Censorship of LGBTQ issues

Censorship of LGBTQ issues is practised by some countries around the world. It may take a variety of forms, including anti-LGBTQ curriculum laws in some states of the United States,[1] the Russian gay propaganda law prohibiting the "promotion of non-traditional sexual relationships", the Hungarian anti-LGBT law banning "content portraying or promoting sex reassignment or homosexuality", and laws in some Islamic states such as Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, and Iran prohibiting advocacy that offends Islamic morality.[2]

## Anti-"LGBTQ propaganda" laws

[edit]

The table below lists, in chronological order, the United Nations member states that have passed laws explicitly prohibiting "propaganda of homosexuality and non-heterosexual relationships".[3]

# | Country  | Date of enactment  | Title of the law  | Notes

|
|
|
|

1  |  Russia | 1 July 2013  | For the Purpose of Protecting Children from Information Advocating a Denial of Traditional Family Values  | [a]
2  |  Hungary | 1 July 2021  | On taking more severe actions against pedophile offenders and amending certain Acts for the protection of children  | [b]
3  |  Bulgaria | 16 August 2024  | On amending and supplementing the law on school education  | [c]
4  |  Georgia | 3 October 2024  | On Family Values and Protection of Minors  | [d]

### Bulgaria

[edit]

On 7 August 2024, Bulgaria's parliament approved an amendment to the education law that prohibits the "propaganda, promotion, or incitement in any way, directly or indirectly, in the education system of ideas and views related to non-traditional sexual orientation and/or gender identity other than the biological one". The amendment was introduced by Revival party. It defines "non-traditional sexual orientation" as "contrary to Bulgaria's legal concept of emotional, romantic, sexual or sensual attraction between persons of opposite sexes", alluding to Bulgaria's constitution which defines marriage as a heterosexual union.[13] The amendment was supported by most of the MPs from GERB party, as well as all MPs from the Bulgarian Socialist Party and There is Such a People party. The Movement for Rights and Freedoms was split over the vote.[14] On 15 August, Bulgarian President Rumen Radev has signed the bill into the law.[15]

### Georgia

[edit]

Main article: Georgian LGBT propaganda bill

On 4 June 2024, Speaker of the Georgian Parliament and one of the leaders of the ruling Georgian Dream party Shalva Papuashvili said that the party initiated a package of legislation called, "On Family Values and Protection of Minors", consisting of one main law and 18 related draft laws that amend the Civil Code, the Labor Code, the legislation on education, and other codes.[16] Proposed changes in the package included outlawing the registration of any union other than between a man and a woman, adoption of a minor to people who do not identify "as their gender" or are not heterosexual, all surgical operations or medical interventions for gender reassignment, and putting any gender "different from his own" on any state or identity documents. The changes also included restrictions on media and publishing, outlawing the radio or television broadcasting of information, programs, advertising, or "propaganda" aimed at "promoting a person's belonging to a gender different from his or her gender, same-sex relationship or incest", including sexual acts with "members of the same sex or a scene of incest", outlawing public gatherings or demonstrations aimed at promoting gender identity, non-heterosexual relationships, or incest, and voiding any public or private institution labor obligations "aimed at neglecting biological sex". The package would also designate 17 May as a holiday for the "sanctity of the family and respect for parents".[17] On 27 June 2024, the Parliament of Georgia passed the proposed bill in the first reading.[18]

On 4 September 2024, the Parliament of Georgia voted 81-0 for the proposed bill in the second reading.[19] The Legal Affairs Committee of the Parliament of Georgia made several changes to the legislative package, including a new article defining the "popularisation of queer relationships or of gender transitioning" and a prohibition on adopting to any "person who does not assign themself to any biological sex".[20]

The bill was supported by the Georgian Dream and People's Power parties, which make up parliamentary majority. The opposition For Georgia party said that although it did not attend the vote, it still opposes the "propaganda directed at children, especially LGBT propaganda". The Girchi party expressed its opposition to the bill. Other opposition parties did not vote or take part in the parliamentary discussions.[19][18]

### Hungary

[edit]

Main articles: LGBT rights in Hungary § Freedom of speech and expression, and Hungarian anti-LGBT law

In June 2021, the government of Hungary introduced a bill prohibiting the showing of "any content portraying or promoting sex reassignment or homosexuality" to minors, similar to the Russian gay propaganda law.[21] On 15 June, the National Assembly approved the law by a vote of 157–1.[22] The President of Hungary signed the bill into law on 23 June.[23]

### Russia

[edit]

Main article: Russian gay propaganda law

In Russia, the Law for the Purpose of Protecting Children from Information Advocating for a Denial of Traditional Family Values was unanimously approved by the State Duma on 11 June 2013 (with just one MP abstaining—Ilya Ponomarev),[24] and was signed into law by President Vladimir Putin on 30 June 2013.[25]

The Russian government's stated purpose for the law is to prevent children from being exposed to homosexuality—content presenting homosexuality as being a norm in society—under the argument that it contradicts traditional family values. The statute amended the country's child protection law and the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses, to make the distribution of "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relationships" among minors, an offence punishable by fines. This definition includes materials that "raises interest in" such relationships; cause minors to "form non-traditional sexual predispositions"; or "[present] distorted ideas about the equal social value of traditional and non-traditional sexual relationships." Businesses and organisations can also be forced to temporarily cease operations if convicted under the law, and foreigners may be arrested and detained for up to 15 days then deported, or fined up to 5,000 rubles and deported.

The Kremlin's backing of the law appealed to the Russian nationalist far-right, and also gained broad support among the Russian public and the Russian Orthodox Church, with 70% of Russians officially being Russian-Orthodox.[26] The law was condemned by the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe (of which Russia is a member), by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child and by human rights groups, such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. The statute was criticised for its broad and ambiguous wording (including the broadly worded "raises interest in" and "among minors"), which critics described as an effective ban on publicly promoting the rights and culture of the LGBT community. The law was also condemned for leading to an increase in, and justification of, homophobic violence,[27] while the implications of the law in relation to the then-upcoming 2014 Winter Olympics being hosted by Sochi were also cause for concern, as the Olympic Charter contains language explicitly barring various forms of discrimination.

## Restrictions on LGBTQ expression

[edit]

### Afghanistan

[edit]

On 21 November 2021, Afghanistan's Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice promulgated an order prohibiting TV channels from broadcasting media that are against the Taliban's interpretation of Sharia and Afghan culture.[28]

### Algeria

[edit]

Main article: LGBT rights in Algeria § Living conditions

Article 333 bis of the Penal Code, as amended on 13 February 1982 by Law n° 82–04, criminalizes the distribution of anything against "decency" with up to 2 years in prison and a fine up to 2,000 dinars.[29] Article 333, also amended in 1982, criminalizes indecent exposure of any "act against the order of nature with an individual of the same sex" with up to 3 years in prison and a fine up to 10,000 dinars.[29]

### Azerbaijan

[edit]

In September 2017, Azerbaijani authorities initiated a violent crackdown in Baku, targeting individuals presumed to be gay or bisexual men and transgender women. Dozens were arrested on dubious charges, subjected to beatings, electric shocks, and coerced into paying bribes or providing information about other LGBTQ+ individuals. Government officials attempted to justify these actions on questionable morality and public health grounds, rather than denying the crackdown. By early October, many detainees had been released, but the campaign highlighted the systemic abuse and discrimination faced by LGBTQ+ people in Azerbaijan. Human Rights Watch called for an independent investigation and accountability for those responsible for these human rights violations.[30]

### Bahrain

[edit]

In Bahrain, censorship of LGBTQ issues is enforced through a combination of legal provisions, governmental actions, and societal pressures. While same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 1976, the government employs broadly defined morality laws to suppress LGBTQ expression and visibility. Article 355 of Bahrain's Penal Code criminalizes the production, possession, or distribution of materials deemed contrary to public morals, which has been used to target LGBTQ-related content.[31] In 2022, authorities banned the screening of the film Thor: Love and Thunder due to its inclusion of LGBTQ characters, reflecting the state's stance against LGBTQ representation in media.[32]

### Bangladesh

[edit]

In Bangladesh, censorship of LGBTQ issues is enforced through a combination of legal provisions, government actions, and societal pressures. While there are no explicit laws restricting the discussion or promotion of LGBTQ topics, the criminalization of same-sex sexual activity under Section 377 of the Penal Code has led to discrimination, persecution, and limited freedom of expression for the LGBTQ community.[33]

The Digital Security Act of 2018, replaced by the Cyber Security Act in 2023, has been used to suppress online content deemed "obscene" or "offensive," which has included LGBTQ-related materials. These laws have contributed to a climate of self-censorship among LGBTQ individuals and activists, who often avoid discussing their identities or issues publicly to prevent legal repercussions.[34]

### Belarus

[edit]

In 2024, the Belarusian Ministry of Culture reclassified depictions of "non-traditional sexual relationships" as pornography, effectively banning positive portrayals of LGBTQ individuals in media. The policy allows for criminal penalties, including imprisonment of up to 4 years for disseminating such content. That same year, the government proposed new legislation modeled on Russia's "gay propaganda" law, seeking to prohibit the "promotion" of non-traditional sexual relations, gender nonconformity, and childlessness as lifestyle choices.

State media regularly portrays LGBTQ identities as threats to national values, and President Alexander Lukashenko has publicly denounced same-sex relationships, calling them a "perversion." In recent years, police have conducted raids on LGBTQ-friendly venues, detaining individuals on charges of "hooliganism" or "dissemination of pornography." Human rights organizations have condemned these actions as part of a broader crackdown on civil liberties and have warned that LGBTQ individuals in Belarus face systemic abuse and persecution.[35][36][37]

### Brazil (sub-national)

[edit]

Since 2014, at least 217 bills have been introduced at the federal, state, and municipal levels in Brazil to ban teaching "gender ideology", "information on sexual orientation", "information on sexual diversity", "orienting the sexuality of students" and "ideological indoctrination" in Brazilian schools. At least 47 of these bills were passed into law, but many of them were struck down by the courts. As of 2022, 21 laws, including 1 on state level and 20 on municipal level, remain in force.[38]

### Brunei

[edit]

In Brunei, censorship of LGBTQ issues is state-enforced under the country's implementation of Sharia law and monarchical governance. The dissemination of content related to LGBTQ topics is heavily restricted, with individuals promoting or discussing such matters facing potential legal consequences, including imprisonment, fines, or exile. In 2019, an Indonesian Instagram account that criticized the Bruneian government's stance on LGBTQ rights and freedom of expression was reported by the Sultan and Bruneian police authorities.[39]

### Burkina Faso

[edit]

In August 2023, Burkina Faso's media regulator, the Superior Council of Communication (CSC), implemented a directive prohibiting the broadcast of content deemed to "promote homosexuality," particularly on channels targeting children and young audiences. This marked the country's first formal state-enforced censorship of LGBTQ-related media.[40]

### Burundi

[edit]

In Burundi, censorship of LGBTQ issues is enforced through legal provisions that restrict freedom of expression related to sexual orientation and gender identity. Article 564 of the Penal Code criminalizes the exhibition, sale, or distribution of materials deemed "contrary to good morals," which has been interpreted to include LGBTQ-related content. Violations can result in fines or imprisonment.[41]

The government has also taken actions against media outlets and organizations that are perceived to promote LGBTQ rights. In 2019, authorities suspended the operations of international broadcasters, citing concerns over content that allegedly undermined national values.[42] Additionally, LGBTQ organizations face significant obstacles in registering and operating legally, effectively silencing advocacy efforts.[43]

### Cameroon

[edit]

In Cameroon, censorship of LGBTQ issues is enforced through legal provisions, media restrictions, and societal pressures.

Same-sex sexual activity is criminalized under Article 347-1 of the Penal Code, which prohibits sexual relations between persons of the same sex, punishable by up to five years' imprisonment and a fine.[44]

In 2010, Cameroon enacted the Law on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime, which includes provisions that criminalize same-sex sexual propositions made through electronic communications. Article 83(1) stipulates that any person who makes sexual propositions to a person of their sex through electronic communications shall be punished with imprisonment of one to two years and a fine. If the proposals are followed by sexual intercourse, the penalties are doubled.[45]

In June 2023, the National Communication Council, Cameroon's media regulatory body, prohibited the broadcast of television programs that it says propagate homosexuality. Media organizations that broadcast such programs face severe penalties.[46]

### Central African Republic

[edit]

While private, consensual same-sex sexual activity is legal, the Penal Code criminalizes "public expression of love" between persons of the same sex. This offense is punishable by six months to two years of imprisonment or a fine ranging from 150,000 to 600,000 CFA francs (approximately $300 to $1,200). If one of the individuals involved is a minor, the adult may face two to five years of imprisonment or a fine between 100,000 and 800,000 CFA francs ($200 to $1,600). These laws effectively censor public displays of affection and expressions of LGBTQ identity.[47][48]

### China

[edit]

Main article: LGBT rights in China § Freedom of expression and censorship

On 31 December 2015, the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television (SARFT) of the People's Republic of China announced a new rule that banned any television show and film depicting "unnormal sexual relationships", including homosexuality.[49][50] As a result of this new rule, many popular web television series at the time like Addicted and Go Princess Go were immediately pulled from broadcasting. Online streaming services including LeTV and Tencent Video followed the new rule by deleting or censoring web series with LGBT characters.[51]

In 2017, an LGBT conference was scheduled to be held in Xi'an. Western reports, using the organisers blog as their source, claimed the police had detained the organisers and threatened them.[52][53][54]

In March 2018, Oscar-winning drama Call Me By Your Name has been pulled from the Beijing International Film Festival's lineup.[55] It was widely speculated that the organizer of this festival was under political pressure to not show the film.

On 14 April 2018, Sina Weibo, the equivalent of Twitter in China, announced a crackdown on LGBT content, as pursuant to the China Internet Security Law and other government regulations.[56]

In May 2018, the European Broadcasting Union blocked Mango TV, one of China's most watched channels, from airing the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 after it edited out Irish singer Ryan O'Shaughnessy's performance, which depicted two male dancers, and blacked out rainbow flags during Switzerland's performance.[57]

Days before the International Day Against Homophobia in 2018, two women wearing rainbow badges were attacked and beaten by security guards in Beijing. The security company dismissed the three guards involved shortly thereafter.[58]

Mr. Gay China, a beauty pageant, was held in 2016 without incident.[59] In 2018, the event host passively cancelled their engagement by not responding to any communications. Mr Gay World 2019 announced the cancellation of the Hong Kong event after communication began to deteriorate in early August. No official censorship notice was issued but some articles blamed the Chinese Government for the cancellation.[60] That same year, a woman who wrote a gay-themed novel was sentenced to 10 years and 6 months in prison for "breaking obscenity laws".[61]

### Democratic Republic of the Congo

[edit]

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, censorship of LGBTQ issues is enforced through media regulations and societal pressures.

In June 2023, the Superior Council for Audiovisual and Communication (CSAC), the country's media regulatory authority, issued a directive cautioning media outlets against promoting LGBTQ and intersex content. The CSAC warned that any media promoting such content would be subject to heavy penalties, describing such promotion as a "shameful campaign" that is "degrading" and "unconstitutional." This directive followed the distribution of Pride-themed gift bags at a mining conference in Lubumbashi, which sparked protests from local residents who claimed the items promoted homosexuality and violated cultural and religious beliefs.[62][63]

Although same-sex sexual activity is legal in the DRC, public expressions of same-sex affection, such as kissing, have occasionally led to prosecutions under public indecency laws. These laws are rarely applied to opposite-sex couples, indicating a discriminatory enforcement pattern.[64]

### Djibouti

[edit]

While same-sex sexual activity is not explicitly criminalized, authorities prosecute public displays of same-sex affection under laws prohibiting attacks on "good morals." Sections 353 and 354 of Djibouti's Penal Code, enacted in 1995, are often utilized to suppress LGBTQ expression.[65]

### Egypt

[edit]

In Egypt, censorship of LGBTQ issues is enforced through a combination of legal provisions, media restrictions, and digital surveillance. While same-sex sexual activity is not explicitly criminalized, authorities utilize laws against "debauchery," "indecency," and "violating family principles" to target LGBTQ individuals.[66]

The 1961 Law on the Combating of Prostitution, particularly Article 9, has been used to prosecute individuals for "habitual practice of debauchery," a charge often levied against gay men. In 2024, the Economic Court in Alexandria interpreted Article 25 of the Cybercrime Law to criminalize homosexuality under the guise of violating "family principles or values."[67]

Media censorship is stringent. The Supreme Council for Media Regulation (SCMR) has banned the appearance of LGBTQ individuals in the media, stating that they have "no presence" in Egyptian society.[68] This policy extends to both state-owned and private media outlets, effectively erasing LGBTQ narratives from public discourse.

Digital platforms are also monitored. Security forces have been reported to use dating apps and social media to entrap LGBTQ individuals, leading to arrests and prosecutions.[69] In some cases, authorities have conducted forced anal examinations, a practice condemned by international human rights organizations.[70]

### El Salvador

[edit]

In recent years, El Salvador has implemented state-enforced censorship of LGBTQ issues, particularly under President Nayib Bukele's administration.

In February 2024, the Minister of Education announced the removal of all content related to "gender ideology" from public schools, effectively banning the teaching of LGBTQ topics in educational institutions.[71] This move was criticized by human rights organizations as a step backward for LGBTQ rights and education.[72]

In June 2024, President Bukele dismissed 300 employees from the Ministry of Culture, citing their promotion of agendas incompatible with the government's vision, which included support for LGBTQ rights.[73] This action further signaled the administration's stance against LGBTQ advocacy.

Additionally, the government's implementation of the "Foreign Agents Law" in May 2025 has raised concerns about the suppression of organizations that support LGBTQ rights. The law imposes restrictions on NGOs receiving foreign funding, potentially limiting the operations of groups advocating for LGBTQ issues.[74]

### Equatorial Guinea

[edit]

In Equatorial Guinea, censorship of LGBTQ issues is enforced through legal provisions, media restrictions, and societal pressures.

While same-sex sexual activity is legal, the government imposes strict controls on LGBTQ expression. In 2019, Decree No. 94 was enacted, defining homosexuality as a practice that "threatens the moral identity of the social majority," effectively criminalizing public expressions of LGBTQ identity and denying registration to LGBTQ organizations.[75]

Media censorship is stringent, with state-controlled outlets avoiding coverage of LGBTQ topics. Independent media face significant pressure, and discussions around LGBTQ rights are often suppressed.[76]

### Eritrea

[edit]

Freedom of expression is severely restricted by the government, including when it comes to topics like sex traits, gender identity or expression, and sexual orientation. LGBT persons are unable to openly mingle, assemble, or express themselves in public because they are afraid of being recognized, arrested, subjected to discrimination, or even attacked.[77]

### Eswatini

[edit]

In Eswatini, censorship of LGBTQ issues is enforced through legal provisions, media restrictions, and societal pressures.

In 2022, the High Court rejected a bid by Eswatini Sexual and Gender Minorities (ESGM) for official recognition, citing the illegality of same-sex relations as justification.[78] Although the Supreme Court later ruled in favor of ESGM in 2023, ordering the government to allow the group's registration, the Ministry of Commerce, Industry, and Trade refused to comply, citing Roman-Dutch law.[79]

### Ethiopia

[edit]

Same-sex sexual activity is criminalized under Article 629 of the 2004 Criminal Code, which prohibits "homosexual or indecent acts," punishable by up to 15 years' imprisonment.[80] The law is applied to both men and women and contributes to the marginalization of LGBTQ individuals.

Article 640 of the Penal Code criminalizes the possession or dissemination of "grossly indecent material," which has been interpreted to include LGBTQ-related content.[81] This provision has been used to suppress discussions and information about LGBTQ issues.

The government exercises strict control over media and internet content. Reports indicate that websites of LGBTQ organizations and related content have been blocked, limiting access to information and resources for the LGBTQ community.[82]

In 2020, Ethiopia enacted the Hate Speech and Disinformation Prevention and Suppression Proclamation, which criminalizes social media posts deemed to cause violence or disturb public order, with offenses punishable by fines and imprisonment.

In 2023, Ethiopian authorities conducted raids on hotels and guesthouses in Addis Ababa, targeting venues suspected of hosting same-sex activities. The Addis Ababa Peace and Security Administration Bureau called for public reporting of such incidents, leading to increased fear and suppression within the LGBTQ community.[83]

Social media platforms, particularly TikTok, have been used to incite violence against LGBTQ individuals in Ethiopia. Videos calling for attacks on LGBTQ people have circulated widely, leading to harassment and physical assaults. Advocacy groups have criticized the government's failure to address this issue, further exacerbating the censorship and suppression of LGBTQ voices.[84]

### Gambia

[edit]

In The Gambia, censorship of LGBTQ issues is enforced through legal provisions, media restrictions, and societal pressures.

Same-sex sexual activity is criminalized under the Criminal Code of 1934, which prohibits acts of "carnal knowledge against the order of nature" and "gross indecency." In 2014, the code was amended to include the offense of "aggravated homosexuality," punishable by life imprisonment. This offense encompasses repeat offenders and individuals living with HIV/AIDS.[85][86]

In 2013, an amendment to the Criminal Code criminalized cross-dressing, stating that any male person who dresses in the fashion of a woman in a public place is liable to imprisonment for up to five years. This law effectively targets transgender individuals and restricts gender expression.[87]

### Indonesia

[edit]

Main article: LGBT rights in Indonesia § Media

On 23 February 2016, the Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI) released the "Circular to All Broadcasting Companies on Effeminate Men", banning the portrayal of sexual and gender diversity in men by the broadcasting companies.[88] In the same month, the KPI also banned TV and radio programs that "promoted homosexual lifestyle" claiming that they constituted a violation of the 2012 Broadcasting Program Standards.[89]

### Iran

[edit]

Iran has extensive public morality law which is used against newspapers and websites with the content related to the sexual orientation. Article 6 of the 1986 Press Law bans press which "undermines Islam's bases and commandments", including the spread of "fornication and forbidden practices" and "publishing photographs, pictures, and material which violate public chastity". The violation of this provision is punished under the Article 698 of the Islamic Penal Code with imprisonment of between two months to two years and flogging of up to 74 lashes. Article 14 of the 2009 Law on Computer Crimes (Law No. 71063) punishes with imprisonment and fines the use of computer systems, telecommunications systems or data carriers to publish or distribute "immoral content", or storage of such material "with the intention of corrupting society". Article 640 of the Penal Code bans public display, production or storage of "any writing or design, gravure, painting, picture, newspapers, advertisements, signs, film, cinema movie" which corrupts "public prudency and morality".[90]

Under these laws, operators of the website of Avizoon were arrested and charged with "pornography and publishing sexual ideas including homosexuality". The Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, which enforces the press laws, bans any positive portrayals of homosexuality. Publishers are not allowed to obtain licences to publish such material since gay and lesbian acts are considered as corrupt and morally bankrupt.[91]

In 2002, a book entitled Witness Play by Cyrus Shamisa was banned from shelves (despite being initially approved) because it said that certain notable Persian writers were homosexuals and bisexuals.[92]

In 2004, the Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art loaned a collection of artwork that formerly belonged to Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi that had been locked away since the Revolution in 1979 to the Tate Britain. The artwork included explicit homoerotic artwork by Francis Bacon and the government in Iran stated that upon its return, it would also be put on display in Iran.[93]

In 2005, the Iranian Reformist paper Shargh was shut down by the government after it interviewed an Iranian author, living in Canada. While the interview never mentioned the sexual orientation of Saghi Ghahreman, it did quote her as stating that, "sexual boundaries must be flexible... The immoral is imposed by culture on the body".[94] The conservative paper Kayhan attacked the interview and the paper, "Shargh has interviewed this homosexual while aware of her sick sexual identity, dissident views and porno-personality."[94] To avoid being permanently shut down, the paper issued a public apology stating it was unaware of the author's "personal traits" and promised to "avoid such people and movements."[94]

### Iraq

[edit]

LGBT issues could be censored in Iraq under extensive public morality law namely, paragraph 215, 220, 376, 401, 402, 403, 404 and 408 of the Iraqi Penal Code.

In August 2023, the Iraqi Communications and Media Commission issued the directive which banned media outlets from using the terms "homosexuality" and "gender". Instead, they must use the term "sexual deviance".[95]

### Jordan

[edit]

According to a 2023 Human Rights Watch report, Jordan's cybercrime and morality laws have been used to persecute and intimidate LGBT people.[96][97]

### Kazakhstan

[edit]

In Kazakhstan, censorship of LGBTQ issues is enforced through legal measures, media restrictions, and internet filtering. While same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 1998, societal attitudes remain conservative, and LGBTQ individuals face significant challenges.

In July 2022, the Ministry of Culture and Information banned the Disney/Pixar animated film Lightyear due to its inclusion of a same-sex kiss, citing concerns over "violating the norms of the laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan." Similarly, in January 2024, the ministry blocked the LGBTQ-education website SelfTanu.kz, aimed at teenagers, stating it was to protect children's rights and uphold societal norms.[98]

In June 2024, a petition titled "We Are against Open and Hidden LGBT Propaganda in Kazakhstan!" was submitted to the Ministry of Culture and Information, calling for legislation to ban so-called "LGBT propaganda." Human Rights Watch and UN experts criticized the petition, stating it violates human rights and Kazakhstan's international obligations.[99]

In April 2024, lawmakers proposed amendments to the media law to prohibit "LGBT propaganda," which could lead to media outlets being suspended or closed. However, these amendments were later removed from the draft bill following public and international criticism.[100]

### Kenya

[edit]

Media censorship is prevalent, with the Kenya Film Classification Board (KFCB) actively banning films and content that depict LGBTQ themes. Notable examples include the bans on the films "Rafiki" in 2018 and "I Am Samuel" in 2021, both of which were prohibited for promoting homosexuality.[101] In 2023, Netflix agreed to restrict LGBTQ content in Kenya in accordance with KFCB guidelines.[102]

### Kuwait

[edit]

Article 21 of the Press and Publications Law (Law No. 3) (2006) bans publishing content which is deemed as insulting to public morals.

A Disney movie The Beauty and the Beast has been banned in Kuwait for containing "an exclusively gay moment".[citation needed]

### Kyrgyzstan

[edit]

On 17 March 2023, the government announced a proposal to amend the child protection law. Article 2-1 of the draft law expands the definition of information harmful to the health and development of children as follows: "[information] that denounces family and traditional societal values, promotes non-traditional sexual relations and initiates disrespect towards parents or other family members". It also possesses a number of other amendments, such as prohibiting the promotion of information that encourage children to commit suicide, consume drugs, tobacco and alcohol, participate in gambling, prostitution and begging. The bill was passed by the Parliament on 22 June 2023 and signed into law by the President on 14 August 2023.[103][104][105][106]

### Lebanon

[edit]

The Lebanese Penal Code contains many articles which are used against homosexuality, including Article 209, 521, 526, 531, 532, 533 and 534. Article 531 and 532 ban violating public morals by public actions, movements, speaking and screaming. Article 533 bans manufacturing, exporting, supplying, or acquiring "writings, drawings, manual or photographic images, suggestive films, or other indecent items with the intention to trade or distribute them, or announce or inform how to obtain them".[citation needed]

Several films have been banned in Lebanon for LGBT content.[citation needed]

In 2018, prosecutor of Beirut suspended the scheduled activities of Beirut Pride, and initiated criminal proceedings against its founder Hadi Damien for organizing events "that incite to debauchery".[107]

### Libya

[edit]

In Libya, censorship of LGBTQ issues is enforced through legal provisions, media restrictions, and internet filtering. The 1953 Penal Code criminalizes same-sex sexual activity under Articles 407(4) and 408(4), which prohibit "illicit sexual intercourse" and "indecent acts," respectively, punishable by up to five years' imprisonment.[108]

### Malawi

[edit]

In Malawi, censorship of LGBTQ issues is enforced through legal provisions, media restrictions, and societal pressures.

Same-sex sexual activity is criminalized under Sections 153 and 156 of the Penal Code, which prohibit "carnal knowledge against the order of nature" and "gross indecency," punishable by up to 14 years' imprisonment with corporal punishment.[109] In June 2024, the Constitutional Court upheld these laws, rejecting a legal challenge that argued they violated constitutional rights to equality and nondiscrimination.[110]

Media censorship is prevalent, with state-controlled outlets avoiding coverage of LGBTQ topics. Independent media face significant pressure, and discussions around LGBTQ rights are often suppressed.[111]

In 2010, a man was arrested for putting up posters that read "Gay rights are human rights," charged with conduct likely to cause a breach of the peace.[112] This reflects the broader pattern of censorship and suppression of LGBTQ-related content in Malawi, affecting media, civil society, and public discourse.

### Malaysia

[edit]

Malaysia has laws which prohibit distributing, displaying or creating materials which are considered as "obscene" or "against public decency". Section 7(1) of the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 confers to Minister of Home Affairs absolute discretion to censor publications which are prejudicial to public order, morality, security, public or national interest, may "alarm public opinion" or are contrary to any law. This provision has been used to ban at least six LGBT-themed books.[citation needed]

Pro-LGBTQ+ demonstrations are banned as "insulting behaviour" and "contradictory to Islamic morality". Section 14 of the Minor Offences Act 1955, which prohibits "insulting behaviour", has been used against pro-LGBTQ+ protesters.[113]

In 2023, Malaysian authorities seized Pride-themed watches made by Swatch. Eleven shopping malls with Swatch outlets around Malaysia, including in the capital Kuala Lumpur, were raided in May.[113] Home Minister cited Printing Presses and Publications Act of 1984 and said that "the Malaysian government is committed to preventing the spread of elements that are harmful or may be harmful to morals".

In 2010, the Film Censorship Board of Malaysia announced it would only allow depiction of homosexual characters as long as the characters "repent" or die.[114][115] In 2017, Malaysia tried to censor Beauty and the Beast over some gay moments but eventually relented and let the movie be shown.[116][117] The censorship board also had no objections to the screening of Power Rangers even with a lesbian scene in the movie.[118][119]

### Mali

[edit]

A new law was announced by Justice Minister Mamadou Kassogue, who had previously called homosexuality "unnatural" and promised to make it a crime. The 2024 law significantly broadens the scope of those who could face prosecution by outlawing the "promotion" of homosexuality.[120]

### Mauritania

[edit]

The government utilizes provisions such as "indecency" and "incitation to debauchery" to suppress LGBTQ expression. Article 264 of the Penal Code prohibits "songs, cries or speech contrary to good morals" and public attention to occasions of debauchery. Article 306 punishes "public contempt of decency and Islamic mores." In 2020, police arrested ten individuals at a birthday party, charging eight of them under these provisions for "imitating women." In August 2023, the screening of the film "Barbie" was banned, with authorities claiming it promoted moral corruption and contravened Islamic values.[121]

### Moldova (sub-national)

[edit]

Since 2012, several cities have enacted bans on "propaganda" of homosexuality (which do not include any kind of administrative sanctions or fines). These cities are:

* Bălți, enacted on 23 February 2012,[122][123] and struck down on 28 February 2013[123][124]
* Drochia,[123] enacted on 27 March 2012
* Cahul,[123] enacted on 29 March 2012
* Ceadîr-Lunga,[123] enacted on 10 April 2012
* Glodeni, later repealed[123]
* Rîșcani, later repealed[123]
* Soroca[123]

Similar bans were also enacted in the following districts:

* Anenii Noi,[123] enacted on 1 March 2012
* Basarabeasca[123]
* Fălești[123]

Similar provisions were enacted by the following villages of Făleşti District:

* Bocani, later repealed[123]
* Chetriș,[123] repealed on 22 February 2012
* Hiliuți[123]
* Pîrlița, later repealed[123]

#### Gagauzia

[edit]

On 30 April 2013, the Parliament of Gagauzia approved a bill to forbid the "propaganda" of homosexuality, bisexuality and transgenderism such as same-sex marriage and adoption by same-sex couples. The bill didn't include any kind of administrative sanctions or fines but some of its provisions banned any LGBT-related organizations from being registered in the region. Another provision was intended to ban any LGBT-related clubs and entertainment establishments. On 20 June 2013, these provisions were invalidated by a court decision, which held that these laws violated freedom of speech and human rights.

In May 2022, the People's Assembly of Gagauzia adopted a resolution banning "propaganda of non-traditional relations". The bill states that the "traditional family" is the basis of Gagauz society and bans local media from publishing anything that promotes same-sex couples. The Coalition for Inclusion and Non-discrimination has taken the resolution to the court, saying that it violates Moldova's constitution.[125]

### Morocco

[edit]

Media censorship is prevalent, with state-controlled outlets avoiding coverage of LGBTQ topics. Independent media face significant pressure, and discussions around LGBTQ rights are often suppressed. The government exercises strict control over internet content, and self-censorship is widespread among journalists.[126]

In the film industry, LGBTQ themes are subject to censorship. For instance, the 2024 screening of the film "Cabo Negro," which portrays a same-sex relationship, led to the cancellation of a planned Q&A session due to anticipated backlash.[127]

### Myanmar

[edit]

Since the military coup in February 2021, Myanmar's junta has intensified censorship targeting LGBTQ content. In January 2025, the regime banned seven books featuring LGBTQ themes, labeling them as "obscene" and socially unacceptable, and announced legal action against their publishers.[128]

The junta's cultural crackdown extends to the arts, where LGBTQ themes have been specifically targeted for removal from public discourse. Authorities have sought to cleanse the arts of content they deem harmful to traditional Burmese culture.[129]

Legal provisions have been employed to suppress LGBTQ expression. Section 35(c) of the 1945 Police Act criminalizes individuals who disguise themselves between sunset and sunrise without satisfactory explanation, a law that has been used to arbitrarily target transgender individuals for their gender expression.[130] Additionally, the government has utilized anti-terrorism laws to arrest LGBTQ activists and peaceful protesters, further stifling LGBTQ advocacy.[131]

### Nicaragua

[edit]

Despite the absence of explicit censorship laws post-2008, LGBTQ organizations and activists have faced increasing repression, particularly following the 2018 anti-government protests. The government has intensified crackdowns on civil society, leading to the closure of numerous NGOs, including LGBTQ advocacy groups. For instance, in 2021, the government sought to shut down Fundación Xochiquetzal, the country's oldest LGBTQ rights organization.[132] Media outlets have also been targeted, resulting in a climate of self-censorship. Journalists often avoid covering LGBTQ topics due to fear of government retaliation, and independent media reporting on LGBTQ issues have faced harassment and shutdowns.[133][134]

### Nigeria

[edit]

The Same-Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act (SSMPA), enacted in 2014, criminalizes same-sex marriages and civil unions, as well as public displays of same-sex relationships. It also prohibits the registration, operation, or participation in gay clubs, societies, and organizations, with penalties of up to 10 years' imprisonment.[135]

Media censorship is prevalent, with state-controlled outlets avoiding coverage of LGBTQ topics. Independent media face significant pressure, and discussions around LGBTQ rights are often suppressed. The government exercises strict control over internet content, and self-censorship is widespread among journalists.[136]

### North Korea

[edit]

In North Korea, censorship of LGBTQ issues is state-enforced and pervasive. While there are no explicit laws criminalizing homosexuality, the government heavily restricts media and public discourse, effectively erasing LGBTQ identities from public awareness. The regime's strict control over information dissemination ensures that any discussion or representation of LGBTQ topics is suppressed.[137]

The state's media outlets, all controlled by the government, do not acknowledge the existence of LGBTQ individuals. In 2014, the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) denied the presence of homosexuality in the country, reflecting the official stance of non-recognition.[138] This denial extends to the legal framework, where concepts of sexual orientation and gender identity are absent, and there are no protections against discrimination for LGBTQ individuals.[139]

### Oman

[edit]

Articles of the Publications and Publishing Law (1984) ban any publication which "calls people to embrace" or "promotes" anything against Islam, or might prejudice "public code of conduct" or "moral norms". The use of telecommunication services with information "contrary to the public order or morality", infringing "religious practice" or "promoting" anything against the law, is outlawed by the regulations passed under the Telecommunications Regulation Law (2002).[citation needed]

In 2013, The Week newspaper was shut down for one week after publishing article about Oman's LGBT community.[citation needed]

### Pakistan

[edit]

Pakistan Telecommunication Authority has authority to remove or block any content if it is "in the interest of the glory of Islam, public order, decency, or morality" under the Section 34 of the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (2016). The law has been used to ban LGB-related content online and in the media.[citation needed]

### Paraguay

[edit]

Main article: LGBT rights in Paraguay § School curriculum

On 5 October 2017, the Minister of Education and Science Enrique Riera signed Resolution N° 29664, which prohibits the use of printed and digital materials referring to "gender theory and/or ideology" in educational institutions.[140] Enrique Riera later said he would volunteer to "burn the books in a public square if they contained gender ideology".[141]

### Peru

[edit]

In recent years, Peru has enacted several measures that effectively censor LGBTQ content and expression, particularly in education, media, and healthcare.

In April 2024, the Peruvian Congress passed Law No. 32003, which prohibits the use of gender-neutral language in educational settings. This law bans terms associated with nonbinary identities, under the justification of preserving the Spanish language and traditional values.[142]

In May 2024, the government issued a decree classifying transgender, nonbinary, and intersex individuals as having "mental illnesses" to include them under the national health insurance plan's mental health coverage. This classification was met with widespread protests and condemnation from LGBTQ rights organizations, who argued that it pathologizes gender diversity and could legitimize harmful practices.[143]

In May 2025, Peru enacted a law aimed at protecting minors from sexual exploitation in media and entertainment. However, human rights organizations have criticized the law for its vague definitions of "sexual connotation" and "objectification," which could be used to censor LGBTQ-related content under the guise of child protection.[144]

### Qatar

[edit]

In Qatar, censorship of LGBTQ issues is enforced through legal provisions, media restrictions, and internet filtering. The 2004 Penal Code criminalizes acts deemed to "lead, instigate, or seduce a male in any way to commit sodomy," punishable by up to three years in prison.[145] Additionally, the government exercises strict control over media content; for instance, articles related to LGBTQ rights have been removed from international publications distributed within the country.[146]

### Samoa

[edit]

Targeting the native Fa'afafine people, Samoa decriminalized "female impersonation" in 2013 by removing Section 58N from its Crimes Act. Despite this, at least two instances of LGBT-themed movies being prohibited from showing in the nation due to their inconsistency with national laws and values have occurred.[147]

### Saudi Arabia

[edit]

The Saudi government censors the media with fines, imprisonment and, for foreigners, deportation for any person possessing, importing, distributing or producing media without governmental approval. Media content, including advertising, cannot be seen as insulting the royal family or conflicting with Islamic teachings and values.[148]

Radio and TV programs are banned from expressing support for LGBT rights, but homosexuality and cross-dressing can be discussed as long as the negative attitudes and biases are reinforced. A call-in TV show may feature a discussion about the immorality or "illness" of homosexuality, or, as in the case of Mirel Radoi, coverage may focus on a celebrity, in this case a Romanian-born football player, implying, as a false insult, that another football player was gay.[citation needed][149]

The government does allow public movie theaters to exist, since 2018, but the films are censored, as are the DVDs purchased in many retail stores. LGBT themes are generally one of the themes edited out of movies. Customs agents keep a list of films or TV shows that are not allowed to be brought into the kingdom.[150]

Government regulation of the Internet generally falls under the Royal Decrees on Anti-Cyber Crime (2007). Article 6 prohibits creating, distributing or accessing online content or webpages that the government deems to be pornographic or in violation of religious values or public morals or is a threat to public health, safety or order.[151]

The Saudi government has frequently blocked Internet users in the kingdom from accessing web pages or other online content that express support for LGBT rights.[152] The restrictions on the Internet extend to blogs, social media and video upload webpages.[153]

In 2010, a 27-year-old Saudi man was charged with homosexuality and impersonating a police officer when he posted a comical video of himself online, where he discusses popular culture, shows off his chest hair and flirts with the camera man. He was sentenced to a year in prison, with 1,000 lashes, and ordered to pay a fine of 5,000 rials (US$1,333).[154]

In a crackdown across stores in the Saudi capital, Riyadh, according to the Saudi state-run TV channel al-Ekhbariya, government officials seized rainbow-colored clothing, products, toys, etc. The officials claimed that the June 2022 move was aimed at curbing the direct and indirect promotion of homosexuality in the country. An unnamed official from the Ministry of Commerce claimed that they were looking out for "slogans that violate the rules of Islam and public morals like promoting homosexuality colors, targeting the young generation." The items seized in the crackdown included hair accessories for children, backpacks, pencil cases, and rainbow stripes featured on crayon packs. When asked for comments from the Saudi authorities, none were received.[155] In December 2022, authorities in neighboring Qatar carried out a similar purge.[156]

### Senegal

[edit]

Article 256 of the Penal Code criminalizes the production, distribution, and possession of materials deemed "contrary to good morals," which has been interpreted to include LGBTQ-related content, leading to imprisonment of up to two years or fines.[157]

In 2022, a coalition of lawmakers proposed legislation to increase the maximum prison sentence for same-sex acts from five to ten years and to criminalize advocacy for LGBTQ rights. The bill was ultimately rejected by Parliament in 2023.[158]

Media coverage of LGBTQ issues is limited, and journalists face challenges when reporting on such topics. Pluralistic coverage continues to be difficult, and covering certain topics linked to religion can cause tension and self-censorship among journalists.[159]

### Singapore

[edit]

Main article: LGBT rights in Singapore § Media

Singapore has a series of laws and regulations that restrict LGBT topics in the media.[160] The Infocomm Media Development Authority bans any film, television program, advertisement or video game which "promote or glamorize homosexuality", if the "homosexual content is discreet in treatment and not gratuitous" they can instead be classified as restricted to people aged 18 or over.[161] Films can also be restricted to people aged 21 or over if their main themes are same-sex marriage or parenting.[162]

### Somalia

[edit]

The Penal Code also contains provisions that suppress LGBTQ expression. Articles 402 to 404 criminalize "obscene acts," "obscene objects," and acts deemed "offensive to modesty," which have been interpreted to include LGBTQ-related content.[163]

### South Sudan

[edit]

Same-sex sexual activity is criminalized under Article 248 of the 2008 Penal Code, which prohibits "carnal intercourse against the order of nature," punishable by up to 10 years' imprisonment and a fine.[164] Additionally, Article 379 criminalizes "any male person who dresses or is attired in the fashion of a woman" in public, with a penalty of up to three months' imprisonment, effectively targeting transgender individuals and cross-dressers.[165]

Media censorship is prevalent, with state-controlled outlets avoiding coverage of LGBTQ topics. Independent media face significant pressure, and discussions around LGBTQ rights are often suppressed. The government exercises strict control over internet content, and self-censorship is widespread among journalists.[166]

In January 2025, the National Communication Authority ordered a temporary shutdown of social media platforms, including Facebook and TikTok, citing concerns over "immoral content" and misinformation. This move further limited the visibility of LGBTQ-related discussions and advocacy online.[167]

### Sudan

[edit]

The 1991 Penal Code criminalizes materials and expressions deemed "contrary to public morals," a provision that has been interpreted to suppress LGBTQ-related content. Despite legal reforms in 2020 that removed the death penalty for same-sex sexual activity, the censorship laws remained unchanged, continuing to restrict LGBTQ expression.[168]

The National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) has established a special unit to monitor online content and implement the government's filtering policies. While the primary target is pornography, LGBTQ content, dating sites, and any sites publishing images of people in "provocative attire" are also subject to censorship.[169]

Media censorship is prevalent, with state-controlled outlets avoiding coverage of LGBTQ topics. Independent media face significant pressure, and discussions around LGBTQ rights are often suppressed. The government exercises strict control over internet content, and self-censorship is widespread among journalists.[170]

### Syria

[edit]

In June 2022, it was reported that Syria's Directorate of Internal Trade and Consumer Protection confiscated around 600 rainbow kites as their designs were similar to the pride flag and therefore "indicating homosexuality".

### Tajikistan

[edit]

In Tajikistan, censorship of LGBTQ issues is state-enforced and pervasive. While same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 1998, the government imposes significant restrictions on LGBTQ expression and visibility. There are no laws explicitly protecting LGBTQ individuals from discrimination, and societal attitudes remain deeply conservative.[171]

In 2017, authorities compiled a registry of LGBTQ individuals, citing concerns over "moral cleanliness." This action was widely criticized by human rights organizations as a violation of privacy and an instrument of intimidation.[172]

Media censorship is stringent, with state-controlled outlets avoiding coverage of LGBTQ topics. Independent media face significant pressure, and discussions around LGBTQ rights are often suppressed.[173]

In 2018, an LGBTQ civil society organization was forced to close following a series of intrusive inspections by authorities, reflecting the government's broader crackdown on LGBTQ advocacy.[174]

### Tanzania

[edit]

The 1981 Penal Code's Article 175 criminalizes the sale, distribution, or exhibition of materials deemed to "corrupt morals," a provision often used to censor LGBTQ-related content.[175]

In 2018, the Tanzanian government introduced the Electronic and Postal Communications (Online Content) Regulations, requiring online content providers to register with the government and pay annual fees. These regulations prohibit content that "causes annoyance" or threatens national security, leading to the suppression of LGBTQ-related online content.

In September 2022, the government warned against the dissemination of online messages promoting same-sex relationships and threatened action against administrators of social media groups sharing pro-LGBTQ content.[176]

### Togo

[edit]

Article 394 punishes expressions deemed contrary to morality, including LGBTQ-related content, with imprisonment from six months to two years.[177]

The law also prohibits "the promotion of same-sex conduct," understood to restrict and criminalize sexual orientation and gender identity and expression.[178] This provision has been used to suppress LGBTQ advocacy and expression in media and public spaces.

### Tunisia

[edit]

Article 226 of the Penal Code criminalizes "outrages against public decency," which has been interpreted to include public expressions of LGBTQ identity. This provision has been used to censor LGBTQ-related content in media and public spaces.[179]

### Turkey

[edit]

In December 2020, the Advertisement Board of Turkey's Trade Ministry ruled that LGBT-themed merchandise that is sold online has to bear 18+ rating. Article 24 of Turkey's 2015 Regulation on Commercial Advertisement and Unfair Commercial Practices protects children from material that would "negatively affect the physical, mental, moral, psychological and social development characteristics of children" and that items "cannot contain elements to disrupt, change or denigrate cultural, moral and positive social behaviours".[180]

Even though there are not any laws explicitly forbidding LGBT-related protests, the Istanbul Pride parade has been banned by the Istanbul governorship several times: in 2015,[181] 2016,[182] 2017, and in 2018, where people held an event regardless and some were arrested. It was banned again in 2019. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was held online with no official interference.[183]

In 2017, the capital city of Ankara banned all LGBT or LGBT rights related events, under the pretext of providing "peace and security", with officials saying that such "exhibitions" could cause different groups of society to "publicly harbor hatred and hostility" towards each other; on the other hand news media noted that the ban came in the context of the steady erosion of civil liberties in Turkey following the failed 2016 coup attempt.[184]

In Ankara, all public LGBTI-related discussions are banned. In November 2017, the Ankara governor's office under state of emergency imposed an indefinite ban on LGBTI-focused public events. The emergency rule ended in July 2018; however, the ban was still not lifted. In October 2018, the government extended the ban to LGBTI-focused events generally without giving any idea about the end date.[185] In May 2019, police in Ankara violently ended a student-led Pride march at the Middle East Technical University (METU). According to a report from Amnesty International, authorities arrested 25 students during that.[186][187]

In June 2019, the 7th İzmir Pride, the 3rd Antalya Pride and the 27th Istanbul pride were banned by the cities governors.[188][189][190] Amnesty International last week called for Turkey to lift the Pride bans. However, days later a court suspended Izmir pride week ban.[191] In June 2019, 17 people were detained during press statement over Pride ban in Turkish police dispersed a crowd gathered in the city of İzmir for a public press statement over the governorate's pride parade ban and detained 17 people, after the group read their press statement.[192][193]

On 25 June 2019, the Governorship of Mersin banned all LGBT events to be held in the province for 20 days under the Turkish Law on Meetings and Demonstrations "with the aim of maintaining public well-being and public peace, preventing crimes and protecting public health, public morality and safety of life and property of citizens." The ban went in effect in the 5th Mersin Pride Week, which was to be held between 1–7 July.[194][195][196][197]

### Turkmenistan

[edit]

The Turkmen government maintains strict control over information, with state-run media and pervasive internet censorship . This environment suppresses public discourse on LGBTQ+ issues, leaving the community largely invisible. There are no registered LGBTQ+ organizations, and discussions about LGBTQ+ rights are virtually nonexistent in public forums. Reports indicate that LGBTQ+ individuals are subject to surveillance, entrapment, and abuse by law enforcement. In some cases, individuals have been lured into meetings under false pretenses and subsequently detained or assaulted . Medical professionals have also been implicated in conducting forced examinations to "prove" homosexual activity. Despite international pressure, Turkmenistan has made little progress in addressing these human rights concerns. The combination of legal penalties, societal stigma, and government censorship creates a hostile environment for LGBTQ+ individuals, compelling many to conceal their identities or seek asylum abroad.[198][199]

### Uganda

[edit]

Main article: Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023

In 2023, Uganda passed Anti-Homosexuality Act ("An Act to prohibit any form of sexual relations between persons of the same sex; to prohibit the promotion or recognition of sexual relations between persons of the same sex; and for related matters") which makes the promotion (including normalisation) of homosexuality punishable by imprisonment for up to 20 years and fines.

### United Arab Emirates

[edit]

The Government in the United Arab Emirates has restricted access to various websites and monitors chat rooms, instant messages and blogs. There were only a few reports of prosecutions and punishments but many people on the internet have been censored their conversations and identity in gay chat rooms. The country's only internet service provider has a proxy server which blocks any website that goes against the country's moral values. Sites regarding dating or marriage, LGBT issues, the Baháʼí Faith or sites related to unblocking the censorship are all inaccessible. Some reports or sites related to unblocking the censorship are all inaccessible. Reports even suggest that any site with the word "gay" or "sex" is blocked.[200]

The UAE's Media Regulatory Office banned the screening of Pixar's Lightyear in cinemas in June 2022, stating that the movie violated the Emirates' media content standards. The movie was opposed for depicting a same-sex relationship.[201] Later that month, Majid, a popular Arabic comic book series for children, came under investigation by the UAE authorities for allegedly promoting homosexuality. The magazine withdrew its May 2022 edition, which depicted a multi-colored character. In one dialogue the character said, "Amazing, I have the capability to colour things ... Ali will wish to become like me." According to The New Arab,[202] a number of social media users had complained that Majid had intentionally used the Arabic word مثلي (mithli) in this character's speech, a word which means both a "homosexual" and "like me".[203]

In June 2023, the UAE banned Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, a week ahead of its expected release in the region. The movie failed to pass the Emirates' censorship requirements, due to a scene that depicted a glimpse of a transgender flag displaying the words "Protect Trans Lives".[204]

### United States (sub-national)

[edit]

Main article: Anti-LGBT curriculum laws in the United States

Further information: 2021–2023 book banning in the United States

Several U.S. states have laws which prohibit or limit the mention or discussion of gay and transgender issues in public schools. In theory, these laws mainly apply to sex education courses, but they can also be applied to other parts of the school curriculum as well as to extracurricular activities and groups such as gay–straight alliances.[205]

These explicit anti-LGBT curriculum laws can be found in six US states, namely Florida (for kindergarten to grade 3 and instruction that is considered "not age appropriate or developmentally appropriate for students" in any grade),[206] Alabama (For kindergarten to grade 5),[207] Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas.[208] Five other states (Montana, Arizona, Arkansas, Tennessee and Florida) require parental notification of instruction on LGBTQ issues and allows parents to opt-out of such instruction.[209]

They are similar to the now-repealed section 28 of the British Local Government Act 1988, which prohibited local authorities from "intentionally promoting homosexuality, publishing material with the intention of promoting homosexuality, or promoting the teaching in any maintained school of the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship."[210]

In 2025, in reference to Texas Senate Bill 20, which creates new criminal offenses for those who possess, promote, or view visual material deemed obscene, which is said to depict a child, whether it is an actual person, animated or cartoon depiction, or an image of someone created through computer software or artificial intelligence, Evan D. Mullicane ScreenRant said that the legislation's vague wording could be used to censor stories with "young LGBTQIA characters."[211]

### Uzbekistan

[edit]

The Uzbek government has dismissed the need for action to protect sexual minorities, with one official declaring that even if same-sex sexual activities were decriminalised, LGBTQ persons could not be kept safe. Community attitudes that fuel such anti-LGBTQ activity stem from the Uzbek "mentality", with their "religion, culture, and traditions" making "gay men and women" unacceptable in the country, according to the spokesperson.[212]

### Vatican City

[edit]

According to reports, the Holy See has the authority to remove anyone who comes out as LGBT or disagrees with the church's stance on social issues.[213]

### Yemen

[edit]

The government blocks access to webpages that express support of LGBT rights.[214] This policy of censorship also extends to publications and magazines in Yemen.

In 2012, the magazine Al Thaqafiya was shut down by the government for publishing a review of the Egyptian film titled, Heena Maysara (translates to "Till things get better"). The reviewer, a Yemeni filmmaker named Hamid Aqbi, expressed some support for LGBT rights while discussing the film.[215]

In 2004, the Yemem Times, an English-language magazine, was allowed to publish an opinion piece opposing legal recognition of gay marriage.

In 2003, the Week, an Arabic-language magazine, published an article that included interviews with Yemeni men imprisoned for homosexuality. The three journalists involved with the article were convicted by the government.[216][full citation needed]

### Zambia

[edit]

In Zambia, censorship of LGBTQ issues is enforced through a combination of legal provisions and governmental actions that suppress discussions and representations of LGBTQ identities.

In 2013, human rights activist Paul Kasonkomona was arrested after appearing on a television program where he advocated for the rights of sexual minorities and the decriminalization of homosexuality. He was charged under Section 178(g) of the Penal Code for "soliciting for immoral purposes in a public place." Although he was later acquitted, the case highlighted the use of public morality laws to silence LGBTQ advocacy.[217]

In 2019, the Minister of Religious Affairs ordered the cancellation of a television program, alleging that it promoted homosexuality. This action demonstrated the government's stance against media content perceived to support LGBTQ rights.[218]

Furthermore, in 2023, the Ministry of Health banned the use of the term "Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights," stating that it promotes LGBTQ rights. This move indicates the government's efforts to limit discussions around LGBTQ issues even within the context of health and human rights.[219]

### Zimbabwe

[edit]

In Zimbabwe, censorship of LGBTQ issues is enforced through legal frameworks and state-controlled media. The Censorship and Entertainments Control Act of 1967 prohibits the importation, production, and dissemination of materials deemed "indecent" or "obscene," which has been interpreted to include LGBTQ-related content. This law has been used to suppress literature, films, and other media that portray LGBTQ individuals positively. The state-owned Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation (ZBC) has been accused of being a government mouthpiece with no editorial independence, often excluding or negatively portraying LGBTQ topics.

In 2024, Vice President Constantino Chiwenga announced the government's intention to block a scholarship program for LGBTQ students, describing it as a challenge to the country's cultural and Christian values.[220]

## Repealed laws

[edit]

### Australia (sub-national)

[edit]

See also: LGBT rights in Western Australia

In December 1989 in the state of Western Australia, the Parliament of Western Australia passed the Law Reform (Decriminalisation of Sodomy) Act 1989 which decriminalised private gay sex while making it a crime for a person to "...promote or encourage homosexual behaviour as part of the teaching in any primary or secondary educational institutions..." or make public policy with respect to the undefined promotion of homosexual behaviour.[221][222] It was repealed in 2002 via the Acts Amendment (Gay and Lesbian Law Reform) Act 2002, which also repealed the laws with respect to promotion of homosexual behaviour in public policy and in educational institutions.[223]

### Cuba

[edit]

Following the 1959 Cuban Revolution, the government implemented policies that censored and suppressed LGBTQ expression, particularly during the 1960s and 1970s. In 1965, the regime established Military Units to Aid Production (UMAPs), where individuals deemed "anti-social," including homosexuals, were subjected to forced labor aimed at "rehabilitation." These camps operated until 1968 and were part of broader efforts to enforce heteronormative standards.[224]

During the "Grey Years" (1971–1976), a period marked by cultural repression, the Cuban government intensified its censorship of LGBTQ content. Artists and intellectuals suspected of homosexuality faced blacklisting, and works featuring LGBTQ themes were banned or heavily censored. This era significantly curtailed the visibility and rights of LGBTQ individuals in Cuban society.[225]

Legal reforms began to emerge in the late 20th century. In 1979, Cuba decriminalized consensual same-sex sexual activity between adults. However, public displays of homosexuality remained punishable under laws against "public scandal" until 1997, when such provisions were removed, signaling a shift toward greater acceptance.[226]

### Lithuania

[edit]

Main article: LGBT rights in Lithuania § Freedom of expression

On 16 June 2009, the Seimas (Lithuanian Parliament) approved an amendment to the Law on the Protection of Minors against the Detrimental Effects of Public Information (Lithuanian: Nepilnamečių apsaugos nuo neigiamo viešosios informacijos poveikio įstatymas), which would have effectively banned the "promotion of homosexual relations". The amendment was scheduled to go into effect on 1 March 2010.[227] It was vetoed by the President citing "lack of definitions",[228] but the veto was overturned by the Parliament. The wording of the law forbade the "propaganda of homosexual, bisexual or polygamous relations". According to some politicians who voted in favor, the possibility of defining "propaganda" should be left to lawyers.

On 17 September 2009, the European Parliament passed a resolution condemning the law and requesting the EU Fundamental Rights Agency issue a legal opinion on it.[229] On 10 November 2009, the Seimas responded by adopting a resolution requesting the Government to seek the invalidation of the European Parliament resolution, which it condemned as an unlawful act.[230][231] The EU Fundamental Rights Agency wrote to the European Parliament that it was not going to submit the requested legal opinion, given that it had no mandate to evaluate the legislation of member states.

Newly elected President Dalia Grybauskaitė expressed her strong disapproval of the law and formed a commission to elaborate a draft to repeal the discriminatory provisions. On 22 December 2009, the clauses banning the promotion among minors of "homosexual, bisexual, and polygamous relations" were eliminated, but as a compromise, the paragraph was replaced by a "ban to spread information that would promote sexual relations or other conceptions of concluding a marriage or creating a family other than established in the Constitution or the Civil Code".[232][233] It has been argued that this provision is the first step towards instituting a ban on criticizing the Government and its decisions and is thus a menace to democracy in the country.[234] Proponents of the law claimed to be led by a desire to protect traditional family and children. Some of them have expressed an opinion that the law would ban any information in public about homosexuality, regardless of its accessibility to minors or ban any public discussions and LGBT-related events.[235][236] (So we propose to establish a limit that the promotion in public places is not possible to protect the mentioned three articles of the Constitution, but without doubt in some interior premises those people have the right to organize events, to promote, to discuss) The new version was signed by the President, satisfied that "the homophobic provisions [had] been repealed".

Significantly, the same law forbade mocking and bullying on the grounds of sexual orientation. It also possessed a number of other amendments, such as prohibiting the promotion of unhealthy nutrition to minors, information that "profanes family values", and the depiction of hypnosis.

The amendment was sometimes compared to Section 28, the act which prohibited discussion of homosexuality in British schools.[237]

During its existence, there were several attempts to apply the anti-LGBTQ provisions of the law. It was unsuccessfully cited to ban the Gay Pride parade in 2010,[238] and in 2013,[239] and successfully referenced to declare one advertisement related to the Vilnius Gay Pride 2013 as appropriate to be broadcast at night time only and with the adult content logo.[240] The reason given by the Board of Experts of Journalism Ethics Inspector Service was that one person in the advertisement had a T-shirt with an inscription in Lithuanian "For the diversity of families". In their opinion, it encouraged a different conception of family and marriage than established in Lithuanian laws.

In 2014, based on similar grounds, the same institution recommended restricting the distribution of a children's book of tales titled "Gintarinė širdis" ("Amber Heart") published by the Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, because two stories in it were related to same-sex relationships. The Board ordered the book to be labelled "Not suitable for children under 14 years" and referring to this recommendation, the Ministry of Culture banned the book altogether.[241] The case have been escalated to the European Court of Human Rights in November 2019,[242] and was heard by the Grand Chamber on 23 March 2022.[243] In January 2023, the Court ruled that the government's actions were in violation of article 10, the right to freedom of expression, of the treaty.[244]

In 2014, a video clip of a gay rights organisation promoting tolerance towards LGBT people was refused to air by all major Lithuanian TV stations despite not having any overt sexuality-related content, fearing a potential breach of the Law on the Protection of Minors.[245] The breach was later unanimously confirmed by the Board of Experts of Journalism Ethics Inspector Service.[246]

On 18 December 2024, the Constitutional Court of Lithuania declared the anti-LGBT provisions of the Law of the Protection of Minors a violation of Article 25 of the Constitution of Lithuania, which guarantees freedom of speech, and Article 38 of the Constitution, which defines family as "the foundation of society and the state" and that the state protects and cares for the family, motherhood, fatherhood, and childhood. According to the Constitutional Court, the Seimas did not clearly define in the disputed provisions of the law what information disparages family values and promotes a different concept of marriage and family formation than that enshrined in the Constitution and the Civil Code, and therefore must be classified as information that has a negative impact on minors, and thus "created the premises for narrowing the content of the family as a constitutional institution".[247]

### Romania

[edit]

Main article: Article 200

"Article 200" (Articolul 200 in Romanian) was a section of the Penal Code of Romania that criminalised homosexual relationships. It was introduced in 1968 under the communist regime of Nicolae Ceauşescu. Under pressure from the Council of Europe, it was amended on 14 November 1996, when homosexual sex in private between two consenting adults was decriminalised. However, the amended Article 200 continued to criminalise same-sex relationships if they were displayed publicly or caused a "public scandal". It also continued to ban the promotion of homosexual activities, as well as the formation of gay-centred organisations (including LGBT rights organisations). It was repealed by the Năstase government on 22 June 2001.

In June 2023, the Romanian Senate approved the draft law prohibiting spreading a theory that gender is different from biological sex and that there are more than two genders, but the President of Romania appealed to the Constitutional Court to review the draft law.[248]

### South Korea

[edit]

In 2001, South Korea's Ministry of Information and Communication's Information and Communications Ethics Committee began censoring online LGBT content, but it stopped the practice in 2003.[249]

### United Kingdom

[edit]

Main article: Section 28

"Section 28" or "Clause 28"[note 1] of the Local Government Act 1988 caused the addition of "Section 2A" to the Local Government Act 1986,[250] which affected England, Wales and Scotland. The amendment was enacted on 24 May 1988, and stated that a local authority "shall not intentionally promote homosexuality or publish material with the intention of promoting homosexuality" or "promote the teaching in any maintained school of the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship".[251]

The law's existence caused many groups to close or limit their activities or self-censor. For example, a number of lesbian, gay and bisexual student support groups in schools and colleges across Britain were closed owing to fears by council legal staff that they could breach the act.[252]

It was repealed on 21 June 2000 in Scotland by the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc. (Scotland) Act 2000, one of the first pieces of legislation enacted by the new Scottish Parliament, and on 18 November 2003 in the rest of the United Kingdom by section 122 of the Local Government Act 2003.[253]

### United States

[edit]

States that have repealed their anti-LGBT curriculum laws include Alabama (since 29 April 2021),[254] Arizona (since 1 July 2019),[255][256] North Carolina (since 2006),[257] South Carolina (since 12 March 2020)[258] and Utah (since 1 July 2017).[259]

## Rejected proposals

[edit]

### Armenia

[edit]

In August 2013, Armenian police briefly introduced a bill which would have banned "public promotion of non-traditional sexual relationships". According to Armenian police, "preserving the traditional Armenian family represents the pillar of national survival". The bill was removed from consideration after several days.[260]

### Kazakhstan

[edit]

On 26 May 2015, the Constitutional Council of Kazakhstan declared a pending bill, which would have banned the "propaganda of nontraditional sexual orientation", unconstitutional. The council rejected it because of its vague wording. The bill passed the Senate, Parliament's upper house, in February 2015 and was sent to President Nursultan Nazarbayev for signature. It had already been approved by the lower house.[261]

### Moldova (national)

[edit]

On 23 May 2013, the Parliament of Moldova passed a bill which bans the propaganda of prostitution, paedophilia and "any other relations than those related to marriage and family in accordance with the Constitution and the Family Code". The bill also includes fines. The bill was signed into law on 5 July 2013 and came into effect on 12 July 2013. The law did not explicitly prohibit the "propaganda" of homosexuality, but it could have been interpreted as such by judges.[262][263] On 11 October 2013, the Parliament passed a bill intended to remove the content which could have been interpreted as a ban on "homosexual propaganda".[264][265]

In April 2016, lawmakers introduced a similar bill, which was approved in committee in May 2016. The bill would amend the Law on the Rights of the Child and the Code of Administrative Offenses and ban spreading "homosexual propaganda" to minors "through public meetings, the media, the Internet," and other means. The second draft law of 24 March 2017 envisaged amending the Law on Protection of Children from the Negative Impact of Information with a view to censor public dissemination of information about non-heterosexual relations/persons.[266] The parliament refused to adopt the amendments in both cases.[267]

### Ukraine

[edit]

A draft law that would make it illegal to talk about homosexuality in public and in the media and to import, distribute, and broadcast video, photo, and audio products that "encourages homosexuality" (with penalties of up to five years in prison and fines for up to ₴5,000 (US$616))[268] was passed in first reading in the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian Parliament) on 2 October 2012.[269] An estimated 20 community activists representing several organizations protested outside of the Verkhovna Rada building during the vote.[270] On 4 October 2012, a second vote was tentatively scheduled for 16 October.[270][271][272][273][269][274] In January 2015, the bill was removed from the agenda.[275][276]

A petition was subsequently started by anti-gay groups, calling for "measures to be taken to stop the propaganda of homosexuality and for defending family values". In March 2018, Ukraine's Anti-Discrimination Ombudsperson removed the petition from the electronic petitions section. By then, the petition had received 23,000 signatures and support from various religious organisations. The Ombudsman described the petition as "anti-freedom", and deleted it due to "containing calls to restrict human rights".[277]

### Haiti

[edit]

In August 2017, a bill to jail same-sex couples who get married for three years, with a fine of $8,000, passed the Haitian Senate,[278] but never became law.[279] In 2017, the Senate voted to ban "any public demonstration of support for homosexuality and proselytizing in favour of such acts". The fate of this bill remains unknown.

## See also

[edit]

* Freedom of speech portal
* LGBTQ portal
* World portal

* Censorship by country
* Censorship
* Freedom in the World
* Freedom of speech
* Freedom of the press
* Internet censorship and surveillance by country
* LGBTQ media
* LGBTQ rights by country or territory
* LGBTQ social movements
* List of freedom indices
* World Press Freedom Index

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The law prohibits the "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relationships" among any age group. This definition includes materials that "raise interest in" such relationships, cause people to "form non-traditional sexual predispositions", or "[present] distorted ideas about the equal social value of traditional and non-traditional sexual relationships." On 27 October 2022, the State Duma unanimously passed a proposed bill that expands the gay propaganda law to cover any age group, instead of only minors. The bill also adds materials that give minors a "desire to change their sex", or constitute the promotion of "paedophilia", to the categories of materials covered by the law.[4][5][6] The bill was unanimously passed by the Federation Council on 2 December 2022 and signed into law by Putin on 5 December 2022.[7]
2. ^ The law prohibits "any content portraying or promoting homosexuality or sex reassignment to children and teenagers under the age of 18. In addition, it declared that "only individuals and organisations listed in an official register can provide sexual education in schools". Violations of the law can be punished with fines or a prison sentence. One of Hungary's largest commercial TV Channels, RTL Klub, refused to air public service adverts for the 2022 Budapest Pride festival, arguing that airing such content was banned by the anti-LGBT law. In 2021, RTL, afraid that the movie Jenny's Wedding would be banned by the law, contacted the Media Council of the National Media and Infocommunications Authority, who re-assessed the categorization of the movie by declaring it unsuitable for minors under the age 18. The movie has no nudity or sex, and has received a PG-13 categorization in the US, 12 in the UK and 7 in Spain. [8][9] Kamaszpanasz, a young health website, deleted LGBTQ content and re-categorized the remainder as not suitable under 18, even those that simply explained the meaning of "sexual orientation".[10] Content discussing heterosexual sex practices was not removed, neither re-categorized.
3. ^ The law prohibits the "propaganda, promotion, or incitement in any way, directly or indirectly, in the education system of ideas and views related to non-traditional sexual orientation and/or gender identity other than the biological one". "Non-traditional sexual orientation" is defined as "contrary to Bulgaria's legal concept of emotional, romantic, sexual or sensual attraction between persons of opposite sexes".[11]
4. ^ The law prohibits "alternative marriage unions" other than that of a man and a woman, banning adoption of a minor to people who do not identify "as their gender" or are not heterosexual, prohibiting all surgical operations or medical interventions for gender reassignment, and prohibiting putting any gender "different from his/her own" on any state or identity documents. The changes also include restrictions on promoting information popularizing "a person's belonging to a gender different from his or her gender, same-sex relationship or incest" in the educational institutions, or promoting such information via media, radio or television broadcasting, or advertisements. It also restricts public gatherings or demonstrations aimed at promoting gender identity, non-heterosexual relationships, or incest, and void any public or private institution of labor obligations "aimed at neglecting biological sex". Finally, the law designates 17 May as a holiday for the "sanctity of the family and respect for parents".[12]

1. ^ While going through the UK Parliament, the amendment was constantly relabelled with a variety of clause numbers as other amendments were added to or deleted from the Bill, but by the final version of the Bill, which received Royal Assent, it had become Section 28. Section 28 is sometimes referred to as Clause 28 – in the United Kingdom, Acts of Parliament have sections, whereas in a Bill (which is put before Parliament to pass) those sections are called clauses."When gay became a four-letter word". BBC. 20 January 2000. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2010.

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* v
* t
* e

Censorship

Media regulation|

* Books
* books banned
* Films
* banned films
* Internet
* circumvention
* Music
* Postal
* Press
* Radio
* Speech and expression
* Student media
* Televisions
* banned televisions
* Thought
* Video games
* banned video games

Methods|

* Bleeping
* Book burning
* Broadcast delay
* By copyright
* Cancel culture
* Censor bars
* Chilling effect
* Collateral censorship
* Concision
* Conspiracy of silence
* Content-control software
* Damnatio memoriae
* De-banking
* Deplatforming
* Euphemism
* Minced oath
* Expurgation
* Fogging
* Gag order
* Gatekeeping
* Hallin's spheres
* Heckling
* Heckler's veto
* Hush money
* Internet police
* Malinformation
* Media blackout
* Memory hole
* National intranet
* News embargo
* Newspaper theft
* Opinion corridor
* Overton window
* Pixelization
* Political correctness
* Prior restraint
* Propaganda
* Purge
* Redaction
* Revisionism
* Sanitization
* Self-censorship
* Shadow banning
* Social rejection
* Speech code
* Spiral of silence
* Strategic lawsuit
* Surveillance
* computer and network
* mass
* Taboo
* Whitewashing
* Word filtering

Contexts|

* AI
* Algorithmic
* Chinese censorship abroad
* Criminal
* Corporate
* Apple
* Facebook
* Google
* Hate speech
* Online
* Ideological
* Academic
* LGBT issues
* Media bias
* Moral police
* Moralistic fallacy
* Naturalistic fallacy
* Political censorship
* Banned parties
* Political prisoner
* Propaganda model
* Religious
* Blasphemy law
* Islamic
* Police
* Suppression of dissent
* Systemic bias
* Wikipedia

By location|

* Censorship by country
* Blasphemy law
* Freedom of speech
* Internet censorship
* In the Middle East
* In South Asia

* v
* t
* e

LGBTQ people (topic outline)

* Academic fields
* Discourse

* LGBTQ topics in education
* Gender studies
* Lesbian feminism
* Linguistics
* Literature
* Gay
* Lesbian
* Transgender
* Psychology
* Queer studies
* Queer theory
* Transfeminism

* Community
* Culture

* Anthems
* Awards
* Literary
* Bars
* Gay
* Lesbian
* Bisexual community
* Businesses
* Coming out
* Community centers
* Cross-dressing
* Drag king
* Drag queen
* Events
* Awareness periods
* Film festivals
* Gay village
* Gay-friendly
* Icons
* Literature
* Music
* Media
* Bury your gays
* Films
* New queer cinema
* Periodicals
* Portrayal
* Organizations
* People
* Pets
* Pride
* Pride Month
* Pride parade
* Queerplatonic relationships
* Religious groups
* Rodeos
* Same-sex relationships
* Slang
* Slogans
* Sports
* Pride Nights
* Takatāpui
* Theatre
* Companies
* Tourism

Symbols|

* Black triangle
* Gaysper
* Labrys
* Lambda
* Pink triangle
* Rainbow plaque

Pride flags|

* Aromantic
* Asexual
* Bear
* Bisexual
* Gay flag of South Africa
* Gay men
* Intersex
* Leather
* Lesbian
* Non-binary
* Pansexual
* Rainbow
* Rainbow crossing
* Transgender

* Gender identities
* Sexual identities
* Sexual diversities

| Gender identity|

* Androgyny
* Boi
* Cisgender
* Gender bender
* Gender nonconformity
* Khanith
* Man
* Non-binary / genderqueer
* Queer heterosexuality
* Theyby
* Transgender
* Akava'ine
* Trans man
* Transsexual
* Trans woman
* Mak nyah
* Woman
* Womxn
* Womyn
* Xenogender

Third sex / Third gender|

* Bakla
* Balkan sworn virgins
* Bissu
* Faʻafafine
* Fakaleitī
* Femminiello
* Hijra
* Kathoey
* Köçek
* Māhū
* Mukhannath
* Muxe
* Travesti
* Two-spirit
* Winkte

Sexual identities|

| Sexual orientations|

* Asexual
* Bisexual
* Homosexual

|

* Aromanticism
* Asexuality
* Gray asexuality
* Demisexuality
* Aegosexuality
* Attraction to transgender people
* Banjee
* Bi-curious
* Fictosexuality
* Gay
* Gay men
* Heteroflexible
* Lesbian
* Monosexual
* Non-heterosexual
* Pansexual
* Queer
* Questioning
* Romantic orientation
* Same gender loving
* Sexual minority
* Tom / Dee

Related|

* Acronyms
* LGBTQ
* Detransition
* Effeminacy
* Erotic target location error
* Ex-gay
* Ex-ex-gay
* Female
* Gender and sexual diversity
* Gender assignment
* Gender binary
* Gender essentialism
* Gender expression
* Gender neutrality
* Gender roles
* Gender transition
* Health
* Organizations
* Hermaphrodite
* Human female sexuality
* Human male sexuality
* Intersex
* Androgynos
* Tumtum
* Legal status of transgender people
* Male
* Men who have sex with men / Sexual practices between men
* Sex–gender distinction
* Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
* Social construction of gender
* Straight ally
* Tomboy
* Transgender health care
* Misinformation
* Women who have sex with women / Sexual practices between women

History

| LGBTQ history|

* History of homosexuality
* History of gay men in the United States
* History of lesbianism
* Transgender history
* Timeline of transgender history
* Timeline of asexual history
* LGBTQ history timeline
* Migration
* Social movements
* Students
* History of Christianity and homosexuality
* History of same-sex unions
* Pederasty
* Category:LGBTQ history

|

Pre-modern era|

* Adelphopoiesis
* Ancient Egypt
* Ancient Greece
* pre-Columbian Peru
* Ancient Rome
* Medieval Europe

16th to 19th century|

* Molly house
* Section 377
* First homosexual movement

20th century|

* Dance of the Forty-One
* Institut für Sexualwissenschaft
* Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
* Cadet scandal
* Florida Legislative Investigation Committee
* Sea queens
* Compton's Cafeteria riot
* Stonewall riots
* Gay Liberation Front
* Handkerchief code
* Festival of Light action
* White Night riots
* Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire
* Florida orange juice boycott
* Operation Soap
* Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
* ACT UP
* Section 28
* Tasty nightclub raid
* Bar Abanicos police raid

21st century|

* Timeline of same-sex marriage
* Lawrence v. Texas
* Russian anti-LGBTQ law
* Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014
* Rainbow wave
* Rainbow Night
* 2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States

* Rights and legal issues

| LGBTQ rights by country or territory|

* Africa
* Americas
* Asia
* Europe
* Oceania
* List of LGBTQ rights articles by region

|

LGBTQ rights topics|

* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Censorship of LGBTQ issues
* Civil unions and partnerships
* Criminalization of homosexuality
* decriminalization
* Hate crime laws
* Intersex human rights
* Military service
* Same-sex parenting
* Adoption
* Assisted reproduction
* Same-sex marriage
* Timeline
* Socialism
* Legal status of transgender people
* Transgender rights movement
* United Nations/Yogyakarta Principles
* La Francophonie
* Commonwealth of Nations

LGBTQ rights movements|

* Homophile
* Gay liberation
* LGBTQ rights groups
* LGBTQ rights activists
* Rainbow capitalism
* Separatism
* Gay
* Lesbian

Sexual orientation — Medicine, science and sexology

* Autism and LGBTQ identities
* Biology
* Birth order
* Demographics
* Disability and LGBTQ identities
* Environment
* Homosexuality and psychology
* Homosexuality in the DSM
* Kinsey scale
* Klein Grid
* Life expectancy
* Neuroscience
* Prenatal hormones
* Sexual inversion
* Conversion therapy
* Split attraction model
* Sexual orientation identity
* Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine

* Societal attitudes
* Prejudice
* Violence

| Societal attitudes|

* Amatonormativity
* Heteronormativity
* Heteropatriarchy
* Homonationalism
* Pinkwashing
* Gay panic defense
* Opposition to LGBTQ rights
* Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
* LGBTQ stereotypes
* Suicide among LGBTQ people
* list
* Monuments and memorials
* Queerbaiting
* Homosexuality and religion
* Transgender people and religion

|

Prejudice and discrimination|

* Arophobia
* Acephobia
* Anti-gender movement
* AIDS stigma
* Biphobia
* Gayphobia
* Grooming conspiracy theory
* Heterosexism
* Homophobia
* Liberal homophobia
* Discrimination against lesbians
* Discrimination against non-binary people
* Racism
* Riddle scale
* SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
* Transmisogyny
* Transphobia

Violence against LGBTQ people|

* Corrective rape
* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Gay bashing
* History of violence in the UK
* History of violence in the US
* Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
* Acts of violence against LGBTQ people
* Stop Murder Music
* Violence against transgender people
* Unlawfully killed transgender people

* LGBTQ portal
* Category

* v
* t
* e

LGBTQ rights overview

* Lesbian
* Gay
* Bisexual
* Transgender
* Intersex rights

General|

* Capital punishment
* Censorship of LGBTQ issues
* Criminalization
* Decriminalization
* Legal status of transgender people
* Legality of conversion therapy
* LGBTQ rights at the United Nations
* Activists
* Movements
* Organizations
* Societal attitudes
* Student movement
* Timeline of LGBTQ history
* Transgender rights movement

By regions (list)|

* Africa
* Americas
* North America
* South America
* Asia
* Europe
* European Union
* Oceania
* Middle East
* Commonwealth
* La Francophonie
* Post-Soviet states

By years (list)|

* 1700s
* 1800s
* 1900–1949
* 1950s
* 1960s

1970s|

* 1970
* 1971
* 1972
* 1973
* 1974
* 1975
* 1976
* 1977
* 1978
* 1979

1980s|

* 1980
* 1981
* 1982
* 1983
* 1984
* 1985
* 1986
* 1987
* 1988
* 1989

1990s|

* 1990
* 1991
* 1992
* 1993
* 1994
* 1995
* 1996
* 1997
* 1998
* 1999

2000s|

* 2000
* 2001
* 2002
* 2003
* 2004
* 2005
* 2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009

2010s|

* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019

2020s|

* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* 2025

Ideological|

* Communism and LGBTQ rights
* LGBTQ conservatism
* Opposition to LGBTQ rights
* Libertarian perspectives on LGBTQ rights
* New Left
* Queer anarchism
* Queer radicalism
* Socialism and LGBTQ rights

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings

Age of|

* Candidacy for political office
* Consent
* Criminal responsibility
* Drinking
* Smoking
* Gambling
* Driving
* Majority
* Marriage
* in the US
* Retirement
* Mandatory retirement
* School-leaving
* in the US
* Voting
* Suffrage
* Youth suffrage
* Working

Drugs and
alcohol|

* Drug and precursor laws by country or territory
* Alcohol
* Alcohol consumption
* Bath salts
* Legal status of Mephedrone
* Legal status of Methylone
* Legal status of MPDV
* Cocaine use
* Legality
* Methamphetamine
* Legality
* Opiate use
* Psychedelics
* Amanita mushroom
* Legality
* Ayahuasca
* Legality
* Cannabis
* Legality
* Annual use
* Lifetime use
* Ibogaine
* Legality
* LSD
* Legality
* Psilocybin mushroom
* Legality
* Salvia divinorum
* Legality

Death|

* Murder
* Intentional homicide
* By gender
* Legality of euthanasia
* Legality of suicide
* Legality of assisted suicide

Guns|

* Deaths
* Households
* Laws
* Ownership

Punishment|

* Death penalty
* Incarceration
* Life imprisonment

Policing|

* Crime statistics
* Size of police forces

Obscenity|

* Incest
* Laws
* Pornography
* Child pornography
* Fictional pornography depicting minors
* Simulated child pornography
* Internet pornography
* Prostitution
* Sex trafficking
* Sexual assault
* Child sexual abuse
* Rape
* Sodomy law

Reproduction|

* Abortion law
* Minors and abortion
* Adoption law
* International adoption
* Human cloning
* Sterilization
* Surrogacy

Censorship|

* Censorship by country
* Book censorship
* by country
* Cartographic censorship
* Film censorship
* by country
* Internet censorship
* by country
* Censorship of LGBT issues
* Political censorship
* Television censorship
* by country
* Video gaming censorship
* by country

Human rights|

* Children's rights
* Children in the military
* Intersex rights
* Same-sex marriage
* Human trafficking

Freedom of movement|

* By country
* In the air
* Abode

Property and
environment|

* Air
* Estate
* Land
* Minerals
* Mining
* Mortgage
* Water
* Riparian water

Business|

* Competition
* Mergers and acquisitions
* Monopoly
* Corporate
* Corporate liability
* Legality of cryptocurrency

Violence|

* Corporal punishment
* At home
* At school
* In court
* LGBT rights
* Police misconduct
* Police accountability
* Police brutality
* Annual rates by country
* Prisoner abuse
* Police body camera
* Alcohol law
* Slavery

International
ownership|

* International waters
* Maritime law
* UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
* Antarctic Treaty System
* World Intellectual Property Organization
* World Intellectual Property Indicators
* Foreign ownership
* International copyright treaties

Other|

* Animal rights
* Immigration law
* National legal systems
* Religious law
* Separation of church and state
* Sharia
* World Justice Project

* List of international rankings
* Lists by country

* v
* t
* e

Substantive human rights

What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights

Civil and political|

* Equality before the law
* Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
* Freedom of assembly
* Freedom of association
* Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
* Freedom from discrimination
* Freedom of information
* Freedom of movement
* Freedom of religion
* Freedom from slavery
* Freedom of speech
* Freedom of thought
* Freedom from torture
* LGBT rights
* Liberty
* Nationality
* Personhood
* Presumption of innocence
* Access to justice
* Right of asylum
* Right to die
* Right to a fair trial
* Right to counsel
* Right to family life
* Right to keep and bear arms
* Right to life
* Right to petition
* Right to privacy
* Right to protest
* Right to refuse medical treatment
* Right to resist
* Right of return
* Right of self-defense
* Right to truth
* Security of person
* Speedy trial
* Suffrage
* right to be a candidate
* Right to homeland

Economic, social
and cultural

* Digital rights
* Equal pay for equal work
* Fair remuneration
* Labor rights
* Right to an adequate standard of living
* Right to clothing
* Right to development
* Right to education
* Right to food
* Right to health
* Right to a healthy environment
* Right to housing
* Right to Internet access
* Right to property
* Right to public participation
* Right of reply
* Right to rest and leisure
* Right of return
* Right to science and culture
* Right to social security
* Right to water
* Right to work

Sexual and
reproductive|

* Abortion
* Family planning
* Family rights
* Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation
* Intersex human rights
* LGBT rights
* Sexual and reproductive health
* Right to sexuality

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