a tale of a dangerous experiment in which Navy Ship was successfully made invisible, only to inexplicably teleport from Philadelphia to Norfolk, Virginia, before reappearing back in Philadelphia. The ship's crew was supposed to have suffered various side effects, including insanity, intangibility, and being "frozen" in place.[47] By 1975, the Philadelphia Experiment was being promoted by paranormal author Charles Berlitz[49] and in 1984, the legend was adapted into a fictional film.

In 1957,[50]: 67 Jessup was invited to the Office of Naval Research where he was shown an annotated copy of his book that was filled with handwritten notes in its margins, written with three different shades of blue ink, appearing to detail a debate among three individuals. They discussed ideas about the propulsion for flying saucers, alien races, and express concern that Jessup was too close to discovering their technology.[51]: 27–29, 35, 65, 80, 102, 115, 163–165 Jessup noticed the handwriting of the annotations resembled the letters he received from Allen.[52]: 9 (Twelve years later, Allen would say that he authored all of the annotations in order "to scare the hell out of Jessup.")[53]

The Jessup book with Allen's scribbled commentaries gained a life of its own when the Varo Manufacturing Corporation of Garland, Texas, who did contract work for ONR, began producing mimeographed copies of the book with Allen's annotations and Allen's letters to Jessup.[52]: 9 These copies came to be known as the "Varo edition."[54]: 6 This became the heart of many "Philadelphia Experiment" books, documentaries, and movies to come. Over the years various writers and researchers who tried to get more information from Carl Allen found his responses elusive, or could not find him at all.[55]

#### Edward Ruppelt and The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects

[edit]

Ruppelt was a captain in the US Air Force who served as director of official investigations into UFOs: Project Grudge and Project Bluebook.[56]

In 1956, Ruppelt authored The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects, a book that has been called the "most significant" of its era.[56] The book discussed the Twining memo which initiated UFO investigation and the rejected 1948 "Estimate of the Situation". Ruppelt criticized the Air Force's handling of UFOs investigations. Historian Curtis Peebles concludes that the book "should have ended the speculation about an Air Force cover-up. In fact, Ruppelt's statements were converted into support for the cover-up idea."[56]

#### Al Chop and The True Story of Flying Saucers

[edit]

In 1956, a film titled Unidentified Flying Objects: The True Story of Flying Saucers dramatized the events of the early 1950s from the point of view of Air Force press officer Albert M. Chop. Chop had served as the Press Chief for Air Materiel Command in Dayton, Ohio until 1951 when he transferred to the Pentagon to serve as the press spokesman for Project Bluebook.[57] The film incorporates interviews with actual eyewitnesses and historic footage of unidentified objects, concluding with a dramatization of the 1952 UFO flap that featured repeated sightings over Washington D.C. [57]

#### Gray Barker and the 'Men in Black'

[edit]

Main article: Men in black

1956 saw the publication of Gray Barker's They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers, the book which publicized the idea of Men in Black who appear to UFO witnesses and warn them to keep quiet. There has been continued speculation that the men in black are government agents who harass and threaten UFO witnesses.

According to the Skeptical Inquirer article "Gray Barker: My Friend, the Myth-Maker", there may have been "a grain of truth" to Barker's writings on the Men in Black, in that government agencies did attempt to discourage public interest in UFOs during the 1950s. However, Barker is thought to have greatly embellished the facts of the situation. In the same Skeptical Inquirer article, Sherwood revealed that, in the late 1960s, he and Barker collaborated on a brief fictional notice alluding to the Men in Black, which was published as fact first in Raymond A. Palmer's Flying Saucers magazine and some of Barker's own publications. In the story, Sherwood (writing as "Dr. Richard H. Pratt") claimed he was ordered to silence by the "blackmen" after learning that UFOs were time-travelling vehicles. Barker later wrote to Sherwood, "Evidently the fans swallowed this one with a gulp."[58]

### 1960s

[edit]

Throughout much of the 1960s, atmospheric physicist James E. McDonald suggested—via lectures, articles and letters—that the U.S. Government was mishandling evidence that would support the extraterrestrial hypothesis.[59] [better source needed]

#### Jacques Vallée and the "Pentacle Memorandum"

[edit]

In June 1967, researcher Jacques Vallée was tasked with organizing files collected by Project Bluebook investigator J. Allen Hynek[60][61] Among those files, Vallee found a memo dated 9 January 1953 addressed to an assistant of Edward J. Ruppelt, an Air Force officer assigned to Bluebook.[60] The memo was signed "H.C. Cross", but Vallée elected to refer to the author under the pseudonym "Pentacle".[60]

The memo referred to a previously unknown analysis of several thousand UFO reports, along with calls for agreements about "what can and what cannot be discussed" with the 1953 Roberson Panel.[60] Writing in his 1967 journal, Vallée expressed the opinion that the memo, if it were published, "would cause an even bigger uproar among foreign scientists than among Americans: it would prove the devious nature of the statements made by the Pentagon all these years about the non-existence of UFOs".[60]

### 1970s

[edit]

#### Emenegger documentary and the landing at Holloman Air Force Base

[edit]

Main article: UFOs: Past, Present, and Future

Clark cites a 1973 encounter as perhaps the earliest suggestion that the U.S. government was involved with ETs. That year, Robert Emenegger and Allan Sandler of Los Angeles, California were in contact with officials at Norton Air Force Base in order to make a documentary film. Emenegger and Sandler report that Air Force Officials (including Paul Shartle) suggested incorporating UFO information in the documentary, including as its centerpiece genuine footage of a 1971 UFO landing at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico. Furthermore, says Emenegger, he was given a tour of Holloman AFB and was shown where officials conferred with aliens. This was supposedly not the first time the U.S. had met these aliens, as Emenegger reported that his U.S. military sources had "been monitoring signals from an alien group with which they were unfamiliar, and did their ET guests know anything about them? The ETs said no" [62] The documentary was released in 1974 as UFOs: Past, Present, and Future (narrated by Rod Serling) containing only a few seconds of the Holloman UFO footage, the remainder of the landing depicted with illustrations and re-enactments.

In 1988, Shartle said that the film in question was genuine, and that he had seen it several times.

In 1976 a televised documentary report UFOs: It Has Begun[63] written by Robert Emenegger was presented by Rod Serling, Burgess Meredith and José Ferrer. Some sequences were recreated based upon the statements of eyewitness observers, together with the findings and conclusions of governmental civil and military investigations. The documentary uses a hypothetical UFO landing at Holloman AFB as a backdrop.

Emenegger's 1973 depiction of a landing at Holloman is widely noted for its "striking" similarities to Steven Spielberg's 1977 depiction of a landing at Devil's Tower in the film Close Encounters of the Third Kind.[64][65] In the 2013 documentary Mirage Men, Ufologist Richard Dolan discussed the Emenegger documentary, saying "I have wondered [if] that film, I think as many people have wondered, was an abortive attempt at some kind of 'Disclosure'.[citation needed]

#### J. Allen Hynek and "Cosmic Watergate"

[edit]

J. Allen Hynek was an American astronomer who served as scientific advisor to UFO studies undertaken by the U.S. Air Force under three projects: Project Sign (1947–1949), Project Grudge (1949–1951) and Project Blue Book (1952–1969) [66] Hynek had drawn ridicule for his most famous debunking, in which he suggests a  mass-sighting over Michigan may have been caused by "swamp gas".[67]

By 1974, the former skeptic was publicly charging that Bluebook was "a Cosmic Watergate".[68] Hynek claimed 20% of Bluebook cases were unexplained. Fellow Ufologist like Stanton Friedman echoed Hynek's "Cosmic Watergate" accusations.[69]

#### Alternative 3 and a secret space program

[edit]

Jerome Clark comments that many UFO conspiracy theory tales "can be traced to a mock documentary Alternative 3, broadcast on British television on June 20, 1977 (but intended for April Fools' Day), and subsequently turned into a paperback book."[70]

According to the fictional research presented in the episode, it was claimed that missing scientists were involved in a secret American/Soviet plan in outer space, and further suggested that interplanetary space travel had been possible for much longer than was commonly accepted. The episode featured a fictional Apollo astronaut who claims to have stumbled on a mysterious lunar base during his moonwalk.

It was claimed that scientists had determined that the Earth's surface would be unable to support life for much longer, due to pollution leading to catastrophic climate change. Physicist "Dr Carl Gerstein" (played by Richard Marner) claimed to have proposed in 1957 that there were three alternatives to this problem. The first alternative was the drastic reduction of the human population on Earth. The second alternative was the construction of vast underground shelters to house government officials and a cross section of the population until the climate had stabilized. The third alternative, the so-called "Alternative 3", was to populate Mars via a way station on the Moon.[71] The final moments of the film feature the discovery of animal life on the surface of Mars.

#### Paul Bennewitz

[edit]

The late 1970s also saw the beginning of controversy centered on Paul Bennewitz of Albuquerque, New Mexico.[72] [73][better source needed]

### 1980s

[edit]

#### Jesse Marcel and Roswell conspiracy theories

[edit]

Main article: Roswell Incident

In February 1978, UFO researcher Stanton Friedman interviewed Jesse Marcel, the only person known to have accompanied the Roswell debris from where it was recovered to Fort Worth where reporters saw material that was claimed to be part of the recovered object. Marcel's statements contradicted those he made to the press in 1947.[74]

In November 1979, Marcel's first filmed interview was featured in a documentary titled "UFO's Are Real", co-written by Friedman.[75] The film had a limited release but was later syndicated for broadcasting. On February 28, 1980, sensationalist tabloid the National Enquirer brought large-scale attention to the Marcel story.[76] On September 20, 1980, the TV series In Search of... aired an interview where Marcel described his participation in the 1947 press conference:

"They wanted some comments from me, but I wasn't at liberty to do that. So, all I could do is keep my mouth shut. And General Ramey is the one who discussed – told the newspapers, I mean the newsman, what it was, and to forget about it. It is nothing more than a weather observation balloon. Of course, we both knew differently."[75][77]

Marcel gave a final interview to HBO's America Undercover which aired in August 1985.[78] In all his statements, Marcel consistently denied the presence of bodies.[79] Between 1978 and the early 1990s, UFO researchers such as Stanton T. Friedman, William Moore, Karl T. Pflock, and the team of Kevin D. Randle and Donald R. Schmitt interviewed several dozen people who claimed to have had a connection with the events at Roswell in 1947.[80]

In the 1990s, the US military published two reports disclosing the true nature of the crashed aircraft: a surveillance balloon from Project Mogul. Nevertheless, the Roswell incident continues to be of interest to the media, and conspiracy theories surrounding the event persist. Roswell has been described as "the world's most famous, most exhaustively investigated and most thoroughly debunked UFO claim".[81]

#### Gordon Cooper

[edit]

By 1981,[82][better source needed] astronaut Gordon Cooper reported suppression of a flying saucer movie filmed in high clarity by two Edwards AFB range photographers on May 3, 1957. Cooper said he viewed developed negatives of the object, clearly showing a dish-like object with a dome on top and something like holes or ports in the dome. When later interviewed by James McDonald, the photographers and another witness confirmed the story. Cooper said military authorities then picked up the film and neither he nor the photographers ever heard what happened to it. The incident was also reported in a few newspapers, such as the Los Angeles Times. The official explanation was that the photographers had filmed a weather balloon distorted by hot desert air.[83][better source needed]

#### Majestic 12

[edit]

The so-called Majestic 12 documents surfaced in 1982, suggesting that there was secret, high-level U.S. government interest in UFOs dating to the 1940s. Upon examination, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) declared the documents to be "completely bogus", and many ufologists consider them to be an elaborate hoax.[84][85]

The term "Extraterrestrial Biological Entities" (or EBEs) was used in the MJ-12 documents.[86]

#### Linda Moulton Howe and cattle mutilations

[edit]

Linda Moulton Howe is an advocate of conspiracy theories that cattle mutilations are of extraterrestrial origin and speculations that the U.S. government is involved with aliens.[87][88][89][90]

#### George C. Andrews and Milton William Cooper

[edit]

In 1986, conspiracy theorist George C. Andrews authored Extra-Terrestrials Among Us, accusing the CIA of the Kennedy assassination.[91][92] Scholar of extremism Michael Barkun notes that "Andrew's political views are almost indistinguishable from those associated with militias, only his placement of extraterrestrials at the pinnacle of conspiracies identifies him as a ufologist." [91] According to Barkun, "the publication of Extra-Terrestrials Among Us marked the beginning of a feverish period of UFO conspiracism, from 1986 to 1989.[91]

Citing Andrews as a source, in 1991 the UFO conspiracy author Bill Cooper published the influential conspiracy work Behold a Pale Horse which claimed that Kennedy was killed after he "informed Majestic 12 that he intended to reveal the presence of aliens to the American people".[93][94] Behold a Pale Horse became 'wildly popular' with conspiracy theorists and went on to be one of the most-read books in the US prison system.[95] According to Michael Barkun, the theories of Andrews and Cooper helped create "a conspiracist form of UFO speculation, which Jerome Clark refers to as ufology's 'dark side'."[91]

#### Bob Lazar and Area 51

[edit]

In 1980, the term "Area 51" was used in the popular press after Delta Force trained there for Operation Eagle Claw, the failed attempt to rescue American hostages in Iran.[96] Press again discussed the site in 1984 after the government seized adjacent land.[97]

In November 1989, Bob Lazar appeared in a special interview with investigative reporter George Knapp on Las Vegas TV station KLAS to discuss his alleged employment at S-4.[98] In his interview with Knapp, Lazar said he first thought the saucers were secret, terrestrial aircraft, whose test flights must have been responsible for many UFO reports. Gradually, on closer examination and from having been shown multiple briefing documents, Lazar came to the conclusion that the discs must have been of extraterrestrial origin. He claims that they use moscovium, an element that decays in a fraction of a second, to warp space, and that "Grey" aliens are from the Zeta Reticuli star system. According to the Los Angeles Times, he never obtained the degrees he claims to hold from MIT and Caltech.[99][100] By 1991, Nevada press reported tourists traveling to the Groom Lake region in hopes of glimpsing UFOs.[101]

#### UFO Cover-Up?: Live!

[edit]

On October 14, 1988, actor Mike Farrell hosted U.S. UFO Cover-Up: Live!, a two-hour television special "focusing on the government's handling of information regarding UFOs" and "whether there has been any suppression of evidence supporting the existence of UFOs".[102][103][104][105][106][107]

### 1990s

[edit]

The Branton Files are a series of documents espousing various conspiracy theories circulated on the internet since at least the mid-1990s. They are most often attributed to Bruce Alan Walton who claims to have been a victim of alien abduction and had contact through "altered states of consciousness" with humans "living in the inner earth". The files have been characterized as "high fantasy" filled with "complex and convoluted conspiracism".[108][109][110]

#### Phil Schneider and Dulce Base

[edit]

In 1995, a man calling himself Philip Schneider made a few appearances at UFO conventions, espousing essentially a new version of the theories mentioned above. Schneider claimed to be the son of U-boat commander who was captured by the allies and switched sides. According to Schneider, his father has been part of the Philadelphia Experiment. Schneider claimed to have played a role in the construction of Deep Underground Military Bases (DUMBs) across the United States, and as a result he said that he had been exposed to classified information of various sorts as well as having personal experiences with EBEs. He claimed to have survived the Dulce Base catastrophe and decided to tell his tale.[111]

According to folklore,[better source needed] Schneider died on January 17, 1996, in a death ruled a suicide, though some of his followers reportedly believed he may have been murdered.[112][better source needed]

### 2000s

[edit]

2003 saw the publication of Alien Encounters (ISBN 1-57821-205-7), by Chuck Missler and Mark Eastman, which primarily re-stated the notions presented above (especially Cooper's) and presents them as fact. [citation needed]

#### MoD secret files

[edit]

Eight files from 1978 to 1987 on UFO sightings were first released on May 14, 2008, to the National Archives' website by the British Ministry of Defence. Two hundred files were set to be made public by 2012. The files are correspondence from the public sent to government officials, such as the MoD and Margaret Thatcher. The information can be downloaded.[113] Copies of Lt. Col. Halt's letter regarding the sighting at RAF Woodbridge (see above[where?]) to the U.K. Ministry of Defence were routinely released (without additional comment) by the USA's base public affairs staff throughout the 1980s until the base closed. The MoD released the files due to requests under the Freedom of Information Act.[114] The files included reports of "lights in the sky" from Britons.[115]

#### Disclosure

[edit]

In the early 2000s, the concept of "disclosure" became increasingly popular in the UFO conspiracy community: that the government had classified and withheld information on alien contact and full disclosure was needed, and was pursued by activist lobbying groups.

In 1993, Steven M. Greer founded the Disclosure Project to promote the concept. In May 2001, Greer held a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. that demanded Congress hold hearings on "secret U.S. involvement with UFOs and extraterrestrials".[116][117][118] It was described by an attending BBC reporter as "the strangest ever news conference hosted by Washington's august National Press Club".[119] The Disclosure Project's claims were met with by derision by skeptics and spokespeople for the U. S. Air Force.[120][121]

In 2013, the production company CHD2, LLC[122] held a "Citizen Hearing on Disclosure" at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. from 29 April to 3 May 2013. The group paid former U.S. Senator Mike Gravel and former Representatives Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick, Roscoe Bartlett, Merrill Cook, Darlene Hooley, and Lynn Woolsey $20,000 each to participate, and to preside over panels of academics and former government and military officials discussing UFOs and extraterrestrials.[123]

Other such groups include Citizens Against UFO Secrecy, founded in 1977.

The name of the German website Disclose.tv, which was initially a conspiracy forum focused on UFOs, ghosts and paranormal phenomena, references the concept.[124]

## Allegations of evidence suppression

[edit]

Allegations of suppression of UFO related evidence have persisted for many decades. Some conspiracy theories also claim that some governments might have removed and/or destroyed/suppressed physical evidence; some examples follow.

On July 7, 1947, William Rhodes photographed an unusual object over Phoenix, Arizona.[125] The photos appeared in a Phoenix newspaper and a few other papers. An Army Air Force intelligence officer and an FBI agent interviewed Rhodes on August 29 and convinced him to surrender the negatives, which he did the next day. He was informed he would not get them back, but later he tried, unsuccessfully, to retrieve them.[126][127] The photos were analyzed and subsequently appeared in some classified Air Force UFO intelligence reports. (Randle, 34–45, full account)[128]

A June 27, 1950, movie of a "flying disk" over Louisville, Kentucky, taken by a Louisville Courier-Journal photographer, had the USAF Directors of counterintelligence (AFOSI) and intelligence discussing in memos how to best obtain the movie and interview the photographer without revealing Air Force interest. One memo suggested the FBI be used, then precluded the FBI getting involved. Another memo said "it would be nice if OSI could arrange to secure a copy of the film in some covert manner," but if that was not feasible, one of the Air Force scientists might have to negotiate directly with the newspaper.[citation needed] In a recent interview, the photographer confirmed meeting with military intelligence and still having the film in his possession until then, but refused to say what happened to the film after that.[129]

In another 1950 movie incident from Montana, Nicholas Mariana filmed some unusual aerial objects and eventually turned the film over to the U.S. Air Force, but insisted that the first part of the film, clearly showing the objects as spinning discs, had been removed when it was returned to him.[130]

On January 22, 1958, when NICAP director Donald Keyhoe appeared on CBS television, his statements on UFOs were censored by the Air Force. During the show when Keyhoe tried to depart from the censored script to "reveal something that has never been disclosed before," CBS cut the sound, later stating Keyhoe was about to violate "predetermined security standards" and about to say something he was not "authorized to release." Conspiracy theorists claim that what Keyhoe was about to reveal were four publicly unknown military studies concluding UFOs were interplanetary (including the 1948 Project Sign Estimate of the Situation and Blue Book's 1952 engineering analysis of UFO motion). (Good, 286–287; Dolan 293–295)[131][132]

A March 1, 1967 memo directed to all USAF divisions, from USAF Lt. General Hewitt Wheless, Assistant Vice Chief of Staff, stated that unverified information indicated that unknown individuals, impersonating USAF officers and other military personnel, had been harassing civilian UFO witnesses, warning them not to talk, and also confiscating film, referring specifically to the Heflin incident. AFOSI was to be notified if any personnel were to become aware of any other incidents. (Document in Fawcett & Greenwood, 236.)[133]

According to one theory related to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the CIA killed Kennedy in order to prevent him from leaking information to the Soviet Union about a covert program to reverse-engineer alien technology (i.e., Majestic 12).[134]

Nick Cook, an aviation investigative journalist for Jane's Information Group and researcher of Billion Dollar Secret[135] and author of The Hunt for Zero Point[136] claims to have uncovered documentary evidence that top-secret US Defense Industry technology has been developed by government-backed Defense Industry programs, beginning in the 1940s using research conducted by Nazi scientists during WWII and recovered by Allied Military Intelligence, then taken to the U.S. and developed further with the collaboration of the same former German scientists at top-secret facilities established at White Sands, New Mexico, and later at Area 51, allegedly resulting in production of real-world prototype operational supersonic craft actually tested and used in clandestine military exercises, with other developments incorporated later into spy aircraft tasked with overflying hostile countries: the UFO story that evidence of alien technology is being suppressed and removed or destroyed was generated and then promoted by the CIA, beginning 1947, as false-lead disinformation to cover it all up for the sake of National Security, particularly during the Cold War, at a time when (his investigations found) the Soviet Union too was developing its own top-secret high-tech UFO craft. Cook's conclusions, alleging suppression of evidence of advanced human technology instead of alien, together with what he presents as declassified top-secret documents and blueprints, and his interviews of various experts (some of doubtful reliability), was developed and broadcast as a feature documentary on British television in 2005 as "UFOs: The Secret Evidence" and in the US in 2006 as a two-part episode on the History Channel's UFO Files, retitled "An Alien History of Planet Earth", with an added introduction by actor William Shatner. The History Channel program teaser promised "...a look at rumors of classified military aircraft incorporating alien technology into their designs."

In 2013, Sen. Mike Gravel claimed that the government was suppressing evidence of extraterrestrials.[137]

Benjamin Radford has pointed out how unlikely such suppression of evidence is given that "[t]he UFO coverup conspiracy would have to span decades, cross international borders, and transcend political administrations" and that "all of the world's governments, in perpetuity, regardless of which political party is in power and even among enemies, [would] have colluded to continue the coverup."[138]

## In popular fiction

[edit]

Works of popular fiction have included premises and scenes in which a government intentionally prevents disclosure to its populace of the discovery of non-human, extraterrestrial intelligence. Motion picture examples include 2001: A Space Odyssey (as well as the earlier novel by Arthur C. Clarke),[139][140] Easy Rider,[141] the Steven Spielberg films Close Encounters of the Third Kind and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Hangar 18, Total Recall, Men in Black, and Independence Day. Television series and films including The X-Files, Dark Skies, and Stargate have also featured efforts by governments to conceal information about extraterrestrial beings. The plot of the Sidney Sheldon novel The Doomsday Conspiracy involves a UFO conspiracy.[142]

In March 2001, former astronaut and United States Senator John Glenn appeared on an episode of the TV series Frasier playing a fictional version of himself who confesses to a UFO coverup.[143]

## See also

[edit]

* Alien abduction
* Area 51
* Brookings Report
* Cattle mutilation
* Crop circle
* Flying saucer
* List of alleged extraterrestrial beings
* List of major UFO sightings
* Men in black
* Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience
* Project Blue Book
* Rendlesham Forest incident
* Roswell incident
* Storm Area 51

## Notes and references

[edit]

Footnotes

1. ^ 99.99 feet (30.47695 m) to be exact.

Citations

1. ^ a b Robertson, David G. (2021). "They Knew Too Much: The Entangled History of Conspiracy Theories, UFOs, and New Religions". In Zeller, Ben (ed.). Handbook of UFO Religions. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 20\. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 178–196. doi:10.1163/9789004435537_009. ISBN 978-90-04-43437-0. ISSN 1874-6691. S2CID 234923615. Archived from the original on 2021-07-22. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
2. ^ "Cold War hysteria sparked UFO obsession, study finds". The Guardian. May 5, 2002. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
3. ^ Keane, Isabel (23 May 2023). "Stanford prof Garry Nolan says aliens are '100%' living among us". New York Post. Retrieved 11 June 2023. "The most recent [whistle-blowing incident that] happened was just last weekend, and it created quite a hornet's nest in Washington."
4. ^ Eberhart, Chris (27 May 2023). "Aliens 'have been on Earth a long time': Stanford Professor". Fox News. Retrieved 11 June 2023. "There are experts working on reverse engineering unknown crashed crafts."
5. ^ "Aliens exist and Trump knows this but won't say anything in case we panic, claims Israeli scientist". The Independent. 2020-12-09. Archived from the original on 2020-12-12. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
6. ^ David, Leonard. "Gordon Cooper Touts New Book Leap of Faith". Space.com. Archived from the original on 27 July 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
7. ^ Martin, Robert Scott. "Gordon Cooper: No Mercury UFO". Space.com. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
8. ^ Dunning, Brian. "Skeptoid #218: The Astronauts and the Aliens". Skeptoid. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
9. ^ Kreidler, Marc (January 1, 2009). "UFOs and Aliens in Space | Skeptical Inquirer". Archived from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
10. ^ Michael Barkun (15 August 2013). Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. University of California Press. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-0-520-95652-0. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
11. ^ Barna William Donovan (20 July 2011). Conspiracy Films: A Tour of Dark Places in the American Conscious. McFarland. pp. 50–. ISBN 978-0-7864-8615-1. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
12. ^ Joe Nickell (24 October 2001). Real-Life X-Files: Investigating the Paranormal. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 120–. ISBN 0-8131-7083-4. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
13. ^ Olmsted 2009, p. 184
14. ^ a b c d e Bloecher, Ted (1967). Report on the UFO Wave of 1947.
15. ^ ""Disc" Found In Yard Here Causes "Stir"". The Times-News. 11 Jul 1947. p. 2 - via Newspapers.com.
16. ^ "Twin Falls Falling Disc Proves Ingenious Hoax Of 4 Teen-age Boys". Deseret News. 12 Jul 1947. p. 9 - via Newspapers.com.
17. ^ a b Jacobs, David Michael (2000). UFOs and Abductions: Challenging the Borders of Knowledge. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 9780700610327. Archived from the original on 2021-05-04. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
18. ^ "5 Apr 1949, Page 6 - Star Tribune at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
19. ^ "7 Apr 1949, 2 - The Florence Herald at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
20. ^ "1949 Walter Winchell Flying Saucers from Russia Air Force denial Long Beach independent CA April 8". Independent. 8 April 1949. p. 1\. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
21. ^ Newton, Michael (June 8, 2015). The FBI Encyclopedia. McFarland. ISBN 9781476604176. Archived from the original on December 25, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021 - via Google Books.
22. ^ a b Gulyas, Aaron John (November 8, 2021). Conspiracy and Triumph: Theories of a Victorious Future for the Faithful. McFarland. ISBN 9781476680767. Archived from the original on December 23, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2021 - via Google Books.
23. ^ a b Peebles, Curtis (December 25, 1995). Watch the Skies!: A Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth. Berkley Books. ISBN 9780425151174. Archived from the original on December 23, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2021 - via Google Books.
24. ^ "19 Mar 1950, 1 - The Tribune at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
25. ^ "The spokesman categorically denied that the Air Force was denying the existence of flying saucers to cover up some of its own experiments in space ships and similar air machines."
26. ^ Scully, Frank (12 October 1949). "One Flying Saucer Lands In New Mexico". Variety. New York.
27. ^ Scully, Frank (23 November 1949). "Flying Saucers Dismantled, Secrets May Be Lost". Variety. New York.
28. ^ "Variety (November 1949)". New York, NY. December 25, 1949 - via Internet Archive.
29. ^ Reece, Gregory L. (2007). UFO Religion: Inside Flying Saucer Cults and Culture. London; New York: I. B. Tauris. p. 34\. ISBN 978-1-845-11451-0.
30. ^ "Science: Visitors from Venus". Time. 9 January 1950.
31. ^ "J. P. Cahn exposé, True Magazine, 1952" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 30, 2013.
32. ^ Cahn, J.P. (September 1952). "The Flying Saucers and the Mysterious Little Men" (PDF). True. pp. 17–19, 102–112. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
33. ^ Cahn, J.P. (August 1956). "Flying Saucer Swindlers" (PDF). True. pp. 36–37, 69–72. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
34. ^ Bartholomew, Robert E.; Howard, George S. (1998). UFOs & Alien Contact: Two Centuries of Mystery. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-573-92200-5.
35. ^ "Nick Pope, UFOs: An Official History". Archived from the original on September 20, 2013.
36. ^ Mazur, Allan (July 5, 2017). "Implausible Beliefs: In the Bible, Astrology, and UFOs". Routledge - via Google Books.
37. ^ "Wilbert Smith UFO papers". www.roswellproof.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
38. ^ "Roswell flower tape". www.roswellproof.com. Archived from the original on April 8, 2009.
39. ^ Dolan, Richard M. (2002). UFOS and the national security state : chronology of a cover-up 1941–1973. Hampton Roads Pub. Co. pp. 210-211. ISBN 978-1571743176.
40. ^ Keyhoe, Donald Edward (1955). The Flying Saucer Conspiracy. ISBN 9781523928668.
41. ^ a b c Peebles, p. 111-113
42. ^ Keyhoe, p. 37
43. ^ "A Natural Land Bridge on The Moon". www.amusingplanet.com.
44. ^ David Richie, UFO: The Definitive Guide to Unidentified Flying Objects and Related Phenomena, (New York: Facts on File, 1994), p. 116.
45. ^ Clark, p. 210.
46. ^ "Philadelphia Experiment: Office of Naval Research Information Sheet". Naval History and Heritage Command. 1996-09-08. Archived from the original on 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
47. ^ a b Allen, Carl M. (1956). "The Carl Allen Letters". The Philadelphia Experiment From A–Z. Archived from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
48. ^ Hochheimer, Andrew H. "Carlos Miguel Allende or Carl Meredith Allen or..." The Philadelphia Experiment From A–Z. Archived from the original on 2020-05-20. Retrieved 2021-07-10.
49. ^ "12 Jan 1975, Page 24 - The Greenville News at". Newspapers.com. 1975-01-12. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
50. ^ Moore, William L. (1990) [1979]. The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility. in consultation with Berlitz, Charles. New York: Fawcett Crest; Ballantine. ISBN 9780449214718. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
51. ^ Jessup, Morris K. (2003) [1955]. The Case for the UFO: Unidentified Flying Objects. Varo Edition. Castelnau-Barbarens, France: Quantum Future Group. Retrieved 2021-07-18 - via The Internet Archive.
52. ^ a b Varo Manufacturing Company (2003) [1955]. Introduction. The Case for the UFO: Unidentified Flying Objects. By Jessup, Morris K. Varo Edition. Castelnau-Barbarens, France: Quantum Future Group. pp. 8–10. Retrieved 2021-07-18 - via The Internet Archive.
53. ^ "Allende Letters a Hoax". The A.P.R.O. Bulletin. Tucson, Arizona: Aerial Phenomena Research Organization. July–August 1969. pp. 1, 3. Archived from the original on 2021-07-18. Retrieved 2021-07-18 - via The Philadelphia Experiment From A–Z.
54. ^ Steiger, Brad (1968). "The Mysterious Allende Letters". The Allende Letters. New York: Universal Publishing. pp. 4–9. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
55. ^ "Carlos Allende and his Philadelphia Experiment". windmill-slayer.tripod.com.
56. ^ a b c Peebles, p. 113
57. ^ a b Lewis, James R. (December 2000). UFOs and Popular Culture: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Mythology. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-57607-375-9.
58. ^ John C. Sherwood. "Gray Barker: My Friend, the Myth-Maker" Archived 2011-05-12 at the Wayback Machine. Skeptical Inquirer. May/June 1998. Retrieved on June 19, 2008.
59. ^ see James E. McDonald: External links.
60. ^ a b c d e Jacques Vallee, Forbidden Science
61. ^ The Phenomenon (2020)
62. ^ Clark The UFO Book, p. 144
63. ^ UFOS: It Has Begun, Producer Allan F. Sandler, Director Ray Rivas, Writer Robert Emenegger, 1976, Featuring Rod Serling, Special Appearances by José Ferrer and Burgess Meredith – VCI Sci-Fi DVD Double Feature: UFOs: It Has Begun / UFO Syndrome, Distributed by VCI Entertainment http://www.vcient.com Archived 2019-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
64. ^ Meehan, Paul (1998). Saucer Movies: A UFOlogical History of the Cinema. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810835733.
65. ^ "Network joins search for 'truth'". Florida Today. 3 November 2002. p. 60.
66. ^ "The J. Allen Hynek Center for UFO Studies". Retrieved February 10, 2008.
67. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=5PDWAAAAMAA [permanent dead link]
68. ^ Terence Dickinson (22 January 1974). "UFO Center Set UP to End 'Buffoonery'". Florida Today. pp. 4A.
69. ^ Bob Matyi (18 October 1977). "Anyone there? UFOs are real, says physicist". Evansville Courier and Press. p. 1.
70. ^ Clark The UFO Book, p. 213–14
71. ^ "Richard's Room 101". binnallofamerica.com. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
72. ^ see Paul Bennewitz: References and External Links.
73. ^ see Mirage Men by Mark Pilkington & Project Beta by Greg Bishop
74. ^ "New Mexico Rancher's 'Flying Disk' Proves to Be Weather Balloon-Kite". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Fort Worth, TX. 1947-07-09. pp. 1, 4.
75. ^ a b "UFO's Are Real" - via IMDb.
76. ^ Clary, David A. (January 22, 2001). Before and After Roswell: The Flying Saucer in America, 1947–1999. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781462841295 - via Google Books.
77. ^ "Aliens Changed Roswell, Even Without Proof". ABC News.
78. ^ "UFO's: What's Going On?". September 10, 1985 - via IMDb.
79. ^ The Skeptical Inquirer. Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. April 29, 1998 - via Google Books.
80. ^ Korff, Kal (August 1997). "What Really Happened at Roswell". Skeptical Inquirer. 21 (4). Archived from the original on April 18, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
81. ^ Gildenberg, B.D. (2003). "A Roswell requiem". Skeptic. 10 (1): 60.
82. ^ Beckley, Timothy Green (June 1987). Riddle of Hangar Eighteen. Health Research Books. ISBN 9780787312060.
83. ^ "McDonald, 1968 Congressional testimony, Case 41" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-24.
84. ^ Donovan, Barna William (2011-07-20). Conspiracy Films: A Tour of Dark Places in the American Conscious. McFarland. pp. 107–. ISBN 9780786486151. Archived from the original on 2016-10-05. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
85. ^ "FBI – Majestic 12 Part 1 of 1". An FBI archive containing details of "Majestic 12". Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2011.
86. ^ "31 May 1987, 11 - Evansville Courier and Press at". Newspapers.com. 1987-05-31. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
87. ^ Peter Knight (2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 125–. ISBN 978-1-57607-812-9. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
88. ^ Michael Barkun (4 May 2006). A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. University of California Press. pp. 86–. ISBN 978-0-520-24812-0. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
89. ^ Nancy Lusignan, ed. (1 September 1998). Fear Itself: Enemies Real and Imagined in American Culture. Purdue University Press. pp. 415–. ISBN 978-1-55753-115-5. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
90. ^ Richard Landes (6 July 2000). Encyclopedia of Millennialism and Millennial Movements. Taylor & Francis. pp. 731–. ISBN 978-0-415-92246-3. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
91. ^ a b c d Barkun, Michael (November 7, 2003). A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. University of California Press. pp. 87–99, 137–38, 147. ISBN 9780520238053. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2021 - via Google Books.
92. ^ Andrews, George Clinton (December 10, 1986). Extra-terrestrials Among Us. Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 9780875420103. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2021 - via Google Books.
93. ^ Goldberg, Robert Alan (October 1, 2008). Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300132946. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2021 - via Google Books.
94. ^ Cooper, William (April 11, 2012). Behold a Pale Horse. Light Technology Publishing. ISBN 9781622335022. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2021 - via Google Books.
95. ^ Williams, John (September 2, 2018). "Tell Us 5 Things About Your Book: A Godfather of Conspiracy Thinking". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2021.
96. ^ "The Miami Herald 29 Apr 1980, page 14". Newspapers.com.
97. ^ "Subscription". Retrieved 2023-04-06. "At Rainier Mesa, west of Area 51, the Department of Energy and Department of Defense conduct nuclear weapons effects tests in huge tunnels. In February, a cave-in at the mesa killed one worker and injured 14 others."
98. ^ KLAS-TV: 8 News Now: George Knapp, Investigative Reporter: "Bob Lazar The Man Behind Area 51: NEW: Area 51 Exposed Archived 2015-02-23 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 21 March 2013
99. ^ Los Angeles Times: May 6, 1993, Rivenberg, Ray, "Unusually Fanatical Observers Ike Struck Deal With Aliens!"
100. ^ The Presidents UFO Website: The True Story of Area 51: A Look at the Actual Evidence[usurped], Written by Grant Cameron, Monday, 03 October 2011 18:29 retrieved 21 March 2013
101. ^ "The Los Angeles Times 20 Mar 1991, page Page 49". Newspapers.com.
102. ^ "UFO Cover-Up?... Live (1988". Turner Classic Movies. Turner Classic Movies, Inc. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
103. ^ Skvarla, Robert (May 17, 2022). "The Cover-Up Behind UFO Cover-Up? Live!". Diabolique Magazine.
104. ^ Lear, Charles (October 16, 2022). "Behind the Scenes of UFO Cover-Up? Live!". Podcast UFO Live.
105. ^ John, Voland (September 22, 1988). "TV & Video". Los Angeles Times.
106. ^ Hastings, Robert (June 1989). "The MJ-12 Affair: Facts, Questions, Comments" (PDF). MUFON UFO Journal June 1989 Number 254. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-21.
107. ^ Clark, Kenneth R. (October 13, 1988). "Mike Farrell Looks Into UFOs". Chicago Tribune.
108. ^ Michael Barkun (15 August 2013). Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. University of California Press. pp. 123–. ISBN 978-0-520-95652-0.
109. ^ Aaron John Gulyas (25 January 2016). Conspiracy Theories: The Roots, Themes and Propagation of Paranoid Political and Cultural Narratives. McFarland. pp. 173–. ISBN 978-0-7864-9726-3.
110. ^ David G. Robertson (25 February 2016). UFOs, Conspiracy Theories and the New Age: Millennial Conspiracism. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 145–. ISBN 978-1-4742-5322-2.
111. ^ "The Phil Schneider Story". APFN. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
112. ^ "Message from ex-wife of Phil Schneider". www.apfn.org. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-12-16.
113. ^ UFO files from The National Archives Archived 2008-07-28 at the Wayback Machine at www.nationalarchives.gov.uk
114. ^ "Files released on UFO sightings". BBC News. 2008-05-14. Archived from the original on 2008-07-20. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
115. ^ "The truth is out there: Britons 'spotted' UFOs, records say". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013.
116. ^ Duin, Julia (11 May 2001). "Government is covering up UFO evidence, group says". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2001. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
117. ^ "They're Here; UFO watchers to reveal proof that aliens have visited Earth". The Daily Record. May 9, 2001. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
118. ^ Katelynn Raymer; David Ruppe (10 May 2001). "Group Calls for Disclosure of UFO Info". ABC News. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
119. ^ "UFO spotters slam 'US cover-up'". BBC News. May 10, 2001. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
120. ^ Kehnemui, Sharon (May 10, 2001). "Men in Suits See Aliens as Part of Solution, Not Problem". Fox News. Archived from the original on 2013-08-25. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
121. ^ McCullagh, Declan (May 10, 2001). "Ooo-WEE-ooo Fans Come to D.C." Wired News. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
122. ^ "The Citizen Hearing on Disclosure". Official Citizen Hearing on Disclosure website. Archived from the original on 2017-05-15. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
123. ^ "Visitors From Outer Space, Real or Not, Are Focus of Discussion in Washington". The New York Times. May 3, 2013. Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
124. ^ Thomas, W. F. (12 January 2022). "Disclose.tv: Conspiracy Forum Turned Disinformation Factory". Logically. Retrieved 2022-10-26. "The name "Disclose" references the concept within UFO enthusiast circles of "disclosure," the time when the government will confirm the existence of aliens and release information regarding them."
125. ^ "Rhodes_Phoenix". www.roswellproof.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-15. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
126. ^ http://bluebookarchive.org/page.aspx?PageCode=NARA-PBB1-913 [dead link]
127. ^ http://bluebookarchive.org/page.aspx?PageCode=NARA-PBB1-920 [dead link]
128. ^ Roswell: Randle and Schmitt
* Kevin Randle & Donald Schmitt, UFO Crash at Roswell, 1991; The Truth About the UFO Crash at Roswell, 1994
* see also Kouff, Kal (August 1997). "What Really Happened at Roswell". Skeptical Inquirer. 21 (4). Archived from the original on April 18, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
129. ^ "Strange rocket-like UFO over California/Nevada, June 24, 1950". roswellproof.homestead.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008. Retrieved March 20, 2009.
130. ^ Clark The UFO Book, p. 398
131. ^ Ghost Rockets:
* Timothy Good, Above Top Secret, 1988, William Morrow & Co., ISBN 0-688-09202-0
* Timothy Good, Need to Know: UFOs, the Military, and Intelligence, 2007, Pegasus Books, ISBN 978-1-933648-38-5
* Donald Keyhoe, Aliens From Space, 1973, Doubleday & Co., ISBN 0-385-06751-8
* Jenny Randles, UFO Retrievals: The Recovery of Alien Spacecraft, 1985, Blandford Press, ISBN 0-7137-2493-5
* Reuben Stone, Alien Worlds, 1993, Longmeadow Press, ISBN 0-681-45414-8 (Contains photo of search for ghost rocket seen crashing in Lake Kölmjärv)
132. ^ Richard M. Dolan, UFOs and the National Security State: Chronology of a Cover-up 1941–1973, 2002, ISBN 1-57174-317-0.
133. ^ Lawrence Fawcett and Barry J. Greenwood, The UFO Cover-Up (originally Clear Intent), New York: Fireside Books (Simon & Schuster), 1992, ISBN 0-671-76555-8
134. ^ Speigel, Lee (April 18, 2011). "The JFK-UFO Connection: Bogus Documents or Unanswered Questions?". AOL News. Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
135. ^ "Into the Black". The Atlantic. September 5, 2002. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016.
136. ^ Kleiner, Kurt (August 6, 2002). ""The Hunt for Zero Point" by Nick Cook". Salon. Archived from the original on January 15, 2011. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
137. ^ "Out there: Former Sen. Mike Gravel says White House suppressing evidence of ETs". Yahoo! News/ABC News. 2013-05-03. Archived from the original on 2013-05-03. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
138. ^ Radford, Benjamin (2018). "The Phantom Menace of UFO Revelation". Skeptical Inquirer. 42 (4): 28–29.
139. ^ Remembering the space age: Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Conference. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160867118. Archived from the original on 2021-12-25. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
140. ^ 2001: A Space Odyssey. Penguin. September 2000. ISBN 9781101664155.
141. ^ McGilligan, Patrick (January 26, 1996). Jack's Life: A Biography of Jack Nicholson. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393313789. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2021 - via Google Books.
142. ^ "THE DOOMSDAY CONSPIRACY by Sidney Sheldon". Kirkus Reviews. Kirkus Media LLC. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
143. ^ "Watch John Glenn's Appearance on 'Frasier'". Entertainment Weekly.

Bibliography

* Olmsted, Kathryn S. (2009). Chapter 6: Trust No One: Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories from the 1970s to the 1990s. Oxford University Press. pp. 173–204. ISBN 978-0-19-975395-6. Retrieved 2016-03-16. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)

## Further reading

[edit]

* Barkun, Michael (2003). A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. University of California Press; 1 edition. ISBN 978-0-520-23805-3.
* Peebles, Curtis. Watch the Skies! A Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth. Washington, DC:Smithsonian Institution, 1994. ISBN 1-56098-343-4.

## External links

[edit]

* CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947–90 Archived 2019-10-01 at the Wayback Machine
* National Security Agency UFO Documents Index Archived 2015-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
* 20th Century UFO Conspiracies, a lecture by Emory University Professor Felix Harcourt

* v
* t
* e

UFOs

* Ufology

Claimed sightings|

| General|

* List of reported UFO sightings
* Sightings in outer space

|

Pre-20th century|

* Ezekiel's Wheel (circa 622–570 BC)
* Airship of Clonmacnoise (740s)
* 1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg
* 1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel
* 1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund
* José Bonilla observation (1883)
* Airship wave (1896–97)
* Aurora (1897)

20th century|

* Los Angeles (1942)
* Ängelholm UFO memorial (1946)
* Kenneth Arnold (1947)
* 1947 craze
* Flight 105 (1947)
* Roswell (1947)
* Rhodes (1947)
* Mantell (1948)
* Chiles-Whitted (1948)
* Gorman Dogfight (1948)
* Mariana (1950)
* McMinnville photographs (1950)
* Sperry (1950)
* Lubbock Lights (1951)
* Nash-Fortenberry (1952)
* Washington, D.C. (1952)
* Flatwoods monster (1952)
* Kelly–Hopkinsville (1955)
* Lakenheath-Bentwaters (1956)
* Antônio Villas Boas (1957)
* Levelland (1957)
* Barney and Betty Hill abduction (1961)
* Lonnie Zamora incident (1964)
* Solway Firth Spaceman (1964)
* Exeter (1965)
* Kecksburg (1965)
* Westall (1966)
* Falcon Lake (1967)
* Shag Harbour (1967)
* Jimmy Carter (1969)
* Finnish Air Force (1969)
* Pascagoula Abduction (1973)
* John Lennon UFO incident (1974)
* Travis Walton incident (1975)
* Tehran (1976)
* Petrozavodsk phenomenon (1977)
* Operação Prato (1977)
* Zanfretta incident (1978)
* Valentich disappearance (1978)
* Kaikoura Lights (1978)
* Robert Taylor incident (1979)
* Val Johnson incident (1979)
* Manises (1979)
* Cash–Landrum incident (1980)
* Rendlesham Forest (1980)
* Trans-en-Provence (1981)
* Japan Air Lines (1986)
* Ilkley Moor (1987)
* Voronezh incident (1989)
* Belgian UFO wave (1990)
* Ariel School (1994)
* Varginha (1996)
* Phoenix Lights (1997)

21st century|

* USS Nimitz UFO incident (2004)
* Campeche, Mexico (2004)
* O'Hare Airport (2006)
* Alderney (2007)
* Norway (2009)
* USS Theodore Roosevelt UFO incidents (2014)
* Jetpack man (2020–21)
* High-altitude object events (2023)
* David Grusch claims (2023)

Confirmed hoaxes|

* Maury Island hoax (1947)
* Twin Falls, Idaho hoax (1947)
* Aztec, New Mexico hoax (1949)
* Southern England (1967)
* Majestic 12 (1985)
* Gulf Breeze (1987–88)
* Alien Autopsy (1995 film)
* Morristown (2009)

Sightings by country|

* Africa (South Africa)
* Albania
* Argentina
* Australia
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Brazil
* Canada
* China
* Czech Republic
* France
* Greece
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Italy
* Mexico
* Nepal
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Poland
* Russia
* Spain (Canary Islands)
* Sweden
* United Kingdom
* United States

Types of UFOs|

* Black triangle
* Flying saucer
* Foo fighter
* Ghost rockets
* Green fireballs
* Mystery airship
* Space jellyfish

Types of alleged
extraterrestrial beings|

* Energy beings
* Grey aliens
* Insectoids
* Little green men
* Nordic aliens
* Reptilian humanoids

Studies and timeline|

* Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government
* The Flying Saucers Are Real (1947–1950)
* Project Sign (1948)
* Project Grudge (1949)
* Flying Saucer Working Party (1950)
* Project Magnet (1950–1962)
* Project Blue Book (1952–1970)
* Robertson Panel (1953)
* Ruppelt report (1956)
* National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (1956–1980)
* Condon Report (1966–1968)
* Institute 22 (1978–?)
* Project Condign (1997–2000)
* Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (2007–2012)
* Identification studies of UFOs
* Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (current)
* NASA's UAP independent study team

Hypotheses|

* Ancient astronauts
* Cryptoterrestrial
* Extraterrestrial
* Interdimensional
* Psychosocial
* Nazi UFOs
* Time-traveller
* Trotskyist-Posadism

Conspiracy theories|

* Area 51
* Storm Area 51
* Bob Lazar
* Dulce Base
* Men in black
* Project Serpo

Involvement|

| Abduction claims|

* History
* Entities
* Claimants
* Narrative
* Perspectives
* Insurance

|

Other|

* Implants
* Cattle mutilation
* Close encounter
* Contactee
* Crop circles
* Government responses
* GEIPAN
* Organizations
* Ufologists

Culture|

* Fiction
* Religions
* list

Skepticism|

* List of scientific skeptics
* Committee for Skeptical Inquiry

Government & Law|

* United States Congress hearings on UFOs (2022)
* Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act (UADPA), USA law (2023)

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Conspiracy theories

List of conspiracy theories

Overview

| Core topics|

* Antiscience
* Cabals
* deep state
* éminence grise
* power behind the throne
* Civil / Criminal / Political conspiracies
* Conspiracy
* Crisis actors
* Deception
* Dystopia
* Espionage
* Global catastrophe scenarios
* Hidden message
* Pseudohistory
* Pseudoscience
* Secrecy
* Secret societies
* Urban legends and myths

|

Psychology|

* Attitude polarization
* Cognitive dissonance
* Communal reinforcement
* Confirmation bias
* Denialism
* Locus of control
* Manipulation
* Mass psychogenic illness
* moral panics
* Paranoia
* Psychological projection

Astronomy and outer space

* 2012 phenomenon
* Nibiru cataclysm
* Ancient astronauts
* Apollo Moon landings
* Flat Earth
* Hollow Earth
* Hollow Moon
* Reptilians

| UFOs|

* Alien abduction
* Area 51
* Black Knight satellite
* Cryptoterrestrial / Extraterrestrial / Interdimensional hypothesis
* Dulce Base
* Estimate of the Situation (1948)
* Lake Michigan Triangle
* MJ-12
* Men in black
* Nazi UFOs
* Die Glocke
* Project Serpo

| Hoaxes|

* Dundy County (1884)
* Maury Island (1947)
* Roswell (1947)
* Twin Falls (1947)
* Aztec, New Mexico (1949)
* Southern England (1967)
* Ilkley Moor (1987)
* Gulf Breeze (1987–88)
* Alien autopsy (1995)
* Morristown (2009)

|

Deaths and disappearances

| Assassination /
suicide theories|

* Zachary Taylor (1850)
* Louis Le Prince (1890)
* Lord Kitchener (1916)
* Tom Thomson (1917)
* Władysław Sikorski (1943)
* Benito Mussolini (1945)
* Adolf Hitler (1945)
* Subhas Chandra Bose (1945)
* Johnny Stompanato (1958)
* Marilyn Monroe (1962)
* John F. Kennedy (1963)
* Lee Harvey Oswald (1963)
* Lal Bahadur Shastri (1966)
* Harold Holt (1967)
* Martin Luther King Jr. (1968)
* Robert F. Kennedy (1968)
* Salvador Allende (1973)
* Aldo Moro (1978)
* Renny Ottolina (1978)
* Pope John Paul I (1978)
* Airey Neave (1979)
* Olof Palme (1986)
* Zia-ul-Haq (1988)
* GEC-Marconi scientists (1980s–90s)
* Turgut Özal (1993)
* Vince Foster (1993)
* Kurt Cobain (1994)
* Yitzhak Rabin (1995)
* Diana, Princess of Wales (1997)
* Alois Estermann (1998)
* Nepalese royal family (2001)
* Yasser Arafat (2004)
* Benazir Bhutto (2007)
* Osama bin Laden (2011)
* Hugo Chávez (2013)
* Seth Rich (2016)
* Alejandro Castro (2018)
* Jeffrey Epstein (2019)
* Sushant Singh Rajput (2020)
* John McAfee (2021)

|

Accidents / disasters|

* Mary Celeste (1872)
* RMS Titanic (1912)
* Great Kantō earthquake (1923)
* Lynmouth Flood (1952)
* Dyatlov Pass (1959)
* Lost Cosmonauts (1950s–60s)
* JAT Flight 367 (1972)
* United Air Lines Flight 553 (1972)
* South African Airways Flight 295 (1987)
* Khamar-Daban (1993)
* MS Estonia (1994)
* TWA Flight 800 (1996)
* EgyptAir Flight 990 (1999)
* Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (2014)

Other cases|

* Joan of Arc (1431)
* Yemenite children (1948–54)
* Elvis Presley (1977)
* Jonestown (1978)

Body double hoax|

* Paul McCartney
* Avril Lavigne
* Vladimir Putin
* Melania Trump

Energy, environment

* Agenda 21
* California drought manipulation
* Climate change denial
* false theories
* Free energy suppression
* HAARP
* Red mercury

False flag allegations

* USS Maine (1898)
* RMS Lusitania (1915)
* Reichstag fire (1933)
* Pearl Harbor (1941)
* USS Liberty (1967)
* Lufthansa Flight 615 (1972)
* Widerøe Flight 933 (1982)
* KAL Flight 007 (1983)
* Mozambican presidential jet (1986)
* Pan Am Flight 103 (1988)
* Oklahoma City bombing (1995)
* 9/11 attacks (2001)
* advance knowledge
* WTC collapse
* Madrid train bombing (2004)
* London bombings (2005)
* Smolensk air disaster (2010)
* Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (2014)
* Denial of the 7 October attacks (2023)

Gender and sexuality

* Alpha / beta males
* Anti-LGBTQ
* anti-gender movement
* Chemicals
* drag panic
* gay agenda
* gay Nazis myth
* HIV/AIDS stigma
* United States
* Homintern
* Lavender scare
* Recruitment
* Grooming
* litter box hoax
* Transvestigation
* Finger pinching
* GamerGate
* Ideology in incel communities
* Larries / Gaylors
* Satanic panic
* Soy and masculinity

Health

* 5G misinformation
* Anti-vaccination
* autism
* MMR
* Thiomersal
* in chiropractic
* misinformation
* Aspartame
* Big Pharma
* Chemtrails
* COVID-19
* Ivermectin
* lab leak
* vaccines
* turbo cancer
* in Canada / Philippines / United States
* Ebola
* Electronic harassment
* Germ theory denialism
* GMOs
* HIV/AIDS denialism
* origins theories
* oral polio AIDS hypothesis
* Lepers' plot
* Medbeds
* SARS (2003)
* Water fluoridation
* Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning

Race, religion and/or ethnicity

* Bhagwa Love Trap
* CERN ritual hoax
* COVID-19 and xenophobia
* Freemasons
* French Revolution [fr]
* Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw (1940s)
* German POWs post-WWII
* Priory of Sion
* Product labeling
* Halal
* Kosher
* Tartarian Empire
* War against Islam
* White genocide

| Antisemitic|

* Andinia Plan
* Blood libel
* Cohen Plan
* Doctors' plot
* during the Black Death
* Epsilon Team
* George Soros
* Holocaust denial
* Trivialization
* International Jewish conspiracy
* Committee of 300
* Cultural Bolshevism / Jewish Bolshevism
* Żydokomuna
* Judeo-Masonic plot
* The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
* World War II
* Z.O.G.
* Judeopolonia
* Killing of Jesus
* Kalergi Plan
* New World Order
* Rothschilds
* Stab-in-the-back myth

|

Christian / Anti-Christian|

* Anti-Catholic
* Jesuits
* Popish Plot
* Vatican
* Bible
* Giuseppe Siri

Islamophobic|

* Counter-jihad
* Bihar human sacrifice
* Eurabia
* Great Replacement
* Love jihad
* Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry
* Trojan Horse scandal

Genocide denial /
Denial of mass killings|

* Armenian
* Bangladesh
* Bosnian
* Cambodian
* The Holocaust
* Holodomor
* Nanjing
* Rwandan
* Sayfo
* Serbs during WWII

Regional

| Asia|

* India
* Cow vigilante violence
* Greater Bangladesh
* Pakistan
* Jinnahpur
* Philippines
* Tallano gold
* South Korea
* Finger-pinching
* Thailand
* Finland Plot

|

Americas
(outside the United States)|

* Argentina
* Andinia Plan
* Canada
* Avro Arrow cancellation
* Leuchter report
* Peru
* Casa Matusita
* Venezuela
* Daktari Ranch affair
* Golpe Azul

Middle East / North Africa|

* In the Arab world
* 10 agorot
* Cairo fire
* Kissinger Plan in Lebanon
* Israel-related animal theories
* Iran
* Western-backed Iranian Revolution
* Israel
* Pallywood

Russia|

* Alaska payment
* Dulles' Plan
* Golden billion
* Petrograd Military Organization
* Rasputin
* Ukraine bioweapons

Turkey|

* 2016 coup attempt
* Ergenekon
* Operation Sledgehammer
* Gezi Park protests
* Sèvres syndrome
* Üst akıl

Other European|

* Euromyth
* Georgia
* Global War Party
* Ireland
* German Plot
* Italy
* Itavia Flight 870
* Lithuania
* Statesmen
* Roman Republic
* First Catilinarian conspiracy
* Spain
* Mano Negra affair
* Sweden
* Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet
* UK
* Clockwork Orange plot
* Elm Guest House
* Harold Wilson
* Voting pencil

United States|

* Barack Obama
* citizenship
* religion
* parentage
* "Obamagate" / Spygate
* Biden–Ukraine
* Black helicopters
* CIA and JFK
* CIA assistance to bin Laden
* Clinton body count
* Cultural Marxism
* Election denial movement
* FBI secret society
* FEMA camps
* Georgia Guidestones
* Jade Helm 15
* Montauk Project
* Philadelphia Experiment
* Pizzagate
* The Plan
* Project Azorian
* QAnon
* Pastel
* incidents
* Saddam–al-Qaeda
* Sandy Hook (2012)
* Springfield pet-eating hoax
* Trump–Ukraine
* "Vast right-wing conspiracy"
* Vietnam War
* POW/MIA issue / Stab-in-the-back myth

| 2020 election|

* Italygate
* "Pence Card"
* Maricopa County ballot audit
* Stop the Steal

|

Other

* Dead Internet theory
* NESARA/GESARA
* New Coke
* Phantom time / New chronology
* Shadow government claims
* Bilderberg
* Illuminati
* synarchism
* Shakespearean authorship

| Pseudolaw|

* Admiralty law
* Freeman on the land movement
* Redemption movement
* Sovereign citizens
* Strawman theory
* Tax protesters

|

Satirical|

* Acre
* Bielefeld
* Birds Aren't Real
* Li's field
* Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme

See also

* Argument from ignorance
* Conspiracy Encyclopedia
* Conspiracy fiction
* Conspirituality
* Dogma
* pseudoskepticism
* Falsifiability
* Fringe science
* Historical negationism
* Online youth radicalization
* Paranormal
* Prejudice
* hate speech
* Radicalization
* Science by press conference
* Superstition

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template