United Football League (2024)

Future American football league

United Football LeagueCurrent season, competition or edition:
2024 UFL season

Classification| Spring football league
Sport| American football
Founded| December 31, 2023
Inaugural season| 2024
Owner(s)| National Spring Football League Enterprises Co, LLC[1]

* (Fox Corporation)

(50%)

* XFL Properties LLC[2]
* (RedBird Capital Partners)
* (Dwayne Johnson)
* (Dany Garcia) (50%)

CEO| Russ Brandon
President| Russ Brandon
No. of teams| 8
Country| United States
Headquarters| Centerfield Office Building
Arlington, Texas
U.S.
TV partner(s)|

* United States:
* ABC/ESPN
Fox/FS1
* International:
* ESPN/Disney+[a]
* TBD

Related
competitions| Direct: XFL, USFL
Affiliated: IFL
Other: NFL
Official website| theUFL.com

The United Football League (UFL) is a professional American football minor league scheduled to start play in March 2024. The league was created following the merger of the latest incarnations of the XFL and United States Football League (USFL).[3] It consists of eight teams, all of whom were members of the XFL or USFL prior to the UFL's creation, concentrated in the Midwest and Southern United States.[4]

## Background[edit]

Main articles: XFL (2020) and United States Football League (2022)

### 2020–2021[edit]

Main articles: 2020 XFL season, 2020 The Spring League Fall season, and 2021 The Spring League season

In 2017, Vince McMahon, who had previously launched the XFL in 2001 as a partnership with NBC Sports, registered a trademark for the United Football League name.[5] An unrelated United Football League, founded by Bill Hambrecht, had played four abbreviated seasons from 2009 to 2012. McMahon ultimately did not use the UFL trademark, as response to the ESPN Films 30 for 30 documentary "This Was the XFL" in 2017 showed that the XFL brand was still viable, and in February 2020, McMahon relaunched the XFL with a similar business structure (though, unlike the 2001 XFL, operated as a sole proprietorship of McMahon's separate from his professional wrestling corporation, WWE) and an emphasis on speed and innovation.[6] The XFL, which was largely successful with its attendance and television ratings, was forced to shut down halfway through its 2020 season in March due to stay-at-home orders imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic and declared bankruptcy in April;[7][8] later that year, McMahon sold the league to a consortium led by businesswoman Dany Garcia, Garcia's ex-husband Dwayne Johnson (a former WWE wrestler under the name "The Rock"), and private equity firm RedBird Capital Partners.[9][10] The XFL chose not to play a 2021 season (most gathering restrictions would not be lifted until spring of that year) and cancelled the 2022 season after partnership discussions with the Canadian Football League collapsed without any agreement in fall 2021.[11]

While the XFL was on hiatus, Fox Sports—which had been one of the XFL's broadcast partners along with ESPN in 2020—entered into a partnership with Brian Woods, who had been operating The Spring League (TSL) as a non-paying, pay-to-play developmental showcase for professional players[12] under a single-campus bubble format[13] since 2017. The XFL had funded The Spring League's 2019 season to test rule changes and were holding discussions about a potential affiliation between the two leagues before the bankruptcy.[14] Fox aired the autumn 2020 and spring 2021 seasons of The Spring League.[15]

### 2022–2023[edit]

Main articles: 2022 USFL season, 2023 USFL season, and 2023 XFL season

Following the 2021 season, Woods and Fox announced they had acquired the trademarks of the original 1980s incarnation of the United States Football League and would be launching a reboot of the USFL in spring 2022.[16] The 2022 USFL season, though its eight teams nominally bore the names of eight former USFL franchises including their cities, continued to use the bubble format with all eight teams based in Birmingham, Alabama, in the 2022 season.[17] The playoffs were held in Canton, Ohio.[18] Woods eventually backed out of the USFL after the 2022 season.[19]

The XFL and USFL played separate, partially overlapping seasons in 2023, to roughly similar television viewership numbers.[20] The USFL expanded to four home cities, adding Memphis, Tennessee (backed by former Memphis Mad Dogs owner Fred Smith[21]) and Detroit, Michigan,[22] to Birmingham and Canton, with each city hosting two teams, while the XFL moved three of its eight teams to new cities and held all eight teams' practices at a hub in Arlington, Texas.[23]

For the 2023 season, the USFL average viewership in 2023 was down 16% from its debut season to 601,000 and 3% lower than the 2023 XFL season, despite having 28 over-the-air network games compared to eight for the XFL.[20] The championship game also saw a significant decline in viewership from 2022 as the game averaged 1.2 million viewers across NBC, Peacock, and NBC Sports digital platforms.[24] USFL President Daryl Johnston expressed disappointment and anger that the USFL was comparable to the XFL in ratings for the 2023 season, dismissing the XFL as "no competition" to the "far superior" USFL and musing "to be on par with our competition from a ratings standpoint in Year 2, I'm still trying to figure out: How did that happen? (...) they're not even close."[20] The USFL was already seeking additional investors prior to the start of the 2023 season and had hired Allen & Company to assist in the search; Fox lost an unspecified amount of money on the venture in 2023 due to the high startup expenses for a professional football league.[25]

At the same time, the XFL lost nearly $60 million during the season after spending approximately $140 million in expenses over the course of the 2023 season and earning $80 million in gross revenue, including roughly $20 million that came from its broadcast contract with ESPN.[26][27] Executives with the league and ESPN indicated that they considered the season a success.[28] Like the USFL, the XFL was also seeking additional investors with the assistance of PJT Partners.[29] After the season ended, the XFL made league wide cuts affecting up to 30 people, including two marketing executives, and shifted other employees to seasonal work.[30][31]

## History[edit]

### XFL–USFL Merger[edit]

See also: 2024 UFL dispersal draft

In September 2023, Axios reported that the XFL was in advanced talks with the USFL to merge the two leagues prior to the start of their 2024 seasons.[32] On September 28, 2023, the XFL and USFL announced their intent to merge with details surrounding the merger to be announced at a later date.[33] The merger would also require regulatory approval.[34] In October 2023 the XFL filed a trademark application for the name "United Football League".[35] On November 30, 2023, Garcia announced via her Instagram page that the leagues had received regulatory approval for the merger and were finalizing plans for a "combined season" to begin March 30, 2024.[36]

The merger was formally announced on Fox NFL Sunday on December 31, 2023.[37] The eight surviving teams were announced the following day on College GameDay, along with the alignment; the XFL and USFL will survive as separate conferences.[38] President/CEO Russ Brandon would later say "that the league is looking at expansion 'shortly'".[39]

### 2024 season[edit]

Main article: 2024 UFL season

The 2024 UFL season is scheduled to begin on March 30, 2024, with a matchup between the 2023 XFL champion Arlington Renegades and the 2023 USFL champion Birmingham Stallions.[37]

## Teams[edit]

See also: Timeline of the XFL and USFL

Four teams came from the XFL and three came from the USFL, while both league's Houston-based teams were merged, maintaining the branding of the XFL's Roughnecks, and the divisional alignment, players rights and coaching staff of the USFL's Gamblers.[37][40] In essence the Gamblers changed their name to the Roughnecks.

Overview of United Football League teams  Conference  | Team  | Location  | Stadium  | Capacity  | First season  | Head coach

|
|
|
|
|
|

USFL Conference  | Birmingham Stallions | Birmingham, Alabama | Protective Stadium | 47,100  | 2022  | Skip Holtz
Houston Roughnecks | Houston, Texas | Rice Stadium[39] | 47,000  | 2022  | Curtis Johnson
Memphis Showboats | Memphis, Tennessee | Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium | 58,325  | 2023  | John DeFilippo
Michigan Panthers | Detroit, Michigan | Ford Field | 65,000  | 2022  | Mike Nolan
XFL Conference  | Arlington Renegades | Arlington, Texas | Choctaw Stadium | 25,000  | 2020  | Bob Stoops
DC Defenders | Washington, D.C. | Audi Field | 20,000  | 2020  | Reggie Barlow
San Antonio Brahmas | San Antonio, Texas | Alamodome | 64,000  | 2023  | Wade Phillips
St. Louis Battlehawks | St. Louis, Missouri | The Dome at America's Center | 67,277  | 2020  | Anthony Becht

Renegades

Defenders

Roughnecks

Showboats

Panthers

Stallions

Brahmas

Battlehawks

class=notpageimage|

Locations of teams for the 2024 UFL season (USFL Conference in red, XFL Conference in blue)

### Timeline[edit]

## Partnerships[edit]

In February 2022, the XFL signed a collaboration agreement with the NFL to "experiment with proposed rules, test new equipment and develop prospective officials and coaches and explore new ways to address player safety".[41][42] In October 2022, the XFL announced a player personnel partnership with the Indoor Football League (IFL), with the IFL functioning as the XFL's de facto minor league.[43]

In 2023, Dwayne Johnson said that "the XFL specifically designed its schedule to give its players the best chance of latching on with an NFL team in May",[44] while Gerry Cardinale stated that "the minor league analogy is valid, that's an important part of this."[45] After the merger, UFL Executive VP of Football Operations Daryl Johnston refuted the notion of a "minor-league" when he said in an interview: "I don’t want to be considered a developmental league or a feeder league. We’re a professional, stand-alone football league", but he also acknowledged the importance of an NFL partnership: "the number of people we have at the top of our league office that have connections to the NFL, I’m hoping we’re able to accelerate that process and have meaningful conversations with the NFL about what our league can provide (...) What we’re trying to do is maximize the talent and quality of play in our league. One way we can do that is having access to guys who are in the NFL, on that fringe, on that cusp".[46] It was later announced that the XFL's previous agreement with the NFL would continue for the 2024 UFL season.[39]

## Broadcasting[edit]

In the United States, television rights are held by Fox Sports and ESPN, carrying over their USFL and XFL broadcasting rights, respectively.[47] Fox Sports' parent company Fox Corporation held ownership of the USFL, and retains partial control of the combined league. NBC Sports, which had also carried USFL games in 2022 and 2023, dropped out of its contract a year before its expiration, citing an increase in schedule conflicts.[48] ESPN's coverage is part of a five-year agreement signed with the XFL in 2023.[49]

## References[edit]

Informational notes

1. ^ Spanish audio/broadcast

Citations

1. ^ "USFL, BJCC reach tentative MOU to bring relaunch season to Birmingham". AL.com. October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
2. ^ Perry, Mark (August 3, 2020). "More Details On The Rock Purchase Of The XFL, How Many Bidders". XFL News Hub. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
3. ^ "UNITED FOOTBALL LEAGUE ("UFL") SET TO LAUNCH AS THE PREMIER SPRING FOOTBALL LEAGUE". theufl.com (Press release). December 31, 2022. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
4. ^ Schneider, Joey (January 3, 2024). "'St. Louis was all in' – UFL leader Daryl Johnston speaks on Battlehawks and new merger". FOX 2. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
5. ^ Bixenspan, David (December 19, 2017). "Timing Of Trademarks Suggests "New XFL" May Be A Response To NFL Protests". Deadspin.com. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
6. ^ Silverstein, Adam (December 16, 2017). "Will the XFL actually be making a return? WWE is not exactly denying the rumors". CBS Sports. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
7. ^ Florio, Mike. "XFL will release to NFL or CFL players with a "credible contractual offer" – ProFootballTalk". Profootballtalk.nbcsports.com. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
8. ^ "XFL suspends all operations, lays off employees". ESPN. April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
9. ^ Millitzer, Joe (August 3, 2020). "XFL purchased by a group including Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson". Fox 2 Now. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
10. ^ Seifert, Kevin (August 3, 2020). "Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson, investor group agree to buy XFL for $15M". ESPN. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
11. ^ Seifert, Kevin (July 7, 2021). "XFL planning 2023 return after talks on partnership with CFL tabled". ESPN. Archived from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021. "The XFL announced on Wednesday that it is planning to relaunch in 2023 after talks with the Canadian Football League about collaboration between the two leagues were tabled."
12. ^ Davis, Josh (November 13, 2020). "The Spring League Week 3: Coaching Changes, COVID, Rumors Addressed". XFL News Hub.
13. ^ "The Spring League will be first to use bubble concept in football for October tournament in Las Vegas".
14. ^ "Unique Revenue Streams, Elimination of Costly Expenditures Keys to The Spring League's Success". Sports Illustrated. John Wall Street. Maven. July 30, 2019. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
15. ^ Fox Sports will televise The Spring League football games this fall
16. ^ Marchand, Andrew (June 3, 2021). "The USFL is officially back".
17. ^ Johnson, Roy (January 18, 2022). "USFL announce plans for inaugural season in Birmingham". AL.com.
18. ^ "USFL announces inaugural playoffs, championship game in Canton, Ohio". FOX Sports. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
19. ^ Fedotin, Jeff. "Former Dallas Cowboys Star Daryl Johnston Is New USFL President". Forbes. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
20. ^ a b c Fischer, Ben. "USFL baffled by TV viewership drop ahead of championship game". Sports Business Journal.
21. ^ Davis, Corey (November 15, 2022). "Local leaders: Why USFL Memphis Showboats' return could boost Memphis' economy". American City Business Journals. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
22. ^ "'Too good an opportunity': USFL explains move to Detroit, Ford Field". The Detroit News. Retrieved January 26, 2023.
23. ^ Williams, Madison. "Report: XFL Assigns Coaches to Franchises for 2023 Season". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
24. ^ "USFL 2023 Championship Game TV Rating Sees Significant Decline In Viewership From 2022". usflnewshub.com. July 5, 2023.
25. ^ Kosman, Josh (June 28, 2022). "Fox's USFL seeking outside investor to help fund expansion: sources". NY Post.
26. ^ Young, Jabari (June 10, 2023). "Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson Says The XFL Will Succeed. Who Wants To Tell Him He's Wrong?". forbes.com.
27. ^ "Report: XFL Loses Nearly $60 Million This Season". yahoo.com. June 12, 2023.
28. ^ Shea, Bill (May 16, 2023). "XFL title game TV viewership sluggish, but ESPN says season met expectations". theathletic.com.
29. ^ Coffey, Brendan; Soshnick, Scott (August 8, 2022). "XFL Seeking New Equity Investors, Retains PJT Partners For Search". sportico.com. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
30. ^ "Exclusive: Major Changes in XFL As League Makes Widespread Cuts". xflnewshub.com. May 30, 2023.
31. ^ Keeley, Sean (June 15, 2023). "The Rock refutes Andrew Marchand's report on ESPN's XFL rights fees". Awful Announcing. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
32. ^ Baysinger, Tim; Primack, Dan; Fischer, Sara (September 19, 2023). "Scoop: Football leagues XFL and USFL in merger talks". Axios. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
33. ^ TSN ca Staff (September 28, 2023). "XFL, United States Football League announce intention to merge". TSN. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
34. ^ Schad, Tom (September 28, 2023). "XFL, USFL confirm intention to merge into single spring football league". USA Today. Retrieved September 29, 2023.
35. ^ "XFL files trademark applications for 'United Football League' and 'UFL'". San Antonio Express-News. October 18, 2023.
36. ^ "We are pleased to have completed the antitrust review process in connection with the proposed merger of the XFL and USFL and intend to play a combined season this spring kicking off on Saturday, March 30. We are now finalizing terms of the definitive agreement and will share more about this new League in the coming weeks". Instagram.
37. ^ a b c Russell, Jake (December 31, 2023). "XFL, USFL announce merger to form the United Football League". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
38. ^ UFL reveals team markets and head coaches for 2024 season press release.
39. ^ a b c "UFL President Reveals League's Future Plans, Schedule, Vision". SI.com.
40. ^ "United Football League reveals team markets and head coaches for 2024 season". theufl.com, January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
41. ^ Seifert, Kevin (February 21, 2022). "XFL to be 'petri dish' for football innovation, prospect development as part of partnership agreement with NFL". ESPN.
42. ^ "RedBird Capital Partners' Gerry Cardinale Talks XFL-NFL Partnership, Future Of XFL". XFL News Hub. April 8, 2022.
43. ^ "XFL & IFL Announce Player Personnel Partnership" (Press release). XFL. October 12, 2022.
44. ^ "XFL owners Dany Garcia, Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson take stock at season's midway point". USA Today. March 27, 202.
45. ^ "Why this time might be different for the XFL". Axios. March 29, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
46. ^ Schneider, Joey (January 3, 2024). "'St. Louis was all in' – UFL leader Daryl Johnston speaks on Battlehawks and new merger". FOX 2. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
47. ^ Seifert, Kevin (December 31, 2023). "Merged XFL-USFL to be rebranded as United Football League". ESPN.
48. ^ "NBC won't carry USFL, XFL games". Sports Business Journal.
49. ^ Steinberg, Brian (May 17, 2022). "Disney Strikes Deal to Put XFL on ESPN, FX, ABC". Variety. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022. Retrieved May 17, 2022.

## External links[edit]

* Official website

* v
* t
* e

United Football League

USFL Conference|

| Teams|

* Birmingham Stallions
* Houston Roughnecks
* Memphis Showboats
* Michigan Panthers

|

Stadiums|

* Ford Field
* Protective Stadium
* Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium

XFL Conference|

| Teams|

* Arlington Renegades
* DC Defenders
* San Antonio Brahmas
* St. Louis Battlehawks

|

Stadiums|

* Alamodome
* Audi Field
* Choctaw Stadium
* The Dome at America's Center

Key personnel|

* Dany Garcia
* chairwoman/co-owner
* Dwayne Johnson
* co-owner
* Gerry Cardinale
* co-owner
* Fox Corporation (50%)
* Russ Brandon
* president
* Daryl Johnston
* president of football operations

Seasons|

* 2024

Drafts|

2024 dispersal draft

Related articles|

* XFL starting quarterbacks
* USFL starting quarterbacks
* USFL (2022)
* XFL (2020)
* Timeline of the XFL and USFL

* v
* t
* e

American football in the United States

History|

| Early|

* American Football Union
* Intercollegiate Football Association
* National Football League (1902)
* New York Pro Football League
* Ohio League
* Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit
* World Series of Football (1902–03)

|

Modern|

| Major|

* All-America Football Conference
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* American Football League
* American Football League (1936)
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* United States Football League
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|

Minor|

* Alliance of American Football
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Developmental|

* The Spring League
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Professional|

| NFL|

* History
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|

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Indoor leagues|

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Proposed leagues|

* American Patriot League
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Related topics|

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College|

| NCAA|

| FBS|

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|

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|

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* List of American football films
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Professional gridiron football leagues in North America

American football

| Major|

* National Football League (1920–present)

|

Other|

* American 7s Football League (2015-present)
* Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional (2016–present)
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Defunct national|

* American Football League (1926)²
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Defunct regional|

* American Football Union (1886–1895)
* Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit** (1890–1905)
* Ohio League² (1902–1919)
* New York Pro Football League² (1908–1919)
* National Football League (1902)
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* Fútbol Americano de México (2019–2022)

* ¹ Merged into the NFL. All teams still active as members of the NFL's American Football Conference.
* ² Teams moved to NFL
* ³ Official NFL minor league; see also Association of Professional Football Leagues
* * Merged into the UFL, still active as conferences within

Canadian football

| Major|

* Canadian Football League

|

Predecessors|

* Direct
* Interprovincial Rugby Football Union
* Western Interprovincial Football Union
* Other
* Ontario Rugby Football Union
* Quebec Rugby Football Union

Junior|

* Atlantic Football League
* Canadian Junior Football League
* Quebec Junior Football League

Arena football

| Current|

* American Indoor Football
* Arena Football League
* Indoor Football League
* National Arena League
* The Arena League

|

Defunct|

* AF2
* American Indoor Football Alliance
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* American West Football Conference
* Arena Football Association
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* World Indoor Football League (2007)
* World Series of Football (1902–03)

On hiatus|

* American Arena League
* Fan Controlled Football

Women's football

| Outdoor|

* Women's Football Alliance (2009–present)
* United States Women's Football League (2009–present)
* Women's National Football Conference (2018–present)

|

Defunct Outdoor|

* Women's Professional Football League (1965–1973)
* National Women's Football League (1974–1982)
* Women's Professional Football League (1999–2007)
* National Women's Football Association (2000–2008)
* Independent Women's Football League (2000-2018)

Arena football|

* X League (2009-present)

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Fox Sports

Current properties|

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Channels|

* FS1
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Streaming affiliation|

Tubi

Radio network|

* Fox Sports Radio

Online|

* FoxSports.com

Former programs|

* Best Damn Sports Show Period
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Defunct or sold|

* Fox Soccer
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* Fox Sports Networks
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* Speed
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See also|

* FoxBox
* FoxTrax
* List of Fox Sports announcers
* Fox Sports International
* Fox Sports Australia
* Fox Cricket
* Fox Footy
* Fox League
* Fox Sports News
* Fox Sports Argentina
* Fox Sports Mexico

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ESPN Inc.

Executives|

* George Bodenheimer
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* Chuck Pagano
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U.S. networks|

| Streaming|

* ESPN+
* ESPN3

|

Linear TV|

* ESPN
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* ESPNews
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* Longhorn Network

Part-time|

* ACC Network Xtra
* ESPN on ABC
* SEC Network +

Radio|

* ESPN Radio
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International|

| Japan|

* J Sports (3%)

|

Latin America|

| Panregional|

* ESPN (Latin America)

|

Brazil|

* ESPN (Brazil)

Caribbean|

* ESPN Caribbean

Netherlands|

* ESPN (Netherlands)

Oceania|

* ESPN Australia

Sub-Saharan Africa|

* ESPN Africa

Co-owned Canadian
sports networks|

* TSN
* 1
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* 4
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Ventures|

* ESPN.com
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Defunct ventures|

* Arena Football League (minority stake, 2006–2009)
* ESPN 3D (2010–2013)
* ESPN America (2002–2013)
* ESPN Classic (U.S.) (1995–2021)
* ESPN Classic (UK) (2006–2013)
* ESPN Classic Canada (2001–2023)
* ESPN College Extra (2015–2023)
* ESPN Full Court (2007–2015)
* ESPN GamePlan (1992–2015)
* ESPN Goal Line & Bases Loaded (2010–2020)
* Grantland (2011–2015)
* ESPN HS (1997–2012)
* ESPN The Magazine (1998–2019)
* ESPN MVP (2005–2006)
* ESPNscrum (2007–2015)
* ESPN Star Sports (equity stake, 1996–2012; incl. ESPN Asia [1995–2013])
* ESPN5 (2017–2020)
* WatchESPN (2011–2019)
* Sony ESPN (2016–2020)
* ESPN West

Sports broadcasting rights|

* CFL on TSN
* ESPN College Basketball
* ESPN College Football
* ESPN Major League Baseball
* KayRod Cast
* FCS Kickoff
* Golf on ESPN
* High School Showcase
* MLS Soccer Sunday
* NBA on ESPN
* Wednesday
* Friday
* Saturday
* Sunday
* NBA in Stephen A's World
* NFL on ESPN
* Monday Night Football
* Manningcast
* NHL on ESPN
* Soccer on ESPN
* Tennis on ESPN
* WNBA on ESPN
* Other events

Other properties|

* Andscape
* ESPNcricinfo
* Jayski's Silly Season Site (formerly)
* ESPN FC
* Scouts Inc.
* TrueHoop

Notable personalities|

* Current personalities
* Former personalities
* ESPNews personalities
* ESPNU personalities
* ESPN Radio personalities
* Presidents of ESPN

Miscellaneous|

* History
* Programs
* Criticism
* This is SportsCenter
* ESPN Armory
* ESPN Zone
* ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex
* ESPN BottomLine
* ESPN8 The Ocho
* X Games
* Fox Sports International

Owners: Walt Disney Company (80%); Hearst Communications (20%)

UFL at Wikipedia's sister projects:

* Media from Commons
* Travel guides from Wikivoyage
* Data from Wikidata

*[TBD]: To be determined
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