Cebuano numerals

Cebuano language feature

The Cebuano numbers are the system of number names used in Cebuano to express quantities and other information related to numbers. Cebuano has two number systems: the native system and the Spanish-derived system. The native system is mostly used for counting small numbers, basic measurement, and for other pre-existing native concepts that deals with numbers. Meanwhile, the Spanish-derived system is mainly used for concepts that only existed post-colonially such as counting large numbers, currency, solar time, and advanced mathematics.

## History

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Unlike other Philippine languages, the native number system of Cebuano was derived solely from the non-human forms of Proto-Austronesian numerals instead of a combination of both human and non-human numerals, such as in Tagalog and Hiligaynon.[1] The numbers were first recorded by chronicler Antonio Pigafetta during Magellan's expedition.[2]

Cebuano Numbers as recorded by Antonio Pigafetta (1521)  1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 10

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uzza  | dua  | tolo  | upat  | lima  | onom  | pitto  | gualu  | ciam  | polo

## Types

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The native numbers are categorized into four types: cardinal, ordinal, distributive, and multiplicative (also referred to as "viceral" or "adverbial").[3] The multiples of ten are formed by attaching the circumfix "ka-ø-an" (e.g. kawaloan). Those that are within the 20-60 range undergo the process of metathesis and syncope (e.g. katloan, from katuloan).

### Cardinal

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Number  | Native  | Spanish-derived

|
|

1  | usá  | uno
2  | duhá  | dos
3  | tuló  | tres
4  | upát  | kwatro
5  | limá  | singku
6  | unóm  | says
7  | pitó  | syete, siti
8  | waló  | otso
9  | siyám  | nuybi
10  | napulò, pulò  | dyis
11  | napúlog usá  | onse
12  | napúlog duhá  | dose
13  | napúlog tuló  | trese
14  | napúlog upát  | katórse
15  | napúlog limá  | kinse
16  | napúlog unóm  | diyesiséys, disisays
17  | napúlog pitó  | diyesisiyete, disisiti
18  | napúlog waló  | diyesiyotso, disiutsu
19  | napúlog siyám  | diyesinwebe, disinuybi
20  | kaluháan (kaduháan)  | beynte, baynti
21  | kaluháag usá  | beyntiwuno, bayntiuno
22  | kaluháag duhá  | beyntidos, bayntidus
23  | kaluháag tuló  | beyntitres, bayntitris
24  | kaluháag upát  | beyntikwatro, bayntikwatru
25  | kaluháag limá  | beyntisingko, bayntisingku
30  | katlóan (katulóan)  | treynta, traynta, trinta
40  | kap-atan (kaupátan)  | kwarénta, kwarinta
50  | kalím-an (kalimáan)  | sinkwénta, singkwinta
60  | kan-óman (kaunóman)  | sesenta, sisinta
70  | kapitóan  | seténta, sitinta
80  | kawalóan  | otsénta, utsinta
90  | kasiyáman  | nobénta
100  | usá ka gatós  | siyén, siyento
200  | duhá ka gatós  | dosiyéntos, dosentos
300  | tuló ka gatós  | tresiyéntos, tresentos
400  | upát ka gatós  | kwatrosiyéntos, kwatrosentos
500  | limá ka gatós  | kiniyéntos, kinyentos
1,000  | usá ka libo, libo  | mil
5,000  | limá ka libo  | singko mil
10,000  | usá ka laksà, napulò ka libo  | dyis mil
50,000  | limá ka laksà, kalím-an ka libo  | singkwenta mil
100,000  | usá ka yaba,[4] usá ka gatós ka líbo  | siyén mil
1,000,000  | usá ka yukót[5] | milyón
1,000,000,000  | usá ka wakát  | bilyón (US-influence, common), mil milyones (rare)

Like other Visayan languages, cardinal numbers are linked to the noun with the ligature ka.

usá ka tawo a/one person
kaluhaan ug usá ka bulan twenty-one months

### Ordinal

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Ordinal numbers in Cebuano are formed using the ika- prefix, except una.

Number  | Cebuano

|

1st  | kina-unhán
2nd  | ikaduhá
3rd  | ikatuló
4th  | ikaupát
5th  | ikalimá
6th  | ikaunóm
7th  | ikapitó
8th  | ikawaló
9th  | ikasiyám
10th  | ikanapulò, ikapulò
11th  | ikanapúlog-usá
20th  | ikakaluháan
21st  | ikakaluháag-usá
25th  | ikakaluháag-limá
30th  | ikakatlóan
40th  | ikakap-atan
50th  | ikakalím-an
60th  | ikakan-óman
70th  | ikakapitóan
80th  | ikakawalóan
90th  | ikakasiyáman
100th  | ikagatós
200th  | ikaduhá ka gatós
500th  | ikalimá ka gatós
1,000th  | ikalibo
5,000th  | ikalimá ka libo
10,000th  | ikalaksà, ikanapulò ka libo
50,000th  | ikalimá ka laksà, ikakalím-an ka libo
100,000th  | ikayaba
1,000,000th  | ikayukót
1,000,000,000th  | ikawakát

### Distributive

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Distributive numbers in Cebuano are formed by attaching the tag- prefix to the numerical root. Irregular words may be formed depending on the number being attached to.

Number  | Cebuano

|

1  | tagsa
2  | tagurha
3  | tagutlo, tag-tulo
4  | tag-upat
5  | tagilma
6  | tag-unom
7  | tagpito
8  | tagwalo
9  | tagsiyam
10  | tagnapulò, tagpulò
11  | tagnapúlog-usá
20  | tagkaluháan
21  | tagkaluháag-usá
25  | tagkaluháag-limá
30  | tagkatlóan
40  | tagkap-atan
50  | tagkalím-an
60  | tagkan-óman
70  | tagkapitóan
80  | tagkawalóan
90  | tagkasiyáman
100  | taggatós
200  | tagurha ka gatós
500  | tagilma ka gatós
1,000  | taglibo
5,000  | tagilma ka libo
10,000  | taglaksà, tagnapulò ka libo
50,000  | tagilma ka laksà, tagkalím-an ka libo
100,000  | tagyaba
1,000,000  | tagyukót
1,000,000,000  | tagwakát

### Multiplicative

[edit]

Multiplicative (or viceral) numbers in Cebuano are formed using the ka- prefix. The prefixes "naka-" and "maka-" may also be used to specify if the number is used in the nasugdan or pagasugdan aspect, respectively.

Number  | Cebuano

|

1 (once)  | kausá, kás-a
2 (twice)  | kaduhá
3 (thrice)  | katuló
4  | kaupát
5  | kalimá
6  | kaunóm
7  | kapitó
8  | kawaló
9  | kasiyám
10  | kanapulò, kapulò
11  | kanapúlog-usá
20  | kakaluháan
21  | kakaluháag-usá
25  | kakaluháag-limá
30  | kakatlóan
40  | kakap-atan
50  | kakalím-an
60  | kakan-óman
70  | kakapitóan
80  | kakawalóan
90  | kakasiyáman
100  | kagatós
200  | kaduhá ka gatós
500  | kalimá ka gatós
1,000  | kalibo
5,000  | kalimá ka libo
10,000  | kalaksà, kanapulò ka libo
50,000  | kalimá ka laksà, kakalím-an ka libo
100,000  | kayaba
1,000,000  | kayukót
1,000,000,000  | kawakát

## See also

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* Cebuano language
* Cebuano grammar

## References

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1. ^ Blust, R. A. (2009). The Austronesian languages (PDF) (Revised ed.). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. p. 278\. ISBN 9780858836020.
2. ^ Pigafetta, Antonio (1894). Il Primo Viaggio Intorno al Globo di Antonio Pigafetta, e le Sue Regole sull'Arte del Navigare; Giraloamo Benzoni e la Sua Historia del Mondo Nuovo (in Italian). p. 83.
3. ^ Encina, Francisco (1801). "Chapter 24". Arte de la lengua zebuana (in Spanish and Cebuano). p. 569.
4. ^ Encarnación, Juan Félix (1885). Diccionario bisaya español [Texto impreso] (in Spanish and Cebuano). p. 428.
5. ^ San Jerónimo, Tomás (1686). Arte de la lengua visaya (in Spanish). p. 174.