Valley Forge

Site of the military camp of the American Continental Army over the winter of 1777–1778

This article is about the American Revolutionary War winter encampment. For other uses, see Valley Forge (disambiguation).

Valley Forge

Part of The American Revolution

Washington and Lafayette at Valley Forge
| Date| December 19, 1777 – June 19, 1778

|

Location|

Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, U.S.

40°05′49″N 75°26′21″W﻿ / ﻿40.096944°N 75.439167°W﻿ / 40.096944; -75.439167

* v
* t
* e

Philadelphia campaign
1777–1778

* Bound Brook
* Short Hills
* Staten Island
* Cooch's Bridge
* Brandywine
* Clouds
* Paoli
* Germantown
* Red Bank
* Fort Mifflin
* Gloucester
* White Marsh
* Matson's Ford
* Valley Forge
* Conway Cabal
* Quinton's Bridge
* Clow Rebellion
* Crooked Billet
* Barren Hill
* Carlisle Peace Commission
* Monmouth

Valley Forge was the winter encampment of the Continental Army, under the command of George Washington, during the American Revolutionary War. The Valley Forge encampment lasted six months, from December 19, 1777 to June 19, 1778. It was the third and harshest of the eight winter encampments that Washington and the Continental Army endured during the war.

Three months prior to the encampment at Valley Forge, in September 1777, the Second Continental Congress was forced to flee the revolutionary capital Philadelphia to escape what they perceived was an imminent British attack on the city following Washington's defeat in the Battle of Brandywine, a key battle during the British Army's Philadelphia campaign, which sought to capture Philadelphia.

Unable to defend Philadelphia, Washington led his 12,000-man army into winter quarters at Valley Forge, located approximately 18 miles (29 km) northwest of Philadelphia.[1][2][3]

At Valley Forge, the Continental Army struggled to manage a disastrous supply crisis while simultaneously retraining and reorganizing their units in an effort to mount successful counterattacks against the British. During the encampment at Valley Forge, an estimated 1,700 to 2,000 soldiers died from disease, possibly exacerbated by malnutrition.

In 1976, in recognition of the enormous historical significance of Valley Forge in American history, Valley Forge National Historical Park was established and named a national historic site, which protects and preserves over 3,500 acres of the original Valley Forge encampment site. The park is a popular tourist destination, drawing 1.3 million visitors in 2011.[4][5]

## Pre-encampment[edit]

In 1777, Valley Forge consisted of a small proto-industrial community located at the juncture of the Valley Creek and the Schuylkill River. In 1742, Quaker industrialists established the Mount Joy Iron Forge in Valley Forge. Capital improvements made by John Potts and his family over the following decade permitted the small community to expand its ironworks, establish mills, and construct new dwellings for the village's residents.[6] Valley Forge was surrounded by rich farmland, where mainly Welsh Quaker farmers grew wheat, rye, hay, Indian corn, and other crops, and raised livestock, including cattle, sheep, pigs, and barnyard fowl.[7] Settlers of German and Swedish descent also lived nearby.

In the summer of 1777, the Continental Army's quartermaster general, Thomas Mifflin, decided to station a portion of the Continental Army's supplies in buildings around the forges because the region had a variety of structures and was a secluded location surrounded by two hills. Fearing such a concentration of military supplies would become a target for British raids, the forge's ironmaster, William Dewees Jr., expressed concerns about the army's proposal. Mifflin heeded Dewees' concerns but established a magazine at Valley Forge anyway.[8][9]

### British Army's Philadelphia campaign[edit]

Main article: Philadelphia campaign

After the British landed at the Head of Elk in present-day Elkton, Maryland, on August 25, 1777, the British Army maneuvered out of the Chesapeake basin and headed north as part of the Philadelphia campaign. Following the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777 and the abortive Battle of the Clouds five days later, on September 16, several hundred soldiers under General Wilhelm von Knyphausen raided the supply magazine at Valley Forge on September 18.

Despite the best efforts of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton and Captain Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee, the two Continental Army officers decided to evacuate the supplies at Valley Forge, and British soldiers captured supplies, destroyed others, and burned down the forges and other buildings.[9][10]

## Valley Forge encampment[edit]

Soldier's Quarters at Valley Forge

Political, strategic, and environmental factors all influenced the Continental Army's decision to establish their encampment near Valley Forge, in the winter of 1777–1778. The site was selected after George Washington conferred with his officers to select a strategic location that would prove most advantageous to the Continental Army.

### Site selection[edit]

On October 29, 1777, Washington first presented his generals with the question of where to quarter the Continental Army in the winter of 1777–1778.[11] In addition to suggestions from his officers, Washington also had to contend with the recommendations of politicians. Pennsylvania state legislators and the Continental Congress expected the Continental Army to select an encampment site that could protect the countryside around Philadelphia. Some members of the Continental Congress also believed that the army might be able to launch a winter campaign.[11] Interested parties suggested other sites for an encampment, including Lancaster, Pennsylvania and Wilmington, Delaware. Following the inconclusive Battle of Whitemarsh from December 5–8, however, increasing numbers of officers and politicians began to appreciate the need to defend the greater Philadelphia region from British attack.

Considering these questions, an encampment at Valley Forge had notable advantages. Valley Forge's high terrain meant that enemy attacks would be difficult.[12] Its location allowed for soldiers to be readily detached to protect the countryside.[13] Proximity to the Schuylkill River could facilitate supply movements down the river. Wide, open areas provided space for drilling and training.[14] On December 19, Washington conducted his 12,000-man army to Valley Forge to establish the encampment.

The encampment was primarily situated along the high, flat ground east of Mount Joy and south of the Schuylkill River.[15] In addition to a concentration of soldiers at Valley Forge, Washington ordered nearly 2,000 soldiers to encamp at Wilmington, Delaware. He posted the army's mounted troops at Trenton, New Jersey, and additional outposts at Downingtown and Radnor, Pennsylvania, among other places.[16] In the two winter encampments prior to Valley Forge, the Continental army had sheltered themselves in a combination of tents, constructed huts, civilian barns and other buildings. Valley Forge marked the first time Washington ordered the army primarily concentrated into a more permanent post where they constructed their own shelters. This strategic shift encouraged a whole new host of problems for the American Patriots.

### March and hut construction[edit]

A reproduction hut at Valley Forge National Historical Park along North Outer Line Drive, where the Continental Army encamped

Washington later wrote of the march into Valley Forge, "To see men without clothes to cover their nakedness, without blankets to lay on, without shoes by which their marches might be traced by the blood from their feet, and almost as often without provisions as with; marching through frost and snow and at Christmas taking up their winter quarters within a day's march of the enemy, without a house or hut to cover them till they could be built, and submitting to it without a murmur is a mark of patience and obedience which in my opinion can scarce be paralleled."[17]

The Valley Forge encampment became the Continental Army's first large-scale construction of living quarters. While no accurate account exists for the number of log huts built, experts estimate a range between 1,300 and 1,600 structures. There are no known contemporary images of the Valley Forge cantonment. The correspondence of General Washington and other soldiers’ letters and notebooks are the only accounts of what took place.[18] Brigadier General Louis Lebègue de Presle Duportail selected grounds for the brigade encampments and planned the defenses.[19] Afterwards, brigadier generals appointed officers from each regiment to mark out the precise spot for every officer and all enlisted men's huts.[20]

Despite commanders' attempts at standardization, the huts varied in terms of size, materials, and construction techniques. Military historian John B. B. Trussell Jr. writes that many squads "dug their floors almost two feet below ground level," to reduce wind exposure or the number of logs required for construction.[21] In addition, some huts had thatched straw roofs, while others consisted of brush, canvas, or clapboards.

On February 16, 1778 from Valley Forge, Washington reached out to George Clinton, then governor of the Province of New York, for support, writing, "for some days past, there has been little less, than a famine in camp. A part of the army has been a week, without any kind of flesh, and the rest for three or four days. Naked and starving as they are, we cannot enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiery, that they have not been ere this excited by their sufferings, to a general mutiny or dispersion. Strong symptoms, however, discontent have appeared in particular instances; and nothing but the most active efforts every where can long avert so shocking a catastrophe."[22]

In a letter to his wife Adrienne, Lafayette described the huts as "small barracks, which are scarcely more cheerful than dungeons."[23]

### Supply challenges[edit]

The interior of Washington's headquarters at Valley Forge

The Continental Army that marched into Valley Forge consisted of about 12,000 people—soldiers, artificers, women, and children. Throughout the winter, patriot commanders and legislators faced the challenge of supplying a population the size of a colonial city. In May and June 1777, the Continental Congress had authorized the reorganization of the supply department.[24] Implementation of those changes never fully took effect, because of the fighting surrounding Philadelphia. Consequently, the supply chain had broken down even before the Continental Army arrived at Valley Forge. In large part, supplies dried up through the neglect of Congress so that by the end of December 1777 Washington had no way to feed or to adequately clothe the soldiers.[25] Washington chose the area partly for its strategic benefits, but wintertime road conditions impeded supply wagons on route to the encampment.[26]

That winter, starvation and disease killed more than 1,000 soldiers[27] and perhaps as many as 1,500 horses.[28] The men suffered from continual, gnawing hunger and cold. Washington ordered that soldiers' rations include either one to one and a half pounds of flour or bread, one pound of salted beef or fish, or three-quarters pound of salted pork, or one and a half pounds of flour or bread, a half pound of bacon or salted pork, a half pint of peas or beans, and one gill of whiskey or spirits.[29] In practice, however, the army could not reliably supply the full ration.[30] Perishable foods began to rot before reaching the troops because of poor storage, transportation problems, or confusion regarding the supplies' whereabouts. Other rations became lost or captured by the enemy. Traveling to market proved dangerous for some vendors. When combined with the Continental Army's lack of hard currency, prices for perishable goods inflated. Therefore, during the first few days of constructing their huts, the Continentals primarily ate firecakes, a tasteless mixture of flour and water cooked upon heated rocks. In his memoir, Joseph Plumb Martin wrote that "to go into the wild woods and build us habitations to stay (not to live) in, in such a weak, starved and naked condition, was appalling in the highest degree."[31] Resentment swelled within the ranks towards those deemed responsible for their hardship.

On December 23, Washington wrote Henry Laurens, the President of the Continental Congress. Washington related how his commanders had just exerted themselves with some difficulty to quell a "dangerous mutiny" fomenting, because of the lack of provision. Washington continued with a dire warning to Congress: "unless some great and capital change suddenly takes place in that line, this Army must inevitably be reduced to one or other of these three things, Starve, dissolve, or disperse, in order to obtain subsistence in the best manner they can."[32] While Washington dealt with serious circumstances, he may have exaggerated slightly to obtain a quicker response from the Continental Congress.

That winter was not particularly harsh at Valley Forge, but many soldiers remained unfit for duty, owing to the disease, lack of proper clothing and uniforms ("naked" referred to a ragged or improperly attired individual). Years later, Lafayette recalled that "the unfortunate soldiers were in want of everything; they had neither coats, hats, shirts, nor shoes; their feet and legs froze till they had become almost black, and it was often necessary to amputate them."[33]

On January 7, Christopher Marshall related how "ten teams of oxen, fit for slaughtering, came into camp, driven by loyal Philadelphia women. They also brought 2,000 shirts, smuggled from the city, sewn under the eyes of the enemy."[34] While these women provided crucial assistance, most people remained relatively unaware of the Continental Army's plight—"an unavoidable result of a general policy" to prevent such intelligence from reaching the British.[35]

The outlook for the army's situation improved when a five-man congressional delegation arrived on January 24. The delegates consisted of "Francis Dana of Massachusetts, Nathaniel Folsom of New Hampshire, John Harvie of Virginia, Gouverneur Morris of New York, and Joseph Reed of Pennsylvania."[36] According to historian Wayne Bodle, they came to understand through their visit "how vulnerable the new army could be to logistical disruption, owing to its size, its organizational complexity, and its increasing mobility."[37] Washington and his aides convinced them to implement recommended reforms to the supply department. In March 1778, Congress also appointed Nathanael Greene as Quartermaster General, who reluctantly accepted at Washington's behest. One of the Continental Army's most able generals, Greene did not want an administrative position. Yet he and his staff better supplied the troops at a time when the weather and road conditions began to improve. The Schuylkill River also thawed, allowing the Continental Army to more easily transport convoys from the main supply depot at Reading.[38]

### Environmental and disease conditions[edit]

Cannons in Valley Forge's Artillery Park

Maintaining cleanliness was a challenge for the Continental Army. Scabies broke out because of the filthy conditions within the encampment, as did other deadlier ailments. The army had a limited water supply for cooking, washing, and bathing. Dead horse remains often lay unburied, and Washington found the smell of some places intolerable.[39][40] Neither plumbing nor a standardized system of trash collection existed. To combat the spread of contagion, Washington commanded soldiers to burn tar or "the Powder of a Musquet Cartridge" in the huts everyday, to cleanse the air of putrefaction.[41] On May 27, Washington had ordered his soldiers remove the mud-and-straw chinking from huts "to render them as airy as possible."[41]

Outbreaks of typhoid and dysentery spread through contaminated food and water. Soldiers contracted influenza and pneumonia, while still others succumbed to typhus, caused by body lice. Although the inconsistent delivery of food rations did not cause starvation, it probably exacerbated the health of ailing soldiers. Some patients might have suffered from more than one ailment. In total, about 1,700–2,000 troops died during the Valley Forge encampment, mostly at general hospitals located in six different towns. Valley Forge had the highest mortality rate of any Continental Army encampment, and even most military engagements of the war.

Despite the mortality rate, Washington did curb the spread of smallpox, which had plagued the Continental Army since the American Revolution had begun in 1775. In January 1777, Washington had ordered mass inoculation of his troops, but a year later at Valley Forge, smallpox broke out again. An investigation uncovered that 3,000–4,000 troops had not received inoculations, despite having long-term enlistments.[42] So, Washington ordered inoculations for any soldiers vulnerable to the disease.

A precursor to vaccination (introduced by Edward Jenner in 1798), inoculation gave the patient a milder form of smallpox with better recovery rates than if the patient had acquired the disease naturally. The procedure provided lifetime immunity from a disease with a roughly 15–33% mortality rate.[43] In June 1778, when the Continental Army marched out of Valley Forge, they had completed "the first large-scale, state-sponsored immunization campaign in history."[44] By continuing the inoculation program for new recruits, Washington better maintained military strength among the regular, Continental Army troops throughout the remainder of the war.

## Encampment[edit]

From December 1777 to June 1778, Washington made his headquarters in a business residence owned by Isaac Potts A map of the Valley Forge winter encampment in 1777, published in John Lossing Benson's 1860 book, The Pictorial Field-book of the Revolution The encampment at Valley Forge in 1778 from and 1830 engraving by G. Boynton

While each hut housed a squad of twelve enlisted soldiers, sometimes soldiers' families joined them to share that space as well. Throughout the encampment period, Mary Ludwig Hays and approximately 250–400 other women had followed their soldier husbands or sweethearts to Valley Forge, sometimes with children in tow. Washington once wrote that "the multitude of women in particular, especially those who are pregnant, or have children, are a clog upon every movement."[45] Yet women on the whole proved invaluable, whether on the march or at an encampment like Valley Forge. They often earned income either by laundering clothes or by nursing troops, which kept soldiers cleaner and healthier. In turn, this made the troops appear more professional and disciplined.

Lucy Flucker Knox, Catharine Littlefield "Caty" Greene, and other senior officers' wives journeyed to Valley Forge at the behest of their husbands. On 22 December, Martha Washington predicted that her husband would send for her as soon as his army went into winter quarter, and that "if he does I must go."[46] Indeed, she did, traveling in wartime with a group of slaves over poor roads, reaching her destination in early February. Washington's aide-de-camp Colonel Richard Kidder Meade met her at the Susquehanna ferry dock to escort her into the encampment.[46] Over the next six months, Martha hosted political leaders and military officials, managing domestic staff within the confined space of Washington's Headquarters. Martha was one of many important women at Valley Forge. She also organized meals and kept spirits high during the rough times at the encampment.[47]

Valley Forge had a high percentage of racial and ethnic diversity, since Washington's army comprised individuals from all 13 states. About 30% of Continental soldiers at Valley Forge did not speak English as their first language. Many soldiers and commanders hailed from German-speaking communities, as with Pennsylvania-born Brigadier General Peter Muhlenberg. Still others spoke Scottish- or Irish-Gaelic, and a few descended from French-speaking Huguenot and Dutch-speaking communities in New York. Local residents sometimes conversed in Welsh. Several senior officers in the Continental Army originally came from France, Prussia, Poland, Ireland, and Hungary.[citation needed]

Although Native and/or African American men served the Continental Army as drovers, waggoners, and laborers, others fought as soldiers, particularly from Rhode Island and Massachusetts.[48] The smallest of the states, Rhode Island had difficulty meeting recruitment quotas for white men, spurring Brigadier General James Mitchell Varnum to suggest the enlistment of slaves for his 1st Rhode Island Regiment. Over a four-month period in 1778, the Rhode Island General Assembly allowed for their recruitment. In exchange for enlisting, soldiers of the 1st Rhode Island Regiment gained immediate emancipation, and their former owners received financial compensation equal to the slave's market value. They bought freedom for 117 enslaved recruits before the law allowing them to do so was repealed, but these free African American Soldiers continued to enlist in the military.[49] By January 1778, nearly 10% of Washington's effective force consisted of African-American troops.[50]

Commanders brought servants and enslaved people with them into the encampment, usually black people. Washington's enslaved domestic staff included his manservant William Lee, as well as cooks Hannah Till and her husband Isaac. William Lee had married Margaret Thomas, a free black woman who worked as a laundress at Washington's Headquarters. Hannah Till's legal owner Reverend John Mason lent her out to Washington, but Hannah secured an arrangement whereby she eventually bought her freedom.[51][52]

By Spring of 1778, Wappinger, Oneida and Tuscarora warriors who were on the side of the Patriots, with prominent Oneida leader Joseph Louis Cook of the St. Regis Mohawk among them, had joined the Americans at Valley Forge. Most served as scouts, keeping an eye out for British raiding parties in the area, and in May 1778, they fought under Lafayette at Barren Hill. In the oral history of the Oneida people, a prominent Oneida woman named Polly Cooper brought "hundreds of bushels of white corn" to hungry troops, teaching them how to process it for safe consumption.[53] During the Revolutionary War, most Native American tribes sided with the British in order to protect their traditional homelands from the encroachment of American settlers. However, several tribes, including the Oneida, sided with the Patriots due in part to ties with American settlers, such as Presbyterian minister Samuel Kirkland.[54] The Seven Nations of Canada and the Iroquois at what would be the Six Nations Reserve, who were mostly emigrants from the colony of New York, were brought to the brink of war by the Anglo-American conflict.[55]

## Organizational challenges[edit]

Poor organization was a major challenge facing the Continental Army during the Valley Forge winter. Two years of war, shuffling leadership, and uneven recruitment resulted in irregular unit organization and strength. During the Valley Forge encampment, the army was reorganized into five divisions under Major Generals Charles Lee, Marquis de Lafayette, Johan de Kalb, and William Alexander "Lord Stirling", with Brigadier General Anthony Wayne serving in place of Mifflin.[56][57] Unit strength and the terms of service became more standardized, improving the Continental army's efficiency.[58]

Washington enjoyed support among enlisted soldiers, but commissioned officers and congressional officials were not as enthusiastic. During the Valley Forge winter, Washington's detractors attacked his leadership ability in both private correspondence and in popular publications. One anonymous letter in January 1778 disparaged Washington: "The proper methods of attacking, beating, and conquering the Enemy has never as yet been adapted by the Commander in Chief."[59]

The most organized threat to Washington's leadership was the so-called Conway Cabal. The cabal consisted of a handful of military officers and American politicians who attempted to replace Washington with Major General Horatio Gates as the head of the Continental army. The movement was nominally led by Thomas Conway, a foreign Continental army general and critic of Washington's leadership. A series of leaks and embarrassing exposures in the fall and winter of 1777 and 1778 dissolved the cabal, and Washington's reputation improved.[60]

### Training[edit]

Further information: Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben

Baron Steuben training Continental Army troops at Valley Forge in 1778, depicted in a portrait by Edwin Austin Abbey

Increasing military efficiency, morale, and discipline improved the army's well being, along with a better supply of food and arms. The Continental Army had been hindered in battle because units administered training from a variety of field manuals, making coordinated battle movements awkward and difficult. They struggled with basic formations and lacked uniformity, thanks to multiple drilling techniques taught in various ways by different officers.[61] Baron Friedrich von Steuben, a Prussian drill master who had recently arrived from Europe, instituted a rigorous training program for the troops.

He drilled the soldiers, improving their battle and formation techniques. Under Steuben's leadership, the Continentals practiced volley fire, improved their maneuverability, standardized their march paces, exercised skirmishing operations, and drilled bayonet proficiency.[62] These new efforts to train and discipline the army also improved morale among the soldiers.[63]

## French alliance[edit]

Initially, France remained reluctant to directly involve themselves in the war against Great Britain. In part, they worried that revolutionary fervor might spread into their own empire (which it did by 1789), but they also did not think the American colonists could win. However, the October 1777 surrender of British General John Burgoyne's army at Saratoga won for Americans the assistance they needed from other foreign powers.[64] France and the United States subsequently signed a treaty on February 6, 1778, creating a military alliance between the two countries. In response, Great Britain declared war on France five weeks later, on March 17.

On May 6, having already received word of the French alliance, Washington ordered the Continental Army to perform a Grand Feu de Joie, a formal ceremony consisting of a rapid and sequential firing of guns down the ranks. Continental officer George Ewing wrote that "the troops then shouted, three cheers and 'Long live the King of France!' after this…three cheers and shout of 'God Save the friendly Powers of Europe!'…and cheers and a shout of 'God Save the American States!'"[65] Each soldier received an extra gill of rum (about four ounces) to enjoy that day, and after the troops' dismissal, Washington and other officers drank many patriotic toasts and concluded the day "with harmless Mirth and jollity."[65]

As empires, both France and Great Britain had territory around the world that required protection. Sir Henry Clinton replaced General Sir William Howe as British Commander-in-Chief of Land Forces in North America, and had to divert troops from Philadelphia to the Crown's valuable possessions in the West Indies. The British also feared a French naval blockade of Philadelphia, leading Clinton to abandon it for New York City, a loyalist stronghold.

On June 18, Washington and his troops marched after them, with the remainder vacating Valley Forge one day later, exactly six months after the Continental Army arrived in Valley Forge.

## Battle of Monmouth[edit]

Main article: Battle of Monmouth

As they marched through south and central New Jersey on their way to New York City, the British Army destroyed property and confiscated supplies and food, inspiring growing enmity among the area's civilians.[66] Meanwhile, small-scale cooperative operations between the Continentals and New Jersey militia harassed and exhausted the British forces.[67]

The armies met on the morning of June 28, beginning the Battle of Monmouth. Continental Army soldiers under the command of General Charles Lee engaged the British in approximately five hours of continuous fighting in a ferocious heat.[68] That night, British General Sir Henry Clinton moved his army out of Freehold and resumed their march to Manhattan. Both sides claimed elements of victory. The British army completed its march to New York City, while the Continental Army had forced a battle and performed admirably on an open field. The standardized training instilled at Valley Forge had improved their performance on the battlefield.[citation needed][69]

## Myth and memory[edit]

A World War II poster that references Valley Forge; "No one had to tell him to save food and equipment," it says.

Valley Forge long occupied a prominent place in U.S. storytelling and memory. The encampment in Pennsylvania later became a historic national park where many efforts were taken to preserve and capture the meaning and feelings many had behind the location’s historic significance and well-known myths; this perceived enduring atmosphere regarding the historical context behind the site, molded history’s patriotic view on Valley Forge. Many historians have supported and conveyed Valley Forge’s relevance in mythological context versus its historic understanding. The image of Valley Forge as a site of terrible suffering and unshakeable perseverance emerged years after the encampment ended.[70][71]

One of the most enduring myths about the Valley Forge encampment concerns the weather. Later depictions of Valley Forge described the encampment as blanketed in snow, with exposure and frostbite supposedly claiming the lives of many soldiers. Amputations occurred, but no corroborating sources state that death occurred from the freezing temperatures alone. Rather, snowfall occurred infrequently, above-freezing temperatures were regular, and ice was uncommon. Stories of harsh weather likely originated from the 1779–1780 winter encampment at Jockey Hollow, near Morristown, New Jersey, which had the coldest winter of the war.[72]

One of the most popular Valley Forge myths involves Washington kneeling in the snow praying for his army's salvation. The image was popularized in paintings, sculptures, and newspapers. Former U.S. President Ronald Reagan even repeated it. However, no contemporary evidence exists suggesting such a prayer occurred. The story first appeared in an 1804 article by Mason Locke Weems, an itinerant minister, popular folklorist, and Washington biographer. In Weems' story, a neutral Quaker named Isaac Potts discovered Washington at prayer, relayed the story to his wife, and then declared his support for the U.S. cause.[73] However, Potts did not live near Valley Forge during the encampment period and did not marry his wife until 1803. Despite the dubious origins, many have repeated the story over the years.[74]

## See also[edit]

* American Revolutionary War portal
* Philadelphia portal

* Bodo Otto (senior surgeon of the Continental Army)
* Chester County, Pennsylvania
* Sesquicentennial issues of 1926–1932 (a series of 150th anniversary commemorative stamps for Valley Forge and battles of the American Revolution)
* Upper Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
* USS Valley Forge
* Valley Forge Military Academy and College
* Valley Forge Pilgrimage

## Bibliography[edit]

Further information: Bibliography of George Washington

* Bobrick, Benson (1997). Angel in the Whirlwind. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781451628555.
* Bodle, Wayne K. (2002). The Valley Forge Winter: Civilians and Soldiers in War. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 9780271022307.
* Burk, William Herbert (1912). Historical and Topographical Guide to Valley Forge. John C. Winston Company.
* Cox, Caroline (2004). A Proper Sense of Honor: Service and Sacrifice in George Washington's Army. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807828847.
* Ellis, Joseph J. (2007). American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. ISBN 9780307276452.
* Jackson, John W. (1992). Valley Forge: Pinnacle of Courage. Thomas Publications.
* Lengel, Edward G. (2005). General George Washington: A Military Life. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 9781588364807.
* Loane, Nancy K. (2009). Following the Drum: Women at the Valley Forge Encampment. Potomac Books. ISBN 9781597973854.

## References[edit]

1. ^ Program, National Park Service Museum Management; Joan, Bacharach; Bassim, Khaled; Joni, Rowe (August 19, 2002). "'American Revolutionary War: Valley Forge National Historical Park Museum Collections". www.nps.gov. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
2. ^ Martin, James Kirby; Lender, Mark Edward (June 2, 2015). A Respectable Army: The Military Origins of the Republic, 1763–1789. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118923887.
3. ^ "Timeline of the American Revolution 1763 - 1783" (PDF). Retrieved February 23, 2018.
4. ^ Valley Forge National Historical Park, General Management Plan: Environmental Impact Statement. 2007.
5. ^ "NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report". National Park Service. Retrieved October 6, 2012.
6. ^ "Valley Forge Industry," Valley Forge Briefs, no. 21.
7. ^ Ann F. Rhoads, Douglas Ryan and Ella W. Aderman, Land use Study of Valley Forge National Historical Park (Philadelphia: Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania, 1989), 63–64.
8. ^ "Chapter Six: Historical Accuracy vs Good Taste: Valley Forge on the old 1920s and 1930s - Valley Forge National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
9. ^ a b "The Battle of Valley Forge - Journal of the American Revolution". Journal of the American Revolution. January 22, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
10. ^ "The British Campaign for Philadelphia and the Occupation of Valley Forge in 1777" (PDF). "Valley Forge National Historical Park," National Park Service. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
11. ^ a b "Washington's Generals and the Decision to Quarter at Valley Forge - The Washington Papers". The Washington Papers. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
12. ^ "Valley Forge". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
13. ^ "Founders Online: General Orders, 20 December 1777". Retrieved December 24, 2019.
14. ^ Bodle, Wayne; Thibaut, Jacqueline (1980). Valley Force Historical Research Project: Volume III: In the True Rustic Order: Material Aspects of the Valley Forge Encampment, 1777–1778. Clemson University Libraries.
15. ^ Historical Research Valley Forge State Park (West Chester, PA: National Heritage Corporation, 1974), 7–8.
16. ^ "Founders Online: From George Washington to Brigadier General Casimir Pulaski, 3 …". Retrieved February 23, 2018.
17. ^ Nathaniel Philbrick, "Valiant Ambition: George Washington, Benedict Arnold and the Fate of the American Revolution," (New York: Penguin Books, 2016), pp. 187–188
18. ^ Sgarlata, Cosimo A.; Orr, David G.; Morrison, Bethany A. (2019). The historical archaeology of revolutionary war encampments of Washington's army. Gainesville. ISBN 9780813056401.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
19. ^ "Founders Online: General Orders, 18 December 1777". Retrieved February 24, 2018.
20. ^ "Founders Online: General Orders, 18 December 1777". Retrieved February 24, 2018.
21. ^ Trussell, John B. Jr. (2007). Epic on the Schuylkill: The Valley Forge Encampment. DIANE Publishing Inc. p. 7\. ISBN 9781422314951.
22. ^ "Washington's Letter to Governor George Clinton", February 16, 1778, U.S. History
23. ^ Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier marquis de (1837). Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette. Saunders and Otley. p. 142.
24. ^ Bodle, Wayne (November 1, 2010). Valley Forge Winter: Civilians and Soldiers in War. Penn State Press. pp. 45–7. ISBN 978-0271045467.
25. ^ Nathaniel Philbrick, "Valiant Ambition: George Washington, Benedict Arnold and the Fate of the American Revolution," (New York: Penguin Books, 2016), p. 188
26. ^ Lengel, Edward G. (2007). General George Washington: A Military Life. Random House Trade Paperbacks. p. 272\. ISBN 9780812969504.
27. ^ Nathaniel Philbrick, "Valiant Ambition: George Washington, Benedict Arnold and the Fate of the American Revolution," (New York: Penguin Books, 2016), p. 197
28. ^ Trussell, John B. Jr. (2007). Epic on the Schuylkill: The Valley Forge Encampment. DIANE Publishing Inc. p. 10\. ISBN 9781422314951.
29. ^ Weedon, George (1902). Valley Forge Orderly Book of General George Weedon of the Continental Army Under Command of Genl. George Washington: In the Campaign of 1777–8, Describing the Events of the Battles of Brandywine, Warren Tavern, Germantown, and Whitemarsh, and of the Camps at Neshaminy, Wilmington, Pennypacker's Mills, Skippack, Whitemarsh, & Valley Forge. Dodd, Mead. p. 291.
30. ^ Trussell, John B. Jr. (2007). Epic on the Schuylkill: The Valley Forge Encampment. DIANE Publishing Inc. p. 8\. ISBN 9781422314951.
31. ^ Martin, Joseph Plumb (March 13, 2012). Memoir of a Revolutionary Soldier: The Narrative of Joseph Plumb Martin. Courier Corporation. p. 58\. ISBN 9780486131238.
32. ^ "Founders Online: From George Washington to Henry Laurens, 23 December 1777". Retrieved February 24, 2018.
33. ^ Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier marquis de (1837). Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette. Saunders and Otley. p. 35.
34. ^ Christopher Marshall, in "200 Years Ago Today at Valley Forge: Diary of ChristopherMarshall" (in the possession of Valley Forge National Historical Park), January 7, 1778.
35. ^ Trussell, John B. Jr. (2007). Epic on the Schuylkill: The Valley Forge Encampment. DIANE Publishing Inc. p. 13\. ISBN 9781422314951.
36. ^ Bodle, Wayne (November 1, 2010). Valley Forge Winter: Civilians and Soldiers in War. Penn State Press. p. 143\. ISBN 978-0271045467.
37. ^ Bodle, Wayne (November 1, 2010). Valley Forge Winter: Civilians and Soldiers in War. Penn State Press. p. 13\. ISBN 978-0271045467.
38. ^ Trussell, John B. Jr. (2007). Epic on the Schuylkill: The Valley Forge Encampment. DIANE Publishing Inc. p. 12\. ISBN 9781422314951.
39. ^ Weedon, George (1902). Valley Forge Orderly Book of General George Weedon of the Continental Army Under Command of Genl. George Washington: In the Campaign of 1777–8, Describing the Events of the Battles of Brandywine, Warren Tavern, Germantown, and Whitemarsh, and of the Camps at Neshaminy, Wilmington, Pennypacker's Mills, Skippack, Whitemarsh, & Valley Forge. Dodd, Mead. p. 254.
40. ^ Weedon, George (1902). Valley Forge Orderly Book of General George Weedon of the Continental Army Under Command of Genl. George Washington: In the Campaign of 1777–8, Describing the Events of the Battles of Brandywine, Warren Tavern, Germantown, and Whitemarsh, and of the Camps at Neshaminy, Wilmington, Pennypacker's Mills, Skippack, Whitemarsh, & Valley Forge. Dodd, Mead.
41. ^ a b "Founders Online: General Orders, 27 May 1778". Retrieved February 24, 2018.
42. ^ Fenn, Elizabeth A. (October 2, 2002). Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775–82. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 98\. ISBN 9781466808041.
43. ^ Fenn, Elizabeth A. (October 2, 2002). Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775–82. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 21\. ISBN 9781466808041.
44. ^ Fenn, Elizabeth A. (October 2, 2002). Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775–82. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 102\. ISBN 9781466808041.
45. ^ "Founders Online: General Orders, 4 August 1777". Retrieved February 24, 2018.
46. ^ a b Nancy K. Loane, Following the Drum: Women at the Valley Forge Encampment (Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2009), 13.
47. ^ "The Women Present at Valley Forge - Valley Forge National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)".
48. ^ "Colonial Williamsburg | the World's Largest Living History Museum".
49. ^ "Patriots of Color at Valley Forge - Valley Forge National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)".
50. ^ "A Common American Soldier". www.history.org. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
51. ^ Nancy K. Loane, Following the Drum, 106–107.
52. ^ "The Women Present at Valley Forge - Valley Forge National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
53. ^ "Polly Cooper: Oneida Heroine". Oneida Indian Nation. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
54. ^ Galloway, Collin G. (December 4, 2008). "American Indians and the American Revolution". National Park Service. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
55. ^ Darren Bonaparte, "Too Many Chiefs", Wampum Chronicles, p. 6
56. ^ "Divisions". valleyforgemusterroll.org. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
57. ^ "Muster Roll". valleyforgemusterroll.org. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
58. ^ Bodle, Wayne (November 1, 2010). Valley Forge Winter: Civilians and Soldiers in War. Penn State Press. p. 239\. ISBN 978-0271045467.
59. ^ "Founders Online: To George Washington from Henry Laurens, 27 January 1778". Retrieved February 24, 2018.
60. ^ "Conway Cabal". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
61. ^ Lender, Mark Edward; Stone, Garry Wheeler (April 18, 2016). Fatal Sunday: George Washington, the Monmouth Campaign, and the Politics of Battle. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 64\. ISBN 9780806155135.
62. ^ Lender, Mark Edward; Stone, Garry Wheeler (April 18, 2016). Fatal Sunday: George Washington, the Monmouth Campaign, and the Politics of Battle. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 66\. ISBN 9780806155135.
63. ^ Wayne Bodle, The Valley Forge Winter: Soldiers and Civilians in War (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002), 202.
64. ^ Edmund S. Morgan, The Birth of the Republic, 1763–89, Fourth Edition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 82.
65. ^ a b George Ewing, "The Military Journal of George Ewing: A Soldier of Valley Forge – Pages 41–54," Ewing Family History, last modified September 16, 2006, http://www.sandcastles.net/journal4.htm .
66. ^ Mark Edward Lender and Garry Wheeler Stone, Fatal Sunday: George Washington, the Monmouth Campaign, and the Politics of Battle (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016), 146.
67. ^ Mark Edward Lender and Garry Wheeler Stone, Fatal Sunday: George Washington, the Monmouth Campaign, and the Politics of Battle (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016), 169–170.
68. ^ Frazza, Al. "Revolutionary War Sites in Manalapan, New Jersey". Revolutionary War New Jersey. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
69. ^ "Overview of Valley Forge History and Significance". August 12, 2019. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
70. ^ Lindgren, James M.; Treese, Lorett (March 1996). "Valley Forge: Making and Remaking a National Symbol". The Journal of American History. The Organization of American Historians. 82 (4): 1558–59. doi:10.2307/2945337. JSTOR 2945337.
71. ^ Nelson, Paul David; Trussell, John B. B. (March 1978). "Birthplace of an Army: A Study of the Valley Forge Encampment". The Journal of American History. The Organization of American Historians. 64 (4): 1093–94. doi:10.2307/1890762. hdl:2027/inu.39000003345225. JSTOR 1890762.
72. ^ "Continental Army Winter Encampments: Morristown, New Jersey and vicinity" (PDF). Morristown National Historical Park. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
73. ^ Garry Wills, Cincinnatus: George Washington and the Enlightenment (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1984), 50.
74. ^ Edward Lengel, Inventing George Washington: America's Founder, in Myth and Memory (New York: HarperCollins, 2011), 82–84.

## Further reading[edit]

* Bill, 1952, Valley Forge: The Making of an Army
* Boyle, 2000, Writings from the Valley Forge Encampment of the Continental Army, December 19, 1777 – June 19, 1778, Volume 1
* Buchanan, 2004, The Road to Valley Forge: How Washington Built the Army that Won the Revolution
* Ellis, 2005, His Excellency: George Washington
* Fleming, Thomas. Washington's Secret War: The Hidden History of Valley Forge. 2005. ISBN 0060829621.
* Garland, 2006, Valley Forge
* Gingrich; Forstchen; Hanser, 2010, Valley Forge: George Washington and the Crucible of Victory
* Lockhart, 2008, The Drillmaster of Valley Forge: The Baron de Steuben and the Making of the American Army
* Swigart, 2002, Valley Forge
* Taylor, 1910, Valley Forge: A Chronicle of American Heroism—eBook
* Wildes, 1938, Valley Forge

## External links[edit]

Valley Forge at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Definitions from Wiktionary
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* Texts from Wikisource
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* "Valley Forge National Park"
* Valley Forge Tourism and Recreation Board
* "Valley Forge" at National Park Service
* "What happened at Valley Forge?" at National Park Service

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George Washington

* 1st President of the United States (1789–1797)
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Related|

* Bibliography
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Family|

* Martha Washington (wife)
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* Eleanor Parke Custis (step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)
* Augustine Washington (father)
* Mary Ball Washington (mother)
* Lawrence Washington (half-brother)
* Augustine Washington Jr. (half-brother)
* Betty Washington Lewis (sister)
* Samuel Washington (brother)
* John A. Washington (brother)
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* Category

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Pennsylvania in the American Revolution

1774|

* Carpenters' Hall
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1775|

* Independence Hall
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1776|

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1777|

* Articles of Confederation
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* Valley Forge

1778|

* Battle of Crooked Billet
* Battle of Barren Hill
* British occupation of Philadelphia ends
* Wyoming Valley battle and massacre

1781|

* Congress of the Confederation
* Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line

1783|

* 1783 Mutiny

* v
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* e

American Revolutionary War

Origins of the American Revolution

| Philosophy|

* American Enlightenment
* John Locke
* Colonial history
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* Freedom of religion
* Rights of Englishmen
* No taxation without representation
* Common Sense
* Spirit of '76
* "All men are created equal"
* "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness"
* "Consent of the governed"
* Expansionism
* Settler colonialism

|

Royalists|

* Pitt–Newcastle ministry
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Related British
Acts of Parliament

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Colonials|

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Events|

* French and Indian War
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* Gaspee affair
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* Combatants
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* Colonies

| Combatants|

| United Colonies/Thirteen Colonies|

* Continental Congress
* Army
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* Marines

|

Kingdom of Great Britain|

* Parliament
* British Army
* Royal Navy
* German auxiliaries

Colonial allies|

* France
* Franco-American Treaty
* Army
* Navy
* Hortalez et Cie

Campaigns and
theaters

* Boston
* Quebec
* Nova Scotia
* New York and New Jersey
* Saratoga
* Philadelphia
* Northern
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* Yorktown
* Naval battles

Major battles|

* Lexington and Concord
* Boston
* Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
* Bunker Hill
* Quebec
* Valcour Island
* Long Island
* Harlem Heights
* Fort Washington
* Trenton
* Assunpink Creek
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* Siege of Fort Ticonderoga
* Bennington
* Saratoga
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* Germantown
* Monmouth
* St. Lucia
* Grenada
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* Sullivan Expedition
* Savannah
* Gibraltar
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* Charleston
* Connecticut Farms
* Springfield
* Camden
* Kings Mountain
* Cowpens
* Guilford Court House
* Lochry's Defeat
* Chesapeake
* Yorktown
* The Saintes

Other events|

* Staten Island Peace Conference
* "First Salute"
* Washington's crossing of the Delaware River
* Conway Cabal
* Valley Forge
* Entry of France into war
* Carlisle Peace Commission
* Gordon Riots
* Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781
* Sint Eustatius
* Newburgh Conspiracy
* Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783

Related conflicts|

* Cherokee–American wars
* Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
* Second Anglo-Mysore War

Involvement (by
colony or location)

| Rebel colonies|

* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Georgia
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New York
* North Carolina
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* Virginia

|

Loyal colonies|

* East Florida
* Nova Scotia
* Quebec
* West Florida

Leaders

| British|

| Military|

* Arbuthnot
* Brant
* Burgoyne
* Campbell
* Carleton
* Clinton
* Cornwallis
* Fraser
* Gage
* Graves
* Richard Howe
* William Howe
* Knyphausen
* Rodney

|

Civilian|

* King George III
* Amherst
* Barrington
* Germain
* North
* Rockingham
* Sandwich
* Shelburne

Colonial|

| Military|

* Washington
* Alexander
* Allen
* Arnold
* Barry
* Claghorn
* Clark
* Duportail
* Gates
* Greene
* Hamilton
* Hopkins
* Jones
* de Kalb
* Knox
* Lafayette
* Charles Lee
* Lincoln
* Mercer
* Montgomery
* Nicholson
* Putnam
* Rodney
* St. Clair
* Schuyler
* von Steuben
* Sullivan
* Ward
* Wayne

|

Civilian|

* John Adams
* Samuel Adams
* Carroll
* Dickinson
* Franklin
* Hancock
* Hanson
* Henry
* Huntington
* Jay
* Jefferson
* Laurens
* Richard Henry Lee
* McKean
* Morris
* Revere
* Rush
* Witherspoon

Colonial allies|

| French|

* Louis XVI
* Beaumarchais
* d'Estaing
* de Grasse
* de Guichen
* Luzerne
* de Rochambeau
* Suffren
* Vergennes

|

Aftermath

* Society of the Cincinnati
* Treaty of Paris (1783)
* Evacuation Day (1783)
* Ratification Day (1784)
* Constitutional Convention
* The Federalist Papers
* Constitution
* Bill of Rights
* Shays' Rebellion
* Jay Treaty

* Related topics

| Military|

* Prisoners
* The Turtle

|

Political|

* Founding Fathers
* Diplomacy
* Liberty Tree
* Yankee Doodle

Other topics|

* Timeline of the American Revolution
* African Americans in the Revolutionary War
* Dogs in the American Revolutionary War
* Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
* Women in the American Revolution
* Financial costs of the war
* Continental currency banknotes
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* Museum of the American Revolution

Portal

* v
* t
* e

Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette

Principal author|

* Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)

American Revolution|

* French frigate Hermione
* Battle of Brandywine
* Battle of Gloucester
* Valley Forge
* Battle of Barren Hill
* Battle of Rhode Island
* Battle of Monmouth
* Battle of Green Spring
* Siege of Yorktown
* Franco-American alliance

French Revolution|

* Assembly of Notables (1787)
* Estates General of 1789
* National Guard (France)
* Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
* Women's March on Versailles
* Society of 1789
* Fête de la Fédération
* Day of Daggers
* Champ de Mars massacre
* War of the First Coalition
* July Revolution (1830)

Other events|

* 1824–25 Grand Tour of the United States
* New York City parade
* Philadelphia parade
* USS Brandywine

Life|

* Château de Chavaniac (birthplace and home)
* Château de la Grange-Bléneau (home and museum)
* Lafayette Land Grant
* Picpus Cemetery

Honors and
memorials|

* List of places named for the Marquis de Lafayette
* Fayetteville, North Carolina
* Lafayette, Louisiana
* Fort Lafayette
* Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania
* Lafayette College
* New York City statue (1876)
* LaFayette Fountain (1887)
* Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.
* 1891 statue
* Lafayette Square Historic District
* Lafayette dollar (1899)
* Mount Lafayette
* Lafayette Memorial (1917)
* Lafayette College statue (1921)
* Los Angeles statue (1937)
* Lafayette Escadrille
* USS Lafayette

Legacy|

* 1825 Samuel Morse painting
* "Lafayette (We Hear You Calling)" (1918 song)
* La Fayette (1961 film)
* Valley Forge (1975 film)
* La Révolution française (1989 film)
* Jefferson in Paris (1995 film)
* Liberty! (1997 documentary miniseries)
* Liberty's Kids (2002 television series)
* Hamilton (2015 musical, 2020 film)
* Lafayette in the Somewhat United States (2015 book)
* Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution (2021 book)
* Franklin (upcoming miniseries)

Family|

* Adrienne de La Fayette (wife)
* Georges Washington de La Fayette (son)
* Michel du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette (father)

Related|

* Order of Lafayette
* Honorary U.S. citizenship (2002)

Authority control databases |

* NARA

|

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