Cello (web browser)

Web browser

Cello WWW Browser

An Internet browser from the Cornell Legal Information Institute.

Original author(s)| Thomas R. Bruce
Developer(s)| Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School
Initial release| 8 June 1993; 32 years ago (1993-06-08)[1]
Final release|

1.01a / 16 April 1994; 31 years ago (1994-04-16)

Written in| C++,[2] makes "heavy use of Borland Object Windows libraries"[3]
Operating system| Windows 3.1 / 3.11, OS/2,[4] Windows NT 3.5[5][6]
Size| 325 kb
Available in| English
Type| Web browser
License| Shareware/Proprietary
Website| www.law.cornell.edu at the Wayback Machine (archived 1998-12-03)

Cello is an early, discontinued graphical web browser for Windows 3.1; it was developed by Thomas R. Bruce of the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School. It was released as shareware in 1993.[7][8] While other browsers ran on various Unix machines, Cello was the first web browser for Microsoft Windows, using the winsock system to access the Internet.[9][10][11][12][13][14] In addition to the basic Windows, Cello worked on Windows NT 3.5[5][6] and with small modifications on OS/2.[15][16]

Cello was created because of a demand for Web access by lawyers, who were more likely to use Microsoft Windows than the Unix operating systems supporting earlier Web browsers, including the first release of Mosaic. The lack of a Windows browser meant many legal experts were unable to access legal information made available in hypertext on the World Wide Web.[9][17] Cello was popular during 1993/1994, but fell out of favor following the release of Mosaic for Windows and Netscape, after which Cello development was abandoned.[18][19][20][21][22][23][A 1][24]

Cello was first publicly released on 8 June 1993.[1] A version 2.0 was announced, but development was abandoned. Version 1.01a, 16 April 1994, was the last public release.[25][26] Since then, the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School has licensed the Cello 2.0 source code, which has been used to develop commercial software.[26][27][28]

The browser is no longer available from its original homepage.[A 2] However, it can still be downloaded from mirror sites.[A 3]

## Development and history

[edit]

The icon prior to version 1

The development of Cello started in 1992, with beta versions planned for June 1993 and a release for July 1993.[29][30][31] It was publicly announced on 12 April 1993.[32]

The Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School created the first law site on the Internet in 1992 and the first legal website in 1993. However, at the time, there were no web browsers for the Microsoft Windows operating system, which was used by most lawyers. Thus, to allow lawyers to use their website, the Legal Information Institute developed the first Windows-based Web browser.[33][34][35] This was made possible by a grant from the National Center for Automated Information Research.[A 4]

Although other browsers at the time were based on CERN's WWW libraries called libwww, PCs of the time were not powerful enough to run the UNIX-oriented code.[31] As a result, Thomas Bruce had to rewrite most of the WWW libraries to work on Microsoft Windows.[31] Unlike most commercial browsers at that time, Cello used none of Mosaic's source code and thus had a different look and feel.[36][37]

Steven Sinofsky, president of the Windows division at Microsoft wrote in a June 1994 email: We do not currently plan on any other client software [in the upcoming release of Windows 95], especially something like Mosaic or Cello.[38][39][40][41] Nevertheless, on 11 January 1995, Microsoft announced that it had licensed the Mosaic technology from Spyglass, which it would use to create Internet Explorer.[41] On 15 August 1995, Microsoft debuted its own web browser Internet Explorer 1 for Windows 95. While it did not ship with the original release of Windows 95, it shipped with Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95.

## Usage

[edit]

When released in 1993, Cello was the only browser for the Microsoft Windows platform. Shortly after launch, Cello was being downloaded at a rate of 500 copies per day.[42] As such, it achieved a fair amount of use and recognition within the legal community, including a number of PC users with between 150,000 and 200,000 users.[31] In 1994, most websites were visited using either the Cello browser or the Mosaic browser.[43] Despite having fewer features than Mosaic, Cello continued to be used due to its simpler interface and lower system requirements.[44] Cello was praised for being easy to install, because it wasn't necessary to install Win32s or a TCP/IP stack for Windows 3.1.[45] Following the release of Windows 95, which offered a much better TCP/IP interface, Cello fell into disuse and was abandoned.[43][46]

By 1995, Cello, like the Mosaic browser, was overshadowed by two newer browsers — Netscape and Internet Explorer — and fell into disuse.[47][48] By 1999, Cello was considered to be a "historical" browser.[49][50]

Cello is considered to be one of the early casualties of the first browser wars.[51]

## Features

[edit]

Cello had the following features:[52]

* inline graphics support: GIF, XBM, PCX, and BMP.[53][54]
* PostScript viewing and sound playing
* File saving and printing.[53]
* Editing support for local files via an external editor. Integration with the HTMLAssistant Windows-based HTML helper/editor.[53]
* File caching ad infinitum using a file-based cache with user-specified "low water mark".[53]
* DDE and OLE drag-and-drop support. Cello can be invoked and controlled through the use of DDE macros in other programs. URL arguments on the command line are also supported.[53]
* "Peek mode", permitting partial retrieval of files of large or unknown size.[53]
* Local file mode for HTML delivery on standalone machines or machines with LAN connections only.[53]
* Support for HTML "mailto:" scheme[53] with integrated email sending client.[55]
* Support for the full HTML+ ISO-LATIN character set, including specialized legal symbols, foreign characters, etc.[53]
* User-selectable sound players, viewers, editor, and Telnet and TN3270 clients.[53]
* Comprehensive online documentation in Windows Help format.[53]
* Simple user interface.[53]
* Fully extensible support for viewing downloaded files in an unlimited number of PC-binary file formats using the standard Windows Associate... scheme.[53]
* Bookmarks[16]
* Local browsing[56]
* Simpler interface (compared to Mosaic)[57]

Unlike Mosaic, Cello did not have toolbar buttons,[dubious – discuss][58][59] and instead commands were accessed through pull-down menus.[36]

Supported Protocols

Cello supported the following protocols: HTTP 1.0, Gopher (but not Gopher+), read-only FTP,[60] SMTP mailing, Telnet,[61] Usenet,[62] CSO/ph/qi directly[63] and WAIS, HyTelnet, TechInfo, Archie, X.500, TN3270 and a number of others through public gateways.[8][42][54][61][64][65]

Supported FTP servers

Cello supported the following FTP servers: most Unix servers (including SunOS, System V, and Linux), IBM VM, VMS systems, Windows NT, QVTNet, NCSA/CUTCP/Rutgers PC servers, FTP Software PC server, HellSoft NLM for Novell.[53][60]

Internet Connection

Cello works best with a direct Ethernet connection, but it also supports SLIP and PPP dialup connections through the use of asynchronous sockets.[8] Cello has an integrated TCP/IP runtime stack.[45]

## Release history

[edit]

The following versions were released:[1]

16-bit Cello Releases Version  | Date[66] | Development cycle  | Exe size[67] (in kb)  | Download  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

0.1[68] | 8 June 1993  | Beta  | 347  | evolt Archived 10 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine | Requires Distinct[69][70] to run
0.2[68][71] | 14 June 1993  | Beta  | ?  | ?  | Changelog
0.3[68][72] | 16 June 1993  | Beta  | ?  | ?  | Changelog
0.4[68][73] | 18 June 1993  | Beta  | ?  | ?  | Changelog
0.5[68][74] | 24 June 1993  | Beta  | ?  | ?  | Changelog
0.6[68][75] | 30 June 1993  | Beta  | ?  | ?  | Changelog
WINSOCK alpha r3  | 6 September 1993  | Alpha  | 374  | [1] | Double click to visit link, right click to show url. Browser request contain only a GET line.[76] Doesn't support redirections
WINSOCK alpha r6  | 14 October 1993  | Alpha  | 362  | [2][permanent dead link] (cello-ws.zip)  | Browser request contain only a GET line.[77] Doesn't support redirections
0.8[54] | 5 November 1993  | Beta  | —  | —  | Changelog (Distinct version discontinued)
0.9[A 5] | 12 November 1993  | Beta-pre  | ?  | ?  |
0.9[A 6] | 16 November 1993  | Beta  | 487  | [3] | Changelog. GET requests use presently invalid protocol version.[78] Redirections are supported.[79] Crashes on pages with unsupported image files[80]
0.9[A 7] | 22 November 1993  | WINSOCK alpha r9.2  | 494  | [4] | Issues from 0.9 beta still present.

New issue: in img tag, src must be the last attribute[81]

1.0[53] | 17 February 1994  | Release  | ?  | evolt Archived 10 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine |
1.01  | ?  | Release  | ?  | ?  |
1.01a[82] | 17 March 1994  | release  | 521[62] | [5], evolt Archived 10 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine | Cello's splash screen. Note that the image is not that of a cello, but rather a viola da gamba, its aristocratic predecessor Changelog
2.0  | —  | Alpha  | —  | —  | A screenshot of Cello 2.0 in development. development ceased, first version to support HTML forms[83][53]

Although Cello 2.0 had been announced, development ceased before a public release.[26]

IBM released a fix for their TCP/IP V2.0 stack so that Cello would work with OS/2 WinOS/2 on 9 February 1994.[84]

## Browser comparison table

[edit]

The following table shows how Cello compared to browsers of its time.

Comparison of Web Browsers Browser  | Cello  | NCSA X-Mosaic | NCSA Mosaic  | Netscape Navigator | Spyglass Mosaic | AIR Mosaic | InternetWorks | Win-Tapestry | IBM WebExplorer

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Operating system | Win | UNIX | Win | Win | Win | Win | Win | Win | OS/2
Version | 1 | 2.4 | 2.0 alpha 3 | 1 | 1.02 | 3.06 | Beta 4 | 1.67 | 0.91
proxy | No | Yes | No | Yes | Partial | Yes | Yes | Partial | Partial
extended html | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No
Performance
multithreading | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No
dynamic linking | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No
deferred image | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No
multi-pane | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No
multi-window | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No
Configurability
kiosk mode | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes
external players | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes
Integration
d&d to clipboard | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No
spawnable players | No | Partial | Partial | Yes | Partial | Yes | Yes | Partial | Yes
search engine(Find) | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No
Navigation
hotlist | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes
bookmark | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No
folders | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No
categories (tags) | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No
menu/button bar | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No
import | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No
export | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No
annotation | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No
auto time stamp | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No
Source: Berghel, Hal (1996). "The client's side of the World-Wide Web". Communications of the ACM. 39 (1): 30–40\. doi:10.1145/234173.234177. ISSN 0001-0782. S2CID 2003788.

## Derivatives

[edit]

* The first edition of BURKS, a project to produce non-profit CD-ROMs of resources for students of Computer Science, was based on Cello.[85]
* InterAp, by California Software Inc, was based on Cello and featured a web browser with Telnet, FTP, and a Visual Basic-compatible scripting language called NetScripts.[56][86][87]
* A version of Lovelace came bundled[88] with Cello.[89]

## Technical

[edit]

While originally Cello required the Distinct Corporation's TCP/IP stack, with the release of Cello Beta Version .8, Cello dropped support for Distinct, and became exclusively Winsock-based.[54][90]

Originally, although Cello could run on OS/2, OS/2's implementation of Winsock had bugs that prevented Cello from accessing the Internet.[61] The bug, APAR #PN52335, was later fixed allowing Cello to properly work on OS/2.[61][84]

The user agent for Cello is `LII-Cello/<version> libwww/2.5`.[91]

### DDE support

[edit]

Cello featured Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) support. OLE support and DDE client support were planned, but never released.[61]

An example of how to invoke Cello from a Microsoft Word macro:

Sub MAIN
ChanNum = DDEInitiate("Cello", "URL")
DDEExecute(ChanNum, "http://www.law.cornell.edu")
DDETerminate(ChanNum)
End Sub

## System requirements

[edit]

Cello has the following system requirements: [8][92][93]

* Processor: 80386(386SX) at 16 MHz[8][89] or better[94]
* Operating system: Windows 3.1 / 3.11 / Windows NT 3.5[5][6] / OS/2.[15]
* Ram: 2 MB RAM,[36] 4 MB RAM recommended[53]
* A TCP/IP connection running Winsock

## Criticism

[edit]

Cello was not very stable and its development halted early.[62]

Cello did not render graphics well and required that the user reload the webpage when resizing the window. Like most browsers at the time, Cello also did not support any web security protocols.[37] It was also said that Cello rendered html "crudely" and pages would appear jaggedly.[36][37][95]

Cello also had sub-par performance in accessing the Internet and processing hypermedia documents.[36][95]

## See also

[edit]

* Lynx
* Mosaic
* MacWeb
* Libwww

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ You can view yahoo browser statistics at https://web.archive.org/web/20021204042351/http://www.cen.uiuc.edu/~ejk/bryl/ which show Cello being used.
2. ^ The original cello site at https://www.law.cornell.edu/cello/cellotop.html is no longer up. The original ftp site at ftp://ftp.law.cornell.edu/pub/LII/Cello[permanent dead link] is no longer up. The original gopher server at gopher.law.cornell.edu:70/11/listservs/cellol/ is no longer up.
3. ^ Cello can still be downloaded at https://browsers.evolt.org/browsers/archive/cello Archived 21 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine .
4. ^ This can be seen in the "About Cello" dialog in Cello. It is also stated in the "Notices, Acknowledgments, Disclaimers" section of the included .hlp file in Cello.
5. ^ Given in the "about Cello" - windows in Cello .9 beta
6. ^ Given in the "README.1ST" of Cello
7. ^ Given in the "DEFAULT.HTML" of Cello .9

## References

[edit]

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54. ^ a b c d Bruce, Thomas R. (5 November 1993). "Cello Beta v.8 Released (longish)". WWW-Talk Han-March 1994. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
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66. ^ If no reference is given and dates differ across files, oldest date is taken.
67. ^ Size taken from uncompressed exe file properties. Zip file size not used, because it's changeable (depends on compression method or files inside zip).
68. ^ a b c d e f Allen, Nicholas (9 June 2008). "First Web Browser on Windows". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
69. ^ Mirror[permanent dead link] ftp.w3.org/pc-binaries/windows
70. ^ "DIS.ZIP - Protocol Files for Cello.Zip". annex.retroarchive.org. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
71. ^ Bruce, Thomas R. (14 June 1993). "Beta version .2 of Cello..." Retrieved 4 June 2010.
72. ^ Bruce, Thomas R. (16 June 1993). "Cello Beta 0.3 loose". Retrieved 4 June 2010.
73. ^ Bruce, Thomas R. (18 June 1993). "Cello beta 0.4 released". Retrieved 4 June 2010.
74. ^ Bruce, Thomas R. (24 June 1993). "Cello Beta 0.5 out". Retrieved 4 June 2010.
75. ^ "Cello Beta 0.6 released". ksi.cpsc.ucalgary.ca. 30 June 1993. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
76. ^ GET url\x0a
77. ^ GET url\x0d\x0a
78. ^ GET url HTTP/V1.0 Fix: load exe file into hex editor (also available online, for example hexed.it). Search for string "HTTP/". Remove byte with letter "V", insert byte after string "User-Agent:" and set it to space. Save the file under new name.
79. ^ Browser hangs when "Location" header isn't an exact match (for example if its all in lowercase like on this redirect test page)
80. ^ Also crashes when image source doesn't contain an url with file extension. Supported images (information taken from exe file; both lowercase and uppercase file extensions): gif (not animated), bmp, pcx, xbm.
81. ^ If src attribute isn't last, Cello will treat everything after `src=` as image url (after removing all quotes), to the end of img tag.
82. ^ Bruce, Thomas R. (17 March 1994). "Cello v1.01a released". Retrieved 4 June 2010.
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85. ^ English, John (1999). "Building self-contained websites on CD-ROM". ACM SIGCSE Bulletin. 31 (3). New York, NY, USA: ACM: 159–162\. doi:10.1145/384267.305906. ISSN 0097-8418.
86. ^ Teare, Keith (1996). "Internet software. Full internet suites: InterAp". The Easy Net Book. Keith Teare. p. 153\. ISBN 9781850322528.
87. ^ "California Software Inc. -- InterAp". www.panix.com. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
88. ^ You can still download latest bundle (with unmodified exe of Cello 1.01a) by manually replacing "lovelace.zip" with "lovecell.zip" in the http server link.
89. ^ a b Wheeler, David A. (5 October 1996). "Information on How to Download Lovelace#On Installing a Web Browser". Ada Home. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
90. ^ Auug, Inc (December 1993). AUUGN. AUUG, Inc. p. 95. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
91. ^ "HTTP Request fields". Protocols. W3C. 3 May 1994. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
92. ^ Kottke, Jason (26 July 2005). "Cello is a graphical WWW browser like Mosaic". Retrieved 27 March 2010.
93. ^ "PC WWW BROWSERS". PC Browsers. University of Toronto. 1 December 1995. Archived from the original on 30 December 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
94. ^ "Useful Accessibility Resource Web Sites". Web Advisory Group (WAG). US Department of Commerce Office of the CIO. 29 March 2010. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
95. ^ a b Reichard, Kevin (20 December 1995). "Reviews - Cello". CNET. Archived from the original on 12 February 1997. Retrieved 15 June 2010.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Romano, Nicholas C.; Nunamaker, Jay F.; Briggs, Robert O.; Vogel, Doug (1998). "Architecture, Design, and Development of an HTML/JavaScript Web-Based Group Support System". Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 49 (7): 649–667\. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(19980515)49:7<649::AID-ASI6>3.0.CO;2-1. SSRN 937380.
* Grier, D.A. (2008). "Evolutionary Fervor". Computer. 41 (12): 10–12\. doi:10.1109/MC.2008.529. ISSN 0018-9162. S2CID 9327151.
* Jagodzinski, Cecile (1997). "Cooperative Web Weaving". Journal of Interlibrary Loan, Document Delivery & Information Supply. 8 (2): 1–20\. doi:10.1300/J110V08N02_01. ISSN 1072-303X.
* Berners-Lee, Tim (1 January 1997). "The World Wide Web - Past, Present and Future". Journal of Digital Information. 1 (1). ISSN 1368-7506.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Moody, Glyn (1996). The Internet with Windows. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 378–381\. ISBN 978-0-7506-9704-0.
* Rao, V.K. (2009). Education Technology. APH Publishing. p. 182\. ISBN 978-81-7648-493-0.
* December, John; Randall, Neil (1995). The World Wide Web unleashed. Sams.net Pub. ISBN 978-1-57521-040-7.
* Craigmile, B.1 (Spring 1995). "What a tangled web it is... Three WWW browsers reviewed". Library Software Review. 14 (1). USA: 5–8\. ISSN 0742-5759.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
* Gilster, Paul (1995). The Slip/Ppp Connection. New York: Knopf Books for Young Readers. ISBN 0-471-11712-9.
* Harrison, Peter John (1994). The Internet Direct Connect Kit. Wiley Publishing. ISBN 1-56884-135-3.
* Ayre, Rick (26 April 1994). "Cello and Mosaic: Two free tickets around the Internet". PC Magazine. Vol. 13, no. 8\. Academic Search Premier. p. 48.
* Kevin, Richard (11 October 1994). "Mosaic and Cello: Freeware gold. (Cover Story)". PC Magazine. Vol. 13, no. 17\. ISSN 0888-8507.
* Ayre, R.; Mulder, P. (March 1995). "Web browsers: the web untangled". PC Magazine. Vol. 3, no. 2\. p. 75\. ISSN 1021-5441.
* Lewis, Peter H. (June 1995). "Best Web browsers". PC World. 13 (6). ISSN 0737-8939.

## External links

[edit]

* Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived 1998-12-03)

* v
* t
* e

Timeline of web browsers

General

* Comparison
* lightweight
* History
* List
* for Unix
* Usage share

1990s

| 1990|

* WorldWideWeb (Nexus)

|

1991|

* Line Mode Browser
* libwww

1992|

* Erwise
* MacWWW (Samba)
* MidasWWW
* tkWWW
* ViolaWWW

1993|

* AMosaic
* Arena
* Cello
* Emacs/W3
* Lynx 2
* NCSA Mosaic
* VMS Mosaic

1994|

* AirMosaic
* Internet in a Box
* ANT Fresco
* Argo
* IBM WebExplorer
* SlipKnot
* Minuet
* Navipress
* Mosaic/Mosaic Netscape/Netscape Navigator
* Spyglass Mosaic
* TCP/Connect II

1995|

* Agora
* ALynx
* AMSD Ariadna
* Cyberjack
* eWorld Web Browser
* Grail
* Internet Explorer 1
* Internet Explorer 2
* Netscape Navigator 2
* NetShark
* OmniWeb
* HotJava
* UdiWWW
* WebShark
* w3m

1996|

* Cyberdog
* Arachne
* AWeb
* IBrowse
* Amaya
* Internet Explorer 3
* MSN Program Viewer
* Netscape Navigator 3
* Opera 2
* Oracle PowerBrowser
* tcpCONNECT4
* Voyager

1997|

* Netscape Communicator
* Internet Explorer 4
* Opera 2.1

1998|

* NeoPlanet
* Mozilla Application Suite
* Opera 3–3.21

1999|

* iCab
* Internet Explorer 5
* OmniWeb 3
* Opera 3.5–3.62

2000s

| 2000|

* Beonex Communicator
* Galeon
* K-Meleon
* Konqueror
* MediaBrowser
* Netscape 6
* Opera 4–4.02

|

2001|

* iCab 2.5
* Internet Explorer 6
* MSN Explorer
* OmniWeb 4
* Opera 5–5.12

2002|

* Camino
* Epiphany
* Netscape 7
* Opera 6–6.1

2003|

* GreenBrowser
* Maxthon
* Opera 7–7.3
* Safari
* SlimBrowser

2004|

* Phoenix/Firebird/Firefox
* Opera 7.5–7.55

2005|

* AOL Explorer
* Deepnet Explorer
* Firefox 1.5
* Netscape Browser
* Opera 8–8.54
* Safari 2

2006|

* Firefox 2
* Internet Explorer 7
* Opera 9–9.27

2007|

* Maxthon 2
* Opera 9.5–9.64
* Safari 3
* SeaMonkey 1.1

2008|

* Chrome
* Firefox 3
* Netscape Navigator 9
* NetSurf 1.2

2009|

* Chrome 2–3
* Firefox 3.5
* Internet Explorer 8
* Opera 10–10.63
* Pale Moon
* Safari 4
* SeaMonkey 2.0

2010s

| 2010|

* Chrome 4–8
* Firefox 3.6
* Lunascape 6.0.1
* Maxthon 3
* NetSurf 2.5
* Opera 11–11.64
* Safari 5

|

2011|

* Chrome 9–16
* Firefox 4–9
* Internet Explorer 9
* Lunascape 6.5
* Opera 12–12.17
* SeaMonkey 2.1–2.4
* Waterfox

2012|

* Chrome 17–23
* Firefox 10–17
* Internet Explorer 10
* Lunascape 6.7
* Maxthon 3.4
* NetSurf 2.9
* Safari 6
* Yandex

2013|

* Chrome 24–31
* Firefox 18–26
* Internet Explorer 11
* Opera 15–18
* Safari 7
* SeaMonkey 2.15–2.22

2014|

* Chrome 32–39
* Firefox 27–34
* Lunascape 6.9
* NetSurf 3.1
* Opera 19–26
* Safari 8
* SeaMonkey 2.23–2.31

2015|

* Chrome 40–47
* Firefox 35–43
* Lunascape 6.10–6.12
* Microsoft Edge 20, 25
* Opera 27–34
* Safari 9
* SeaMonkey 2.32–2.39
* Vivaldi Technical Preview 1–Beta 2

2016|

* Brave 0.7–0.12
* Chrome 48–55
* Firefox 44–50
* Lunascape 6.13–6.15
* Microsoft Edge 38
* Opera 35–42
* Safari 10
* Vivaldi Beta 3–1.6
* Yandex 16

2017|

* Brave 0.13–0.19
* Chrome 56–63
* Firefox 51–57
* Microsoft Edge 40, 41
* Opera 43–49
* Safari 11
* SeaMonkey 2.46–2.49
* Vivaldi 1.7–1.13
* Yandex 17

2018|

* Basilisk
* Brave 0.20–0.60
* Chrome 64–71
* Firefox 58–64
* Microsoft Edge 42–44
* Opera 50–57
* Safari 12
* Vivaldi 1.14–2.2
* Waterfox 56.0–56.2
* Yandex 18

2019|

* Brave 0.61–1.1
* Chrome 72–79
* Firefox 65–71
* Microsoft Edge 44
* Opera 58–65
* Safari 13
* Vivaldi 2.3–2.10
* Waterfox 60.1–68.0a2
* Whale 1.4–1.5
* Yandex 19

2020s

| 2020|

* Brave 1.2–1.18
* Chrome 80–87
* Firefox 72–84
* Microsoft Edge 79–87
* Opera 66–73
* SeaMonkey 2.53
* Vivaldi 2.11–3.5
* Yandex 20
* Safari 14

|

2021|

* Brave 1.19–1.33
* Chrome 88–96
* Firefox 85–95
* Microsoft Edge 88–96
* Opera 74–82
* SeaMonkey 2.53.10.2
* Vivaldi 3.6–5.0
* Yandex 21
* Safari 15

2022|

* Arc 0.46–0.81
* Brave 1.34–1.46
* Chrome 97–108
* Firefox 96–108
* Microsoft Edge 97–108
* Opera 83–94
* Vivaldi 5.1–5.6
* Yandex 22
* Safari 16

2023|

* Arc 0.85–1.21
* Brave 1.47–1.61
* Chrome 109–120
* Firefox 109–121
* Microsoft Edge 109–120
* Opera 95–106
* Vivaldi 5.7–6.5
* Yandex 23
* Safari 17

2024|

* Arc 1.25–1.74
* Brave 1.62–1.73
* Chrome 121–131
* Firefox 122–133
* Microsoft Edge 121–131
* Opera 107–115
* Vivaldi 6.6–7.0
* Yandex 24
* Safari 18

2025|

* Arc 1.77–
* Brave 1.74–
* Chrome 132–
* Firefox 134–
* Microsoft Edge 132–
* Opera 116–
* Vivaldi 7.1–
* Yandex 25
* Safari 26

Related topics

* 3D Markup Language for Web
* ALIWEB
* ARPANET
* ASCII
* BITNET
* Browser wars
* CompuServe
* Elm
* Email
* File Transfer Protocol
* Gopher
* HTML
* HyperCard
* HyTelnet
* NCSA Telnet
* NLS
* Prodigy
* Teletext
* Telnet
* Usenet
* UUCP
* Videotex
* Viewdata
* Virtual Reality Markup Language
* Web page
* Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog
* World Wide Web
* X.25

* v
* t
* e

Web browsers

* Features
* standards
* protocols

| Features|

* Bookmarks
* Extensions
* Privacy mode

|

Web standards|

* HTML
* v5
* CSS
* DOM
* JavaScript
* WebAssembly
* Web storage
* IndexedDB
* WebGL
* WebGPU

Protocols|

* HTTP
* Encryption
* Cookies
* third-party
* OCSP
* WebRTC
* WebSocket

Active

| Blink-based|

| Proprietary|

* Google Chrome
* Arc
* Avast
* Cốc Cốc
* Comodo
* Ecosia
* Epic
* Huawei
* Maxthon
* Microsoft Edge
* Opera (Mobile)
* Puffin
* QQ
* Samsung
* Silk
* Sleipnir
* SRWare
* UC
* Vivaldi
* Whale
* Yandex

|

FOSS|

* Chromium
* Brave
* Dooble
* Falkon
* Otter
* Supermium
* ungoogled

Gecko-based|

* Firefox
* Floorp
* GNU IceCat
* LibreWolf
* Midori
* SlimBrowser
* Tor
* Zen
* Gecko forks
* Basilisk
* K-Meleon
* Pale Moon
* SeaMonkey
* Waterfox

WebKit-based|

* Safari
* GNOME Web
* iCab
* Orion

Multi-engine|

* 360
* DuckDuckGo
* Konqueror
* Lunascape
* NetFront
* qutebrowser

Other|

* Dillo
* eww
* Flow
* Ladybird
* Links
* Lynx
* NetSurf
* Opera Mini
* w3m

Discontinued

| Blink-based|

* Beaker
* Citrio
* Flock
* Redcore
* Rockmelt
* SalamWeb
* Sputnik
* Torch

|

Gecko-based|

* Beonex
* Camino
* Classilla
* Conkeror
* Firefox Lite
* Galeon
* Ghostzilla
* IceDragon
* Kazehakase
* Kylo
* Lotus
* MicroB
* Minimo
* Mozilla suite
* PirateBrowser
* Pogo
* Strata
* Swiftfox
* Swiftweasel
* TenFourFox
* Timberwolf
* xB

MSHTML-based|

* Internet Explorer
* AOL
* Deepnet
* GreenBrowser
* MediaBrowser
* MSN Explorer
* MSN Program Viewer
* NeoPlanet
* NetCaptor
* SpaceTime
* ZAC

WebKit-based|

* Arora
* BOLT
* Dolphin
* Fluid
* Google TV
* Iris
* Mercury
* Nokia Symbian
* OmniWeb
* Opera Coast
* Origyn
* QtWeb
* Shiira
* Steel
* surf
* Uzbl
* WebPositive
* xombrero

Other|

* abaco
* Amaya
* Arachne
* Arena
* Blazer
* Cake
* CM
* Deepfish
* Edge Legacy
* ELinks
* Gazelle
* HotJava
* IBM Home Page Reader
* IBM WebExplorer
* IBrowse
* Internet Explorer for Mac
* KidZui
* Line Mode
* Mosaic
* MSN TV
* NetPositive
* Netscape
* Skweezer
* Skyfire
* ThunderHawk
* Vision
* WinWAP
* WorldWideWeb

* List
* Comparison
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Gopher

A protocol for document search and retrieval on the Internet

Clients|

| Active|

* Dooble
* Lynx
* W3m
* WebPositive

|

Support ended|

* Epiphany
* Firefox
* Flock
* SeaMonkey

Discontinued|

* Agora
* Arachne
* Amaya
* Arena
* AT&T Pogo
* Beonex Communicator
* Camino
* Cello
* Classilla
* Conkeror
* Cyberjack
* ELinks
* Epiphany
* Galeon
* GopherVR
* IBrowse
* Internet Explorer
* Internet Explorer for Mac
* Kazehakase
* libwww
* Line Mode Browser
* Minimo
* Minuet
* Mosaic
* Mothra
* Mozilla Application Suite
* Netscape
* OmniWeb
* SlipKnot
* Songbird
* tkWWW
* UdiWWW
* xB Browser

Server software|

* Bucktooth
* NetPresenz
* PyGopherd
* Squid
* Synchronet

Search engines|

* Jughead
* Veronica
* Wide area information server (WAIS)

Content|

* AllMusic
* CCSO Nameserver
* Gophermap
* Phlog

Hosts|

* SDF Public Access Unix System
* The WELL

Developers|

* Mark P. McCahill

*[v]: View this template
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*[e]: Edit this template