Catherine of Braganza

Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1662 to 1685

Not to be confused with Catarina of Portugal, Duchess of Braganza.

Catherine of Braganza

Portrait by Peter Lely, c. 1663–1665

Queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland
Tenure| 21 May 1662 – 6 February 1685

Born| (1638-11-25)25 November 1638
Palace of Vila Viçosa, Vila Viçosa, Portugal
Died| 31 December 1705(1705-12-31) (aged 67)
Bemposta Palace, Lisbon, Portugal
Burial|

Pantheon of the House of Braganza, Lisbon

Spouse|

Charles II of England

(m. 1662; died 1685)​

House| Braganza
Father| John IV of Portugal
Mother| Luisa de Guzmán
Religion| Roman Catholicism
Signature|

Catherine of Braganza (Portuguese: Catarina de Bragança; 25 November 1638 – 31 December 1705) was Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland during her marriage to King Charles II, which lasted from 21 May 1662 until his death on 6 February 1685. She was the daughter of John IV of Portugal, who became the first king from the House of Braganza in 1640, after overthrowing the 60-year rule of the Spanish Habsburgs over Portugal. Catherine served as the regent of Portugal during the absence of her brother Peter II in 1701, and again in 1704–1705, after her return to her homeland as a widow.

Owing to her devotion to the Roman Catholic faith in which she had been raised, Catherine was unpopular in England.[1] She was a special object of attack by the inventors of the Popish Plot. In 1678 the murder of Edmund Berry Godfrey was ascribed to her servants, and Titus Oates accused her of an intention to poison the king. These charges, the absurdity of which was soon shown by cross-examination, nevertheless placed Catherine for some time in great danger. On 28 November 1678, Oates accused Catherine of high treason, and the English House of Commons passed an order for the removal of her and of all Roman Catholics from the Palace of Whitehall. Several further depositions were made against her, and in June 1679 it was decided that she should stand trial, which threat however was lifted by the king's intervention, for which she later showed him much gratitude.

Catherine produced no heirs for Charles, having suffered three miscarriages.[1] Her husband kept many mistresses, most notably Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland, whom Catherine was forced to accept as one of her Ladies of the Bedchamber.[2] By his mistresses, Charles fathered many children, whom he acknowledged.

Catherine of Braganza is often credited with popularising the custom of drinking tea in England.[3]

## Early life and family

[edit]

The Palace of the Dukes of Braganza, in Vila Viçosa.

Infanta Catherine of Portugal by Dirk Stoop, 1660–1661

Catherine was born at the Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa as the second surviving daughter of John, 8th Duke of Braganza, and his wife, Luisa de Guzmán.[4] Following the Portuguese Restoration War, her father was acclaimed King John IV of Portugal on 1 December 1640. With her father's new position as one of Europe's most important monarchs, Portugal then possessing the widespread colonial Portuguese Empire, Catherine became a prime choice for a wife for European royalty, and she was proposed as a bride for John of Austria, the duc de Beaufort, Louis XIV of France and Charles II of England. The consideration for the final choice was due to her being seen as a useful conduit for contracting an alliance between Portugal and England after the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659, in which Portugal was arguably abandoned by France. Despite her country's ongoing struggle with Spain, Catherine enjoyed a happy, contented childhood in her beloved Lisbon.

Commonly regarded as the power behind the throne, Queen Luisa was also a devoted mother who took an active interest in her children's upbringing and personally supervised her daughter's education. Catherine is believed to have spent most of her youth in a convent close by the royal palace where she remained under the watchful eye of her protective mother. It appears to have been a very sheltered upbringing, with one contemporary remarking that Catherine, "was bred hugely retired" and "hath hardly been ten times out of the palace in her life".[5] Catherine's older sister Joana, Princess of Beira, died in 1653, leaving Catherine as the eldest surviving child of her parents. Her husband was chosen by Luisa, who acted as regent of her country following her husband's death in 1656.[1]

## Marriage

[edit]

Further information: Marriage Treaty, Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, and British rule in Portuguese India

Negotiations for the marriage began during the reign of King Charles I and were renewed immediately after the Restoration. On 23 June 1661, in spite of Spanish opposition (because Spain was at war with Portugal at the time), the marriage contract was signed. England secured Tangier (in North Africa) and the Seven Islands of Bombay (in India), trading privileges in Brazil and the Portuguese East Indies, religious and commercial freedom for English residents in Portugal, and two million Portuguese crowns (about £300,000). In return, Portugal obtained English military and naval support (which would prove to be decisive) in her fight against Spain, as well as liberty of worship for Catherine.[6] She arrived at Portsmouth on the evening of 13–14 May 1662,[6] but was not visited there by Charles until 20 May. "There are two apparently contradictory accounts of the impression made upon Charles"[7] when he first saw his new bride. Charles wrote a letter to his chief advisor, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon

> in which he expressed himself very well satisfied with her. He admitted that she was no beauty, but her countenance was agreeable, he said, and "her conversation," he added, "as far as I can perceive, is very good; for she has wit enough, and a very agreeable voice. You would be surprised to see how well we are acquainted already. In a word, I think myself very happy, and I am confident that we shall agree very well together.[7]

However, Charles is also reputed to have "said privately to one of his companions upon leaving the presence of his bride that "upon his word, they had sent him a bat instead of a woman.""[7] However, historian Antonia Fraser considers it to be "unlikely"[8] that Charles ever said this; "such an unchivalrous remark would have been quite out of character. But the malicious tale does reveal how Catherine must have appeared to the English: small and dark and very, very foreign."[8]

The following day, 21 May 1662, the couple were married at Portsmouth in two ceremonies – a Catholic one conducted in secret, followed by a public Anglican service.[6]

Catherine of Braganza departs Lisbon from the Palace Square, 23 April 1662.

On 30 September 1662, the married couple entered London as part of a large procession, which included the Portuguese delegation and many members of the court. There were also minstrels and musicians, among them ten playing shawms and twelve playing Portuguese bagpipes, those being the new Queen's favourite instruments. The procession continued over a large bridge, especially designed and built for the occasion, which led into the palace where Henrietta Maria, the Queen Mother, waited along with the English court and nobility. This was followed by feasting and firework displays.

Catherine possessed several good qualities, but had been brought up in a convent, secluded from the world, and was scarcely a wife Charles would have chosen for himself. Her mother-in-law, the Queen Mother, was pleased with her, and wrote that she is "the best creature in the world, from whom I have so much affection, I have the joy to see the King love her extremely. She is a Saint!" In reality, her marriage was plagued by infidelities on Charles's side.[9]

Little is known of Catherine's own thoughts on the match. While her mother plotted to secure an alliance with England and thus support Portugal's fight for independence, and her future husband celebrated his restoration by dallying with his mistresses, Catherine's time had been spent in the sombre seclusion of her convent home, with little opportunity for fun or frivolity. Even outside the convent, her actions were governed by the strict etiquette of the royal court of Portugal. By all accounts, Catherine grew into a quiet, even-tempered young woman.

Catherine became pregnant and miscarried at least three times, and during a severe illness in 1663, she imagined, for a time, that she had given birth. Charles comforted her by telling her she had indeed given birth to two sons and a daughter. Her position was a difficult one, and though Charles continued to have children by his many mistresses, he insisted she be treated with respect, and sided with her against his mistresses when he felt that she was not receiving due respect. After her three miscarriages, it seemed to be more and more unlikely that the queen would bear an heir. Royal advisors urged the monarch to seek a divorce, hoping that the new wife would be Protestant and fertile – but Charles refused. This eventually led to her being made a target by courtiers.[1] Throughout his reign, Charles firmly dismissed the idea of divorcing Catherine, and she remained faithful to Charles throughout their marriage.

## Queen consort (1662–1685)

[edit]

King Charles II and Queen Catherine of Braganza

Catherine was not a particularly popular choice of queen, since she was a Roman Catholic.[1] Her religion prevented her from being crowned, as Roman Catholics were forbidden to take part in Anglican services. She initially faced hardships due to the language barrier, the king's infidelities and the political conflicts between Roman Catholics and Anglicans. Over time, her quiet decorum, loyalty and genuine affection for Charles changed the public's perception of her.

Queen Catherine as St Catherine of Alexandria, by Jacob Huysmans

Although her difficulties with the English language persisted, as time went on, the once rigidly formal Portuguese Infanta mellowed and began to enjoy some of the more innocent pleasures of the court. She loved to play cards and shocked devout Protestants by playing on Sundays. She enjoyed dancing and took great delight in organising masques. She had a great love for the countryside and picnics; fishing and archery were also favourite pastimes. In 1670, on a trip to Audley End with her ladies-in-waiting, the once chronically shy Catherine attended a country fair disguised as a village maiden, but was soon discovered and, due to the large crowds, forced to make a hasty retreat.[10] And when in 1664 her favourite painter, Jacob Huysmans, a Flemish Catholic, painted her as St Catherine, it promptly set a trend among court ladies.[5]

She did not involve herself in English politics, instead she kept up an active interest in her native country. Anxious to re-establish good relations with the pope and perhaps gain recognition for Portuguese independence, she sent Richard Bellings, later her principal secretary, to Rome with letters for the pope and several cardinals. In 1669 she involved herself in the last-ditch effort to relieve Candia in Crete, which was under siege by the Ottoman Empire and whose cause Rome was promoting, although she failed to persuade her husband to take any action. In 1670, as a sign of her rising favour with the then-new Pope Clement X, she requested and was granted devotional objects.[5] The same year, Charles II ordered the building of a Royal yacht HMY Saudadoes for her, used for pleasure trips on the River Thames and to maintain communications with the Queen's homeland of Portugal, making the journey twice.[11]

Catherine fainted when Charles's official mistress, Barbara Palmer was presented to her. Charles insisted on making Palmer Catherine's Lady of the Bedchamber.[12] After this incident, Catherine withdrew from spending time with the king, declaring she would return to Portugal rather than openly accept the arrangement with Palmer. Clarendon failed to convince her to change her mind. Charles then dismissed nearly all the members of Catherine's Portuguese retinue, after which she stopped actively resisting, which pleased the king, however she participated very little in court life and activities.[13]

## Catholicism

[edit]

Though known to keep her faith a private matter, her religion and proximity to the king made her the target of anti-Catholic sentiment. Catherine occupied herself with her faith. Her piety was widely known and was a characteristic in his wife that the King greatly admired; in his letters to his sister, Catherine's devoutness is described almost with awe. Her household contained between four and six priests, and in 1665, Catherine decided to build a religious house east of St James's to be occupied by thirteen Portuguese Franciscans of the order of St Peter of Alcantara. It was completed by 1667 and would become known as The Friary.[5]

Queen Catherine as a Shepherdess, by Jacob Huysmans

In 1675 the stress of a possible revival of the divorce project indirectly led to another illness, which Catherine's physicians claimed and her husband cannot fail to have noted, was "due as much to mental as physical causes". In the same year, all Irish and English Catholic priests were ordered to leave the country, which left Catherine dependent upon foreign priests. As increasingly harsher measures were put in place against Catholics, Catherine appointed her close friend and adviser, the devoutly Catholic Francisco de Mello, former Portuguese Ambassador to England, as her lord chamberlain. It was an unusual and controversial move but "wishing to please Catherine and perhaps demonstrate the futility of moves for divorce, the King granted his permission. De Mello was dismissed the following year for ordering the printing of a Catholic book, leaving the beleaguered Catherine even more isolated at court".[5] One consolation was that Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, who replaced Barbara Palmer as reigning mistress, always treated the Queen with proper deference; the Queen in return showed her gratitude by using her own influence to protect Louise during the Popish Plot.

### Popish plot

[edit]

Further information: Popish plot

The Test Act 1673 had driven all Catholics out of public office, and anti-Catholic feelings intensified in the years to come. Although she was not active in religious politics, in 1675 Catherine was criticised for supposedly supporting the idea of appointing a bishop to England who, it was hoped, would resolve the internal disputes of Catholics. Critics also noted the fact that, despite orders to the contrary, English Catholics attended her private chapel.

As the highest-ranking Catholic in the country, Catherine was an obvious target for Protestant extremists, and it was hardly surprising that the Popish Plot of 1678 would directly threaten her position. However, Catherine was completely secure in her husband's favour ("she could never do anything wicked, and it would be a horrible thing to abandon her" he told Gilbert Burnet), and the House of Lords, most of whom knew her and liked her, refused by an overwhelming majority to impeach her.[5] Relations between the royal couple became notably warmer: Catherine wrote of Charles's "wonderful kindness" to her and it was noted that his visits to her quarters became longer and more frequent.

## After Charles's death

[edit]

During Charles's final illness in 1685, she showed anxiety about his reconciliation with the Roman Catholic faith, and she exhibited great grief at his death. When he lay dying in 1685, he asked for Catherine, but she sent a message asking that her presence be excused and "to beg his pardon if she had offended him all his life." He answered, "Alas poor woman! she asks for my pardon? I beg hers with all my heart; take her back that answer."[4] Later in the same year, she unsuccessfully interceded with James II for the life of James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, Charles's illegitimate son and leader of the Monmouth Rebellion – even though Monmouth in rebellion had called upon the support represented by the staunch Protestants opposed to the Catholic Church.

Catherine remained in England, living at Somerset House,[14] through the reign of James and his deposition in the Glorious Revolution by William III and Mary II. She remained in England partly because of a protracted lawsuit against her former Lord Chamberlain, Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, over money that she claimed as part of her allowance and that he claimed was part of the perquisite of his office. Catherine's fondness for money is one of the more unexpected features of her character: her brother-in-law James, who was himself notably avaricious, remarked that she always drove a hard bargain.

Initially on good terms with William and Mary, her position deteriorated as the practice of her religion led to misunderstandings and increasing isolation. A bill was introduced to Parliament to limit the number of Catherine's Catholic servants, and she was warned not to agitate against the government.

According to Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, in her widowhood she secretly married his relation Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham, despite the earl being a lifelong Protestant.[15]

## Back in Portugal

[edit]

Her nephew Dom João Prince of Brazil.

She finally returned to Portugal in March 1692.

In 1703, she supported the Methuen Treaty between Portugal and England. She acted as regent for her brother, Peter II, in 1701 and 1704–05. Catherine was a mentor for her nephew, Dom João Prince of Brazil, from 1706 onward, the Portuguese Sun King (o Rei-Sol Português). His reign saw the rise of Portugal and its monarchy to new levels of prosperity, wealth, and prestige among European courts.

She died at the Bemposta Palace in Lisbon on 31 December 1705 and was buried at the Pantheon of the House of Braganza.

## Legacy

[edit]

The quarter-scale bronze model installed in 1998 in northeastern Lisbon

Catherine's marriage had an important result for the later history of India and of the British Empire. Charles II rented the Seven Islands of Bombay, part of her dowry, to the East India Company which moved its presidency there – resulting in Bombay/Mumbai eventually growing to become one of the main cities of India.

Catherine is often credited with popularizing tea drinking in Britain.[3]

Queens, a borough of New York City, was supposedly named after Catherine of Braganza since she was queen when Queens County was established in 1683. Queens' naming is consistent with those of Kings County (the borough of Brooklyn, originally named after her husband, King Charles II) and Richmond County (the borough of Staten Island, named after his illegitimate son, the 1st Duke of Richmond).[16][17][18] However, there is no historical evidence that Queens County was named in her honour, neither is there a document from the time proclaiming it so. Some written histories of Queens skip over the monarch entirely and make no mention of her.[19]

After the tri-centennial of the establishment of Queens County in 1983, the Portuguese-American "Friends of Queen Catherine" society began raising money to erect a 35-foot statue of Queen Catherine on the East River waterfront in Long Island City. Audrey Flack was hired by the society to serve as the sculptor of the proposed statue, and the project received support from several notable public figures in New York City, including Claire Shulman and Donald Trump. However, the project was well into development when opposition to the statue arose from multiple parties; historians objected to the statue on the grounds that there was no evidence that Queens was actually named after her, and thought that the location of the proposed statue was misplaced. Meanwhile, the African-American Bethesda Missionary Baptist Church opposed plans for the statue after allegations that Queen Catherine and the House of Braganza had profited from the slave trade emerged, while Irish-Americans in Queens were upset that the proposed statue would eclipse the Calvary Cemetery, which had been established for the Irish immigrant community in the United States. As a result of this public opposition, Shulman was forced to withdraw her support, and the statue was never erected.[20][21] A quarter-scale model survives at the site of Expo '98 in Lisbon, Portugal, facing west across the Atlantic.

Catherine Street, formerly Brydges Street, in central London is named after her.[22]

Novelists, notably Margaret Campbell Barnes in With All My Heart, Jean Plaidy in her Charles II trilogy and Susanna Gregory in her Thomas Chaloner mystery novels, usually portray the Queen in a sympathetic light. So did Alison Macleod in her 1976 biography of the queen, The Portingale and Isabel Stilwell in her 2008 historical novel Catherine of Braganza – The courage of a Portuguese Infanta who became Queen of England.

## Arms

[edit]

The royal arms of the British monarch are impaled with the royal arms of her father. For supporters, she used the crowned lion of England on the dexter side, and on the sinister, the wyvern Vert of Portugal.[23]

Catherine's coat of arms as Queen of England

## Ancestry

[edit]

Ancestors of Catherine of Braganza

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. João, 6th Duke of Braganza

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. Teodósio, 7th Duke of Braganza|

|  |  |
| 9\. Catarina of Portugal

| 2\. John IV of Portugal|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Juan, 5th Duke of Frías

| 5\. Ana de Velasco y Girón|

|  |  |
| 11\. María Téllez-Girón y Guzmán

| 1\. Catherine of Braganza|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Alonso, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia

| 6\. Manuel, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia|

|  |  |
| 13\. Ana de Silva y Mendoza

| 3\. Luisa de Guzmán|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Francisco, 1st Duke of Lerma

| 7\. Juana de Sandoval y la Cerda|

|  |  |
| 15\. Catalina de la Cerda y Portugal

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## See also

[edit]

* List of English consorts
* History of tea in the United Kingdom

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e Kenneth J. Panton; Kenneth John Panton (24 February 2011). Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Scarecrow Press. pp. 90–91\. ISBN 978-0-8108-5779-7. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
2. ^ Herman (2005, p. 61)
3. ^ a b Martin, Laura C (2007). Tea: the drink that changed the world. Catherine of Braganza: Tuttle Publishing. pp. 120–123\. ISBN 978-0-8048-3724-8.
4. ^ a b Laufer (1999, p. 83)
5. ^ a b c d e f Heidi Murphy. "Biographies of Great Men & Women of England, Wales and Scotland". Britannia.com. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
6. ^ a b c Wynne, S. M. (2004). "Catherine (1638–1705)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4894. Retrieved 4 June 2012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
7. ^ a b c Abbott, Jacob (1904). Charles II. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 241.
8. ^ a b Fraser, Antonia (2002). King Charles II. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 270\. ISBN 978-0-7538-1403-1.
9. ^ Herman (2005, pp. 58–59)
10. ^ HMC 6th Report (Sir H. Ingilby) (London, 1877), pp. 367–368.
11. ^ Madge, Tim (1997). Royal Yachts of the World. East Molesey: Thomas Reed. ISBN 0901281743
12. ^ Herman (2005, p. 60)
13. ^ Herman (2005, pp. 61–62)
14. ^ British empire; British isles (1856). The land we live in ... the British Islands. p. 157. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
15. ^ "C'est celle avec qui le comte de Feversham, frère des maréchaux de Duras et de Lorges, était si bien qu'on ne douta pas qu'il ne l'eût épousée dans l'intervalle de la mort de Charles II et de son départ." (It is she with whom the Earl of Feversham, brother of the marshals de Duras and de Lorges, got on so well that there was little doubt he had married her in the time between the death of Charles II and her going away) Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon. "VIII". Mémoires. Vol. 1. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
16. ^ Adrian Room (2006). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites. McFarland. p. 308\. ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
17. ^ Jason D. Antos (2009). Queens. Arcadia Publishing. p. 12\. ISBN 978-0-7385-6308-4. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
18. ^ Jane Mushabac; Angela Wigan; Museum of the City of New York (1999). A Short and Remarkable History of New York City. Fordham Univ Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8232-1985-8. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
19. ^ More, James F. (2003). The History of Queens County. Ontario: Global Heritage Press. pp. 13–14\. ISBN 978-1894378789.
20. ^ New York Times, 11 October 1990 and 9 January 1998.
21. ^ Catherine Of Braganza: The Fall Of A Queen Archived 19 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Queens Tribune
22. ^ Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher (1992). The London Encyclopaedia (reprint ed.). Macmillan. p. 130.
23. ^ Pinches, John Harvey; Pinches, Rosemary (1974), The Royal Heraldry of England, Heraldry Today, Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press, p. 181, ISBN 0-900455-25-X

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Catherine of Braganza". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

## Sources

[edit]

* Herman, Eleanor (2005). Sex with Kings: 500 Years of Adultery, Power, Rivalry, and Revenge. The Contempt of the World: William Morrow Paperbacks. ISBN 0-06-058544-7.
* Laufer, Guida Myrl Jackson (1999). Women rulers throughout the ages: an illustrated guide. ABC-CLIO. p. 83. ISBN 1-57607-091-3.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Plaidy, Jean (1993). The Pleasures of Love: The Story of Catherine of Braganza. Chivers Large print. ISBN 978-0-7451-7528-7.
* Plaidy, Jean. (2008). The Merry Monarch's Wife: The Story of Catherine of Braganza. Broadway. ISBN 0-307-34617-X
* Plaidy, Jean. (2005). The Loves of Charles II: The Stuart Saga. Broadway. ISBN 1-4000-8248-X
* Lewis, Hilda (2007). Wife to Charles II. Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7524-3948-8.
* Koen, Karleen. (2006). Dark Angels. Broadway. ISBN 0-307-33992-0
* Fraser, Antonia (2002). King Charles II. Phoenix Paperbacks. ISBN 0-7538-1403-X.
* Sousa, Manuel E. (1995). Catherine of Braganza. Howell Press Inc. ISBN 978-972-9019-73-9
* Elsna, Hebe. (1967). Catherine of Braganza : Charles II's Queen. Hale.
* Mackay, Janet. (1937).Catherine of Braganza. J. Long, Limited; First Edition.
* Barnes, Margaret Campbell. (1951). With All My Heart: The Love Story of Catherine of Braganza. Macrae-Smith Company.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Catherine of Braganza at Wikimedia Commons
* Portraits of Catherine of Braganza at the National Portrait Gallery, London

Catherine of Braganza

House of Braganza

Cadet branch of the House of Aviz

Born: 25 November 1638 Died: 31 December 1705

British royalty
Vacant

Title last held by

Henrietta Maria of France |  Queen consort of England,
Scotland and Ireland
1662–1685  | Succeeded by

Mary of Modena

* v
* t
* e

English, Scottish and British royal consorts

| Royal consorts in England until 1603| Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603

|

* Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
* Æthelflæd of Damerham
* Ælfgifu
* Ælfthryth
* Ælfgifu of York
* Sigrid the Haughty/Świętosława
* Ealdgyth
* Emma of Normandy
* Edith of Wessex
* Edith of Mercia
* Matilda of Flanders
* Matilda of Scotland
* Adeliza of Louvain
* Matilda of Boulogne
* Geoffrey Plantagenet
* Eleanor of Aquitaine
* Margaret of France
* Berengaria of Navarre
* Isabella of Angoulême
* Blanche of Castile
* Eleanor of Provence
* Eleanor of Castile
* Margaret of France
* Isabella of France
* Philippa of Hainault
* Anne of Bohemia
* Isabella of Valois
* Joan of Navarre
* Catherine of Valois
* Margaret of Anjou
* Elizabeth Woodville
* Anne Neville
* Elizabeth of York
* Catherine of Aragon
* Anne Boleyn
* Jane Seymour
* Anne of Cleves
* Catherine Howard
* Catherine Parr
* Guildford Dudley

* Gruoch
* Ingibiorg Finnsdottir
* Margaret of Wessex
* Ethelreda of Northumbria
* Sybilla of Normandy
* Maud of Northumbria
* Ermengarde de Beaumont
* Joan of England
* Marie de Coucy
* Margaret of England
* Yolande de Dreux
* Elizabeth de Burgh
* Joan of the Tower
* Margaret Drummond
* Euphemia de Ross
* Anabella Drummond
* Joan Beaufort
* Mary of Guelders
* Margaret of Denmark
* Margaret Tudor
* Madeleine of Valois
* Mary of Guise
* Francis II of France
* Henry Stuart
* James Hepburn
* Anne of Denmark

* Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603

* Anne of Denmark
* Henrietta Maria of France
* Catherine of Braganza
* Mary of Modena
* George of Denmark and Norway

* British royal consorts after the Acts of Union 1707

* George of Denmark and Norway
* Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach
* Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
* Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
* Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
* Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Alexandra of Denmark
* Mary of Teck
* Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
* Philip of Greece and Denmark
* Camilla Shand

Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in italics

* v
* t
* e

House of Braganza

Members of the Ducal House

Generations indicate descent from Afonso, Duke of Braganza, founder of the House of Braganza, until João II, Duke of Braganza, the first Braganza monarch of Portugal; italics indicate a head of the House

1st generation|

* Afonso, 1st Marquis of Valença
* Isabel, Lady of Reguengos de Monsaraz
* Fernando I

2nd generation|

* Ferdinand II
* João, 1st Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo
* Afonso, Count of Faro do Alentejo
* Álvaro, 4th Lord of Cadaval
* António
* Isabel
* Beatriz, Marquise of Vila Real
* Guiomar, Countess of Viana do Alentejo
* Catarina

3rd generation|

* Roderigo, 1st Marquis of Ferreira
* Jorge Alberto, 1st Count of Gelves
* Beatriz, Duchess of Coimbra
* Joana, Countess of Vimioso
* Maria, Countess of Portalegre
* Filipe
* Jaime I
* Dinis, Count of Lemos
* Margarida

4th generation|

* Fernando, 7th Count of Lemos
* Afonso
* Isabel
* Maria
* Isabel, Duchess of Guimarães
* Teodósio I
* Joana, Marquise of Elche
* Jaime
* Eugénia, Marquise of Ferreira
* Maria
* Constantino, Viceroy of India
* Fulgêncio
* Teotónio, Archbishop of Évora

5th generation|

* John I
* Jaime
* Isabel, Duchess of Caminha

6th generation|

* Maria
* Serefina
* Teodósio II
* Duarte, 1st Marquise of Frechilla
* Alexandre, Archbishop of Évora
* Querubina
* Angélica
* Maria
* Isabel
* Filipe

7th generation|

* John II
* Duarte, 1st Lord of Vila do Conde
* Catarina
* Alexandre

Members of the Royal House

Generations indicate descent from John IV, King of Portugal, formerly John II, Duke of Braganza, the first Braganza monarch of Portugal, until Manuel II, King of Portugal, the last monarch of Portugal, excluding the Miguelist line; italics indicate a head of the House

1st generation|

* Teodósio, Prince of Brazil
* Ana
* Joana, Princess of Beira
* Catarina, Queen Consort of the England
* Manuel
* Afonso VI
* Peter II
* Maria

2nd generation|

* Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira
* João, Prince of Brazil
* John V
* Francisco, Duke of Beja
* António
* Francisca Xaviera
* Teresa Maria
* Manuel, Count of Ourém
* Francisca Josefa
* Luísa, Duchess of Cadaval
* Miguel
* José, Archbishop of Braga

3rd generation|

* António
* Gaspar, Archbishop of Braga
* José, High Inquisitor of Portugal
* Maria Rita of Braganza
* Barbara, Queen Consort of Spain
* Pedro, Prince of Brazil
* Joseph I
* Carlos
* Peter III
* Alexandre
* João da Bemposta
* Joana Francisca, Marquise of Cascais
* Pedro Henrique, 1st Duke of Lafões
* João Carlos, 2nd Duke of Lafões
* Francisca

4th generation|

* Maria I
* Mariana Francisca
* Maria Doroteia
* Maria Benedita, Princess of Brazil
* José João, Duke of Miranda do Corvo
* Carlota
* Ana Maria, 3rd Duchess of Lafões
* Maria Domingas, Duchess of Cadaval

5th generation|

* José, Prince of Brazil
* João Carlos
* João Francisco
* John VI
* Maria Ana Vitória
* Maria Clementina
* Maria Isabel

6th generation|

* Maria Teresa, Princess of Beira
* Francisco António, Prince of Beira
* Maria Isabel, Queen Consort of Spain
* Pedro IV
* Maria Francisca, Countess of Molina
* Isabel Maria, Regent of Portugal
* Miguel I
* Maria da Assunção
* Ana de Jesus Maria, Marquise of Loulé

7th generation|

* Maria II
* Miguel, Prince of Beira
* João Carlos, Prince of Beira
* Januária Maria, Princess Imperial of Brazil

8th generation|

* Pedro V
* Luís I
* Maria
* João, Duke of Beja
* Maria Anna, Princess of Saxony
* Antónia, Princess of Hohenzollern
* Fernando
* Augusto, Duke of Coimbra
* Leopoldo
* Maria da Glória
* Eugénio

9th generation|

* Carlos I
* Afonso, Duke of Porto

10th generation|

* Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal
* Maria Ana
* Manuel II

Members of the Imperial house

Generations indicate descent from Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil, also Pedro IV, King of Portugal, founder of the Empire of Brazil, until Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, the last monarch of Brazil; italics indicates a head of the House

1st generation|

* Maria II, Queen of Portugal
* Januária, Countess of Aquila
* Paula
* Francisca, Princess of Joinville
* Pedro II
* Maria Amélia

2nd generation|

* Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil
* Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil
* Leopoldina
* Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil

3rd generation|

* Pedro Augusto
* Augusto Leopoldo
* José Fernando
* Luís Gastão
* Luís Maria
* Pedro de Alcântara, Prince of Grão-Pará
* Antônio Gastão

Members of the Miguelist House

Generations indicate descent from Miguel I, King of Portugal, founder of the Miguelist House, until Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, the current head of the House of Braganza; italics indicates a head of the House

1st generation|

* Maria das Neves, Duchess of San Jaime
* Miguel, Duke of Braganza
* Maria Teresa, Archduchess of Austria
* Maria José, Duchess in Bavaria
* Aldegundes, Duchess of Guimarães
* Maria Ana, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
* Maria Antónia, Duchess of Parma

2nd generation|

* Miguel, Duke of Viseu
* Francisco José
* Maria Teresa, Princess of Thurn and Taxis
* Isabel Maria, Princess of Thurn and Taxis
* Maria Benedita
* Mafalda
* Maria Ana, Princess of Thurn and Taxis
* Maria Antónia
* Filipa
* Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza
* Maria Adelaide

3rd generation|

* Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza
* Miguel, Duke of Viseu

4th generation|

* Afonso, Prince of Beira
* Maria Francisca
* Dinis, Duke of Porto

Titles

| Regnal|

* King of Portugal and the Algarves
* Emperor of Brazil
* King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves

|

Royal|

* Prince of Portugal
* Prince of Brazil
* Prince Royal of United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
* Prince Royal of Portugal and the Algarves
* Prince of Beira
* Prince Imperial of Brazil
* Prince of Grão-Pará
* Prince of Brazil
* Infante of Portugal

Noble|

* Duke of Braganza
* Duke of Guimarães
* Duke of Barcelos
* Duke of Porto
* Duke of Beja
* Duke of Viseu
* Duke of Coimbra
* Marquis of Vila Viçosa
* Marquis of Valença
* Marquis of Montemor-o-Novo
* Count of Guimarães
* Count of Barcelos
* Count of Arraiolos
* Count of Ourém
* Count of Neiva
* Count of Faro
* Count of Faria

Patrimony

| Portugal|

* Ajuda Palace
* Belém Palace
* Buçaco Palace
* Carrancas Palace
* Castle of Vila Viçosa
* Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa
* Mafra Palace
* Necessidades Palace
* Palace of the Counts of Barcelos
* Palace of the Dukes of Braganza
* Pena Palace
* Queluz Palace
* Ramalhão Palace
* Ribeira Palace

|

Brazil|

* Grão-Pará Palace
* Petrópolis Palace
* Quinta da Boa Vista
* Rio de Janeiro Palace
* São Cristóvão Palace
* Santa Cruz Estate

Cadet houses

| Agnatic|

* House of Valença
* House of Lafões
* House of Cadaval

|

Non-agnatic|

* House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* House of Bourbon-Braganza
* House of Orléans-Braganza

Miscellaneous

| Topics|

* Duchy of Braganza
* Dukedom of Braganza
* List of dukes of Braganza
* Duchess of Braganza
* Pantheon of the House of Braganza

|

* v
* t
* e

Infantas of Portugal

The generations indicate descent form Afonso I, and continues through the House of Aviz, the House of Habsburg through Infanta Isabel, Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Spain, and the House of Braganza through Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza.

| 1st generation|

* Urraca, Queen of León
* Teresa, Countess of Flanders
* Infanta Mafalda

|

2nd generation|

* Teresa, Queen of León
* Infanta Sancha, Lady of Alenquer
* Mafalda, Queen of Castile
* Infanta Branca, Lady of Guadalajara
* Berengária, Queen of Denmark

3rd generation|

* Leonor, Queen of Denmark

4th generation|

* Infanta Branca, Lady of Las Huelgas
* Infanta Sancha

5th generation|

* Constança, Queen of Castile and León
* Infanta Maria, Lady of Meneses and Orduña

6th generation|

* Maria, Queen of Castile and León
* Leonor, Queen of Aragon

7th generation|

* Infanta Maria, Marchioness of Tortosa
* Infanta Beatriz, Countess of Alburquerque

8th generation|

* Beatriz, Queen of Castile and León
* Isabel, Duchess of Burgundy

9th generation|

* Leonor, Holy Roman Empress
* Infanta Catarina
* Joana, Queen of Castile and León
* Isabel, Queen of Portugal
* Beatriz, Lady of Ravenstein
* Infanta Filipa
* Isabel, Queen of Castile and León
* Infanta Beatriz, Duchess of Viseu

10th generation|

* Joanna, Princess of Portugal
* Leonor, Queen of Portugal
* Isabel, Duchess of Braganza

11th generation|

* Isabel, Queen of Spain
* Beatriz, Duchess of Savoy
* Infanta Maria, Duchess of Viseu

12th generation|

* Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal and Asturias
* Maria, Hereditary Princess of Parma
* Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza

13th generation|

* Isabel Clara, Archduchess of Austria*
* Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy*

14th generation|

* Ana, Queen of France*
* Infanta María*
* María Ana, Holy Roman Empress*
* Infanta Margarita*

15th generation|

* María Teresa, Queen of France*
* Joana, Princess of Beira
* Catarina, Queen of England and Scotland

16th generation|

* Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira
* Infanta Francisca Josefa

17th generation|

* Bárbara, Queen of Spain

18th generation|

* Maria I
* Infanta Maria Ana
* Maria Doroteia
* Benedita, Princess of Brazil

19th generation|

* Mariana Victoria, Infanta Gabriel of Spain

20th generation|

* Infanta Maria Teresa, Countess of Molina
* Maria Isabel, Queen of Spain
* Infanta Maria Francisca, Countess of Molina
* Infanta Isabel Maria
* Infanta Maria da Assunção
* Infanta Ana de Jesus, Marchioness of Loulé

21st generation|

* Maria II**
* Infanta Januária, Countess of Aquila**
* Infanta Paula**
* Francisca, Princess of Joinville**
* Infanta Maria Amélia**
* Infanta Maria das Neves, Duchess of San Jaimeƒ
* Maria Teresa, Archduchess Karl Ludwig of Austriaƒ
* Maria José, Duchess Karl Theodor in Bavariaƒ
* Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarãesƒ
* Maria Ana, Grand Duchess of Luxembourgƒ
* Maria Antónia, Duchess of Parmaƒ

22nd generation|

* Maria Ana, Princess Georg of Saxony***
* Antónia, Princess of Hohenzollern***
* Maria Teresa, Princess Karl Ludwig of Thurn und Taxisƒ◙
* Isabel Maria, Princess of Thurn und Taxisƒ◙
* Maria Ana, Princess Karl August of Thurn und Taxisƒ◙
* Infanta Maria Adelaide, Mrs. van Udenƒ◙

24th generation|

* Infanta Maria Francisca, Duchess of Coimbraƒ

* also an infanta of Spain and an archduchess of Austria, ** also an imperial princess of Brazil, *** also a princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duchess in Saxony, ◙ Also a princess of Braganza, ƒ title of pretense

Portals:

* Catholicism
* Royalty
* Portugal

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Netherlands
* Sweden
* Poland
* Israel
* Belgium

People|

* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC
* RISM

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*[m.]: married
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