Central Semitic languages

Proposed intermediate group of Semitic languages

Central Semitic

Geographic
distribution| Middle East
Linguistic classification| Afro-Asiatic

* Semitic
* West Semitic
* Central Semitic

Subdivisions|

* Northwest Semitic
* Arabic (including Maltese)
* Sayhadic?
* Dadanitic †
* Thamudic †

Language codes
Glottolog| `cent2236`

The Central Semitic languages comprise one of the three groups of West Semitic languages, alongside Modern South Arabian languages and Ethiopian Semitic languages.[1][2] They are therefore of the Semitic phylum of the Afroasiatic language family. The group is spoken across much of the Arabic peninsula and north into the Levant region.

Central Semitic can itself be further divided into two groups: Arabic and Northwest Semitic. Northwest Semitic languages largely fall into the Canaanite languages (such as Ammonite, Phoenician and Hebrew) and Aramaic.

## Overview

[edit]

Distinctive features of Central Semitic languages include the following:[3]

* An innovative negation marker *bal, of uncertain origin.
* The generalization of t as the suffix conjugation past tense marker, levelling an earlier alternation between *k in the first person and *t in the second person.
* A new prefix conjugation for the non-past tense, of the form ya-qtulu, replacing the inherited ya-qattal form (they are schematic verbal forms, as if derived from an example triconsonantal root q-t-l).
* Pharyngealization of the emphatic consonants, which were previously articulated as ejective.

Different classification systems disagree on the precise structure of the group. The most common approach divides it into Arabic and Northwest Semitic, while SIL Ethnologue has South Central Semitic (including Arabic and Hebrew) vs. Aramaic.[3]

The main distinction between Arabic and the Northwest Semitic languages is the presence of broken plurals in the former. The majority of Arabic nouns (apart from participles) form plurals in this manner, whereas virtually all nouns in the Northwest Semitic languages form their plurals with a suffix. For example, the Arabic بَيْت bayt ("house") becomes بُيُوت buyūt ("houses"); the Hebrew בַּיִת bayit ("house") becomes בָּתִּים bāttīm ("houses").[3]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Bennett, Patrick R. (1998). Comparative Semitic Linguistics: A Manual. ISBN 9781575060217.
2. ^ Huehnergard, John; Pat-El, Na'ama (2013-10-08). The Semitic Languages. ISBN 9781136115882.
3. ^ a b c Faber, Alice (1997). "Genetic Subgrouping of the Semitic Languages". In Hetzron, Robert (ed.). The Semitic Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 3–15\. ISBN 0-415-05767-1.

* Sabatino Moscati (1980). An Introduction to Comparative Grammar of Semitic Languages Phonology and Morphology. Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 3-447-00689-7.

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* t
* e

Semitic languages

Branches|

* East
* West
* Central
* South

East|

* Akkadian
* Canaano-Akkadian
* Dilmunite
* Eblaite
* Kishite

Central|

| Arabic|

| Historical|

* Proto-Arabic
* Old Arabic
* Ancient North Arabian
* Dadanitic
* Dumaitic
* Hasaitic
* Hismaic
* Safaitic
* Thamudic
* Thamudic B
* Nabataean Arabic
* Pre-classical Arabic

|

Literary|

* Classical
* Modern Standard

Dialect groups|

* Egyptian Arabic
* Levantine
* Maghrebi
* Siculo-Arabic
* Maltese
* Mesopotamian
* Peninsular
* Judeo-Arabic
* Judeo-Algerian
* Judeo-Egyptian
* Judeo-Fessi
* Judeo-Iraqi
* Judeo-Baghdadi
* Judeo-Moroccan
* Judeo-Palestinian
* Judeo-Tripolitanian
* Judeo-Syrian
* Judeo-Tunisian
* Judeo-Yemeni

Northwest|

| Aramaic|

| Historical|

* Old Aramaic
* Imperial Aramaic
* Biblical Aramaic
* Middle Aramaic

|

Dialect
groups|

* Armazic
* Eastern
* Ashurian and Hatran
* Jewish Babylonian
* Mandaic
* Syriac
* Judeo-Aramaic
* Western
* Lebanese
* Nabataean
* Palestinian
* Christian Palestinian
* Galilean
* Jewish Palestinian
* Samaritan
* Palmyrene

Neo-
Aramaic|

* Eastern
* Central
* Mlaḥsô
* Surayt
* Neo-Mandaic
* Northeastern
* Christian
* Barwar
* Bohtan
* Hértevin
* Koy Sanjaq Christian
* Qaraqosh
* Senaya
* Suret
* Urmia Christian
* Jewish
* Barzani
* Betanure
* Duhok
* Inter-Zab
* Koy Sanjaq Jewish
* Sanandaj
* Trans-Zab
* Urmia Jewish
* Zakho
* Western

Canaanite|

* Northern
* Philistine
* Phoenician
* Punic
* Southern
* Ammonite
* Edomite
* Hebrew
* Biblical
* Israelian
* Samaritan
* Mishnaic
* Medieval
* Modern
* Moabite

Others|

* Amorite
* Ugaritic
* South Gileadite (Deir Alla)
* Taymanitic
* Samalian
* Sutean

South|

| Southeast|

* Baṭḥari
* Ḥarsusi
* Hobyot
* Mehri
* Shehri
* Soqotri

|

Southwest|

| Abyssinian|

| North|

* Geʽez
* Dahalik
* Tigre
* Tigrinya

|

South|

| Trans-
versal|

* Amharic–Argobba
* Harari–East Gurage
* East Gurage
* Siltʼe
* Inneqor
* Ulbare
* Wolane
* Zay

|

Outer|

* N-group
* Gafat
* Soddo
* Tt-group
* Mesmes
* Muher
* West Gurage
* Inor
* Endegen
* Mesqan
* Sebat Bet
* Chaha
* Ezha
* Gumer
* Gura
* Gyeto

Yemenite|

* Faifi
* Hadramautic
* Minaean
* Qatabanian
* Rijal Alma
* Razihi
* Sabaic
* Himyaritic

History|

* Proto-Semitic
* Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples
* Studies

* Italics indicate extinct or historical languages.
* Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

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